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Caspersson T, Hultén M, Jonasson J, Lindsten J, Therkelsen A, Zech L. Translocations causing non-fluorescent Y chromosomes in human XO/XY mosaics. Hereditas 2009; 68:317-24. [PMID: 4142012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1971.tb02407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Krawczuk A, Kowalska E, Wiśniewski L. Genetic and endocrinological studies in a patient with the XYY syndrome. Andrologia 2009; 4:69-74. [PMID: 4649074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1972.tb01194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Nielsen J, Krag-Olsen B, Dirdal M, Holm V, Haahr J, Rasmussen NH, Videbech P, Yanagisawa S. Chromosome abnormalities in children, in two Danish counties, born during the period 1967-1978: Clinical data. Hereditas 2008; 96:195-210. [PMID: 6213587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1982.tb00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Chromosome Aberrations/epidemiology
- Chromosome Aberrations/genetics
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosomes, Human, 1-3
- Chromosomes, Human, 13-15
- Chromosomes, Human, 16-18
- Chromosomes, Human, 19-20
- Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y
- Chromosomes, Human, 4-5
- Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X
- Denmark
- Female
- Gestational Age
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Karyotyping
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Male
- Maternal Age
- Middle Aged
- Mosaicism
- Pregnancy
- Sex Chromosome Aberrations/epidemiology
- Sex Chromosome Aberrations/genetics
- Sex Factors
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Iinuma K, Tanae A, Tanaka G. An XYY baby with Prader syndrome. Clin Genet 2008; 6:323-5. [PMID: 4442235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1974.tb02093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Tishler PV, Lamborot-Manzur M, Atkins L. Polymorphism of the human Y chromosomes: fluorescence microscopic studies on the sites of morphologic variation. Clin Genet 2008; 3:116-22. [PMID: 4115479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1972.tb01732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bengtsson B, Gustavson KH, Reuterskiöld G, Santesson B, Ahnsén S. Male pseudohermaphroditism with 45X-46XYq- mosaicism in a pair of monozygotic twins. Clin Genet 2008; 5:133-43. [PMID: 4857285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1974.tb01675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Four specimens with an aberrant sex chromosome constitution were found in natural populations of the common vole (Microtus arvalis). Two females had an X0 sex chromosome constitution and single males were 2n = 47, XXY and 2n = 47, XYY, respectively. No apparent phenotypical anomalies were recorded in the sex chromosome aneuploids, but their fertility may have been impaired. The incidence of sex chromosome aneuploidy seems to be unusually high in natural populations of the common vole (1.5% of animals examined). Possible explanations for this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zima
- Department of Population Biology, Institute of Systematic and Ecological Biology, Brno, Czechoslovakia
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Lake S. Recombination in the X-chromosome in hybrid females with and without a marked centromere from three inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster. Hereditas 2008; 102:89-97. [PMID: 3921496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1985.tb00470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Kühl H, Röttger S, Heilbronner H, Enders H, Schempp W. Loss of the Y chromosomal PAR2-region in four familial cases of satellited Y chromosomes (Yqs). Chromosome Res 2001; 9:215-22. [PMID: 11330396 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012219820317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Applying fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) of various Y chromosomal DNA probes to four familial cases of human Yqs, it was possible to demonstrate that the formation of Yqs must have arisen from a reciprocal translocation involving the short arm of an acrocentric autosome and the heterochromatin of the long arm of the Y chromosome (Yqh). Breakpoints map within Yqh and the proximal short arm of an acrocentric autosome resulting in the gain of a nucleolus organizer region (NOR) including the telomere repeat (TTAGGG)n combined with the loss of the pseudoautosomal region 2 (PAR2) at the long arm of the recipient Y chromosome. In no case could the reciprocal product of an acrocentric autosome with loss of the NOR and gain of PAR2 be detected. Using the 15p-specific classical satellite-III probe D15Z1 in two of the four Yqs probands presented here, it could be shown that the satellited material originated from the short arm of chromosome 15. In contrast to the loss of PAR2 in Yqs chromosomes, another Y chromosomal variant (Yqh-) showing deletion of long-arm heterochromatin in Yq12 has retained PAR2 referring to an interstitial deletion of Yq heterochromatin in such deleted Y chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kühl
- Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg
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Bender BG, Linden MG, Harmon RJ. Neuropsychological and functional cognitive skills of 35 unselected adults with sex chromosome abnormalities. Am J Med Genet 2001; 102:309-13. [PMID: 11503155 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This report presents data defining the neuropsychological and cognitive phenotypes of a group of adults with sex chromosome abnormalities identified at birth through the chromosome screening of 40,000 consecutive newborns between 1964 and 1974. In all three nonmosaic groups, reading skills were impaired and intelligence quotients were on average reduced more than 20 points relative to controls. The 47,XXX women demonstrated greatest overall impairment, including reduced scores on tests of conceptualization and problem solving. 45,X women demonstrated impairment in spatial thinking skills, and 47,XXY men in verbal processing skills. No reduced scores were found in the female mosaic group. Marked variability in scores was seen in all groups; some propositi have been unable to hold any job, whereas others have completed college and are professionally employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Bender
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Hassold TJ, Burrage LC, Chan ER, Judis LM, Schwartz S, James SJ, Jacobs PA, Thomas NS. Maternal folate polymorphisms and the etiology of human nondisjunction. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:434-9. [PMID: 11443546 PMCID: PMC1235315 DOI: 10.1086/321971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2001] [Accepted: 06/01/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to identify genetic contributors to human meiotic nondisjunction have met with little, if any, success. Thus, recent reports linking Down syndrome to maternal polymorphisms at either of two folate metabolism enzymes, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), have generated considerable interest. In the present report, we asked whether variation at MTHFR (677C-->T) or MTRR (66A-->G) might be associated with human trisomies other than trisomy 21. We analyzed maternal polymorphisms at MTHFR and MTRR in 93 cases of sex-chromosome trisomy, 44 cases of trisomy 18, and 158 cases of autosomal trisomies 2, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, or 22, and compared the distributions of genotypes to those of control populations. We observed a significant increase in the MTHFR polymorphism in mothers of trisomy 18 conceptuses but were unable to identify any other significant associations. Overall, our observations suggest that, at least for the sex chromosomes and for a combined set of autosomal trisomies, polymorphisms in the folate pathway are not a significant contributor to human meiotic nondisjunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Hassold
- Department of Genetics and The Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Gu J, Roth LM, Younger C, Michael H, Abdul-Karim FW, Zhang S, Ulbright TM, Eble JN, Cheng L. Molecular evidence for the independent origin of extra-ovarian papillary serous tumors of low malignant potential. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93:1147-52. [PMID: 11481386 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/93.15.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular data suggest that peritoneal tumors in women with advanced-stage ovarian papillary serous adenocarcinoma are monoclonal in origin. Whether the same is true for ovarian tumors of low malignant potential is not known. We compared peritoneal and ovarian tumors from women with advanced-stage ovarian papillary serous tumors of low malignant potential to determine whether the peritoneal tumors arose from the same clone as the ovarian tumors. METHODS We studied the clonality of 73 peritoneal and ovarian tumors from 18 women with advanced-stage ovarian papillary serous tumors of low malignant potential. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors and representative normal tissues were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, representative sections from separate tumors were manually microdissected, genomic DNA was extracted from the microdissected tumors, and the polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a CAG polymorphic site in the human androgen receptor locus on the X chromosome to determine the inactivation pattern of the X chromosome and the clonality of the tumors. RESULTS The pattern of X-chromosome inactivation could be determined from the tumors of 13 of 18 patients. Of the 13 patients, seven (54%) had nonrandom inactivation of the X chromosome, and six of the seven had different inactivation patterns in the peritoneal and ovarian tumors. Three of these patients also had different patterns of nonrandom X-chromosome inactivation in tumors from each ovary. The remaining six patients had random patterns of X-chromosome inactivation in the peritoneal and ovarian tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that peritoneal and ovarian tumors of low malignant potential arise independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias are a group of rare disorders that are characterized by great clinical and genetic heterogeneity. There has been an exponential increase in the number of HSP loci mapped in recent years, with nine out of the 17 loci reported during the past 2 years. Eight loci have now been identified for the autosomal-dominant form, and seven of these are associated with pure HSP. Spastic paraplegia-4 remains the most frequent locus, and is usually associated with a pure phenotype. Although the corresponding spastin gene was only recently identified, over 50 mutations have been described to date, which renders molecular diagnosis difficult. Five loci are known for autosomal-recessive HSP, and four of these are associated with complex forms, all with different phenotypes. Two genes have been identified: paraplegin and sacsin. Finally, three loci have been identified in X-linked HSP, two of which are complex forms. The genes that encode L1 and PLP were the first to be identified in HSP disorders. Surprisingly, the five genes encode proteins of different families, making understanding and diagnosis of HSP even more difficult. The discovery of new genes should hopefully help to clarify the pathophysiology of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Tallaksen
- INSERM U289, Département de Génétique, Cytogénétique et Embryologie, et Fédération de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Abstract
Males with a 47,XYY karyotype generally have chromosomally normal children, despite the high theoretical risk of aneuploidy. Studies of sperm karyotypes or FISH analysis of sperm have demonstrated that the majority of sperm are chromosomally normal in 47,XYY men. There have been a number of meiotic studies of XYY males attempting to determine whether the additional Y chromosome is eliminated during spermatogenesis, with conflicting results regarding the pairing of the sex chromosomes and the presence of an additional Y. We analyzed recombination in the pseudoautosomal region of the XY bivalent to determine whether this is perturbed in a 47,XYY male. A recombination frequency similar to normal 46,XY men would indicate normal pairing within the XY bivalent, whereas a significantly altered frequency would suggest other types of pairing such as a YY bivalent or an XYY trivalent. Two DNA markers, STS/STS pseudogene and DXYS15, were typed in sperm from a heterozygous 47,XYY male. Individual sperm (23,X or Y) were isolated into PCR tubes using a FACStarPlus flow cytometer. Hemi-nested PCR analysis of the two DNA markers was performed to determine the frequency of recombination. A total of 108 sperm was typed with a 38% recombination frequency between the two DNA markers. This is very similar to the frequency of 38.3% that we have observed in 329 sperm from a normal 46,XY male. Thus our results suggest that XY pairing and recombination occur normally in this 47,XYY male. This could occur by the production of an XY bivalent and Y univalent (which is then lost in most cells) or by loss of the additional Y chromosome in some primitive germ cells or spermatogonia and a proliferative advantage of the normal XY cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Martin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5C7, Canada.
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Martínez-Pasarell O, Templado C, Egozcue J, Vicens-Calvet E, Nogués C. PCR protocol to detect parental origin and hidden mosaicism inSex chromosome aneuploidies. Horm Res 2001; 51:248-52. [PMID: 10559670 DOI: 10.1159/000023379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report an accurate method to determine the parental origin of sex chromosome aneuploidies or polyploidies and to detect low percentage mosaicisms. We have amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) five polymorphic markers along the X chromosome (DXS1283E, DYS II, DMD49, AR and DXS52) and three markers along the Y chromosome (SRY, DYZ3 and DYZ1). False-negative results were discarded by the simultaneous amplification of Y markers and of internal controls. We have applied this protocol to a series of 14 Turner syndrome patients with a 45,X karyotype. We have detected sex chromosome mosaicisms in two patients. The parental origin of the syndrome has been determined in the other 12 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Martínez-Pasarell
- Dept. de Biologia Cellular i Fisiologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Aho M, Härkönen K, Suikkari AM, Juvonen V, Anttila L, Lähdetie J. Y-chromosomal microdeletions among infertile Finnish men. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001; 80:652-6. [PMID: 11437724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microdeletions in the Y-chromosome are known to cause a significant proportion of azoo- and oligozoospermia in men. The reported frequency of deletions varies greatly between the studies. Probable reasons for this variation are different selection criteria and number of patients included, and possibly also methodological aspects, whereas the contribution of environmental and genetic factors is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of Y-chromosome microdeletions among infertile Finnish men. METHODS Two hundred and one men showing azoospermia (n=68) or severe oligozoospermia (n=133) were included. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction method was used to amplify specific sequence tagged sites (STS) along the Y chromosome. RESULTS Microdeletions were observed in 18 men (9%), of whom four were azoospermic and 14 oligozoospermic. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of Y-deletions in the study population of infertile Finnish men falls within the range published in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Huddinge University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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Chadwick BP, Valley CM, Willard HF. Histone variant macroH2A contains two distinct macrochromatin domains capable of directing macroH2A to the inactive X chromosome. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:2699-705. [PMID: 11433014 PMCID: PMC55781 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.13.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin on the inactive X chromosome (Xi) of female mammals is enriched for the histone variant macroH2A that can be detected at interphase as a distinct nuclear structure referred to as a macro chromatin body (MCB). Green fluorescent protein-tagged and Myc epitope-tagged macroH2A readily form an MCB in the nuclei of transfected female, but not male, cells. Using targeted disruptions, we have identified two macrochromatin domains within macroH2A that are independently capable of MCB formation and association with the Xi. Complete removal of the non-histone C-terminal tail does not reduce the efficiency of association of the variant histone domain of macroH2A with the Xi, indicating that the histone portion alone can target the Xi. The non-histone domain by itself is incapable of MCB formation. However, when directed to the nucleosome by fusion to core histone H2A or H2B, the non-histone tail forms an MCB that appears identical to that of the endogenous protein. Mutagenesis of the non-histone portion of macroH2A localized the region required for MCB formation and targeting to the Xi to an approximately 190 amino acid region.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Chadwick
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Center for Human Genetics and Research Institute, University Hospitals of Cleveland, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4955, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of intersex states has been reported to be 27% to 100% in patients with hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and routinely determining karyotypes has been recommended. This incidence seems much higher than in our experience. We reviewed the records of patients with hypospadias and/or chordee plus cryptorchidism as well as those referred with ambiguous genitalia to determine whether these findings were associated with a high incidence of chromosomal abnormalities and whether they warrant routine karyotype screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the records of patients with undescended testis plus hypospadias and/or chordee, and those with ambiguous genitalia who presented between 1986 and 1999. Patients without karyotype determination, and those with iatrogenic cryptorchidism, retractile testes, congenital adrenal hyperplasia or female-appearing external genitalia were excluded from study. Meatus and testis locations at surgery, and associated Müllerian structures and medical conditions were documented. Fisher's exact test was done to determine statistical significance. RESULTS Of the 113 patients whose records matched study inclusion criteria only 48 had complete anatomical, karyotypic, pathological and radiographic information available. Eight patients (16.7%) had chromosomal abnormalities, including 2 (4.2%) with karyotypic intersex disorder and 6 (12.5%) with autosomal chromosomal abnormalities. There were persistent Müllerian structures in 2 patients (4.2%) with a normal 46 XY karyotype. As described by a staff pediatric urologist, 20 patients (41.7%) had ambiguous genitalia and 8 of the 48 (16.7%) had nonpalpable cryptorchidism. Ambiguous genitalia were associated with chromosomal abnormalities, in 4 of the 20 cases, including 2 karyotypic intersex cases. Only 3 patients with ambiguous genitalia had nonpalpable gonads and 1 with karyotypic intersex disorder had a nonpalpable gonad that involved the testicular elements only. The incidence of autosomal chromosomal abnormalities was not significant (2-tailed Fisher's exact test p <==0.05) and the incidence of karyotypic (autosomal or sex) abnormalities was not significant compared with hypospadias (p = 0.3), genital ambiguity (p = 0.7) or cryptorchidism (p = 0.69), including nonpalpable testis (p = 1). When patients had karyotypic abnormalities, they were more likely to have proximal hypospadias (57.2%), palpable cryptorchidism (62.5%) and ambiguous genitalia (50%). CONCLUSIONS Most patients who present for the evaluation of hypospadias, chordee and undescended testis have a normal karyotype. Routine karyotype investigation of all patients with hypospadias, chordee and cryptorchidism does not seem warranted. If karyotypic intersex abnormalities are identified, those patients are more likely to have ambiguous genitalia, especially those with perineal hypospadias and cryptorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M McAleer
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital and Health Center, San Diego, California, USA
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Ujike H, Tanabe Y, Takehisa Y, Hayabara T, Kuroda S. A family with X-linked dystonia-deafness syndrome with a novel mutation of the DDP gene. Arch Neurol 2001; 58:1004-7. [PMID: 11405816 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.58.6.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked dystonia-deafness syndrome (DDS) is characterized by early-onset deafness followed by progressive dystonia in adulthood. Only 4 families with the syndrome have been reported, and all were white. OBJECTIVE To describe the first nonwhite family with X-linked DDS, involving 5 affected males in 4 generations. RESULTS Clinical features of the family members, who were Japanese, were mostly consistent with reports of DDS in whites except for a lack of visual disturbances. Whereas microdeletions in the deafness-dystonia peptide (DDP) gene were found in 2 white DDS families, our patients showed a novel mutation (arg80ter) in exon 2 of the DDP gene. CONCLUSION The existence of a DDS family of Japanese origin with a new kind of mutation in the DDP gene provides additional evidence that the DDP gene is a causative gene for X-linked DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ujike
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Medical School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Velissariou V, Antoniadi T, Patsalis P, Christopoulou S, Hatzipouliou A, Donoghue J, Bakou K, Kaminopetros P, Athanassiou V, Petersen MB. Prenatal diagnosis of two rare de novo structural aberrations of the Y chromosome: cytogenetic and molecular analysis. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21:484-7. [PMID: 11438955 DOI: 10.1002/pd.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two rare de novo structural aberrations of the Y chromosome were detected during routine prenatal diagnosis: a satellited non-fluorescent Y chromosome (Yqs), the first de novo Yqs to be reported in a fetus, and a terminal deletion of the Y chromosome long arm del(Y)(q11). In both cases detailed cytogenetic and molecular analyses were undertaken. In the case of the Yqs it was demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) that the satellites were derived from chromosome 15. In the case of the del(Yq), it was shown with molecular analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of sequence-tagged sites (STS-PCR) that the deleted portion of the long arm of chromosome Y included the azoospermia factor loci, AZFb and AZFc. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Velissariou
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Mitera Maternity and Surgical Center, Athens, Greece
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Stankiewicz P, Hélias-Rodzewicz Z, Jakubów-Durska K, Bocian E, Obersztyn E, Rappold GA, Mazurczak T. Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of two isodicentric Y chromosomes. Am J Med Genet 2001; 101:20-5. [PMID: 11343332 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of detailed molecular-cytogenetic studies of two isodicentric Y [idic(Y)] chromosomes identified in patients with complex mosaic karyotypes. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the structure and genetic content of the abnormal chromosomes. In the first patient, classical cytogenetics and FISH analysis with Y chromosome-specific probes showed in peripheral blood lymphocytes a karyotype with 4 cell lines: 45,X[128]/46,X,+idic(Y)(p11.32)[65]/47,XY,+idic(Y)(p11.32)[2]/47,X,+2idic(Y)(p11.32)[1]. No Y chromosome material was found in the removed gonads. For precise characterization of the Yp breakpoint, FISH and fiberFISH analysis, using a telomeric probe and a panel of cosmid probes from the pseudoautosomal region PAR1, was performed. The results showed that the breakpoint maps approximately 1,000 Kb from Ypter. The second idic(Y) chromosome was found in a boy with mild mental retardation, craniofacial anomalies, and the karyotype in lymphocytes 47,X,+idic(Y)(q11.23),+i(Y)(p10)[77]/46,X,+i(Y)(p10)[23]. To our knowledge, such an association has not been previously described. FISH and PCR analysis indicated the presence of at least two copies of the SRY gene in all analyzed cells. Using 17 PCR primers, the Yq breakpoint was shown to map between sY123 (DYS214) and sY121 (DYS212) loci in interval 5O in AZFb region. Possible mechanisms of formation of abnormal Y chromosomes and karyotype-phenotype correlations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stankiewicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature ovarian failure (POF) may be idiopathic or may be associated with genetic or autoimmune disorders. The 47,XXX karyotype has been associated with POF and other genitourinary anomalies. CASE A 17-year-old woman with a history of immune thrombocytopenic purpura was referred to the adolescent medicine clinic for evaluation of oligomenorrhea with secondary amenorrhea. Evaluation revealed hypergonadotrophic premature ovarian failure, a positive antinuclear antibody, and the 47,XXX karyotype. She has since developed a positive anti-cardiolipin antibody but does not meet diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosis. CONCLUSION The presence of known autoimmune disease in a woman with POF should not dissuade the clinician from evaluating for a potential genetic cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Holland
- Section of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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42
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Burgoyne PS, Evans EP. A high frequency of XO offspring from X(Paf)Y* male mice: evidence that the Paf mutation involves an inversion spanning the X PAR boundary. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2001; 91:57-61. [PMID: 11173831 DOI: 10.1159/000056819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been reported that 19% of the daughters of males carrying the X-linked mutation patchy fur (Paf) are XO with a maternally derived X chromosome. We now report that hemizygous Paf males that also carry the variant Y chromosome Y*, show a much increased XO production ( approximately 40% of daughters). We hypothesize that the Paf mutation is associated with an inversion spanning the pseudoautosomal region (PAR) boundary, and that this leads to preferential crossing over between the resulting inverted region of PAR and an equivalent inverted PAR region within the compound Y* PAR. This would lead to the production of dicentric X and acentric Y products and consequent sex chromosome loss. This interpretation is supported by analysis of the sex chromosome complements at the second meiotic metaphase, which revealed a high incidence of dicentrics. Another curious feature of the Paf mutation is that mice that are homozygous Paf have more hair than mice that are hemizygous Paf. This can be explained if the Paf mutation is a hypomorphic mutation that escapes X inactivation because, unlike the wild type allele, it is now located within the PAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Burgoyne
- Division of Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK.
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43
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Abstract
Females with XY gonadal dysgenesis are sterile, due to degeneration of the initially present ovaries into nonfunctional streak gonads. Some of these sex-reversal cases can be attributed to mutation or deletion of the SRY gene. We now describe an SRY-deleted 47,XXY female who has one son and two daughters, and one of her daughters has the same 47,XXY karyotype. PCR and FISH analysis revealed that the mother carries a structurally altered Y chromosome that most likely resulted from an aberrant X-Y interchange between the closely related genomic regions surrounding the gene pair PRKX and PRKY on Xp22.3 and Yp11.2, respectively. As a consequence, Yp material, including SRY, has been replaced by terminal Xp sequences up to the PRKX gene. The fertility of the XXY mother can be attributed to the presence of the additional X chromosome that is missing in XY gonadal dysgenesis females. To our knowledge, this is the first human XXY female described who is fertile.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Röttger
- Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg , Germany
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44
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Salas-Cortés L, Jaubert F, Nihoul-Feketé C, Brauner R, Rosemblatt M, Fellous M. SRY protein is expressed in ovotestis and streak gonads from human sex-reversal. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2001; 91:212-6. [PMID: 11173859 DOI: 10.1159/000056847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, a master gene located on the Y chromosome, the testis-determining gene SRY, controls sex determination. SRY protein is expressed in the genital ridge before testis determination, and in the testis it is expressed in Sertoli and germ cells. Completely sex-reversed patients are classified as either 46,XX males or 46,XY females. SRY mutations have been described in only 15% of patients with 46,XY complete or partial gonadal dysgenesis. However, although incomplete or partial sex-reversal affects 46,XX true hermaphrodites, 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, and 46,XX/46,XY mosaicism, only 15% of the 46,XX true hermaphrodites analyzed have the SRY gene. Here, we demonstrate that the SRY protein is expressed in the tubules of streak gonads and rete testis, indicating that the SRY protein is normally expressed early during testis determination. Based on these results, we propose that some factors downstream from SRY may be mutated in these 46,XY sex-reversal patients. We have also analyzed SRY protein expression in the ovotestis from 46,XX true hermaphrodites and 46,XX/46,XY mosaicism, demonstrating SRY protein expression in both testicular and ovarian portions in these patients. This suggests that the SRY protein does not inhibit ovary development. These results confirm that other factors are needed for complete testis development, in particular, those downstream of the SRY protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Salas-Cortés
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Humaine, INSERM E0021, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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45
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Fredga K, Setterfield L, Mittwoch U. Gonadal development and birth weight in X*X and X*Y females of the wood lemming, Myopus schisticolor. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2001; 91:97-101. [PMID: 11173838 DOI: 10.1159/000056826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative histological analysis of ovaries from 8- to 10-day-old wood lemmings revealed significant differences between females with X*Y and X*X sex chromosome constitutions. The ovarian volume of X*Y females was on average 57% of X*X, and the number of oocytes was less than half in X*Y compared to X*X. However, the frequency of growing oocytes in relation to the total number was 6.5% for X*Y compared to 3.0% for X*X. Oogenesis in X*Y wood lemmings resembles in many respects that of mice heterozygous for certain translocations and with tertiary trisomy (Ts31H), and those with X0 monosomy. The fertility in X*Y wood lemmings is not reduced. On the contrary, X*Y females have a higher reproductive fitness than X*X and XX. This is discussed in relation to the present findings. The body weight at birth was 8% higher in X*Y than in X*X.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fredga
- Department of Conservation Biology and Genetics, EBC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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46
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Simonoff E. Gene-environment interplay in oppositional defiant and conduct disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2001; 10:351-74, x. [PMID: 11351803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder is a disturbance in behavior that is characterized by aggressive and antisocial acts. At present, genetic research on conduct disorder has raised more questions than it has answered, and basic questions such as the heritability of childhood antisocial behavior cannot yet be answered with certainty. Current research, however, has consistently highlighted the importance of gene-environment interplay in antisocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Simonoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' School of Medicine and Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
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47
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Abstract
A male is described with familial duplication of the distal long arm of the X chromosome (Xq27.2-->qter) at the distal short arm (Xp22.3). The proband has features of the male Prada-Willi syndrome phenotype that have not previously been reported in other males with duplication of Xq27-->qter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Lammer
- Division of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, Oakland, California, USA.
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48
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Means GD, Boyd Y, Willis CR, Derry JM. Transgenic rescue of the tattered phenotype by using a BAC encoding Ebp. Mamm Genome 2001; 12:323-5. [PMID: 11309666 DOI: 10.1007/s003350010262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/1999] [Accepted: 10/30/2000] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G D Means
- Immunex Corporation, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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49
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Dupuy O, Palou M, Mayaudon H, Sarret D, Bordier L, Garcin JM, Bauduceau B. [De La Chapelle syndrome]. Presse Med 2001; 30:369-72. [PMID: 11268892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The De La Chapelle syndrome (XX male) is a peripheral hypogonadism concerning males with 46,XX karyotype. We conducted a retrospective study of 18 cases and report the main clinical biological and hormonal characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical features (weight, height, aspect of the external genital organs, body hair, gynecomastia), hormone levels (testosterone, gonadotrophin, baseline and stimulated prolactin estradiol), and results of a Barr test and karyotype were recorded in all patients in addition to search for the SRY gene (in 8 of the 18 patients). Findings were compared with a matched male population and a Klinefelter syndrome population. RESULTS Microrchidia was found in almost all the patients while the penis had a normal size. Signs of hypoandrogenism were frequent and gynecomastia was present in half the cases. De La Chapelle patients differed from Klinefelter patients by the absence of dysmorphism. DISCUSSION Patients with De La Chapelle syndrome diagnosed around the age of 20 years do not have borderline disorders associating genitalia anomalies or sexual ambiguity. The majority of the patients bear the testis determining SRY gene on one of the X chromosomes, providing the rational explanation of the male phenotype, but 20% of the XX males doe not have this gene. The role of certain key genes that could be implicated in abnormal sexual differentiation is known, but the complexity and heterogeneous nature of this syndrome leaves many questions unanswered. Therapy is based on androgen replacement therapy given at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dupuy
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Bégin, Saint-Mandé
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50
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Braybrook C, Warry G, Howell G, Arnason A, Bjornsson A, Moore GE, Ross MT, Stanier P. Identification and characterization of KLHL4, a novel human homologue of the Drosophila Kelch gene that maps within the X-linked cleft palate and Ankyloglossia (CPX) critical region. Genomics 2001; 72:128-36. [PMID: 11401425 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
X-linked cleft palate (CPX) is a rare nonsyndromic form of orofacial clefting that is, unlike more common forms, inherited as a highly penetrant Mendelian trait. Linkage studies using a large Icelandic kindred localized the gene to Xq21.3, and a physical map defining a 2.0-Mb candidate region was subsequently constructed. Genomic sequence is now available for much of the critical region and has been surveyed for potential transcriptional units. Through this analysis, we have identified a novel human homologue of Kelch, KLHL4. The transcript represents a mRNA of approximately 3.6 kb and encodes a protein of 718 amino acids. Protein domain analysis reveals six tandem repeats (Kelch repeats) at the C-terminus and a POZ/BTB protein-binding domain toward the N-terminus, characteristic of Drosophila Kelch and other family members. KLHL4 consists of 11 exons spanning a genomic interval of approximately 150 kb. From EST sequences and RT-PCR analysis, there is evidence for the use of alternative 3' UTRs. The mRNA is expressed in a range of fetal tissues including tongue, palate, and mandible. Mutational analysis in affected CPX patients revealed one sequence alteration that was most likely to be a silent polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Braybrook
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, United Kingdom
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