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Weise EM, Van Wyngaarden M, Den Heyer C, Mills Flemming J, Kess T, Einfeldt AL, Fisher JAD, Ditta R, Pare G, Ruzzante DE. SNP Panel and Genomic Sex Identification in Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2023; 25:580-587. [PMID: 37351707 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to identify sex is necessary in population biology for a proper understanding of the dynamics of a population. In Atlantic halibut, phenotypic sex identification is not possible due to the lack of significant external morphological differences. We developed an Illumina SNP panel for Atlantic halibut with 4000 SNPs spread evenly throughout the genome with a minor allele frequency MAF ≥ 0.4, except for N = 249 SNPs located in a sex-determining region on chromosome 12, N = 176 of these SNPs were selected to genetically identify male and female individuals using a DAPC analysis. The genomic identification of sex allows for non-lethal sex determination and validation of sex identification in the field. The SNP panel is a new genomic resource for Atlantic halibut that will make it possible to generate the genotypic data for the large number of individuals needed to estimate population abundance using genomics and the Close Kin Mark Recapture (CKMR) approach, an emerging component of fisheries management and stock monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Weise
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Mallory Van Wyngaarden
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Cornelia Den Heyer
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 1 Challenger Drive, B2Y 4A2, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Joanna Mills Flemming
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Dalhousie University, 6316 Coburg Rd, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tony Kess
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 1 Challenger Drive, B2Y 4A2, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Anthony L Einfeldt
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Parks Canada, East Kootenay, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan A D Fisher
- Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries and Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 155 Ridge Rd, A1C 5R3, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Reina Ditta
- Population Health Research Institute, 237 Barton Street, East Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Guillaume Pare
- Population Health Research Institute, 237 Barton Street, East Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Daniel E Ruzzante
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford St, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Kumar N, Sarvathikari R, Jayaraman V, Mathew P, Jyotsana K. Palatal rugae as an unique and stable marker in personal identification-An interracial pilot study. Indian J Dent Res 2023; 34:187-190. [PMID: 37787210 DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_69_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In post-mortem scenarios, often it is a very difficult process to establish a person's identity. Rugae are unique in that they are protected from trauma as they are insulated from heat by tongue and buccal pad of fat unlike fingerprint or lip print that is prone to destruction. Aim and Objectives This study was aimed to compare the palatal rugae among people of different races. The sole objectives of the study were to assess the predominant pattern in the selected groups, reliability of rugae pattern in personal identification, to evaluate reliability of sex determination and to compare the total number of rugae on right and left sides of the palate among the males and females. Study Design A total of 90 subjects were enrolled into the study and divided into three groups that are African, Dravidian and Mongoloid population. Shapes of rugae present were analyzed according to the classification given by Kapali et al. (1997) and Thomas & Kotze (1983). Result The predominant rugae shape in African and Dravidian population was wavy pattern, whereas Mongoloid race was predominant in curve pattern. African and Dravidian males were predominant in wavy pattern when compared to Mongoloid males where unification type was more predominant. Conclusion A statistically significant association between the rugae shape in three populations exists, although subtle yet definite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Kumar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Gangangar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ramasamy Sarvathikari
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesh Jayaraman
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Philips Mathew
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Govt. Dental College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Kumari Jyotsana
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India
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Tomaszewska A, Kwiatkowska B, Grabka D. Sex determination from human patella in a Polish medieval sample. Anthropol Anz 2022; 79:423-432. [PMID: 35403185 DOI: 10.1127/anthranz/2022/1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to address whether the anthropometric features of the patella can be used to determine the sex of the individuals on the basis of the skeletal remains and to set limit values for anthropometric measurements and indicators of the patella in relation to each sex. 71 patellas (32 female and 39 male) from the Middle Ages from Wroclaw, Poland, were analyzed. The measurements (the greatest height, width, thickness, width of the lateral and medial joint surface and the height of these joint surfaces) and ratios were calculated (height to width, height to thickness as well as width to height of lateral and medial joint surfaces) and tested according to sexual dimorphism. The best parameter in terms of discriminatory assessment was the patella's highest height, which made it possible to classify the sex in 46.5% of cases. However, an index of the sum of the height, width and thickness measurements seems to be even better for differentiating between the sexes, making it possible to correctly classify the sex in 49.3% of cases. Due to some limitations of this study and the need of population-specific standard, it is recommend to employ the patella in sex determination only in cases of fragmented human remains and when no other method can be applied. Further investigation of possible factors influencing the variability of its size and shape should be explored in larger and geographically more diverse samples, and this could contribute to forensic, clinical, anatomical, and anthropological studies in this body part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tomaszewska
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Anthropology, Kożuchowska 5, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Kwiatkowska
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Anthropology, Kożuchowska 5, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Grabka
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Anthropology, Kożuchowska 5, 51-631 Wroclaw, Poland
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Suárez-Varón G, Mendoza-Cruz E, Acosta A, Villagrán-Santa Cruz M, Cortez D, Hernández-Gallegos O. Genetic determination and JARID2 over-expression in a thermal incubation experiment in Casque-Headed Lizard. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263804. [PMID: 35797377 PMCID: PMC9262179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-avian reptiles, unlike mammals and birds, have undergone numerous sex determination changes. Casque-Headed Lizards have replaced the ancestral XY system shared across pleurodonts with a new pair of XY chromosomes. However, the evolutionary forces that triggered this transition have remained unclear. An interesting hypothesis suggests that species with intermediate states, with sex chromosomes but also thermal-induced sex reversal at specific incubation temperatures, could be more susceptible to sex determination turnovers. We contrasted genotypic data (presence/absence of the Y chromosome) against the histology of gonads of embryos from stages 35–37 incubated at various temperatures, including typical male-producing (26°C) and female-producing (32°C) temperatures. Our work apparently reports for the first time the histology of gonads, including morphological changes, from stages 35–37 of development in the family Corytophanidae. We also observed that all embryos developed hemipenes, suggesting sex-linked developmental heterochrony. We observed perfect concordance between genotype and phenotype at all temperatures. However, analysis of transcriptomic data from embryos incubated at 26°C and 32°C identified transcript variants of the chromatin modifiers JARID2 and KDM6B that have been linked to temperature-dependent sex determination in other reptiles. Our work tested the validity of a mixed sex determination system in the family Corytophanidae. We found that XY chromosomes are dominant; however, our work supports the hypothesis of a conserved transcriptional response to incubation temperatures across non-avian reptiles that could be a reminiscence of an ancestral sex determination system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Suárez-Varón
- Laboratorio de Herpetología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario # 100 Centro, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Eva Mendoza-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biología Tisular y Reproductora, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Maricela Villagrán-Santa Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biología Tisular y Reproductora, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diego Cortez
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, UNAM, Cuernavaca, México
- * E-mail:
| | - Oswaldo Hernández-Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Herpetología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Instituto Literario # 100 Centro, Toluca, Estado de México, México
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张 家硕, 李 学博, 乔 路, 苗 龙飞, 仲 建军, 亓 英华, 石 美森. [Loss of the X Allele at the Amelogenin Locus in Male Individuals:Five Case Reports]. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi 2022; 38:440-442. [PMID: 36221848 DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.500401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Panthum T, Jaisamut K, Singchat W, Ahmad SF, Kongkaew L, Wongloet W, Dokkaew S, Kraichak E, Muangmai N, Duengkae P, Srikulnath K. Something Fishy about Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens) Sex: Polygenic Sex Determination or a Newly Emerged Sex-Determining Region? Cells 2022; 11:cells11111764. [PMID: 35681459 PMCID: PMC9179492 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fishes provide a unique and intriguing model system for studying the genomic origin and evolutionary mechanisms underlying sex determination and high sex-chromosome turnover. In this study, the mode of sex determination was investigated in Siamese fighting fish, a species of commercial importance. Genome-wide SNP analyses were performed on 75 individuals (40 males and 35 females) across commercial populations to determine candidate sex-specific/sex-linked loci. In total, 73 male-specific loci were identified and mapped to a 5.6 kb region on chromosome 9, suggesting a putative male-determining region (pMDR) containing localized dmrt1 and znrf3 functional sex developmental genes. Repeat annotations of the pMDR revealed an abundance of transposable elements, particularly Ty3/Gypsy and novel repeats. Remarkably, two out of the 73 male-specific loci were located on chromosomes 7 and 19, implying the existence of polygenic sex determination. Besides male-specific loci, five female-specific loci on chromosome 9 were also observed in certain populations, indicating the possibility of a female-determining region and the polygenic nature of sex determination. An alternative explanation is that male-specific loci derived from other chromosomes or female-specific loci in Siamese fighting fish recently emerged as new sex-determining loci during domestication and repeated hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitipong Panthum
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.J.); (W.S.); (S.F.A.); (L.K.); (W.W.); (E.K.); (N.M.); (P.D.)
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kitipong Jaisamut
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.J.); (W.S.); (S.F.A.); (L.K.); (W.W.); (E.K.); (N.M.); (P.D.)
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Worapong Singchat
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.J.); (W.S.); (S.F.A.); (L.K.); (W.W.); (E.K.); (N.M.); (P.D.)
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Syed Farhan Ahmad
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.J.); (W.S.); (S.F.A.); (L.K.); (W.W.); (E.K.); (N.M.); (P.D.)
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- The International Undergraduate Program in Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Lalida Kongkaew
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.J.); (W.S.); (S.F.A.); (L.K.); (W.W.); (E.K.); (N.M.); (P.D.)
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wongsathit Wongloet
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.J.); (W.S.); (S.F.A.); (L.K.); (W.W.); (E.K.); (N.M.); (P.D.)
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sahabhop Dokkaew
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Ekaphan Kraichak
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.J.); (W.S.); (S.F.A.); (L.K.); (W.W.); (E.K.); (N.M.); (P.D.)
- Department of Botany, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Narongrit Muangmai
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.J.); (W.S.); (S.F.A.); (L.K.); (W.W.); (E.K.); (N.M.); (P.D.)
- Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Prateep Duengkae
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.J.); (W.S.); (S.F.A.); (L.K.); (W.W.); (E.K.); (N.M.); (P.D.)
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (T.P.); (K.J.); (W.S.); (S.F.A.); (L.K.); (W.W.); (E.K.); (N.M.); (P.D.)
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- The International Undergraduate Program in Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University-Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, (CASTNAR, NRU-KU, Thailand), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Yang Y, Zhou T, Liu Y, Tian C, Bao L, Wang W, Zhang Y, Liu S, Shi H, Tan S, Gao D, Dunham RA, Liu Z. Identification of an Epigenetically Marked Locus within the Sex Determination Region of Channel Catfish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105471. [PMID: 35628283 PMCID: PMC9171582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Channel catfish has an XY sex determination system. However, the X and Y chromosomes harbor an identical gene content of 950 genes each. In this study, we conducted comparative analyses of methylome and transcriptome of genetic males and genetic females before gonadal differentiation to provide insights into the mechanisms of sex determination. Differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCs) were predominantly identified on the sex chromosome, most notably within the sex determination region (SDR), although the overall methylation profiles across the entire genome were similar between genetic males and females. The drastic differences in methylation were located within the SDR at nucleotide position 14.0–20.3 Mb of the sex chromosome, making this region an epigenetically marked locus within the sex determination region. Most of the differentially methylated CpG sites were hypermethylated in females and hypomethylated in males, suggesting potential involvement of methylation modification in sex determination in channel catfish. Along with the differential methylation in the SDR, a number of differentially expressed genes within the SDR were also identified between genetic males and females, making them potential candidate genes for sex determination and differentiation in channel catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.); (L.B.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Tao Zhou
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.); (L.B.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (R.A.D.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.); (L.B.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Changxu Tian
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.); (L.B.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Lisui Bao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.); (L.B.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Wenwen Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.); (L.B.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.); (L.B.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.); (L.B.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Huitong Shi
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.); (L.B.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Suxu Tan
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.); (L.B.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Dongya Gao
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Rex A. Dunham
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (Y.Y.); (T.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.); (L.B.); (W.W.); (Y.Z.); (S.L.); (H.S.); (S.T.); (R.A.D.)
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (D.G.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Kocher TD, Behrens KA, Conte MA, Aibara M, Mrosso HDJ, Green ECJ, Kidd MR, Nikaido M, Koblmüller S. New Sex Chromosomes in Lake Victoria Cichlid Fishes (Cichlidae: Haplochromini). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:804. [PMID: 35627189 PMCID: PMC9141883 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African cichlid fishes harbor an extraordinary diversity of sex-chromosome systems. Within just one lineage, the tribe Haplochromini, at least 6 unique sex-chromosome systems have been identified. Here we focus on characterizing sex chromosomes in cichlids from the Lake Victoria basin. In Haplochromis chilotes, we identified a new ZW system associated with the white blotch color pattern, which shows substantial sequence differentiation over most of LG16, and is likely to be present in related species. In Haplochromis sauvagei, we found a coding polymorphism in amh that may be responsible for an XY system on LG23. In Pundamilia nyererei, we identified a feminizing effect of B chromosomes together with XY- and ZW-patterned differentiation on LG23. In Haplochromis latifasciatus, we identified a duplication of amh that may be present in other species of the Lake Victoria superflock. We further characterized the LG5-14 XY system in Astatotilapia burtoni and identified the oldest stratum on LG14. This species also showed ZW differentiation on LG2. Finally, we characterized an XY system on LG7 in Astatoreochromis alluaudi. This report brings the number of distinct sex-chromosome systems in haplochromine cichlids to at least 13, and highlights the dynamic evolution of sex determination and sex chromosomes in this young lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Kocher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (K.A.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Kristen A. Behrens
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (K.A.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Matthew A. Conte
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (K.A.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Mitsuto Aibara
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (M.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Hillary D. J. Mrosso
- Mwanza Fisheries Research Center, Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), Mwanza P.O. Box 475, Tanzania;
| | - Elizabeth C. J. Green
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (E.C.J.G.); (M.R.K.)
| | - Michael R. Kidd
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (E.C.J.G.); (M.R.K.)
| | - Masato Nikaido
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (M.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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9
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Wang Q, Liu Y, Wang Y, Jiang S, Zhang C, Li B. GWAS Reveal Novel Sex-Related Markers and Candidate Genes in Sea Urchin Mesocentrotus nudus. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2022; 24:32-39. [PMID: 34812992 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mesocentrotus nudus is an economically important mariculture species. Identification of sex-related markers and candidate genes has potential implications for sex-control breeding of Mesocentrotus nudus. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular markers and genes associated with the sex of M. nudus. Initial GWAS analysis based on 80 individuals genotyped by using GBS identified 22 sex-related SNPs located on 9 GBS tags. Further targeted sequencing in another population of 124 individuals confirmed that 7 SNPs located on 7 GBS tags displayed complete associations with sex, suggesting a ZW/ZZ sex-determination system in M. nudus. Besides, genome and transcriptome annotations presented that the heat shock protein 75 kDa, mitochondrial (trap1), and protein furry homolog-like (fryl) may be important candidate genes involved in sex determination and differentiation in M. nudus. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the functions of these genes. Overall, the current results not only provide molecular markers that may contribute to the sex-control breeding for M. nudus, but also provide new insights to understand the regulatory mechanism of sea urchin sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaoyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chuanxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Baoquan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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10
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Abstract
Studying environmental sex determination (ESD) in cichlids provides a phylogenetic and comparative approach to understand the evolution of the underlying mechanisms, their impact on the evolution of the overlying systems, and the neuroethology of life history strategies. Natural selection normally favors parents who invest equally in the development of male and female offspring, but evolution may favor deviations from this 50:50 ratio when environmental conditions produce an advantage for doing so. Many species of cichlids demonstrate ESD in response to water chemistry (temperature, pH, and oxygen concentration). The relative strengths of and the exact interactions between these factors vary between congeners, demonstrating genetic variation in sensitivity. The presence of sizable proportions of the less common sex towards the environmental extremes in most species strongly suggests the presence of some genetic sex-determining loci acting in parallel with the ESD factors. Sex determination and differentiation in these species does not seem to result in the organization of a final and irreversible sexual fate, so much as a life-long ongoing battle between competing male- and female-determining genetic and hormonal networks governed by epigenetic factors. We discuss what is and is not known about the epigenetic mechanism behind the differentiation of both gonads and sex differences in the brain. Beyond the well-studied tilapia species, the 2 best-studied dwarf cichlid systems showing ESD are the South American genus Apistogramma and the West African genus Pelvicachromis. Both species demonstrate male morphs with alternative reproductive tactics. We discuss the further neuroethology opportunities such systems provide to the study of epigenetics of alternative life history strategies and other behavioral variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter L Hurd
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, CA
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, CA
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11
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Gamulin O, Škrabić M, Serec K, Par M, Baković M, Krajačić M, Babić SD, Šegedin N, Osmani A, Vodanović M. Possibility of Human Gender Recognition Using Raman Spectra of Teeth. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133983. [PMID: 34210090 PMCID: PMC8271900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender determination of the human remains can be very challenging, especially in the case of incomplete ones. Herein, we report a proof-of-concept experiment where the possibility of gender recognition using Raman spectroscopy of teeth is investigated. Raman spectra were recorded from male and female molars and premolars on two distinct sites, tooth apex and anatomical neck. Recorded spectra were sorted into suitable datasets and initially analyzed with principal component analysis, which showed a distinction between spectra of male and female teeth. Then, reduced datasets with scores of the first 20 principal components were formed and two classification algorithms, support vector machine and artificial neural networks, were applied to form classification models for gender recognition. The obtained results showed that gender recognition with Raman spectra of teeth is possible but strongly depends both on the tooth type and spectrum recording site. The difference in classification accuracy between different tooth types and recording sites are discussed in terms of the molecular structure difference caused by the influence of masticatory loading or gender-dependent life events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozren Gamulin
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (O.G.); (M.Š.); (M.K.); (S.D.B.); (N.Š.)
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Research Unit New Functional Materials, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Škrabić
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (O.G.); (M.Š.); (M.K.); (S.D.B.); (N.Š.)
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Research Unit New Functional Materials, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Serec
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (O.G.); (M.Š.); (M.K.); (S.D.B.); (N.Š.)
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Matej Par
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marija Baković
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Maria Krajačić
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (O.G.); (M.Š.); (M.K.); (S.D.B.); (N.Š.)
| | - Sanja Dolanski Babić
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (O.G.); (M.Š.); (M.K.); (S.D.B.); (N.Š.)
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Šegedin
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (O.G.); (M.Š.); (M.K.); (S.D.B.); (N.Š.)
- Center of Excellence in Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aziz Osmani
- Community Health Center “Kutina”, 44320 Kutina, Croatia;
| | - Marin Vodanović
- Department of Dental Anthropology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, University Hospital Centre, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Ash B Alpert
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Roman Ruddick
- San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Transgender Cancer Patient Project, Martinez, CA, USA
| | - Charlie Manzano
- San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Transgender Cancer Patient Project, Martinez, CA, USA
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13
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Abstract
In nematodes, TRA-1 represses the transcription of genes involved in male differentiation, allowing XX animals to undergo normal hermaphrodite development. New reports show that this transcription factor also acts in XO males, to control the differentiation of many neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E Ellis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA.
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14
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15
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Kostmann A, Kratochvíl L, Rovatsos M. Poorly differentiated XX/XY sex chromosomes are widely shared across skink radiation. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202139. [PMID: 33468012 PMCID: PMC7893288 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated sex chromosomes are believed to be evolutionarily stable, while poorly differentiated sex chromosomes are considered to be prone to turnovers. With around 1700 currently known species forming ca 15% of reptile species diversity, skinks (family Scincidae) are a very diverse group of squamates known for their large ecological and morphological variability. Skinks generally have poorly differentiated and cytogenetically indistinguishable sex chromosomes, and their sex determination was suggested to be highly variable. Here, we determined X-linked genes in the common sandfish (Scincus scincus) and demonstrate that skinks have shared the same homologous XX/XY sex chromosomes across their wide phylogenetic spectrum for at least 85 million years, approaching the age of the highly differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes of birds and advanced snakes. Skinks thus demonstrate that even poorly differentiated sex chromosomes can be evolutionarily stable. The conservation of sex chromosomes across skinks allows us to introduce the first molecular sexing method widely applicable in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Abstract
The production of male and female offspring is often determined by the presence of specific sex chromosomes which control sex-specific expression, and sex chromosomes evolve through reduced recombination and specialized gene content. Here we present the genomes of Chrysomya rufifacies, a monogenic blow fly (females produce female or male offspring, exclusively) by separately sequencing and assembling each type of female and the male. The genomes (> 25X coverage) do not appear to have any sex-linked Muller F elements (typical for many Diptera) and exhibit little differentiation between groups supporting the morphological assessments of C. rufifacies homomorphic chromosomes. Males in this species are associated with a unimodal coverage distribution while females exhibit bimodal coverage distributions, suggesting a potential difference in genomic architecture. The presence of the individual-sex draft genomes herein provides new clues regarding the origination and evolution of the diverse sex-determining mechanisms observed within Diptera. Additional genomic analysis of sex chromosomes and sex-determining genes of other blow flies will allow a refined evolutionary understanding of how flies with a typical X/Y heterogametic amphogeny (male and female offspring in similar ratios) sex determination systems evolved into one with a dominant factor that results in single sex progeny in a chromosomally monomorphic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A. Andere
- Department of Biology, Indiana University- Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Meaghan L. Pimsler
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Aaron M. Tarone
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Christine J. Picard
- Department of Biology, Indiana University- Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN USA
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17
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Yaşa B, Şahin O, Öcüt E, Seven M, Sözer S. Assessment of Fetal Rhesus D and Gender with Cell-Free DNA and Exosomes from Maternal Blood. Reprod Sci 2020; 28:562-569. [PMID: 32968935 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00321-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The detection of fetal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from maternal plasma has enabled the development of essential techniques in prenatal diagnosis during recent years. Extracellular vesicles including exosomes were determined to carry fetal DNA fragments. Considering the known difficulties during isolation and stability of cfDNA, exosomes might provide a new opportunity for prenatal diagnosis and screening. In this study, comparison of cfDNA and exosome DNA (exoDNA) for predicting the fetal sex and Rhesus D (RHD) genotype was performed by using real-time polymerase chain reaction with simultaneous amplification of sequences of SRY and RHD genes. Fetal sex and RHD were determined in 100 and 81 RHD-negative pregnant women with cfDNA and exoDNA, respectively. The gestation ages of pregnant women were between 9 and 40 weeks. The results were compared with the neonatal phenotype for gender and a serological test for RHD. The cfDNA revealed 95.75% sensitivity and 100% specificity in RHD positivity and 100% sensitivity and 95.45% specificity in SRY positivity. Cohen's agreement coefficient in the Kappa test ranged from 0.8 to 1.0 (P < 0.00001). Although the exoDNA failed to amplify 16 cases, the remaining 65 cases revealed a true estimate for both fetal RHD and SRY genes with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Successful application of exoDNA and cfDNA with real-time PCR for fetal genotyping enables this technique to be applied in the assessment of fetal RHD and gender during pregnancy, allowing initiation of early treatment methods and avoiding unnecessary interventions and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Yaşa
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Orhan Şahin
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Öcüt
- Department of Statistics, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Seven
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cerrahpasa Medical School Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Sözer
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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18
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Sofer L, D'Oro A, Rosoklija I, Leeth EA, Goetsch AL, Moses S, Chen D, Finlayson C, Johnson EK. Impact of cell-free DNA screening on parental knowledge of fetal sex and disorders of sex development. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1489-1496. [PMID: 32683746 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Discrepancies between cfDNA and ultrasound predicted fetal sex occur, possibly indicating disorders/differences of sex development (DSDs). Among expectant/recent parents, this study assessed cfDNA knowledge/use, fetal sex determination attitudes/behaviors, general knowledge of DSD, and possible psychological impact of discrepancy between fetal sex on cfDNA and ultrasound. METHOD Parents were surveyed about fetal sex determination methods, knowledge of cfDNA and DSD, distress related to possible cfDNA inaccuracy. RESULTS Of 916 respondents, 44% were aware of possible discrepancy between cfDNA and ultrasound, 22% were aware of DSD. 78% and 75% would be upset and worried, respectively, with results showing fetal sex discrepancy. Most (67%) revealed predicted fetal sex before delivery. 38% were offered cfDNA. Of those revealing fetal sex, 24% used cfDNA results, 71% ultrasound, and 7% both. cfDNA users were more frequently aware of possible discrepancy between cfDNA and ultrasound (76% vs 41%, P < .0001), but not of DSD (29% vs 23%, P = .29). CONCLUSION Fetal sex determination is favored, and cfDNA is frequently used for predicting fetal chromosomal sex. Many parents are unaware of possible discrepancies between cfDNA and ultrasound, and potential for DSD. Most would be distressed by discordant results. Accurate counseling regarding limitations cfDNA for fetal sex determination is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Sofer
- Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anthony D'Oro
- Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ilina Rosoklija
- Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Leeth
- Division of Genetics, Birth Defects and Metabolism, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Allison L Goetsch
- Division of Genetics, Birth Defects and Metabolism, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott Moses
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Diane Chen
- Potocsnak Family Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Courtney Finlayson
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emilie K Johnson
- Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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19
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Hara S, Furukawa F, Mukai K, Yazawa T, Kitano T. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is involved in the temperature-induced sex differentiation of a vertebrate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11672. [PMID: 32669596 PMCID: PMC7363821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a teleost fish with an XX/XY sex determination system, similar to that of mammals. However, under high temperature conditions, XX medaka is masculinised by elevation of cortisol, the major teleost glucocorticoid. In this study, to identify novel factors in the gonads acting downstream from cortisol during sexual differentiation, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis using the gonadal regions of larvae reared at normal temperature with and without cortisol, and at high temperature. The RNA-seq and real-time PCR analyses showed that expression of some peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) signalling-targeted genes was increased by cortisol. PPARα agonist treatment induced masculinisation of XX medaka in some cases, and co-treatment of the agonist with cortisol further induced masculinisation, whereas treatment of pparaa knockout medaka with cortisol or the agonist did not induce masculinisation. This study provides the first evidence that PPARα is involved in environmental sex determination in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Hara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Fumiya Furukawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Koki Mukai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kitano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
Here, we describe a drug-inducible genetic system for insect sex-separation that demonstrates proof-of-principle for positive sex selection in D. melanogaster. The system exploits the toxicity of commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotics geneticin and puromycin to kill the non-rescued sex. Sex-specific rescue is achieved by inserting sex-specific introns into the coding sequences of antibiotic-resistance genes. When raised on geneticin-supplemented food, the sex-sorter line establishes 100% positive selection for female progeny, while the food supplemented with puromycin positively selects 100% male progeny. Since the described system exploits conserved sex-specific splicing mechanisms and reagents, it has the potential to be adaptable to other insect species of medical and agricultural importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay P Kandul
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92092, USA
| | - Junru Liu
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92092, USA
| | - Alexander D Hsu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, MC 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Bruce A Hay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, MC 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Omar S Akbari
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92092, USA.
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, MC 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society-UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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21
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Bowman‐Smart H, Savulescu J, Gyngell C, Mand C, Delatycki MB. Sex selection and non-invasive prenatal testing: A review of current practices, evidence, and ethical issues. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:398-407. [PMID: 31499588 PMCID: PMC7187249 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) can determine the sex of the fetus very accurately and very early in gestation. There are concerns that the ease, timing, and accuracy of NIPT sex determination will facilitate sex-selective termination of pregnancy (TOP). Here, we review current practices, the evidence for a link between NIPT and sex-selective TOP, and associated ethical issues. Sex-selective TOP, usually motivated by son preference, has had serious demographic consequences in countries such as India and China. Currently, ultrasound is the primary method by which parents determine the sex of the fetus. The diffusion of ultrasound technology has had a direct impact on the rates of sex-selective TOP. Although NIPT is currently more costly, it is feasible that increased uptake of this technology could have a similar effect. Partly because NIPT is a relatively recent development in prenatal screening, there is little data on the impact of NIPT on sex selection practices. Evidence that NIPT is playing a role in sex-selective TOP remains largely anecdotal. Further research is required to assess and quantify TOP resulting from NIPT sex determination. The use of these technologies for sex selection raises a number of ethical issues, in addition to practical demographic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Bowman‐Smart
- Bruce Lefroy CentreMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Bruce Lefroy CentreMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Uehiro Centre for Practical EthicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Christopher Gyngell
- Bruce Lefroy CentreMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Cara Mand
- Bruce Lefroy CentreMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Martin B. Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy CentreMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics ServicesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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22
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Jensen TZT, Niemann J, Iversen KH, Fotakis AK, Gopalakrishnan S, Vågene ÅJ, Pedersen MW, Sinding MHS, Ellegaard MR, Allentoft ME, Lanigan LT, Taurozzi AJ, Nielsen SH, Dee MW, Mortensen MN, Christensen MC, Sørensen SA, Collins MJ, Gilbert MTP, Sikora M, Rasmussen S, Schroeder H. A 5700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome from chewed birch pitch. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5520. [PMID: 31848342 PMCID: PMC6917805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of ancient genomics has revolutionised our understanding of human prehistory but this work depends on the availability of suitable samples. Here we present a complete ancient human genome and oral microbiome sequenced from a 5700 year-old piece of chewed birch pitch from Denmark. We sequence the human genome to an average depth of 2.3× and find that the individual who chewed the pitch was female and that she was genetically more closely related to western hunter-gatherers from mainland Europe than hunter-gatherers from central Scandinavia. We also find that she likely had dark skin, dark brown hair and blue eyes. In addition, we identify DNA fragments from several bacterial and viral taxa, including Epstein-Barr virus, as well as animal and plant DNA, which may have derived from a recent meal. The results highlight the potential of chewed birch pitch as a source of ancient DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theis Z T Jensen
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
- BioArch, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jonas Niemann
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
- BioArch, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Katrine Højholt Iversen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Anna K Fotakis
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Shyam Gopalakrishnan
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Åshild J Vågene
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Mikkel-Holger S Sinding
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Martin R Ellegaard
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Liam T Lanigan
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Alberto J Taurozzi
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Sofie Holtsmark Nielsen
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Michael W Dee
- Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Martin N Mortensen
- The National Museum of Denmark, I.C. Modewegs Vej, Brede, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Mads C Christensen
- The National Museum of Denmark, I.C. Modewegs Vej, Brede, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Søren A Sørensen
- Museum Lolland-Falster, Frisegade 40, Nykøbing Falster, 4800, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Collins
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
- University Museum, NTNU, 7012, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Sikora
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Hannes Schroeder
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark.
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Azul D, Neuschaefer-Rube C. Voice Function in Gender-Diverse People Assigned Female at Birth: Results From a Participant-Centered Mixed-Methods Study and Implications for Clinical Practice. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2019; 62:3320-3338. [PMID: 31518520 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-19-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there were indications of restrictions to voice function in our group of gender-diverse people assigned female at birth (GD peopleAFAB) and whether the participants would benefit from professional voice support. Method We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional, mixed-methods study combining qualitative content analyses of semistructured interviews, phoniatric examinations, and acoustical voice analyses. Fourteen German-speaking GD peopleAFAB participated. The data were examined for indications of restrictions to voice function according to the results of participant self-evaluation, auditory-perceptual analyses, laryngostroboscopic examinations, and acoustical measurements. Results All participants presented with indications of restrictions to voice function, with vocal power, voice quality, singing voice, laryngeal function, pitch range/variability, and vocal control having found to be most frequently affected (in over 60% of participants). Sixty-four percent of participants expressed an interest in professional voice support, with clinicians and researchers recommending professional voice support for 67% and 71%, respectively. Conclusions GD peopleAFAB may experience restrictions to a range of domains of voice function and request or be recommended to participate in professional voice support. Research into this area needs to be intensified so that a more in-depth understanding of the potential voice problems GD peopleAFAB might experience can be produced and members of this group can be provided with more comprehensive, evidence-based, and high-quality professional support if and when they need it.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Azul
- Discipline of Speech Pathology, Rural Department of Allied Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christiane Neuschaefer-Rube
- Clinic of Phoniatrics, Pedaudiology, and Communication Disorders, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Tannenbaum
- Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Institute of Gender and Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research
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Tao D, Wang Z, Li G, Xie L. Sex determination of silkworm pupae using VIS-NIR hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometrics. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 208:7-12. [PMID: 30290293 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To explore an accurate and non-destructive method to discriminate the sex of silkworm pupae, the visible and near-infrared (VIS-NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique was employed in this paper. First, a total of 520 hyperspectral images of silkworm pupae of four species were captured using a push-broom HSI system in the spectral region of 363 nm to 1026 nm and then calibrated for reflectance. The mean spectral data were extracted from the region of interest (ROI). Second, five optimal wavelengths (403, 440, 505, 533, 721 nm) were selected by successive projection algorithm (SPA). Then gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) analysis was implemented on the 500 nm image. Finally, support vector machine (SVM) and radial basis function and neutral network (RBF-NN) models were established based on full spectra, textural data, spectral data and fusion data, respectively. The SVM and RBF-NN models using fusion data reached the most satisfactory performance with a high correct classification rate of 98.75%. Furthermore, the built SVM model based on fusion data could be promoted to identify the sex of another two species of silkworm pupae with accuracy of 97% and 96%, indicating that HSI technology can be served as a new method to differentiate the sex of silkworm pupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tao
- College of Engineering & Technology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Zhengrong Wang
- College of Engineering & Technology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Guanglin Li
- College of Engineering & Technology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
| | - Lin Xie
- College of Engineering & Technology, Southwest University, 216 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, PR China
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Mashatola T, Ndo C, Koekemoer LL, Dandalo LC, Wood OR, Malakoane L, Poumachu Y, Lobb LN, Kaiser M, Bourtzis K, Munhenga G. A review on the progress of sex-separation techniques for sterile insect technique applications against Anopheles arabiensis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:646. [PMID: 30583746 PMCID: PMC6304763 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of the sterile insect technique (SIT) as a malaria vector control strategy against Anopheles arabiensis has been under investigation over the past decade. One of the critical steps required for the application of this technique to mosquito control is the availability of an efficient and effective sex-separation system. Sex-separation systems eliminate female mosquitoes from the production line prior to irradiation and field release of sterile males. This is necessary because female mosquitoes can transmit pathogens such as malaria and, therefore, their release must be prevented. Sex separation also increases the efficiency of an SIT programme. Various sex-separation strategies have been explored including the exploitation of developmental and behavioural differences between male and female mosquitoes, and genetic approaches. Most of these are however species-specific and are not indicated for the major African malaria vectors such as An. arabiensis. As there is currently no reliable sex-separation method for An. arabiensis, various strategies were explored in an attempt to develop a robust system that can be applied on a mass-rearing scale. The progress and challenges faced during the development of a sexing system for future pilot and/or large-scale SIT release programmes against An. arabiensis are reviewed here. Three methods of sex separation were examined. The first is the use of pupal size for gender prediction. The second is the elimination of blood-feeding adult females through the addition of an endectocide to a blood meal source. The third is the establishment of a genetic sexing strain (GSS) carrying an insecticide resistance selectable marker (dieldrin-resistance rdl gene and/or other GABA receptor antagonists that can be used as alternative insecticides to dieldrin) or a temperature-sensitive lethal marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabo Mashatola
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Institut de recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Centre for Research in Infectious Disease (CRI), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Lizette L. Koekemoer
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leonard C. Dandalo
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oliver R. Wood
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lerato Malakoane
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yacouba Poumachu
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Institut de recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Disease Laboratory of the Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit (VBDL-URBEA) Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Leanne N. Lobb
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maria Kaiser
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kostas Bourtzis
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Givemore Munhenga
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Research Institute for Malaria, MRC Collaborating Centre for Multi-Disciplinary Research on Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Díaz Casana CF, Vivas Ruíz DE, Sandoval Peña GA, Chimoy Effio PJ. Molecular Sexing of the White-Winged Guan (Penelope albipennis) and Other Wild Birds of the North of Peru. Sex Dev 2018; 13:47-54. [PMID: 30580331 DOI: 10.1159/000495383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of accurate and reliable techniques for sex determination of wild birds is of special importance in captive breeding programs, especially in birds with monogamous, aggressive behavior, with absence of copulation, and with a low hatching rate. Using PCR, we evaluated the relative efficacy of primers HPF/HPR and CHD1Wr/NP/CHD1Zr in the amplification of the chromo-helicase-DNA binding 1 (CHD1) gene for sex determination in Penelope albipennis and 8 other species of cracids, 4 species of falconids, 4 species of accipitrids, and 3 species of psittacines. Primer effectiveness was compared using previously sexed bird samples. The HPF/HPR primer set was found to demonstrate a better performance and reliability. Therefore, these primers should be used to determine the sex of juvenile birds to avoid or minimize incompatibilities during the selection of potential breeding pairs.
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Daloglu MU, Lin F, Chong B, Chien D, Veli M, Luo W, Ozcan A. 3D imaging of sex-sorted bovine spermatozoon locomotion, head spin and flagellum beating. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15650. [PMID: 30353033 PMCID: PMC6199306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of sperm sex sorting methods and computer-aided sperm analysis platforms, comparative 2D motility studies showed that there is no significant difference in the swimming speeds of X-sorted and Y-sorted sperm cells, clarifying earlier misconceptions. However, other differences in their swimming dynamics might have been undetectable as conventional optical microscopes are limited in revealing the complete 3D motion of free-swimming sperm cells, due to poor depth resolution and the trade-off between field-of-view and spatial resolution. Using a dual-view on-chip holographic microscope, we acquired the full 3D locomotion of 235X-sorted and 289 Y-sorted bovine sperms, precisely revealing their 3D translational head motion and the angular velocity of their head spin as well as the 3D flagellar motion. Our results confirmed that various motility parameters remain similar between X- and Y-sorted sperm populations; however, we found out that there is a statistically significant difference in Y-sorted bovine sperms' preference for helix-shaped 3D swimming trajectories, also exhibiting an increased linearity compared to X-sorted sperms. Further research on e.g., the differences in the kinematic response of X-sorted and Y-sorted sperm cells to the surrounding chemicals and ions might shed more light on the origins of these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ugur Daloglu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Francis Lin
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bryan Chong
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Chien
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Muhammed Veli
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Asafa MA, Bolarinwa RA, Eluwole OA, Ibitoye BO, Adegoke AM, Ogunlade O. The role of electrocardiogram in sex verification in a young adult with primary amenorrhea: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2018; 12:268. [PMID: 30220253 PMCID: PMC6139907 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of electrocardiogram for sex verification in adults is an emerging concept in medicine. It is feasible through the utilization of Ogunlade Sex Determination Electrocardiographic Score. The aim of this study was to use an electrocardiogram to verify the sex of a woman with primary amenorrhea. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 36-year-old woman of Yoruba ethnicity who presented with primary amenorrhea. A physical examination revealed a woman with a feminine appearance characterized by long plaited hair and well-developed breasts. As part of the investigations to unravel the sex status, she had a resting standard 12-lead electrocardiogram which revealed a masculine electrocardiogram pattern with Ogunlade Sex Determination Electrocardiographic Score of 9 (T-wave pattern in lead V1, 3; ST segment in lead V2 or V3, 3; QRS rotation, 2; heart rate of 79, 1). An abdominopelvic ultrasonography done by a radiologist showed absence of uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. When our patient was considered for transvaginal scan, she declined but embraced translabial ultrasound as she claimed to be a virgin. Translabial ultrasonography revealed the presence of undescended hypoplastic testes with associated testicular microlithiasis at the external inguinal rings bilaterally. Karyotyping using a blood sample revealed 46,XY and a sex-determining region Y report showed that the blood sample was positive for the SRY gene confirming the status as male. This synchronized with the initial electrocardiogram evaluation. The testes were later removed. CONCLUSION This report concluded that an electrocardiogram as a cheap, readily available and non-invasive test has a role in sex verification in young adults with primary amenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muritala A. Asafa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Rahman A. Bolarinwa
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, Obafemi Awolowo University and Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Omotayo A. Eluwole
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Adesoji M. Adegoke
- Science Central Laboratory, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Oluwadare Ogunlade
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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O’Sullivan N, Posth C, Coia V, Schuenemann VJ, Price TD, Wahl J, Pinhasi R, Zink A, Krause J, Maixner F. Ancient genome-wide analyses infer kinship structure in an Early Medieval Alemannic graveyard. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao1262. [PMID: 30191172 PMCID: PMC6124919 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
From historical and archeological records, it is posited that the European medieval household was a combination of close relatives and recruits. However, this kinship structure has not yet been directly tested at a genomic level on medieval burials. The early 7th century CE burial at Niederstotzingen, discovered in 1962, is the most complete and richest example of Alemannic funerary practice in Germany. Excavations found 13 individuals who were buried with an array of inscribed bridle gear, jewelry, armor, and swords. These artifacts support the view that the individuals had contact with France, northern Italy, and Byzantium. This study analyzed genome-wide sequences recovered from the remains, in tandem with analysis of the archeological context, to reconstruct kinship and the extent of outside contact. Eleven individuals had sufficient DNA preservation to genetically sex them as male and identify nine unique mitochondrial haplotypes and two distinct Y chromosome lineages. Genome-wide analyses were performed on eight individuals to estimate genetic affiliation to modern west Eurasians and genetic kinship at the burial. Five individuals were direct relatives. Three other individuals were not detectably related; two of these showed genomic affinity to southern Europeans. The genetic makeup of the individuals shares no observable pattern with their orientation in the burial or the cultural association of their grave goods, with the five related individuals buried with grave goods associated with three diverse cultural origins. These findings support the idea that not only were kinship and fellowship held in equal regard: Diverse cultural appropriation was practiced among closely related individuals as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall O’Sullivan
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
- School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Coia
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Verena J. Schuenemann
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoecology, Palaeoanthropology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - T. Douglas Price
- Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joachim Wahl
- State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, Osteology, D-78467 Konstanz, Germany
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Palaeoanthropology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Viale Druso 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Allyse
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Program in Biomedical Ethics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Myra J Wick
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Division of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Hess MC, Inoue K, Tsakiris ET, Hart M, Morton J, Dudding J, Robertson CR, Randklev CR. Misidentification of sex for Lampsilis teres, Yellow Sandshell, and its implications for mussel conservation and wildlife management. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197107. [PMID: 29768469 PMCID: PMC5955573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct identification of sex is an important component of wildlife management because changes in sex ratios can affect population viability. Identification of sex often relies on external morphology, which can be biased by intermediate or nondistinctive morphotypes and observer experience. For unionid mussels, research has demonstrated that species misidentification is common but less attention has been given to the reliability of sex identification. To evaluate whether this is an issue, we surveyed 117 researchers on their ability to correctly identify sex of Lampsilis teres (Yellow Sandshell), a wide ranging, sexually dimorphic species. Personal background information of each observer was analyzed to identify factors that may contribute to misidentification of sex. We found that median misidentification rates were ~20% across males and females and that observers falsely identified the number of female specimens more often (~23%) than males (~10%). Misidentification rates were partially explained by geographic region of prior mussel experience and where observers learned how to identify mussels, but there remained substantial variation among observers after controlling for these factors. We also used three morphometric methods (traditional, geometric, and Fourier) to investigate whether sex could be more correctly identified statistically and found that misidentification rates for the geometric and Fourier methods (which characterize shape) were less than 5% (on average 7% and 2% for females and males, respectively). Our results show that misidentification of sex is likely common for mussels if based solely on external morphology, which raises general questions, regardless of taxonomic group, about its reliability for conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Hess
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Tsakiris
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Hart
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Morton
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jack Dudding
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clinton R. Robertson
- Texas Parks and Wildlife, Inland Fisheries Division, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| | - Charles R. Randklev
- Texas A&M Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tsakogiannis A, Manousaki T, Lagnel J, Sterioti A, Pavlidis M, Papandroulakis N, Mylonas CC, Tsigenopoulos CS. The transcriptomic signature of different sexes in two protogynous hermaphrodites: Insights into the molecular network underlying sex phenotype in fish. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3564. [PMID: 29476120 PMCID: PMC5824801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differentiation is a puzzling problem in fish due to the variety of reproductive systems and the flexibility of their sex determination mechanisms. The Sparidae, a teleost family, reflects this remarkable diversity of sexual mechanisms found in fish. Our aim was to capture the transcriptomic signature of different sexes in two protogynous hermaphrodite sparids, the common pandora Pagellus erythrinus and the red porgy Pagrus pagrus in order to shed light on the molecular network contributing to either the female or the male phenotype in these organisms. Through RNA sequencing, we investigated sex-specific differences in gene expression in both species' brains and gonads. The analysis revealed common male and female specific genes/pathways between these protogynous fish. Whereas limited sex differences found in the brain indicate a sexually plastic tissue, in contrast, the great amount of sex-biased genes observed in gonads reflects the functional divergence of the transformed tissue to either its male or female character. Α common "crew" of well-known molecular players is acting to preserve either sex identity of the gonad in these fish. Lastly, this study lays the ground for a deeper understanding of the complex process of sex differentiation in two species with an evolutionary significant reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsakogiannis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - T Manousaki
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), Heraklion, Greece
| | - J Lagnel
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), Heraklion, Greece
| | - A Sterioti
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), Heraklion, Greece
| | - M Pavlidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - N Papandroulakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), Heraklion, Greece
| | - C C Mylonas
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), Heraklion, Greece
| | - C S Tsigenopoulos
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (H.C.M.R.), Heraklion, Greece.
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Sun Y, Zhang M, Sun Z, Tan T. Demographic Analysis from Biometric Data: Achievements, Challenges, and New Frontiers. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 2018; 40:332-351. [PMID: 28212078 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2017.2669035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biometrics is the technique of automatically recognizing individuals based on their biological or behavioral characteristics. Various biometric traits have been introduced and widely investigated, including fingerprint, iris, face, voice, palmprint, gait and so forth. Apart from identity, biometric data may convey various other personal information, covering affect, age, gender, race, accent, handedness, height, weight, etc. Among these, analysis of demographics (age, gender, and race) has received tremendous attention owing to its wide real-world applications, with significant efforts devoted and great progress achieved. This survey first presents biometric demographic analysis from the standpoint of human perception, then provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art advances in automated estimation from both academia and industry. Despite these advances, a number of challenging issues continue to inhibit its full potential. We second discuss these open problems, and finally provide an outlook into the future of this very active field of research by sharing some promising opportunities.
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Larsson M, Berglund M, Jarl E, Tydén T. Do pregnant women want to know the sex of the expected child at routine ultrasound and are they interested in sex selection? Ups J Med Sci 2017; 122:254-259. [PMID: 29299974 PMCID: PMC5810230 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2017.1408723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to investigate if expecting parents wanted to know the sex of the fetus during ultrasound examination and if they had discussed it with the midwife. Another aim was to explore any interest in sex selection. METHODS A longitudinal survey in early and late pregnancy among 2393 women in Sweden. RESULTS Almost all (95.8%, n = 2289) women had discussed sex determination with the partner before the ultrasound scan, and 57% (n = 1356) of women and their partners wanted to find out the fetal sex. The expecting parents mostly initiated a discussion with the midwife (46%, n = 1088), but 10% (n = 229) stated that the midwives initiated the discussion. Few (5%, n = 118) expressed a potential interest in selecting sex of a baby. Women who were interested in sex determination did not differ from those who were not, with respect to age, origin, education, parity, level of pregnancy planning, or importance of religion, but women who had chosen another fetal diagnostic method were more interested in sex determination and in potential sex selection. CONCLUSIONS Half of women and their partners wanted to know the fetal sex, and 5% were interested in sex selection. This high interest in sex determination is a challenge, since present national guidelines do not include sex determination as an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Larsson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Abstract
We report the findings of the evaluation of the InnoTyper® 21 genotyping kit for the use of human identification (HID) and paternity testing in South Africa. This novel forensic kit evaluates 20 retrotransposable elements (AC4027, MLS26, ALU79712, NBC216, NBC106, RG148, NBC13, AC2265, MLS09, AC1141, TARBP, AC2305, HS4.69, NBC51, ACA1766, NBC120, NBC10, NBC102, SB19.12 and NBC148) and the Amelogenin locus for sex determination. The evaluation of the genotyping performance showed no significant spectral pull-up for peak heights between 100 and 30,000 RFUs. All loci presented biallelic patterns except the triallelic RG148 locus resulting from a variant insertion allele, named RG148I-1, observed exclusively in the Bantu. The InnoTyper® 21 kit was found to be highly discriminatory between the 507 unrelated individuals of the Afrikaaner, Asian Indian, Coloured, amaXhosa and amaZulu groups. The HID parameters: the CPD ranged between 0.99999987 and 0.9999999845, and the CMP between 1.0335×10-7 and 1.5506×10-8. The paternity parameters: the CPI ranged between 0.0202 and 0.3177, and the CPE between 0.9161 and 0.9749. There were no significant signs of deviations from HWE or linkage disequilibrium (LD) after applying a Bonferroni correction. This kit also showed minor levels of population structure which could differentiate between the African and non-African population groups. Finally, in challenging casework with severely degraded biological material, the InnoTyper® 21 genotyping kit was compatible with GlobalFiler® and Investigator DIPplex® to increase the HID parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gustav Ristow
- Forensic DNA Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicole Barnes
- Forensic DNA Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Gina Pineda Murphy
- InnoGenomics Technologies, 1441 Canal Street, Suite 307, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States of America
| | - Hiromi Brown
- InnoGenomics Technologies, 1441 Canal Street, Suite 307, New Orleans, LA, 70112, United States of America
| | - Kevin Wesley Cloete
- Forensic DNA Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Maria Eugenia D'Amato
- Forensic DNA Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
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Du H, Zhang X, Leng X, Zhang S, Luo J, Liu Z, Qiao X, Kynard B, Wei Q. Gender and gonadal maturity stage identification of captive Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, using ultrasound imagery and sex steroids. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 245:36-43. [PMID: 27497707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Long lifespan and late maturation make it difficult to establish gamete maturity and breeding age of captive endangered Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis. This greatly handicaps timely breeding and future conservation stocking efforts. We used ultrasound imagery and sex steroids to determine the gender and gonadal maturity stage of captive Chinese sturgeon (age, 10-17years old). The echogenicity of the reproductive organs and the respective morphology of the gonads were described and two quantitative parameters po (proportion of the ovary to the entire reproductive organs) and d (thickness of the reproductive organs) were measured to characterize sex and maturity stage of Chinese sturgeon. Females were accordingly placed fish into several categories: FII (FII-, FII, FII+), FIII (FIII, FIII+) and FIV (FIV, FIV+) and FVI and males as MII, MIII, MIV, MV and MVI. The accuracy of gender and maturity stage determination provided by ultrasonographic methods was 72.7% for FII- ovary (n=11) and 76.2% for MII testis (n=42). Accuracy of sex and maturity determination using only serum sex steroid of testosterone (T) and estradiol-17β (E2) was low (58-73%, depending on maturity stage). However, when the two methods were used together, accuracy increased sharply, especially for immature (II stage) females. In summary, of 151 Chinese sturgeon, whose sex and maturity stage were independently confirmed, 88.1% (n=133), 62.9% (n=95), and 96.7% (n=146) were successfully sexed and staged using ultrasound, sex steroids, or both methods, respectively. The results provide reliable non-invasive techniques for determining sex and gonadal maturation of captive Chinese sturgeon. These methods can track individual gonad characteristics over multi-year reproductive cycles, which will assist captive broodstock management, artificial reproduction, and future conservation stocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Du
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Beijing Aquarium, Beijing Xinwoda Marine Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqian Leng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Shuhuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Jiang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xingmei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Boyd Kynard
- University of Massachusetts, Environmental Conservation Department, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Qiwei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China.
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Sugiyama A, Shichi K, Masaki T, Hubbell SP. The use of soil pollen to determine the sex of overhead individuals of a temperate dioecious shrub. Am J Bot 2017; 104:632-638. [PMID: 28424205 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY In dioecious species, determining the sex of individual plants from one-time phenological observations is rarely feasible when some individuals capable of reproducing are not flowering or fruiting at the time of observation. Currently, sexing those individuals requires long-term phenological data on individuals and populations, but such data are rarely available or feasible to collect. We tested the hypothesis that differences in soil pollen concentrations beneath the crowns of female and male plants would exist and be sufficient to reliably determine the sex of the individual plant overhead in a dioecious species. We predicted that soil pollen concentrations beneath male plants would be significantly higher than beneath female plants because only males produce pollen and pollen should accumulate in the soil underneath the male plants over repeated flowering events. METHODS We collected samples from surface soil under both sexes of the insect-pollinated dioecious shrub, Aucuba japonica (Garryaceae). KEY RESULTS Pollen grains were present in surface soil in both Oe and A horizons, and mean pollen concentration under males was significantly higher than under females. Pollen concentrations beneath males were positively correlated with male plant height, potentially reflecting greater pollen production by larger individuals. CONCLUSIONS Considering the small plant size and relatively low pollen production of A. japonica, this method may hold promise for sexing other dioecious species in the absence of direct phenological data. Our phenology-free and relatively low-cost method for sexing dioecious plants may be especially useful in tropical forests where many species are dioecious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sugiyama
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 USA
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Koji Shichi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takashi Masaki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095 USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
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Deakin JE. Implications of monotreme and marsupial chromosome evolution on sex determination and differentiation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 244:130-138. [PMID: 26431612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of chromosomes from monotremes and marsupials endemic to Australasia have provided important insight into the evolution of their genomes as well as uncovering fundamental differences in their sex determination/differentiation pathways. Great advances have been made this century into solving the mystery of the complicated sex chromosome system in monotremes. Monotremes possess multiple different X and Y chromosomes and a candidate sex determining gene has been identified. Even greater advancements have been made for marsupials, with reconstruction of the ancestral karyotype enabling the evolutionary history of marsupial chromosomes to be determined. Furthermore, the study of sex chromosomes in intersex marsupials has afforded insight into differences in the sexual differentiation pathway between marsupials and eutherians, together with experiments showing the insensitivity of the mammary glands, pouch and scrotum to exogenous hormones, led to the hypothesis that there is a gene (or genes) on the X chromosome responsible for the development of either pouch or scrotum. This review highlights the major advancements made towards understanding chromosome evolution and how this has impacted on our understanding of sex determination and differentiation in these interesting mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine E Deakin
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Masuyama K, Shojo H, Nakanishi H, Inokuchi S, Adachi N. Sex Determination from Fragmented and Degenerated DNA by Amplified Product-Length Polymorphism Bidirectional SNP Analysis of Amelogenin and SRY Genes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169348. [PMID: 28052096 PMCID: PMC5214517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is important in archeology and anthropology for the study of past societies, cultures, and human activities. Sex determination is also one of the most important components of individual identification in criminal investigations. We developed a new method of sex determination by detecting a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the amelogenin gene using amplified product-length polymorphisms in combination with sex-determining region Y analysis. We particularly focused on the most common types of postmortem DNA damage in ancient and forensic samples: fragmentation and nucleotide modification resulting from deamination. Amplicon size was designed to be less than 60 bp to make the method more useful for analyzing degraded DNA samples. All DNA samples collected from eight Japanese individuals (four male, four female) were evaluated correctly using our method. The detection limit for accurate sex determination was determined to be 20 pg of DNA. We compared our new method with commercial short tandem repeat analysis kits using DNA samples artificially fragmented by ultraviolet irradiation. Our novel method was the most robust for highly fragmented DNA samples. To deal with allelic dropout resulting from deamination, we adopted “bidirectional analysis,” which analyzed samples from both sense and antisense strands. This new method was applied to 14 Jomon individuals (3500-year-old bone samples) whose sex had been identified morphologically. We could correctly identify the sex of 11 out of 14 individuals. These results show that our method is reliable for the sex determination of highly degenerated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotoka Masuyama
- Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hideki Shojo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail: (NA); (HS)
| | - Hiroaki Nakanishi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Inokuchi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Adachi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail: (NA); (HS)
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Browne TK. Why parents should not be told the sex of their fetus. J Med Ethics 2017; 43:5-10. [PMID: 26846488 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2015-102989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new technique called non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has been developed, which can detect a range of genetic and chromosomal diseases, as well as fetal sex earlier, more easily and more reliably. NIPT, therefore, potentially expands the market for sex determination and sex selective abortion. This paper argues that both practices should be prevented by not including fetal sex in prenatal test reports. This is because there is a discrepancy between what parents are concerned with (gender) and what the prenatal test can provide (sex). The paper first presents arguments, which indicate a difference between sex and gender before presenting parental motivations for sex selection and sex determination to show that parents are not concerned with their child's sex chromosomes, or even their genitalia, but the gender role that their child will espouse. That, however, is not something that a prenatal test can provide. We are thus left with a situation in which what parents are told, and what they think they are being told, are two different things. In other words, as the conflation of sex with gender is implicit in the disclosure of fetal sex, it may be more accurate to refer to it as misinformation. This misinformation promotes sexism via gender essentialism, which is neither in the interests of the future child nor society.
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Juras A, Chyleński M, Krenz-Niedbała M, Malmström H, Ehler E, Pospieszny Ł, Łukasik S, Bednarczyk J, Piontek J, Jakobsson M, Dabert M. Investigating kinship of Neolithic post-LBK human remains from Krusza Zamkowa, Poland using ancient DNA. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 26:30-39. [PMID: 27771467 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We applied an interdisciplinary approach to investigate kinship patterns and funerary practices during the middle Neolithic. Genetic studies, radiocarbon dating, and taphonomic analyses were used to examine two grave clusters from Krusza Zamkowa, Poland. To reconstruct kinship and determine biological sex, we extracted DNA from bones and teeth, analyzed mitochondrial genomes and nuclear SNPs using the HID-Ion AmpliSeq™ Identity panel generated on Illumina and Ion Torrent platforms, respectively. We further dated the material (AMS 14C) and to exclude aquatic radiocarbon reservoir effects, measures of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes for diet reconstruction were used. We found distinct mitochondrial genomes belonging to haplogroups U5b2a1a, K1c and H3d in the first grave cluster, and excluded maternal kin patterns among the three analyzed individuals. In the second grave cluster one individual belonged to K1a4. However, we could not affiliate the second individual to a certain haplogroup due to the fragmented state of the mitochondrial genome. Although the individuals from the second grave cluster differ at position 6643, we believe that more data is needed to fully resolve this issue. We retrieved between 26 and 77 autosomal SNPs from three of the individuals. Based on kinship estimations, taking into account the allelic dropout distribution, we could not exclude first degree kin relation between the two individuals from the second grave cluster. We could, however, exclude a first degree kinship between these two individuals and an individual from the first grave cluster. Presumably, not only biological kinship, but also social relations played an important role in the funerary practice during this time period. We further conclude that the HID-Ion AmpliSeq™ Identity Panel may prove useful for first degree kin relation studies for samples with good DNA preservation, and that mitochondrial genome capture enrichment is a powerful tool for excluding direct maternal relationship in ancient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Juras
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Maciej Chyleński
- Institute of Prehistory, Faculty of History, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89D, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marta Krenz-Niedbała
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Helena Malmström
- Department of Organismal Biology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18C, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Edvard Ehler
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Pospieszny
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Rubiez 46, 61-612 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Łukasik
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Józef Bednarczyk
- Institute of Prehistory, Faculty of History, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89D, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Janusz Piontek
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Mattias Jakobsson
- Department of Organismal Biology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18C, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Miroslawa Dabert
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Murray CM, Easter M, Merchant M, Rheubert JL, Wilson KA, Cooper A, Mendonça M, Wibbels T, Marin MS, Guyer C. Methyltestosterone alters sex determination in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 236:63-69. [PMID: 27401264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Effects of xenobiotics can be organizational, permanently affecting anatomy during embryonic development, and/or activational, influencing transitory actions during adulthood. The organizational influence of endocrine-disrupting contaminants (EDC's) produces a wide variety of reproductive abnormalities among vertebrates that exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Typically, such influences result in subsequent activational malfunction, some of which are beneficial in aquaculture. For example, 17-αmethyltestosterone (MT), a synthetic androgen, is utilized in tilapia farming to bias sex ratio towards males because they are more profitable. A heavily male-biased hatchling sex ratio is reported from a crocodile population near one such tilapia operation in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. In this study we test the effects of MT on sexual differentiation in American alligators, which we used as a surrogate for all crocodilians. Experimentally, alligators were exposed to MT in ovo at standard ecotoxicological concentrations. Sexual differentiation was determined by examination of primary and secondary sex organs post hatching. We find that MT is capable of producing male embryos at temperatures known to produce females and demonstrate a dose-dependent gradient of masculinization. Embryonic exposure to MT results in hermaphroditic primary sex organs, delayed renal development and masculinization of the clitero-penis (CTP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Murray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Michael Easter
- Everglades Holiday Park, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33332, USA.
| | - Mark Merchant
- Department of Chemistry, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA, USA.
| | - Justin L Rheubert
- Department of Natural Sciences, The University of Findlay, Findlay, OH 45840, USA.
| | - Kelly A Wilson
- Department of Natural Sciences, The University of Findlay, Findlay, OH 45840, USA
| | - Amos Cooper
- J. D. Murphree Wildlife Management Area, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Port Arthur, TX 77640, USA.
| | - Mary Mendonça
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Thane Wibbels
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Mahmood Sasa Marin
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Craig Guyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 331 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Vilain
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; International Joint Unit Epigenetics, Data, Politics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Nereida Bueno-Guerra
- Department of Psychology and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Cataluña 08025, Spain; Department of Developmental Psychology, Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany.
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Hottel TL, Ivanoff CS, Anotonelli J, Balanoff W, Habib-Chiang RA, Hottel SA. The SPA Factor or Not? Distinguishing Sex on the Basis of Stereotyped Tooth Characteristics. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2016; 37:e13-e16. [PMID: 27525730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study examines whether faculty, dental students, or laypeople can determine the sex of a patient solely by looking at the shape of their teeth. METHODS Fifty faculty, 100 students, and 50 patients evaluated 40 photographed smiles for 8,000 observations. The subject group was comprised of 20 males and 20 females. Contingency table analysis was used to determine whether all study participants labeled the smiles similarly and to look for differences within each group. Care was taken to model the effect of individual variation. A nested logistic regression was employed to ascertain differences between faculty, students, and laypeople and to account for the correlation within subjects' responses. RESULTS It was expected that 50% of the smiles would be labeled as male and 50% as female. Statistical differences were found for the total group, as all participants were more likely to rate a smile as female (χ2 = 38.19, P < .0001). Using the odds ratio, study participants were 1.32 times more likely to view a smile as female. CONCLUSION Stereotyped "feminine" and "masculine" tooth anatomy characteristics could not predictably be related to the sample smiles either by faculty, students, or public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Hottel
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Chris S Ivanoff
- Associate Professor, Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Anotonelli
- Professor, Section of Prosthodontics, Nova Southeastern University, Health Professions Division, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - William Balanoff
- Former Adjunct Professor, Section of Prosthodontics, Nova Southeastern University, Health Professions Division, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | | | - Stefan A Hottel
- D-2 Dental Student, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Abstract
Elite sport and the measures imposed to prevent 'men' from 'cheating' by posing as women in women's events cast interesting light on notions of sex and gender. Some women have testes, organs that produce testosterone, because they are trans women or they have an intersex state. Testosterone is recognised as a performance-enhancing substance in at least some circumstances, and therefore, women with testes may possess an advantage when competing in some sport against women without testes, though this has never been subjected to rigorous scientific testing. The International Olympic Committee and the International Association of Athletics Federation have decreed that such individuals can compete only if they undergo medical and surgical treatment, which is likely to mean gonadectomy. This might be considered to impose an unethical demand on the individual concerned and constitute an infringement of bodily autonomy for that individual. It also suggests a binary view of sex/gender that is simplistic and not scientifically accurate. I discuss this approach and consider alternative methods of approaching the problem of women with testes in athletics.
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48
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Bagcchi S. Indian Medical Association backs lifting ban on sex testing. BMJ 2016; 352:i814. [PMID: 26861638 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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49
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Straube N, Lampert KP, Geiger MF, Weiß JD, Kirchhauser JX. First record of second-generation facultative parthenogenesis in a vertebrate species, the whitespotted bambooshark Chiloscyllium plagiosum. J Fish Biol 2016; 88:668-675. [PMID: 26727105 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two parthenogenetic events within a family of the whitespotted bambooshark Chiloscyllium plagiosum are reported. A captive female produced multiple parthenogens. Unexpectedly, a single specimen of a total of nine parthenogens displayed external claspers characterizing the male sex in chondrichthyans. Upon dissection, internal sexual organs of this specimen were malformed or absent; however, the presence of claspers in this study challenges the as yet assumed sex determination system in this shark species. Even more remarkable was that one of the female parthenogens reproduced asexually again producing viable offspring. As far as is known, this is the first genetically confirmed evidence for second-generation facultative parthenogenesis in vertebrates. These results support the evolutionary significance of parthenogenesis as an alternative to sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Straube
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247, München, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, mit Phyletischem Museum, Erbertstr. 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - K P Lampert
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - M F Geiger
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - J D Weiß
- Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247, München, Germany
| | - J X Kirchhauser
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Erbprinzenstrasse 13, 76133, Karlsruhe, Germany
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50
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Yamamoto T, Kitanishi S. Comparison of the frequency of the growth hormone pseudogene between juvenile and adult female masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou. J Fish Biol 2016; 88:746-750. [PMID: 26564093 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The proportions of individual masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou whose genotypic and phenotypic sex differed were compared among juvenile and adult fish in three rivers, and genotypically male but phenotypically female individuals were observed 6-16% more often among adults than among juveniles. This suggests that during the transition from juvenile to adult, survival rates of genotypically male but phenotypically female individuals are higher than those of normal females. In contrast, genotypically female but phenotypically male individuals were only found in the juvenile period, which suggests that they exhibit a decreased survival rate in comparison with normal males.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - S Kitanishi
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Nojihigashi 1-1-1, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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