376
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Gündüz K, Günalp I, Saatçi I. Septo-optic dysplasia associated with bilateral complex microphthalmos. Ophthalmic Genet 1996; 17:109-13. [PMID: 8905851 DOI: 10.3109/13816819609057113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An 8-month-old girl was examined because of corneal clouding and microphthalmos. The fundi of both eyes could not be visualized because of corneal clouding. Orbital and cranial computerized tomographic scanning and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated bilateral microphthalmos and presumed retinal dysplasia, hypoplasia of the optic nerves and chiasm, agenesis of the septum pellucidum, thinning of corpus callosum, and a normal pituitary infundibulum. Cerebral cortex and white matter were unremarkable. Other ocular malformations were anterior segment dysgenesis in the right eye and congenital cataract or lens abnormality in the left eye. Endocrine studies revealed normal serum hormone levels. There were no colobomatous lesions and systemic anomalies suggestive of a coloboma syndrome. This case represents the rare association of septo-optic dysplasia with complex microphthalmos.
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377
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Tinschert S, Anton-Lamprecht I, Albrecht-Nebe H, Audring H. Zunich neuroectodermal syndrome: migratory ichthyosiform dermatosis, colobomas, and other abnormalities. Pediatr Dermatol 1996; 13:363-71. [PMID: 8893234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.1996.tb00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report a 21-month-old girl with symptoms consistent with the Zunich neuroectodermal syndrome, an apparently rare condition first described in 1983. Common features of all previously reported patients as well as in this child are characteristic craniofacial dysmorphism, bilateral colobomas of the retina, sparse and fine hair, hearing loss, ichthyosiform erythroderma, mental retardation, ear anomalies, brachydactyly, and broad second toes. Light microscopic and ultrastructural investigations of the affected skin showed characteristic but nonspecific changes. The structural hair shaft abnormalities as well as the dysplastic nails in our patient have not been described before and are consistent with the previous assumption of an ectodermal dysplasia syndrome.
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378
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Williams TD. Systemic abnormalities associated with iris/nerve head/choroidal/retinal coloboma. Optom Vis Sci 1996; 73:506-10. [PMID: 8843132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A case is reported in which large colobomas of the retina and choroid are found bilaterally in a young female who also has a pituitary tumor and mental retardation. Visual field data are presented and correlated with the retinal appearances. Relevant embryology is reviewed, and a table of systemic abnormalities associated with retinal/choroidal colobomas is presented.
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379
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Shields JA, Shields CL, Ehya H, Buckley E, De Potter P. Atypical retinal astrocytic hamartoma diagnosed by fine-needle biopsy. Ophthalmology 1996; 103:949-52. [PMID: 8643253 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal astrocytic hamartoma and retinoblastoma may be very similar clinically, and their differentiation in atypical cases can be difficult, even with the use of ancillary methods such as fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography. To the authors knowledge, fine-needle aspiration biopsy has not been used to diagnose astrocytic hamartoma in such cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS A 7-week-old boy had a minimally calcified retinal mass in the macular area of the left eye associated with an extensive secondary retinal detachment. The differential diagnosis included retinal astrocytic hamartoma and retinoblastoma. A transvitreal fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed. RESULTS The cytology of the needle biopsy showed benign spindle and stellate cells, which were compatible with glial cells. The lesion had immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein, further supporting the diagnosis of astrocytic tumor. CONCLUSION Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is diagnostically useful in unusual cases where the differential diagnosis between retinoblastoma and astrocytic hamartoma is difficult.
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380
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Kellner U, Fuchs S, Bornfeld N, Foerster MH, Gal A. Ocular phenotypes associated with two mutations (R121W, C126X) in the Norrie disease gene. Ophthalmic Genet 1996; 17:67-74. [PMID: 8832723 DOI: 10.3109/13816819609057873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the ocular phenotypes associated with 2 mutations in the Norrie disease gene including a manifesting carrier. METHODS Ophthalmological examinations were performed in 2 affected males and one manifesting carrier. Genomic DNA was analyzed by direct sequencing of the Norrie disease gene. RESULTS Family I: A 29-year-old male had the right eye enucleated at the age of 3 years. His left eye showed severe temporal dragging of the retina and central scars. Visual acuity was 20/300. DNA analysis revealed a C-to-T transition of the first nucleotide in codon 121 predicting the replacement of arginine-121 by tryptophan (R121W). Both the mother and maternal grandmother carry the same mutation in heterozygous form. Family 2: A 3-month-old boy presented with severe temporal dragging of the retina on both eyes and subsequently developed retinal detachment. Visual acuity was limited to light perception. His mother's left eye was amaurotic and phthitic. Her right eye showed severe retinal dragging, visual acuity was reduced to 20/60. DNA analysis revealed a T-to-A transversion of the third nucleotide in codon 126 creating a stop codon (C126X). The mother and maternal grandmother were carriers. CONCLUSION Mutations in the Norrie disease gene can lead to retinal malformations of variable severity both in hemizygous males and manifesting carriers.
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381
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Meyer JH, Witschel H. Bilateral combined hamartoma of the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80:577-8. [PMID: 8759277 PMCID: PMC505539 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.80.6.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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382
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Abstract
PURPOSE To use molecular analysis to diagnose oculocutaneous albinism in a patient with an atypical clinical presentation. METHODS A 34-year-old woman with a history of strabismus and absent cutaneous pigment underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, visual-evoked potentials to detect altered optic decussation, and molecular analysis. RESULTS Examination showed fine nystagmus, iris transillumination, foveal hypoplasia, and corrected visual acuity of 20/25 in each eye. Misrouting of the retinostriate fibers was demonstrated with visual-evoked potentials. Mutations in the tyrosinase gene established the diagnosis of oculocutaneous albinism 1 even though the patient had atypical clinical features. CONCLUSIONS Molecular analysis can establish the diagnosis of oculocutaneous albinism 1 in the patient with atypical ocular features.
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383
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Meinhold JR. Arteriovenous communications of the retina. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OPTOMETRIC ASSOCIATION 1996; 67:279-82. [PMID: 8888846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arteriovenous communications of the retina (AVCR) is a rare, congenital, retinal vascular anomaly. Usually it is unilateral, with a predilection for the papillomacular area and superotemporal quadrant of the retina. Men and women are equally affected, and rarely is this condition inherited. METHODS A 32-year-old woman was examined with complaints of blurred vision in the left eye after viewing a solar eclipse through a telescope. A complete eye examination showed no visible damage from viewing the eclipse, but a suspected AVCR in the left retina was observed. The patient was referred to a retina specialist for further evaluation. RESULTS The patient was diagnosed with a grade II AVCR in the left eye. An MRI of the head and orbits showed no intracranial AV malformations. CONCLUSIONS This case agrees with the expected findings for a grade I or II AVCR. Visual acuity is usually unaffected, and associated systemic AV communications are typically not found in a grade I or II AVCR. Grade III AVCR is the most severe form, and is often linked with a life-threatening midbrain AV malformation.
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384
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Burmeister M, Novak J, Liang MY, Basu S, Ploder L, Hawes NL, Vidgen D, Hoover F, Goldman D, Kalnins VI, Roderick TH, Taylor BA, Hankin MH, McInnes RR. Ocular retardation mouse caused by Chx10 homeobox null allele: impaired retinal progenitor proliferation and bipolar cell differentiation. Nat Genet 1996; 12:376-84. [PMID: 8630490 DOI: 10.1038/ng0496-376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ocular retardation (or) is a murine eye mutation causing microphthalmia, a thin hypocellular retina and optic nerve aplasia. Here we show that mice carrying the OrJ allele have a premature stop codon in the homeobox of the Chx10 gene, a gene expressed at high levels in uncommitted retinal progenitor cells and mature bipolar cells. No CHX10 protein was detectable in the retinal neuroepithelium of orJ homozygotes. The loss of CHX10 leads both to reduced proliferation of retinal progenitors and to a specific absence of differentiated bipolar cells. Other major retinal cell types were present and correctly positioned in the mutant retina, although rod outer segments were short and retinal lamination was incomplete. These results indicate that Chx10 is an essential component in the network of genes required for the development of the mammalian eye, with profound effects on retinal progenitor proliferation and bipolar cell specification or differentiation. off
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385
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Wu M, Chen DF, Sasaoka T, Tonegawa S. Neural tube defects and abnormal brain development in F52-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:2110-5. [PMID: 8700893 PMCID: PMC39918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.5.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
F52 is a myristoylated, alanine-rich substrate for protein kinase C. We have generated F52-deficient mice by the gene targeting technique. These mutant mice manifest severe neural tube defects that are not associated with other complex malformations, a phenotype reminiscent of common human neural tube defects. The neural tube defects observed include both exencephaly and spina bifida, and the phenotype exhibits partial penetrance with about 60% of homozygous embryos developing neural tube defects. Exencephaly is the prominent type of defect and leads to high prenatal lethality. Neural tube defects are observed in a smaller percentage of heterozygous embryos (about 10%). Abnormal brain development and tail formation occur in homozygous mutants and are likely to be secondary to the neural tube defects. Disruption of F52 in mice therefore identifies a gene whose mutation results in isolated neural tube defects and may provide an animal model for common human neural tube defects.
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386
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Sigaudy S, Philip N, Gire C, Chabrol B. Oral-facial-digital syndrome with retinal abnormalities: report of a new case. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 61:193-4. [PMID: 8669453 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320610204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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387
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Brockerhoff SE, Hurley JB, Janssen-Bienhold U, Neuhauss SC, Driever W, Dowling JE. A behavioral screen for isolating zebrafish mutants with visual system defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:10545-9. [PMID: 7479837 PMCID: PMC40648 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.23.10545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Optokinetic and phototactic behaviors of zebrafish larvae were examined for their usefulness in screening for recessive defects in the visual system. The optokinetic response can be reliably and rapidly detected in 5-day larvae, whereas the phototactic response of larvae is variable and not robust enough to be useful for screening. We therefore measured optokinetic responses of mutagenized larvae as a genetic screen for visual system defects. Third-generation larvae, representing 266 mutagenized genomes, were examined for abnormal optokinetic responses. Eighteen optokinetic-defective mutants were identified and two mutants that did not show obvious morphological defects, no optokinetic response a (noa) and partial optokinetic response a (poa), were studied further. We recorded the electroretinogram (ERG) to determine whether these two mutations affect the retina. The b-wave of noa larvae was grossly abnormal, being delayed in onset and significantly reduced in amplitude. In contrast, the ERG waveform of poa larvae was normal, although the b-wave was reduced in amplitude in bright light. Histologically, the retinas of noa and poa larvae appeared normal. We conclude that noa larvae have a functional defect in the outer retina, whereas the outer retina of poa larvae is likely to be normal.
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388
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Ragge NK, Baser ME, Klein J, Nechiporuk A, Sainz J, Pulst SM, Riccardi VM. Ocular abnormalities in neurofibromatosis 2. Am J Ophthalmol 1995; 120:634-41. [PMID: 7485365 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)72210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the ocular abnormalities in patients with clinically diagnosed neurofibromatosis 2 and asymptomatic gene carriers. METHODS Probands were ascertained through a surgical otolaryngology practice. In a cross-sectional study, we examined 49 patients with neurofibromatosis 2, 30 offspring of patients, and, as a comparison group, 18 parents and siblings of patients with sporadic neurofibromatosis 2. The examination included a complete neuro-ophthalmic assessment, physical examination, and, for patients and first-degree relatives at risk, cranial and spinal magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium enhancement, if not previously performed. RESULTS The most common ocular abnormalities were posterior subcapsular or capsular, cortical, or mixed lens opacities in 33 (67%) of 49 patients with neurofibromatosis 2 and retinal hamartomas in 11 (22%). We used segregation analysis to determine the mutation carrier status of six at-risk offspring who were 30 years old or younger in two multigeneration families. Three asymptomatic mutation carriers had cataracts, whereas those who were predicted not to carry the mutation did not have cataracts. Asymptomatic mutation carriers may have developmental abnormalities of the eye that are detectable in childhood or adolescence, a finding that may assist in early diagnosis of the disease. CONCLUSIONS A variety of ocular abnormalities are present in neurofibromatosis 2, including cataracts, retinal hamartomas, and ocular motor deficits. Many of these are developmental or acquired early in life and may assist in presymptomatic diagnosis. For screening at-risk relatives of patients with neurofibromatosis 2, the types of cataract that are most suggestive of neurofibromatosis 2 are plaque-like posterior subcapsular or capsular cataract and cortical cataract with onset under the age of 30 years.
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389
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Fantl V, Stamp G, Andrews A, Rosewell I, Dickson C. Mice lacking cyclin D1 are small and show defects in eye and mammary gland development. Genes Dev 1995; 9:2364-72. [PMID: 7557388 DOI: 10.1101/gad.9.19.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Using homologous recombination, mice lacking cyclin D1 were generated by replacing most of the first exon of the Cyl-1 gene with sequences encoding neomycin resistance. Cyl-1(-1-) mice were viable and fertile but consistently smaller than their heterozygous or wild-type littermates. The nullizygous animals also showed two distinctive abnormalities: a severe retinopathy caused by impaired development of all layers of the retina and, in the mammary gland during pregnancy, a marked reduction in acinar development accompanied by a failure to lactate. Approximately 50% of animals also had a malformation of the jaw that manifested itself as a misalignment of the incisor teeth. Mouse embryo fibroblasts isolated from 14 day nullizygous, heterozygous, or wild-type embryos and grown under standard conditions showed similar cell-cycle and growth characteristics. Thus although cyclin D1 kinase activity may facilitate G1 progression, it is not essential for the development of most tissues and organs, and only a few specialized cell lineages are demonstrably sensitive to its absence.
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390
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391
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Lee LR, Sullivan TJ. Blepharophimosis syndrome: association with colobomatous microphthalmos. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 1995; 23:145-7. [PMID: 7546691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.1995.tb00144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To highlight the association of colobomatous microphthalmos with blepharophimosis syndrome. RESULT We present a case of blepharophimosis syndrome associated with bilateral optic disc, retinochoroidal and iris colobomas, and microphthalmos, in a Caucasian boy. Inheritance in this case was autosomal dominant from the maternal side. CONCLUSION Colobomatous microphthalmos is an infrequent ocular abnormality in the blepharophimosis syndrome. Ophthalmologists should be aware of this association.
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392
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Brodsky MC, Hoyt WF, Hoyt CS, Miller NR, Lam BL. Atypical retinochoroidal coloboma in patients with dysplastic optic discs and transsphenoidal encephalocele. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 1995; 113:624-8. [PMID: 7748133 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1995.01100050092036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical significance of V- or tongue-shaped infrapapillary retinochoroidal depigmentation in association with dysplastic optic discs. METHODS Clinical data from all patients with V- or tongue-shaped infrapapillary retinochoroidal depigmentation and dysplastic optic discs were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS Five patients with this atypical colobomatous anomaly had transsphenoidal encephalocele. A sixth patient had an ectopic midline pharyngeal mass with no skull-base defect. CONCLUSION In patients with optic disc dysplasias, the finding of this V- or tongue-shaped retinochoroidal pigmentary anomaly should prompt neuroimaging to look for transsphenoidal encephalocele.
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393
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Abstract
The role of glia in suppressing neuronal cell death was investigated in the visual system of the Drosophila mutant, reversed polarity (repo). The repo locus encodes a glial-specific homeodomain protein expressed in the optic lobes. Here, we show that survival of the laminar neurons in the optic lobe depends on repo expression in the laminar glia, indicating that the laminar glia supply factors required for neuronal survival. The repo glia also underwent cell death, suggesting that the laminar neurons are required for survival of the glia or that repo expression is required to suppress an intrinsic cell suicide program. Subsequent to the laminar cell death, the retinal cells in the repo visual system also degenerated, indicating that the retinal cell death was due to retrograde degeneration.
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394
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Stumpo DJ, Bock CB, Tuttle JS, Blackshear PJ. MARCKS deficiency in mice leads to abnormal brain development and perinatal death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:944-8. [PMID: 7862670 PMCID: PMC42613 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.4.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The MARCKS protein is a widely distributed cellular substrate for protein kinase C. It is a myristoylprotein that binds calmodulin and actin in a manner reversible by protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation. It is also highly expressed in nervous tissue, particularly during development. To evaluate a possible developmental role for MARCKS, we disrupted its gene in mice by using the techniques of homologous recombination. Pups homozygous for the disrupted allele lacked detectable MARCKS mRNA and protein. All MARCKS-deficient pups died before or within a few hours of birth. Twenty-five percent had exencephaly and 19% had omphalocele (normal frequencies, < 1%), indicating high frequencies of midline defects, particularly in cranial neurulation. Nonexencephalic MARCKS-deficient pups had agenesis of the corpus callosum and other forebrain commissures, as well as failure of fusion of the cerebral hemispheres. All MARCKS-deficient pups also displayed characteristic lamination abnormalities of the cortex and retina. These studies suggest that MARCKS plays a vital role in the normal developmental processes of neurulation, hemisphere fusion, forebrain commissure formation, and formation of cortical and retinal laminations. We conclude that MARCKS is necessary for normal mouse brain development and postnatal survival.
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395
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Sallet G, Gous PN, Roux P. Ophthalmoscopic visualization of the inferior ophthalmic vein through a chorioretinal coloboma. Am J Ophthalmol 1995; 119:242-3. [PMID: 7832239 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)73886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/METHODS In a patient with a coloboma of the optic nerve, inferior retina and choroid, and deep portions of the sclera, a retrobulbar vessel moved irregularly relative to the retinal vessels, which moved contiguously with the posterior globe. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Fluorescein angiography showed the retrobulbar vessel filling slightly later than overlying retinal vessels. We conclude that the retrobulbar vessel was a vein situated inferiorly to the optic nerve.
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396
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Costin D, Dogaru M, Petraru D, Burlea M. [The retinal fold in premature infants]. OFTALMOLOGIA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 1990) 1995; 39:52-55. [PMID: 7766580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
More and more authors point out the existence of the retinal folds at the prematures with retrolental fibroplasia. This form is considered to be achieved. The survey has been done during 3 years on 27 children, divided in 2 groups: the former was the group of the prematures with retinal fold present in retrolental fibroplasia, and the later was the group of children with congenital retinal fold, but born at time. Clinically, the difference between the two types of folds is not so obvious, but from the morphoscopical aspect they differ. The therapy of the diagnosed children was the usual one done in complications: strabismus, cataract, retinal detachment. The conclusions is that, besides the malformative retinal fold of the child born at time, another similar lesion provoked by the prematurity and abusive oxygenation is possible.
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397
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Meyers SM, Gutman FA, Kaye LD, Rothner AD. Retinal changes associated with neurofibromatosis 2. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1995; 93:245-52; discussion 252-7. [PMID: 8719681 PMCID: PMC1312060 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurofibromatosis (NF) is now known to be more than one disease. NF2, formerly classified as central neurofibromatosis, is characterized by bilateral vestibular schwannomas, previously termed "acoustic neuromas", and is much less common than NF1. Lens opacities at an early age have been described in approximately 85% of NF2 patients. PURPOSE To determine the frequency of retinal abnormalities in NF2 patients. METHODS We prospectively examined 15 consecutive patients who met the diagnostic criteria of NF2. RESULTS We observed an epiretinal membrane in the macular or paramacular area in 12 of 15 patients, and a combined pigment epithelial and retinal hamartoma in the macula of one patient who also had an epiretinal membrane in the macula of the other eye. Additionally, 11 patients had central posterior cortical, subcapsular, or peripheral cortical lens opacities. CONCLUSIONS Children or young patients with epiretinal membranes, combined pigment epithelial retinal hamartoma, and lens opacities that are not the result of other ocular disorders should have a neurologic evaluation and a careful family history for NF2.
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398
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Matsui H, Setogawa T, Naora H, Tanaka O. The effects of PSK, a biological response modifier, on congenital ocular abnormalities induced by X-ray irradiation. Histol Histopathol 1995; 10:47-54. [PMID: 7756743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The antiteratogenic effects of PSK, a biological response modifier, were examined using histological and developmental analysis. The whole bodies of pregnant mice were irradiated with X-rays and injected with PSK within ten minutes after irradiation on day 7 of gestation (E7). The foetuses on E18 were examined and a high incidence of malformations were observed in X-ray irradiated embryos. Microphthalmia was the most frequent malformation. PSK administration suppressed the X-ray irradiation-induced ocular anomalies in not only the frequency, as deduced by external observation, but also in histopathological changes in the retina, lens, and cornea. In particular, the incidence of lens aplasia was significantly decreased by PSK administration. Developmental analysis using E10 and E13 embryos revealed that the decrease in the incidence of histopathological changes was first observed within 72 hours after PSK administration. In addition, X-ray irradiation-induced early foetal death (E10-13) was also suppressed by PSK administration. The possible mechanisms of the antiteratogenic effects of PSK are discussed.
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399
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Cibis GW, Fitzgerald KM. Abnormal electroretinogram associated with developmental brain anomalies. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1995; 93:147-58; discussion 158-61. [PMID: 8719676 PMCID: PMC1312055 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have encountered abnormal ERGs associated with optic nerve hypoplasia, macular, optic nerve and chorioretinal colobomata and developmental brain anomalies. Brain anomalies include cortical dysgenesis, lissencephaly, porencephaly, cerebellar and corpus callosum hypoplasia. We describe six exemplar cases. METHODS Scotopic and photopic ERGs adherent to international standards were performed as well as photopic ERGs to long-duration stimuli. CT or MRI studies were also done. The ERGs were compared to age-matched normal control subjects. RESULTS ERG changes include reduced amplitude b-waves to blue and red stimuli under scotopic testing conditions. Implicit times were often delayed. The photopic responses also showed reduced amplitude a- and b-waves with implicit time delays. The long-duration photopic ERG done in one case shows attenuation of both ON- and OFF-responses. CONCLUSIONS Common underlying developmental genetic or environmental unifying casualties are speculated to be at fault in causing these cases of associated retinal and brain abnormalities. No single etiology is expected. Multiple potential causes acting early in embryogenesis effecting neuronal induction, migration and differentiation are theorized. These occur at a time when brain and retinal cells are sufficiently undifferentiated to be similarly effected. We call these cases examples of Brain Retina Neuroembryodysgenesis (BRNED). Homeobox and PAX genes with global neuronal developmental influences are gene candidates to unify the observed disruption of brain and retinal cell development. The ERG can provide a valuable clinical addition in understanding and ultimately classifying these disorders.
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400
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Joos KM, Kimura AE, Vandenburgh K, Bartley JA, Stone EM. Ocular findings associated with a Cys39Arg mutation in the Norrie disease gene. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 1994; 112:1574-9. [PMID: 7993212 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1994.01090240080029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To diagnose the carriers and noncarriers in a family affected with Norrie disease based on molecular analysis. DESIGN Family members from three generations, including one affected patient, two obligate carriers, one carrier identified with linkage analysis, one noncarrier identified with linkage analysis, and one female family member with indeterminate carrier status, were examined clinically and electrophysiologically. Linkage analysis had previously failed to determine the carrier status of one female family member in the third generation. Blood samples were screened for mutations in the Norrie disease gene with single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. The mutation was characterized by dideoxy-termination sequencing. RESULTS Ophthalmoscopy and electroretinographic examination failed to detect the carrier state. The affected individuals and carriers in this family were found to have a transition from thymidine to cytosine in the first nucleotide of codon 39 of the Norrie disease gene, causing a cysteine-to-arginine mutation. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis identified a patient of indeterminate status (by linkage) to be a noncarrier of Norrie disease. CONCLUSION Ophthalmoscopy and electroretinography could not identify carriers of this Norrie disease mutation. Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis was more sensitive and specific than linkage analysis in identifying carriers in this family.
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