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Elcombe CS, Monteiro A, Elcombe MR, Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei M, Sinclair KD, Lea R, Padmanabhan V, Evans NP, Bellingham M. Developmental exposure to real-life environmental chemical mixture programs a testicular dysgenesis syndrome-like phenotype in prepubertal lambs. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 94:103913. [PMID: 35738462 PMCID: PMC9554787 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Current declines in male reproductive health may, in part, be driven by anthropogenic environmental chemical (EC) exposure. Using a biosolids treated pasture (BTP) sheep model, this study examined the effects of gestational exposure to a translationally relevant EC mixture. Testes of 8-week-old ram lambs from mothers exposed to BTP during pregnancy contained fewer germ cells and had a greater proportion of Sertoli-cell-only seminiferous tubules. This concurs with previous published data from fetuses and neonatal lambs from mothers exposed to BTP. Comparison between the testicular transcriptome of biosolids lambs and human testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) patients indicated common changes in genes involved in apoptotic and mTOR signalling. Gene expression data and immunohistochemistry indicated increased HIF1α activation and nuclear localisation in Leydig cells of BTP exposed animals. As HIF1α is reported to disrupt testosterone synthesis, these results provide a potential mechanism for the pathogenesis of this testicular phenotype, and TDS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Elcombe
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ana Monteiro
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Matthew R Elcombe
- MicroMatrices Associates Ltd, Dundee Technopole, James Lindsay Place, Dundee, UK
| | - Mohammad Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Kevin D Sinclair
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Richard Lea
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Neil P Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Bellingham
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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2
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Pinotti H, de Oliveira J, Ravazi A, Madeira FF, dos Reis YV, de Oliveira ABB, de Azeredo-Oliveira MTV, da Rosa JA, Alevi KCC. Revisiting the hybridization processes in the Triatoma brasiliensis complex (Hemiptera, Triatominae): Interspecific genomic compatibility point to a possible recent diversification of the species grouped in this monophyletic complex. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257992. [PMID: 34653197 PMCID: PMC8519420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomines are hematophagous insects of great epidemiological importance, since they are vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Triatoma brasiliensis complex is a monophyletic group formed by two subspecies and six species: T. b. brasiliensis, T. b. macromelasoma, T. bahiensis, T. juazeirensis, T. lenti, T. melanica, T. petrocchiae and T. sherlocki. The specific status of several species grouped in the T. brasiliensis complex was confirmed from experimental crossing and analysis of reproductive barriers. Thus, we perform interspecific experimental crosses between T. lenti and other species and subspecies of the T. brasiliensis complex and perform morphological analysis of the gonads and cytogenetic analysis in the homeologous chromosomes of the hybrids of first generation (F1). Besides that, we rescue all the literature data associated with the study of reproductive barriers in this monophyletic complex of species and subspecies. For all crosses performed between T. b. brasiliensis, T. b. macromelasoma, T. juazeirensis and T. melanica with T. lenti, interspecific copulas occurred (showing absence of mechanical isolation), hybrids were obtained, none of the male hybrids presented the phenomenon of gonadal dysgenesis and 100% pairing between the chromosomes homeologous of the hybrids was observed. Thus, we demonstrate that there are no pre-zygotic reproductive barriers installed between T. lenti and the species and subspecies of the T. brasiliensis complex. In addition, we demonstrate that the hybrids obtained between these crosses have high genomic compatibility and the absence of gonadal dysgenesis. These results point to reproductive compatibility between T. lenti and species and subspecies of the T. brasiliensis complex (confirming its inclusion in the complex) and lead us to suggest a possible recent diversification of the taxa of this monophyletic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Pinotti
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Amanda Ravazi
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBB/UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Fernandez Madeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Yago Visinho dos Reis
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBB/UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Beatriz Bortolozo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, IBB/UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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3
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Mehta P, Singh P, Gupta NJ, Sankhwar SN, Chakravarty B, Thangaraj K, Rajender S. Mutations in the desert hedgehog (DHH) gene in the disorders of sexual differentiation and male infertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1871-1878. [PMID: 33712994 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the contribution of mutations in the Desert Hedgehog (DHH) gene to the disorders of sexual differentiation (DSD) and male infertility. METHODS The study included a total 430 subjects, including 47 gonadal dysgenesis cases, 6 patients with undescended testis and infertility characterized by azoospermia, 125 infertile male patients characterized by oligoasthenozoospermia, 24 patients with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, and 200 ethnically matched normozoospermic fertile men who had fathered a child in the last two years. Sequencing of the complete coding region of the DHH gene was undertaken to find its contribution to the DSD and male infertility. RESULTS We observed four novel mutations in the DHH gene in the cases with different reproductive anomalies. A synonymous substitution, c. 543C>T (p.His181His) was observed in 6.6% oligoasthenozoospermic infertile males and 1.5% normozoospermic fertile control samples (RR = 4.4077, 95%CI 1.19-16.29). Another synonymous substitution, c.990G>A (p.Ala330Ala) was observed in an infertile patient with unilateral undescended testis (case #12). Insertion of G at c.1156insG (p.Arg385fs) was observed in a case with bilateral undescended testis and azoospermia (case #23). In gonadal dysgenesis category, two mutations, insertion of G at c.1156insG (p.Arg385fs) and c.997A>G (p.Thr333Ala) substitution were observed in one case (case #34). These mutations were completely absent in control samples. CONCLUSION Mutations in the DHH gene impact reproduction with mild mutations affecting fertility, and severe or multiple mutations resulting in gonadal dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Mehta
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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Coelingh Bennink HJT, Egberts JFM, Mol JA, Roes KCB, van Diest PJ. Breast Cancer and Major Deviations of Genetic and Gender-related Structures and Function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5864415. [PMID: 32594127 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have searched the literature for information on the risk of breast cancer (BC) in relation to gender, breast development, and gonadal function in the following 8 populations: 1) females with the Turner syndrome (45, XO); 2) females and males with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and the Kallmann syndrome; 3) pure gonadal dysgenesis (PGD) in genotypic and phenotypic females and genotypic males (Swyer syndrome); 4) males with the Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY); 5) male-to-female transgender individuals; 6) female-to-male transgender individuals; 7) genotypic males, but phenotypic females with the complete androgen insensitivity syndrome, and 8) females with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome (müllerian agenesis). Based on this search, we have drawn 3 major conclusions. First, the presence of a Y chromosome protects against the development of BC, even when female-size breasts and female-level estrogens are present. Second, without menstrual cycles, BC hardly occurs with an incidence comparable to males. There is a strong correlation between the lifetime number of menstrual cycles and the risk of BC. In our populations the BC risk in genetic females not exposed to progesterone (P4) is very low and comparable to males. Third, BC has been reported only once in genetic females with MRKH syndrome who have normal breasts and ovulating ovaries with normal levels of estrogens and P4. We hypothesize that the oncogenic glycoprotein WNT family member 4 is the link between the genetic cause of MRKH and the absence of BC women with MRKH syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan A Mol
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kit C B Roes
- Department of Health Evidence, Section Biostatistics, Radboud University Medical Centre, GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Bagheri-Fam S, Chen H, Wilson S, Ayers K, Hughes J, Sloan-Bena F, Calvel P, Robevska G, Puisac B, Kusz-Zamelczyk K, Gimelli S, Spik A, Jaruzelska J, Warenik-Szymankiewicz A, Faradz S, Nef S, Pié J, Thomas P, Sinclair A, Wilhelm D. The gene encoding the ketogenic enzyme HMGCS2 displays a unique expression during gonad development in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227411. [PMID: 31910233 PMCID: PMC6946174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) cause profound psychological and reproductive consequences for the affected individuals, however, most are still unexplained at the molecular level. Here, we present a novel gene, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase 2 (HMGCS2), encoding a metabolic enzyme in the liver important for energy production from fatty acids, that shows an unusual expression pattern in developing fetal mouse gonads. Shortly after gonadal sex determination it is up-regulated in the developing testes following a very similar spatial and temporal pattern as the male-determining gene Sry in Sertoli cells before switching to ovarian enriched expression. To test if Hmgcs2 is important for gonad development in mammals, we pursued two lines of investigations. Firstly, we generated Hmgcs2-null mice using CRISPR/Cas9 and found that these mice had gonads that developed normally even on a sensitized background. Secondly, we screened 46,XY DSD patients with gonadal dysgenesis and identified two unrelated patients with a deletion and a deleterious missense variant in HMGCS2 respectively. However, both variants were heterozygous, suggesting that HMGCS2 might not be the causative gene. Analysis of a larger number of patients in the future might shed more light into the possible association of HMGCS2 with human gonadal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bagheri-Fam
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Huijun Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sean Wilson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katie Ayers
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Pierre Calvel
- Department of Genetics, Medicine & Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gorjana Robevska
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Beatriz Puisac
- Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, CIBERER-GCV02 and ISS-Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Stefania Gimelli
- Service of Genetic Medicine, University Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Spik
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | | | - Sultana Faradz
- Center for Biomedical Research Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University (FMDU), Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Serge Nef
- Service of Genetic Medicine, University Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Juan Pié
- Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, CIBERER-GCV02 and ISS-Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paul Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Sinclair
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dagmar Wilhelm
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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6
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Cattoni A, Spano A, Tulone A, Boneschi A, Masera N, Maitz S, Di Blasio AM, Persani L, Guizzardi F, Rossetti R. The Potential Synergic Effect of a Complex Pattern of Multiple Inherited Genetic Variants as a Pathogenic Factor for Ovarian Dysgenesis: A Case Report. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:540683. [PMID: 33101191 PMCID: PMC7545356 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.540683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic primary ovarian insufficiency due to ovarian dysgenesis in 46,XX patients is an uncommon finding in the general population, even though several monogenic variants have been reported as causative factors. Here, we describe a 15-year-old patient diagnosed with gonadal dysgenesis possibly due to the interaction of three potentially pathogenic variants of genes involved in ovarian maturation, namely factor in the germline alpha (FIGLA), newborn ovary homeobox-encoding (NOBOX) and nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 (NR5A1). We also describe a different degree of residual ovarian function within the proband's family, whose female members carry one to three demonstrated variations in the aforementioned genes in a clinical spectrum potentially dependent on the number of alleles involved. Our results support the hypothesis that the severity of the clinical picture of the proband, resulting in complete ovarian dysgenesis, may be due to a synergic detrimental effect of inherited genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cattoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la Sua Mamma, Monza, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandro Cattoni
| | - Alice Spano
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la Sua Mamma, Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Tulone
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la Sua Mamma, Monza, Italy
| | - Annalisa Boneschi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la Sua Mamma, Monza, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Masera
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la Sua Mamma, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Maitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Fondazione Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la Sua Mamma, Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Di Blasio
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Guizzardi
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Rossetti
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
This review describes the germ cell neoplasms that are malignant and most commonly associated with several types of gonadal dysgenesis. The most common neoplasm is gonadoblastoma, while others including dysgerminomas, yolk-sac tumors and teratomas are rare but can occur. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the incidences of these abnormalities and the circumstances surrounding these specific tumors.According to well-established methods, a PubMed systematic review was performed, to obtain relevant studies published in English and select those with the highest-quality data.Initially, the first search was performed using gonadal dysgenesis as the search term, resulting in 12,887 PubMed papers, published, from 1945 to 2017. A second search using ovarian germ cell tumors as the search term resulted in 10,473 papers, published from 1960 to 2017. Another search was performed in Medline, using germ cell neoplasia as the search term, and this search resulted in 7,560 papers that were published between 2003 to 2016, with 245 new papers assessing gonadoblastomas.The higher incidence of germ cell tumors in gonadal dysgenesis is associated with a chromosomal anomaly that leads to the absence of germ cells in these gonads and, consequently, a higher incidence of neoplasms when these tumors are located inside the abdomen. Several hypotheses suggest that increased incidence of germ cell tumors involves all or part of the Y chromosome or different genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauri José Piazza
- Departamento de TocoGinecologia, Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba, PR, BR
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Audí L, Ahmed SF, Krone N, Cools M, McElreavey K, Holterhus PM, Greenfield A, Bashamboo A, Hiort O, Wudy SA, McGowan R. GENETICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Approaches to molecular genetic diagnosis in the management of differences/disorders of sex development (DSD): position paper of EU COST Action BM 1303 ‘DSDnet’. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:R197-R206. [PMID: 30299888 PMCID: PMC6182188 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of differences or disorders of sex development (DSD) belongs to the most complex fields in medicine. It requires a multidisciplinary team conducting a synoptic and complementary approach consisting of thorough clinical, hormonal and genetic workups. This position paper of EU COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action BM1303 ‘DSDnet’ was written by leading experts in the field and focuses on current best practice in genetic diagnosis in DSD patients. Ascertainment of the karyotpye defines one of the three major diagnostic DSD subclasses and is therefore the mandatory initial step. Subsequently, further analyses comprise molecular studies of monogenic DSD causes or analysis of copy number variations (CNV) or both. Panels of candidate genes provide rapid and reliable results. Whole exome and genome sequencing (WES and WGS) represent valuable methodological developments that are currently in the transition from basic science to clinical routine service in the field of DSD. However, in addition to covering known DSD candidate genes, WES and WGS help to identify novel genetic causes for DSD. Diagnostic interpretation must be performed with utmost caution and needs careful scientific validation in each DSD case.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Audí
- Growth and Development Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence should be addressed to L Audí;
| | - S F Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - N Krone
- Academic Unit of Child Health, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Cools
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Paediatrics and Internal Medicine Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K McElreavey
- Human Developmental Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - P M Holterhus
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein and Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - A Greenfield
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - A Bashamboo
- Human Developmental Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - O Hiort
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - S A Wudy
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - R McGowan
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Laboratories Building, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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9
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Weinberg-Shukron A, Rachmiel M, Renbaum P, Gulsuner S, Walsh T, Lobel O, Dreifuss A, Ben-Moshe A, Zeligson S, Segel R, Shore T, Kalifa R, Goldberg M, King MC, Gerlitz O, Levy-Lahad E, Zangen D. Essential Role of BRCA2 in Ovarian Development and Function. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1042-1049. [PMID: 30207912 PMCID: PMC6230262 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1800024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The causes of ovarian dysgenesis remain incompletely understood. Two sisters with XX ovarian dysgenesis carried compound heterozygous truncating mutations in the BRCA2 gene that led to reduced BRCA2 protein levels and an impaired response to DNA damage, which resulted in chromosomal breakage and the failure of RAD51 to be recruited to double-stranded DNA breaks. The sisters also had microcephaly, and one sister was in long-term remission from leukemia, which had been diagnosed when she was 5 years old. Drosophila mutants that were null for an orthologue of BRCA2 were sterile, and gonadal dysgenesis was present in both sexes. These results revealed a new role for BRCA2 and highlight the importance to ovarian development of genes that are critical for recombination during meiosis. (Funded by the Israel Science Foundation and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariella Weinberg-Shukron
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Mariana Rachmiel
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Paul Renbaum
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Suleyman Gulsuner
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Tom Walsh
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Orit Lobel
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Amatzia Dreifuss
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Avital Ben-Moshe
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Sharon Zeligson
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Reeval Segel
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Tikva Shore
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Rachel Kalifa
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Michal Goldberg
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Mary-Claire King
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Offer Gerlitz
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - Ephrat Levy-Lahad
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
| | - David Zangen
- From the Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center (A.W.-S., P.R., O.L., S.Z., R.S., E.L.-L.), the Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School (A.W.-S., E.L.-L., D.Z.), the Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC (Institute for Medical Research, Israel-Canada), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.D., T.S., R.K., O.G.), the Department of Genetics, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (A.B.-M., M.G.), and the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center (D.Z.), Jerusalem, and the Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (M.R.) - all in Israel; and the Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine and the Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle (S.G., T.W., M.-C.K.)
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10
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Werner R, Mönig I, Lünstedt R, Wünsch L, Thorns C, Reiz B, Krause A, Schwab KO, Binder G, Holterhus PM, Hiort O. New NR5A1 mutations and phenotypic variations of gonadal dysgenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176720. [PMID: 28459839 PMCID: PMC5411087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in NR5A1 have been reported as a frequent cause of 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) associated to a broad phenotypic spectrum ranging from infertility, ambiguous genitalia, anorchia to gonadal dygenesis and female genitalia. Here we present the clinical follow up of four 46,XY DSD patients with three novel heterozygous mutations in the NR5A1 gene leading to a p.T40P missense mutation and a p.18DKVSG22del nonframeshift deletion in the DNA-binding domain and a familiar p.Y211Tfs*83 frameshift mutation. Functional analysis of the missense and nonframeshift mutation revealed a deleterious character with loss of DNA-binding and transactivation capacity. Both, the mutations in the DNA-binding domain, as well as the familiar frameshift mutation are associated with highly variable endocrine values and phenotypic appearance. Phenotypes vary from males with spontaneous puberty, substantial testosterone production and possible fertility to females with and without Müllerian structures and primary amenorrhea. Exome sequencing of the sibling’s family revealed TBX2 as a possible modifier of gonadal development in patients with NR5A1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Werner
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Isabel Mönig
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf Lünstedt
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lutz Wünsch
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Thorns
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Benedikt Reiz
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexandra Krause
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karl Otfried Schwab
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Binder
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul-Martin Holterhus
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Smirin-Yosef P, Zuckerman-Levin N, Tzur S, Granot Y, Cohen L, Sachsenweger J, Borck G, Lagovsky I, Salmon-Divon M, Wiesmüller L, Basel-Vanagaite L. A Biallelic Mutation in the Homologous Recombination Repair Gene SPIDR Is Associated With Human Gonadal Dysgenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:681-688. [PMID: 27967308 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is caused by ovarian follicle depletion or follicle dysfunction, characterized by amenorrhea with elevated gonadotropin levels. The disorder presents as absence of normal progression of puberty. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the cause of ovarian dysfunction in a family with POI. DESIGN We performed whole-exome sequencing in 2 affected individuals. To evaluate whether DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair activities are altered in biallelic mutation carriers, we applied an enhanced green fluorescent protein-based assay for the detection of specific DSB repair pathways in blood-derived cells. SETTING Diagnoses were made at the Pediatric Endocrine Clinic, Clalit Health Services, Sharon-Shomron District, Israel. Genetic counseling and sample collection were performed at the Pediatric Genetics Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION Two sisters born to consanguineous parents of Israeli Muslim Arab ancestry presented with a lack of normal progression of puberty, high gonadotropin levels, and hypoplastic or absent ovaries on ultrasound. Blood samples for DNA extraction were obtained from all family members. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Exome analysis to elucidate the cause of POI in 2 affected sisters. RESULTS Analysis revealed a stop-gain homozygous mutation in the SPIDR gene (KIAA0146) c.839G>A, p.W280*. This mutation altered SPIDR activity in homologous recombination, resulting in the accumulation of 53BP1-labeled DSBs postionizing radiation and γH2AX-labeled damage during unperturbed growth. CONCLUSIONS SPIDR is important for ovarian function in humans. A biallelic mutation in this gene may be associated with ovarian dysgenesis in cases of autosomal recessive inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pola Smirin-Yosef
- Genomic Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Nehama Zuckerman-Levin
- Clalit Health Services, Sharon-Shomron District 42505, Israel
- Pediatric Diabetes and Obesity Clinic, Rambam Medical Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine-Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shay Tzur
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
- Genomic Research Department, Emedgene Technologies, Tel-Aviv 6789126, Israel
| | - Yaron Granot
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Lior Cohen
- Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva 49202, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | | | - Guntram Borck
- Institute of Human Genetics, ULM University, Ulm 89081, Germany; and
| | - Irina Lagovsky
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Mali Salmon-Divon
- Genomic Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Lina Basel-Vanagaite
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva 49202, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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12
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Shi QW, Xu CL, Li NN, Liu W, Yang L, Deng LW, Qiu Y. [Clinical and genetic features of 45,X maleness: A case report and review of the literature]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2017; 23:65-68. [PMID: 29658240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between the clinical and genetic features of a short-statured azoospermia male with the karyotype of 45,X. METHODS Using GTG-banded chromosome analysis, we performed karyotyping for a 150 cm-high infertile male with azoospermia and investigated the presence and location of the genes on the Y chromosome by FISH and PCR. RESULTS GTG-banded chromosome analysis showed the karyotype of the patient to be 45,X,add(14)(p11). The results of PCR manifested the deletion of AZFa, AZFb, AZFc, and AZFd in the SRY gene. FISH revealed the translocation of the short arm of the Y chromosome to that of chromosome 14 and deletion of most proportions of its long arm, with the disruption site close to the centromere region. The karyotype of the patient was 45,X,der(Y)t(Y;14)(q11;q11.2), 14.ish (SRY+, CEP Y+ , DYZ1-). CONCLUSIONS The karyotype of the patient was unbalanced Y/14 translocation. The SRY gene is the key to maleness. The deletion of AZFa- d induces spermatogenic disturbance, and the deletion of the q arm of the Y chromosome may be related with short stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Wen Shi
- Center of Reproduction, Nanning Second People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China
| | - Chang-Long Xu
- Center of Reproduction, Nanning Second People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China
| | - Ni-Na Li
- Center of Reproduction, Nanning Second People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Center of Reproduction, Nanning Second People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Center of Reproduction, Nanning Second People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China
| | - Li-Wen Deng
- Center of Reproduction, Nanning Second People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China
| | - Ying Qiu
- Center of Reproduction, Nanning Second People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China
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13
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Yushkova EA. Effects of Chronic Irradiation at Low Doses on Morphological Indicators of Reproductive System of Dysgenic Female Drosophila melanogaster. Radiats Biol Radioecol 2017; 57:60-65. [PMID: 30698932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper the contribution of chronic irradiation at low doses (0.42 mGy/h) and dysgenesis to changing morphological parameters (gonadal atrophy/sterility and ovarian reserve) of the reproductive system of female Drosophild melanogaster is rated. It is shown that the sterilizing effect of dysgenesis is enhanced predominantly by irradiation of the maternal line. The level of ovarian reserve of irradiated females depends on the type of dysgenic system. Unlike I-R females in whom the level of radiation-induced ovarian reserve does not differ from the control, both decrease (in P-M females) and increase (in H-E females) is observed in the ovariole number. The results indicate the important role of mobile genetic elements destabilizing the genome in the modification of reproductive functions of females exposed to chronic-action of low-intensity γ-radiation.
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14
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Simmons MJ, Grimes CD, Czora CS. Cytotype Regulation Facilitates Repression of Hybrid Dysgenesis by Naturally Occurring KP Elements in Drosophila melanogaster. G3 (Bethesda) 2016; 6:1891-7. [PMID: 27172198 PMCID: PMC4938643 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.028597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
P elements inserted in the Telomere Associated Sequences (TAS) at the left end of the X chromosome are determiners of cytotype regulation of the entire P family of transposons. This regulation is mediated by Piwi-interacting (pi) RNAs derived from the telomeric P elements (TPs). Because these piRNAs are transmitted maternally, cytotype regulation is manifested as a maternal effect of the TPs. When a TP is combined with a transgenic P element inserted at another locus, this maternal effect is strengthened. However, when certain TPs are combined with transgenes that contain the small P element known as KP, stronger regulation arises from a zygotic effect of the KP element. This zygotic effect is observed with transgenic KP elements that are structurally intact, as well as with KP elements that are fused to an ancillary promoter from the hsp70 gene. Zygotic regulation by a KP element occurs only when a TP was present in the maternal germ line, and it is more pronounced when the TP was also present in the grand-maternal germ line. However, this regulation does not require zygotic expression of the TP These observations can be explained if maternally transmitted piRNAs from TPs enable a polypeptide encoded by KP elements to repress P element transposition in zygotes that contain a KP element. In nature, repression by the KP polypeptide may therefore be facilitated by cytotype-mediating piRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Simmons
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095
| | - Craig D Grimes
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095
| | - Cody S Czora
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095
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Cubuk PO, Ho L, Reversade B, Perçin EF. MATTHEW-WOOD SYNDROME: A CASE WITH DEXTROCARDIA AND STREAK GONADS. Genet Couns 2016; 27:405-410. [PMID: 30204971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Matthew-Wood syndrome (MWS), also termed Microphthalmia, syndrome 9 (MCOPS9, MIM 601186), Spear syndrome, or pulmonary hypoplasia, diaphragmatic hernia, anophthalmia and cardiac defects syndrome (PDAC syndrome), is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by ocular, respiratory and cardiac abnormalities. Mutations in retinoic acid 6 gene (STRA6) have been reported in clinically diagnosed patients with MWS. Here we presented a case with MWS, who has characteristic findings of the syndrome as well as dextrocardia as an undescribed feature, and bilateral streak gonads which was described only in one patient previously. Molecular analysis showed a homozygous exonic missense mutation in the STRA6 gene.
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Doğer E, Çakıroğlu Y, Ceylan Y, Ulak E, Özdamar Ö, Çalışkan E. Reproductive and obstetric outcomes in mosaic Turner's Syndrome: a cross-sectional study and review of the literature. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:59. [PMID: 26060131 PMCID: PMC4462000 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turner's syndrome (TS) is depicted as a total or partial absence of one X chromosome that results in ovarian dysgenesis. Chances of spontaneous pregnancy in TS are rare and the outcome of the pregnancies is known to be poor with an increased risk of miscarriage and stillbirths. Our aim is to evaluate reproductive and obstetric outcomes of natural conception and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles in mosaic TS patients. METHODS A total of 22 mosaic TS cases (seventeen 45,X/46,XX and five 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX karyotypes) were evaluated. RESULTS Live birth and abortion rates were found as 32.7 % and 67.3 %, respectively in 52 pregnancies. Implantation, clinical pregnancy and take home baby rates were detected as 3.7 %, 8.6 % and 5.7 %, respectively per IVF cycle as a result of 35 cycles. Fecundability analysis revealed that 5 % of the cases experienced first pregnancy within 6 months and 8 % within the first 2 years. Mosaicism ratio did not have an effect on the time to the first pregnancy (p = .149). CONCLUSION Only a small proportion of the mosaic TS patients conceive in the first 2 years of the marriage. Age of menarche and age of marriage appear not to have any impact on the chance of conceiving. Mosaic TS cases should counseled about the low odds of pregnancy and high miscarriage rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emek Doğer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Yiğit Çakıroğlu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Yasin Ceylan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Esen Ulak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Özkan Özdamar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Golcuk Military Hospital, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Eray Çalışkan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Ranke MB. Why Treat girls with Turner Syndrome with Growth Hormone? Growth and Beyond. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2015; 12:356-365. [PMID: 26182480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Turner Syndrome (TS) is a rare disorder, characterized by numerous signs and symptoms, which are also highly variable in their expression in individuals. The understanding of the genetic basis of the phenotype has advanced greatly during the past decades. The most consistent features, which negatively affect the quality of life in these individuals, are short stature and impaired gonadal function. After recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) became available and was shown to improve height, it was then approved and has been used widely. Yet it remains a challenge to decide on the optimal treatment modality for individuals with TS and to evaluate the benefits and risks also in terms of karyotype of GH on growth and on other organ systems. This article reviews some of the major aspects related to these issues.
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Zakharenko LP, Ignatenko OM. [The rate of transposition and the specificity of transposable element insertions are not sufficient to cause gonadal dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster]. Genetika 2014; 50:1386-1389. [PMID: 25739292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Data disputing the unique role of transposable elements (TEs) in the induction of intraspecific gonadal dysgenesis (GD) in Drosophila are discussed. Transposable elements (TEs) occupy the fifth part of the genome of Drosophila melanogaster.
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Abstract
When embryological development of the internal and/or external genitalia is disrupted, the patient presents with a disorder of sex development (DSD) in the neonatal period or sometime later in life. Some of these patients have other, nongenital malformations, which makes their overall management more complex than if they just had a DSD. This Review summarises these malformation syndromes and discusses the recent research into their aetiology. The genetic causes of these malformation syndromes, when they are known, will also be described. Many specific genetic mutations are now known in malformation syndromes with a defect in hormonal function. By contrast, the genetic causes remain unknown in many nonhormonal morphological anomalies that affect the genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hutson
- Department of Urology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC 3051, Australia
| | - Sonia R Grover
- Department of Gynaecology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC 3051, Australia
| | - Michele O'Connell
- Department of Endocrinology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Melbourne, VIC 3051, Australia
| | - Samuel D Pennell
- Department of Surgery, Austin Hospital, Studley Park Road, Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC 3058, Australia
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Zakharenko LP, Karpova EK, Rauschenbach IY. [P-M hybrid dysgenesis affects juvenile hormone metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster females]. Genetika 2014; 50:878-880. [PMID: 25720147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies the metabolism of the juvenile hormone, which affects gonads functioning in Drosophila melanogasterfemales under P-M hybrid dysgenesis. It is shown that dysgenic females grown at 29°C have increased levels of the juvenile hormone (its degradation and stress reactivity are reduced), which apparently is a compensatory response to ovarian hypoplasia.
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Simmons MJ, Meeks MW, Jessen E, Becker JR, Buschette JT, Thorp MW. Genetic interactions between P elements involved in piRNA-mediated repression of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. G3 (Bethesda) 2014; 4:1417-27. [PMID: 24902606 PMCID: PMC4132173 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.011221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that telomeric P elements inserted at the left end of the X chromosome are anchors of the P cytotype, the maternally inherited state that regulates P-element activity in the germ line of Drosophila melanogaster. This regulation is mediated by small RNAs that associate with the Piwi family of proteins (piRNAs). We extend the analysis of cytotype regulation by studying new combinations of telomeric and nontelomeric P elements (TPs and non-TPs). TPs interact with each other to enhance cytotype regulation. This synergism involves a strictly maternal effect, called presetting, which is apparently mediated by piRNAs transmitted through the egg. Presetting by a maternal TP can elicit regulation by an inactive paternally inherited TP, possibly by stimulating its production of primary piRNAs. When one TP has come from a stock heterozygous for a mutation in the aubergine, piwi, or Suppressor of variegation 205 genes, the synergism between two TPs is impaired. TPs also interact with non-TPs to enhance cytotype regulation, even though the non-TPs lack regulatory ability on their own. Non-TPs are not susceptible to presetting by a TP, nor is a TP susceptible to presetting by a non-TP. The synergism between TPs and non-TPs is stronger when the TP was inherited maternally. This synergism may be due to the accumulation of secondary piRNAs created by ping-pong cycling between primary piRNAs from the TPs and mRNAs from the non-TPs. Maternal transmission of P-element piRNAs plays an important role in the maintenance of strong cytotype regulation over generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Simmons
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095
| | - Marshall W Meeks
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095
| | - Erik Jessen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095
| | - Jordan R Becker
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095
| | - Jared T Buschette
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095
| | - Michael W Thorp
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108-1095
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Liu AX, Shi HY, Cai ZJ, Liu A, Zhang D, Huang HF, Jin HM. Increased risk of gonadal malignancy and prophylactic gonadectomy: a study of 102 phenotypic female patients with Y chromosome or Y-derived sequences. Hum Reprod 2014; 29:1413-9. [PMID: 24826988 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deu109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the optimal protocol of management for phenotypic female patients with Y chromosome or Y-derived sequences, in particular for adult patients? SUMMARY ANSWER Immediate gonadectomy, long-term hormone therapy and psychological care are suggested to be the optimal management for older phenotypic female patients with Y chromosome or Y-derived sequences. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Phenotypic female patients with Y chromosome or Y-derived sequences are at increasing risk of developing gonadal tumors with age. Early diagnosis and safe guidelines of management for these patients are needed. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION One hundred and two phenotypic women with Y chromosome or Y-derived sequences were included in a straightforward, retrospective-observational study conducted over a period of 26 years from January 1985 to November 2010. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING AND METHODS Patients aged 16-34 years presenting to our Academic Department of Gynecology with symptoms of disorders of sex development were subjected to history taking, hormonal evaluation, conventional cytogenetic analysis, PCR, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Features of the gonads were examined and the outcome of prophylactic gonadectomy evaluated. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Among the patients recruited in our study, 48 patients (47.1%) were diagnosed with complete/partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS/PAIS) (46XY), 33 cases (32.4%) with gonadal dysgenesis (46XY) and the remaining subjects (20.1%) with mixed gonadal dysgenesis (with sex chromosome structural abnormalities). The total incidence of malignancy was 17.6%. Seventeen patients (16.7%) had gonadoblastoma, while one patient (1.0%) with gonadal dysgenesis had dysgerminoma. Gonadoblastoma were observed in 2/21 patients with sex chromosome structural abnormalities (9.5%), 3/33 patients with gonadal dysgenesis (9.1%), 9/30 patients with CAIS (30.0%) and 3/18 patients with PAIS (16.7%). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Selection bias in this cohort study may affect data interpretation due to the low incidence of disorders of sex development in the general population. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The risk for malignant transformation may occur in early life and highly increase with age in patients with Y chromosome or Y-derived sequences. Optimal timing of gonadectomy should be decided by multiple factors including the subgroup of disorder, age and degree of patient's maturity. In addition, gonadal biopsy is suggested when the disease is diagnosed and any evidence of premalignancy warranties gonadectomy. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the National Key Scientific Research Project (2013CB967404), Natural Science Funds of Zhejiang Province (Y13H04005), Zhejiang Qianjiang talent plan (2013R10027), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Key Projects in the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period (2012BAI32B04). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER None.
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Iushkova EA, Zaĭnullin VG. [Induction of transpositions of hobo-elements in chronically irradiated cells of dysgenetic and non-dysgenetic individuals of Drosophila melanogaster]. Genetika 2014; 50:515-521. [PMID: 25715467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies the effect of chronic γ-radiation of different intensities on the induction of hobo-elements in cells ofdysgenetic and non-dysgenetic drosophila species. The level of gonadal atrophy, DNA damage, and mutability of the mini-white locus is estimated. It is shown that the frequency of displacements of the hobo-elements increases with the increase in the chronic irradiation dose, where an essential role belongs to the maternal effect. The level of DNA damage in the cells of embryos and larvae varies and depends on the conditions of induction of hobo-transposons. Analysis of the PCR products showed that chronic irradiation in a certain range of accumulated doses is able to induce formation of new copies of the hobo-elements. At the same time, the structure of deleted hobo-sequences may vary in response to higher doses of irradiation.
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Trukhina AV, Lukina NA, Vakkerov-Kouzova ND, Nekrasova AA, Smirnov AF. [Effect of sex inversion in embryos of domestic chicken (Gallu gallus domesticus) by influence of letrozole and tamoxifen]. Tsitologiia 2014; 56:123-131. [PMID: 25509152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Realization of program of sex formation in multicellular organisms is a complex multistage process. The role of the inductor in this process is assigned to sex hormones synthesized by cells of the emerging gonads. The action of androgens on the formation of the male is now well understood. However, little is known about the involvement of estrogen the female gonad formation and the formation of a female as a whole. Here we present the results of experimental sex inversion in female chickens produced by aromatase inhibition and by the action of tamoxifen on chicken embryos. We have shown various masculinizing effect depending on the dose of active substance and the number of injections. We have noted that inhibition of aromatase does not block meiotic prophase in oogoniums. We have suggested that there are differences in the mechanisms of action of retinoic acid and estrogens on oogenesis. We have first shown proteins and nucleoproteins that interact with the estrogen receptor 1 and provided maps of their gene localization in human and chicken genomes.
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Lottrup G, Jørgensen A, Nielsen JE, Jørgensen N, Duno M, Vinggaard AM, Skakkebæk NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E. Identification of a novel androgen receptor mutation in a family with multiple components compatible with the testicular dysgenesis syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2223-9. [PMID: 23589523 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Androgen signaling via the androgen receptor (AR) is essential for normal testis development and male reproductive functions. We describe a rare family with 3 males affected by a mild disorder of sex determination compatible with testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), including subfertility, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and testicular cancer, caused by a novel AR mutation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the phenotype of the affected males, characterize functionally the novel AR mutation, and discuss the significance of partial androgen insufficiency in the pathogenesis of TDS. PARTICIPANTS The proband, his first cousin, and a nephew underwent a detailed clinical investigation including genetic tests, whereas four female members of the family were tested for the specific AR mutation. RESULTS A novel AR mutation, c.2214T>G;p.Ile738Met, was identified in the affected family members. Functional analysis of the mutation in a gene-reporter assay showed a 50% reduction in AR-induced transcriptional activity. The affected males had elevated LH and T in accordance with decreased AR signaling. The histology and immunohistochemical profile of the testis tissue from the 2 patients with testicular cancer showed features consistent with insufficient testis development and TDS. CONCLUSION The presence of all hallmarks of TDS, including germ cell cancer, in a family with a novel AR mutation causing a partial decrease in AR function is in line with the concept that reduced androgen signaling may contribute to the development of TDS. It also seems consistent with the hypothesis that environmental factors interfering with this pathway can play a role in the pathogenesis of TDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grete Lottrup
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Section 5064, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sukumaran A, Desmangles JC, Gartner LA, Buchlis J. Duplication of dosage sensitive sex reversal area in a 46, XY patient with normal sex determining region of Y causing complete sex reversal. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013; 26:775-9. [PMID: 23612644 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sex chromosome composition of the primordial gonad, either 46XX or 46XY, determines its differentiation as ovaries or testes. Local hormones secreted by developing gonads and tissue specific transcription factors influence the differentiation of external and internal genital structures. Dosage sensitive sex reversal adrenal hypoplasia congenita critical region (DAX1) on Xp21 is a gene which is expressed in the developing adrenals, gonads, hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Duplication of this area causes dosage sensitive male-to-female sex reversal while mutation or deletion leads to adrenal hypoplasia congenita with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in affected males. AIM To report a case with duplication of the X chromosome segment within the region of Xp21.1-22.2 resulting in 46 XY sex reversal and a literature review on DAX1 and dosage sensitive sex reversal (DSS). METHODS AND RESULTS We present the clinical history, physical findings, laboratory, and imaging study results in a newborn baby. This infant was sex assigned as female at birth and had normal female external genitalia. Chromosome analysis was done due to multiple minor malformations and showed a karyotype of 46 Xp+Y. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis revealed the duplication in the DSS area. CONCLUSION Duplication of the DAX1 gene on the X chromosome with normal sex determining region of Y (SRY) results in 46 XY sex reversal. This was inherited from the mother who had normal ovarian function. Additional problems include growth failure, mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies. The baby did not have a mutation or deletion of DAX1, which would have caused adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadism.
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Raĭgorodskaia NI, Morozov DA, Bolotova NV, Tsmokaliuk EN, Zharkov DA, Aĭrian ÉK. [Congenital disorders of gonadal differentiation: clinico-morphological variants and surgical treatment]. Urologiia 2012:86-91. [PMID: 23342623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The article presents the results of examination and surgical treatment of 25 patients with congenital disorders of gonadal differentiation. Survey plan included an assessment of the external genitalia, karyotyping and molecular analysis of Y-chromosome, determination of serum gonadotropins and testosterone levels, visualization of the gonads using ultrasound and laparoscopy methods, and intraoperative morphological examination of the material. Based on the results of a comprehensive survey, mixed testicular dysgenesis was identified in 25% of patients, complete testicular dysgenesis--in 16%, partial gonadal dysgenesis--in 44%, ovotesticular violation of sexualization--in 16% of patients. Clinical, macroscopic and morphological characteristics of each of these options are defined. The choice of sexual identity and tactics of surgical treatment are explained.
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Beaulieu Bergeron M, Brochu P, Lemyre E, Lemieux N. Correlation of intercentromeric distance, mosaicism, and sexual phenotype: molecular localization of breakpoints in isodicentric Y chromosomes. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2705-12. [PMID: 21964771 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Isodicentric chromosomes are among the structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome that are commonly identified in patients. The simultaneous 45,X cell line that is generated in cell division due to instability of the isodicentric Y chromosome [idic(Y)] has long been hypothesized to explain the variable sexual development of these patients, although gonads have been studied in only a subset of cases. We report here on the molecular localization of breakpoints in ten patients with an idic(Y). Breakpoints were mapped by FISH using BACs; gonads and fibroblasts were also analyzed when possible to evaluate the level of mosaicism. First, we demonstrate great tissue variability in the distribution of idic(Y). Second, palindromes and direct repeats were near the breakpoint of several idic(Y), suggesting that these sequences play a role in the formation of idic(Y). Finally, our data suggest that intercentromeric distance has a negative influence on the stability of idic(Y), as a greater proportion of cells with breakage or loss of the idic(Y) were found in idic(Y) with a greater intercentromeric distance. Females had a significantly greater intercentromeric distance on their idic(Y) than did males. In conclusion, our study indicates that the Y chromosome contains sequences that are more prone to formation of isodicentric chromosomes. We also demonstrate that patients with an intercentromeric distance greater than 20 Mb on their idic(Y) are at increased risk of having a female sexual phenotype.
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Xu ZM, Tang DX. [Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an update]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2010; 16:1113-1116. [PMID: 21348205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Researches on the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) have flourished in the recent decade, and a widely accepted view on its pathogenesis is that environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) act on Leydig cells and/or testicular Sertoli cells, resulting in abnormal development of the testis and leading to the symptoms of TDS. Molecular biological studies suggest a correlation of TDS etiology with insulin-like factor 3 (INSL-3), androgen receptor (AR), P27kip, WT-1 and Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS). This review focuses on the progress in current researches on the etiology and mechanism of TDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Ming Xu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
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Chang B, Momoi N, Shan L, Mitomo M, Aoyagi Y, Endo K, Takeda I, Chen R, Xing Y, Yu X, Watanabe S, Yoshida T, Kanegane H, Tsubata S, Bowles NE, Ichida F, Miyawaki T. Gonadal mosaicism of a TAZ (G4.5) mutation in a Japanese family with Barth syndrome and left ventricular noncompaction. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 100:198-203. [PMID: 20303308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
TAZ (G4.5) was initially identified as the gene associated with Barth syndrome and left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC). The purpose of this study was to investigate patients with LVNC for disease-causing mutations in TAZ. In 124 Japanese patients, including 50 families, mutation analysis of TAZ was performed using DNA sequencing. A splice donor mutation was identified in two brothers with Barth syndrome and LVNC, and a sister who was asymptomatic. However, the variant was not identified in either parent or the maternal grandparents, all of whom were asymptomatic. Due to the recurrent inheritance of this variant by each of the children we concluded that this was evidence of gonadal mosaicism in the obligate carrier mother, the first reported occurrence of this in Barth syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Toyama University, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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Grover V, Burman SD, Devi KR, Gupta S, Dhall K. Gonadoblastoma-Dysgerminoma in Streak Ovaries in a 46 XY Individual. Asia-Oceania Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2010; 10:167-71. [PMID: 6541033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.1984.tb00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kravets AP, Mousseau TA, Omel'chenko ZA, Vengjen GS. [Dynamics of gonadal dysgenesis frequency in Drosophila melanogaster under controlled conditions of chronic radiation exposure]. Tsitol Genet 2010; 44:21-26. [PMID: 20608156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two Drosophila melanogaster strains (Canton-S and ri-lines) for 20 generations were in the controlled terms of chronic irradiation with 3-dose rate (1,2 x 10(-8); 0,3 x 10(-8); 0,12 x 10(-8) Gy/c). The dynamics of hybrid dysgenesis frequency was explored for each generation of F1 descendants from Canton-S and ri-lines crossing. The gradual change of dose response of hybrid dispense depending on duration of irradiation of ancestors and dose rate was shown. The complex dynamics of hybrid dysgenesis frequency depending on irradiation duration of ancestors and dose rate was detected. The cumulative effect of the prolonged irradiation shows up as adaptation at the lowest dose rate and as exhaustion at the highest dose rate. Question comes into discussion about the features of transitional process and including of protective and adaptive reactions hierarchy at the conditions of radiation factor chronic action.
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Abstract
The process of sexual differentiation is central for reproduction of almost all metazoan, and therefore, for maintenance of practically all multicellular organisms. In sex development, we can distinguish two different processes, sex determination, that is the developmental decision that directs the undifferentiated embryo into a sexually dimorphic individual. In mammals, sex determination equals gonadal development. The second process known as sex differentiation takes place once the sex determination decision has been made through factors produced by the gonads that determine the development of the phenotypic sex. Most of the knowledge on the factors involved in sexual development came from animal models and from studies of cases in whom the genetic or the gonadal sex does not match the phenotypical sex, that is, patients affected by disorders of sex development (DSDs). Generally speaking, factors influencing sex determination are transcriptional regulators, whereas factors important for sex differentiation are secreted hormones and their receptors. This review focuses on these factors and whenever possible, references regarding the 'prismatic' clinical cases are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Biason-Lauber
- Division of Endocrinology/Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
We report on a neonate with a disorder of sex development, Prader 3-4 external genitalia and a palpable structure in the right inguinal canal suggestive of gonadal tissue. Chromosome studies on blood lymphocytes showed monosomy of chromosome X. Laparoscopy identified a streak-like gonad on the left side, unicorn uterus and a dysgenetic testis on the right, attached to a Fallopian tube. Because of the unilateral palpable gonad and the presence of ambiguous genitalia we investigated further for the presence of Y material. Quantitative fluorescent PCR analysis of material from the dysgenetic gonad and skin fibroblasts revealed the presence of chromosome Y-derived sequences, suggesting sex chromosome mosaicism. In 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, chromosome studies carried out on peripheral lymphocytes do not always reflect the proportion of cell lines in the gonads. The detection of Y chromosome material in a dysgenetic gonad is extremely significant, due to the high risk of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ageliki Karatza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras Medical School, Rio, Greece
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Abstract
The evidence for the existence of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) is presented in this review. Several epidemiological studies have shown that conditions like cryptorchidism, impaired spermatogenesis, hypospadias and testicular cancer can be associated as risk factors for each other. Thus, the risk of testis cancer is significantly increased in men with cryptorchidism and/or infertility. Several recent studies point towards early dysgenesis of the foetal testis as the biological link between these disorders. Dysgenesis has been demonstrated in biopsies of the contralateral testis of men with testis cancer and in infertile men. The histological evidence includes immature seminiferous tubules with undifferentiated Sertoli cells, microliths and Sertoli-cell only tubules. Dysgenetic testes often have an irregular ultrasound pattern, where microliths may also be visible. Our current hypothesis is that maternal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals may contribute to the pathogenesis of TDS. Animal experiments have shown that all TDS symptoms, except testicular cancer, can be induced by foetal exposure to anti-androgenic chemicals. However, the cause of TDS in humans remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wohlfahrt-Veje
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Isidor B, Capito C, Paris F, Baron S, Corradini N, Cabaret B, Leclair MD, Giraud M, Martin-Coignard D, David A, Sultan C, Le Caignec C. Familial frameshift SRY mutation inherited from a mosaic father with testicular dysgenesis syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:3467-71. [PMID: 19531589 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The SRY gene encodes a transcription factor responsible for initiating testis differentiation. Mutations in SRY almost always result in XY sex reversal with pure gonadal dysgenesis and an increased risk of gonadal tumor. Most of these mutations are de novo, affecting only one individual in a family. Only a small subset of mutations is shared between a phenotypically normal father and one or more of his affected children. Incomplete penetrance and somatic mosaicism are two hypotheses that may explain a normal phenotype in a father carrying a SRY mutation. PATIENTS AND RESULTS We describe a family with two sisters with XY sex reversal and pure gonadal dysgenesis and a phenotypically normal brother. A novel constitutional frameshift SRY mutation was identified in both sisters and was absent in the brother. The single base pair deletion (c.71delA) led to a premature stop codon in position 60 of the protein, removing entirely the high-mobility group domain and the DNA-binding domain of SRY. The father of the three children presented with hypospadias; cryptorchidism; testicular seminoma and oligoasthenozoospermia, an association termed testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS); and the SRY mutation in a mosaic state in the peripheral blood and the tumor. CONCLUSIONS This observation of somatic and germinal mosaicism for a SRY mutation may explain the variable penetrance in some familial gonadal dysgenesis. Importantly, the present report is the first one describing the association of SRY mutation in a male with TDS. This suggests that mutations in a sex-determining gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of TDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, 9 Quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
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Pleskacová J, Snajderová M, Lelbl J. [Disorders of sex differentiation: genes responsible for development of genital system and final phenotype]. Ceska Gynekol 2009; 74:192-197. [PMID: 19642518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study summarizes data on genes responsible for development of gonads and subsequently of additional structures of genital system in humans. It comprises the effect of gene defects on clinical phenotype. SUBJECT Review article. SETTING Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague. SUBJECT AND METHOD We present the overview of genes that contribute to development of genital system. Special emphasis is given on patient's phenotype related with various genetic disorders. Data were mainly found on Pubmed or OMIM web-sites according to key words "sex development" and "sex determination". We focused on ten genes with known relation to gonadal development--SRY, SOX9, SF1, DAX1, WNT4, WT1, DMRT1, DHH, RSPO1, ATRX. CONCLUSION Sex development is a complex process orchestrated by numerous genes. Here we collect information on gene defect (gene mutations or defective number of gene copies) that cause gonadal maldevelopment with effects on final phenotype. Currently, genetic background of numerous disorders can be detected. That allows not only to verify the diagnosis but also to predict the future sexual development and genetic risk for other family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pleskacová
- Pediatrická klinika Fakultni nemocnice v Motole a 2. LF UK, Praha.
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Nájera N, Garibay N, Pastrana Y, Palma I, Peña YR, Pérez J, Coyote N, Hidalgo A, Kofman-Alfaro S, Queipo G. Loss of cytochrome P450 17A1 protein expression in a 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase-deficient 46,XY female caused by two novel mutations in the CYP17A1 gene. Endocr Pathol 2009; 20:249-55. [PMID: 19728179 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-009-9088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
17alpha-Hydroxylase deficiency (17OHD) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by mutations in the CYP17A1 gene. This condition shows considerable clinical and biochemical variation. Molecular characterization of novel mutations in the CYP17A1 gene and detailed study of their structural, enzymatic, and clinical consequences are required to fully understand enzyme behavior. Here, we present the first molecular characterization of two novel mutations in CYP17A1 in a 15-year-old female Mexican mestizo 46,XY female with primary amenorrhea and lack of pubertal development and severe hypertension that manifested only after surgery. A complete clinical and biochemical evaluation was compatible with 17OHD. Structural anomalies in the CYP17A1 gene were discovered by direct automated sequencing, which revealed a novel compound heterozygous K110X/R362H mutation that leads to a complete lack of enzyme activity. Immunohistochemical analyses performed to determine protein expression and localization showed that cytochrome P450 17A1 was completely absent in the patient's testicular tissue. Studies of novel mutations, such as those described here, provide important information that allows us to better understand the effect of a given mutation on enzyme function and to observe the impact of the mutation on clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayelli Nájera
- Department of Human Genetics, Hospital General de México-Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Kdous M, Ferchiou M, Boubaker M, Chaker A, Meriah S. [Gonadal agenesis 46,XX associated with Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Haüser syndrome. A rare association]. Tunis Med 2008; 86:1101-1102. [PMID: 19213530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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40
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Wu Q, Li J, Wu H, Zhou D, Cai M, Shen Y, Yang C, Ge Y, Kong H, Huang X. [Molecular and cytogenetic study on 5 cases with gonadal dysgenesis: clinical applications of fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) and BAC-FISH]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 2008; 25:570-572. [PMID: 18841574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the applications of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the diagnosis for the patients with gonadal dysgenesis. METHODS After routine gynecologic examination, ultrasonography and endocrine examination, 5 cases of gonadal dysgenesis and hypogonadism were analyzed by using chromosomal diagnoses including G-banding, Q-banding, multiplex FISH and BAC-FISH analyses. RESULTS Among the 5 cases of gonad agenesis patients, 2 were pure gonadal dysgenesis with 46, XY karyotype, 3 were mixed gonadal dysgenesis with mos 45, X/47, XXX; 45, X/46, XY or 46, X, der(Y) karyotype. CONCLUSION Sex chromosomal abnormalities resulted in gonadal dysgenesis symptoms. Applications of FISH and BAC-FISH analyses can correctly diagnose the sex chromosomal abnormalities for patients with gonad agenesis and provide accurate medical genetic data for clinical diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Central Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis, Xiamen Maternal & Children's Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
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Ben Temime R, Chachial A, Attial L, Ghodbanel I, Makhloufl T, Koubaal A, Kourda N, Ben Jilani S, Dammak T, El May A, Rahal K. 46 XY pure gonadal dysgenesis with gonadoblastoma and dysgerminoma. Tunis Med 2008; 86:710-713. [PMID: 19472738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swyer syndrome is a distinct type of pure gonadal dysgenesis characterized by a 46 XY karyotype in female phenotypic patients. It shows an abnormality in testicular differentiation. It is usually revealed by primary amenorrhea. The tumor that usually develops in Swyer syndrome is gonadoblastoma. Although gonadoblastoma is considered benign, the risk of malignant germ cell tumor development is high. OBJECTIVE The aim of this report is to stress on the risk of occurrence of malignant germ cell tumors on these dysgenesic gonads. CASE REPORT We present the clinical, sonographic and endocrine findings in the case of a 13 year-old phenotypic young girl with a 46 XY karyotype and gonadal dysgenesis. The patient underwent surgery for adnexal torsion. An examination of the gonads revealed gonadoblastoma associated to dysgerminoma. The treatment and the follow up are detailed. CONCLUSION The presence of Y chromosome in the karyotype of a patient presenting a gonadal dysgenesis must lead to prophylactic bilateral gonadectomy in order to avoid a malignant transformation. Gonadectomy must be followed by a hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Ben Temime
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
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42
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Ding XL, Sun AJ, Zhou YZ, Tian QJ, Yu Q, He FF, Shen K, Lang JH. [Identification of potential neoplastic risk in gonadal development abnormality with Y chromosome of 79 cases]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2008; 43:442-444. [PMID: 19035140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the potential neoplastic risk in gonadal development abnormality with Y chromosome. METHODS Inquiries about the illness history were made. Lymphocyte chromosomal karyotype of peripheral blood was analyzed. Sex determining region Y gene and relative steroids and enzymes were detected. Gonadal site was examined through medical imaging. Gonadal excision was performed by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Pathological examinations were done on all of the specimens. RESULTS Among 41 cases of androgen insensitive syndrome, spermatogenic cell neoplasm occurred in 1 patient, sertoli cell tumor in 2, and interstitial cell hyperplasia in 5. Among 14 cases of 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency (XY) syndrome, one was sertoli cell tumor, and one was sertoli cell hyperplasia. In 4 cases of XY pure gonadal dysgenesis, one was gonadoblastoma with dysgerminoma. One of 16 cases of XO/XY gonadal dysgenesis was spermatogenic cell neoplasm with agenda cell tumor. Four cases of testes degeneration were all with dysgenetic testes. All of the gonadoblastoma and germ-cell tumor were located in the pelvis. Tumors occurred mostly during 15 years of age to 32 years. CONCLUSIONS The gonads of XY pure gonadal dysgenesis has high risks of gonadoblastoma and germ-cell tumor. The older the onset age after puberty, the higher the malignancy risk is. Once diagnosed, bilateral gonads should be excised as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-lai Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Cederroth CR, Schaad O, Descombes P, Chambon P, Vassalli JD, Nef S. Estrogen receptor alpha is a major contributor to estrogen-mediated fetal testis dysgenesis and cryptorchidism. Endocrinology 2007; 148:5507-19. [PMID: 17673513 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum (cryptorchidism) is one of the most common birth defects in humans. In utero exposure to estrogens, such as 17beta-estradiol (E2) or the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES), down-regulates insulin-like 3 (Insl3) expression in embryonic Leydig cells, which in turn results in cryptorchidism in mice. To identify the molecular mechanism whereby xenoestrogens block Insl3 gene transcription, we performed a microarray analysis of wild-type or estrogen receptor (ER) alpha-mutant testes exposed in utero to pharmacological doses of E2 or DES. Six and 31 genes were respectively down-regulated and up-regulated by estrogen exposure (> or =4-fold). All six genes down-regulated by estrogen exposure, including Insl3 and the steroidogenic genes steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase, were done so by an ERalpha-dependent mechanism. In contrast, up-regulation was mediated either by ERalpha for 12 genes or by an independent mechanism for the 19 remaining genes. Finally, we show that Insl3 gene expression and testicular descent were not affected by in utero exposure to E2 or DES in ERalpha mutant mice, whereas absence of ERbeta did not influence the effect of these estrogens. Collectively, these data demonstrate that xenoestrogens inhibit the endocrine functions of fetal Leydig cells through an ERalpha-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Cederroth
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development University of Geneva Medical School 1, rue Michel-Servet, CH 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD), previously referred to as intersex disorders, comprise a variety of anomalies defined by congenital conditions in which chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Besides issues such as gender assignment, clinical and diagnostic evaluation, surgical and psychosocial management, and sex steroid replacement, the significantly increased risk for developing specific types of malignancies is both clinically and biologically relevant. This relates to germ-cell tumors specifically in DSD patients with hypovirilization or gonadal dysgenesis. The presence of a well-defined part of the Y chromosome (known as the GBY region) is a prerequisite for malignant transformation, for which the testis-specific protein on the Y chromosome (TSPY) is a likely candidate gene. The precursor lesions of these cancers are carcinoma in situ (CIS)/intratubular germ-cell neoplasia unclassified (ITGCNU) in testicular tissue and gonadoblastoma in those without obvious testicular differentiation. Most recently, undifferentiated gonadal tissue (UGT) has been identified as the likely precursor for gonadoblastoma. The availability of markers for the different developmental stages of germ cells allows detailed investigation of the characteristics of normal and (pre)malignant germ cells. Although informative in a diagnostic setting for adult male patients, these markers - such as OCT3/4 - cannot easily distinguish (pre)malignant germ cells from germ cells showing delayed maturation. This latter phenomenon is frequently found in gonads of DSD patients, and may be related to the risk of malignant transformation. Thus, the mere application of these markers might result in over-diagnosis and unnecessary gonadectomy. It is proposed that morphological and histological evaluation of gonadal tissue, in combination with OCT3/4 and TSPY double immunohistochemistry and clinical parameters, is most informative in estimating the risk for germ-cell tumor development in the individual patient, and might in future be used to develop a decision tree for optimal management of patients with DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leendert H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Building Be, Room 430b, Dr Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) hypothesis proposes that a proportion of the male reproductive disorders-cryptorchidism, hypospadias, infertility and testicular cancer-may be symptoms of one underlying developmental disease, TDS, which is most likely a result of disturbed gonadal development in the embryo. TDS may be caused by genetic factors, environmental/life-style factors, or a combination of both. Some rare disorders of sex development of genetic origin are among the best-known examples of severe TDS. Among the environmental and life-style factors that are suspected to influence the hormonal milieu of the developing gonad are the endocrine disrupters. A prenatal exposure to commonly used chemicals, e.g. phthalates, may result in a TDS-like phenotype in rats. Currently, this animal model is the best model for TDS. In humans the situation is much more complex, and TDS exists in a wide range of phenotypes: from the mildest and most common form, in which impaired spermatogenesis is the only symptom, to the most severe cases, in which the patient may develop testicular cancer. It is of great importance that clinicians in different specialties treating patients with TDS are aware of the association between the different symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge A Olesen
- University Department of Growth & Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Simmons MJ, Niemi JB, Ryzek DF, Lamour C, Goodman JW, Kraszkiewicz W, Wolff R. Cytotype regulation by telomeric P elements in Drosophila melanogaster: interactions with P elements from M' strains. Genetics 2007; 176:1957-66. [PMID: 17565961 PMCID: PMC1950605 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.066670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P strains of Drosophila are distinguished from M strains by having P elements in their genomes and also by having the P cytotype, a maternally inherited condition that strongly represses P-element-induced hybrid dysgenesis. The P cytotype is associated with P elements inserted near the left telomere of the X chromosome. Repression by the telomeric P elements TP5 and TP6 is significantly enhanced when these elements are crossed into M' strains, which, like P strains, carry P elements, but have little or no ability to repress dysgenesis. The telomeric and M' P elements must coexist in females for this enhanced repression ability to develop. However, once established, it is transmitted maternally to the immediate offspring independently of the telomeric P elements themselves. Females that carry a telomeric P element but that do not carry M' P elements may also transmit an ability to repress dysgenesis to their offspring independently of the telomeric P element. Cytotype regulation therefore involves a maternally transmissible product of telomeric P elements that can interact synergistically with products from paternally inherited M' P elements. This synergism between TP and M' P elements also appears to persist for at least one generation after the TP has been removed from the genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Simmons
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, 250 BioScience Center, University of Minnesota, 1445 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108-1095, USA.
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Cools M, Boter M, van Gurp R, Stoop H, Poddighe P, Lau YFC, Drop SLS, Wolffenbuttel KP, Looijenga LHJ. Impact of the Y-containing cell line on histological differentiation patterns in dysgenetic gonads. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 67:184-92. [PMID: 17547684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gonadal karyotyping is considered a tool for increasing our knowledge of disturbed gonadal development in patients with gonadal dysgenesis and for estimating more accurately the risk for gonadoblastoma formation. The objective was to gain insight into the role of Y chromosome distribution in the histological heterogeneity of gonads of patients with gonadal dysgenesis. DESIGN Investigation of the possible relationship between peripheral blood karyotype, gonadal karyotype, morphological differentiation patterns of dysgenetic gonads and tumour formation. PATIENTS In total 22 gonadal samples from 19 patients with gonadal dysgenesis (45,X/46,XY and variants n = 14; 46,XY: n = 3; 46,XX: n = 2) were examined. MEASUREMENTS Morphological examination and immunohistochemical staining for testis specific protein, Y encoded (TSPY) and fluorescent and nonfluorescent in situ hybridization directly on gonadal tissue. RESULTS No correlation was observed between peripheral blood karyotype and gonadal karyotype or between gonadal karyotype and the corresponding differentiation pattern. A Y-containing cell line in Sertoli cells was encountered no more frequently than were other cell types. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of the Y-containing cell line in peripheral blood is not a suitable indicator for predicting the histological differentiation pattern found in the gonads of patients with gonadal dysgenesis. The analysis of Y-containing cell lines in the gonads of such patients could be informative with regard to the specific characteristics of gonadal development in humans as compared to chimeric mouse models. Moreover, it is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying disturbed gonadogenesis in these patients. As the gonadal karyotype is not related to the encountered gonadal differentiation pattern, it does not allow prediction of the risk for gonadoblastoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Cools
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlnads
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Abstract
The R-spondins are a relatively recently identified family of secreted proteins linked to the Wnt signaling pathway. Recently, human phenotypes have been associated with mutations in two human R-spondins. Germline RSPO4 and RSPO1 mutations result in recessive anonychia (absence of all fingernails and toenails) and a recessive syndrome with XX-male sex reversal, PPK and a predisposition to SCC, respectively. This review discusses the key roles R-spondins play in embryogenesis, adult tissue maintenance and skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Blaydon
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London, Queen Mary, University of London, Whitechapel, London, UK
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Röpke A, Kalinski T, Mohnike K, Sel S, Jakubiczka S, Pelz AF, Roessner A, Wieacker PF. Distribution of sex chromosomes in dysgenetic gonads of mixed type. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 116:146-51. [PMID: 17268195 DOI: 10.1159/000097435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a four-week-old child with female external and internal genitalia but with clitoris hypertrophy chromosome analysis from blood lymphocytes revealed a 46,XY karyotype. No deletion of Y chromosomal sequences was detected by PCR analysis of genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood leucocytes. Because of the increased risk for gonadal tumours, gonadectomy was performed. Conventional cytogenetic analysis of the left dysgenetic gonad revealed a gonosomal mosaicism with a 45,X cell line in 27 of 50 metaphases. The dysgenetic left gonad demonstrated a significantly higher proportion (P = 0.005) of cells carrying a Y chromosome (46.3%) than the streak gonad from the right side (33.9%). Histomorphological examination of the left gonad revealed immature testicular tissue and rete-like structures as well as irregular ovarian type areas with cystic follicular structures. Interphase FISH analysis of the different tissues of this dysgenetic gonad demonstrated variable proportions of cells with an X and a Y chromosome. Whereas Sertoli cells and rete-like structures revealed a significantly higher proportion of XY cells in relation to the whole section of the dysgenetic gonad (P < 0.0001), almost all granulose-like cells carried no Y chromosome. The proportion of XY/X cells in theca-like cells and Leydig cells was similar to that of the whole dysgenetic gonad. In contrast to these findings, spermatogonia exclusively contained an XY constellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Röpke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Abaci A, Bober E, Unuvar T, Atas A, Buyukgebiz A. Case report of two siblings with familial ovarian dysgenesis. Minerva Pediatr 2007; 59:57-9. [PMID: 17301727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Two sisters were admitted separately at different times (ages 15 and 12 years, respectively) to our unit because of amenorrhea, lack of secondary sex characteristics, and short stature. No evidence of other congenital anomalies was found. Laboratory studies indicated hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Peripheral blood samples revealed normal 46,XX karyotype for both patients. No gonads were visualized by ultrasonography. The two cases underline the need to take familial ovarian dysgenesis into consideration in female patients with short stature, lack of secondary sex characteristics, normal karyotypes, and similar sibling histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abaci
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey.
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