1
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Laine J, Mak SST, Martins NFG, Chen X, Gilbert MTP, Jones FC, Pedersen MW, Romundset A, Foote AD. Late Pleistocene stickleback environmental genomes reveal the chronology of freshwater adaptation. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1142-1147.e6. [PMID: 38350445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Directly observing the chronology and tempo of adaptation in response to ecological change is rarely possible in natural ecosystems. Sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) has been shown to be a tractable source of genome-scale data of long-dead organisms1,2,3 and to thereby potentially provide an understanding of the evolutionary histories of past populations.4,5 To date, time series of ecosystem biodiversity have been reconstructed from sedaDNA, typically using DNA metabarcoding or shotgun sequence data generated from less than 1 g of sediment.6,7 Here, we maximize sequence coverage by extracting DNA from ∼50× more sediment per sample than the majority of previous studies1,2,3 to achieve genotype resolution. From a time series of Late Pleistocene sediments spanning from a marine to freshwater ecosystem, we compare adaptive genotypes reconstructed from the environmental genomes of three-spined stickleback at key time points of this transition. We find a staggered temporal dynamic in which freshwater alleles at known loci of large effect in marine-freshwater divergence of three-spined stickleback (e.g., EDA)8 were already established during the brackish phase of the formation of the isolation basin. However, marine alleles were still detected across the majority of marine-freshwater divergence-associated loci, even after the complete isolation of the lake from marine ingression. Our retrospective approach to studying adaptation from environmental genomes of three-spined sticklebacks at the end of the last glacial period complements contemporary experimental approaches9,10,11 and highlights the untapped potential for retrospective "evolve and resequence" natural experiments using sedaDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Laine
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Erling Skakkes gate 47A, 7012 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sarah S T Mak
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nuno F G Martins
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xihan Chen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Erling Skakkes gate 47A, 7012 Trondheim, Norway; Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Felicity C Jones
- Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Andrew D Foote
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Erling Skakkes gate 47A, 7012 Trondheim, Norway; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Kjær KH, Winther Pedersen M, De Sanctis B, De Cahsan B, Korneliussen TS, Michelsen CS, Sand KK, Jelavić S, Ruter AH, Schmidt AMA, Kjeldsen KK, Tesakov AS, Snowball I, Gosse JC, Alsos IG, Wang Y, Dockter C, Rasmussen M, Jørgensen ME, Skadhauge B, Prohaska A, Kristensen JÅ, Bjerager M, Allentoft ME, Coissac E, Rouillard A, Simakova A, Fernandez-Guerra A, Bowler C, Macias-Fauria M, Vinner L, Welch JJ, Hidy AJ, Sikora M, Collins MJ, Durbin R, Larsen NK, Willerslev E. A 2-million-year-old ecosystem in Greenland uncovered by environmental DNA. Nature 2022; 612:283-291. [PMID: 36477129 PMCID: PMC9729109 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene epochs 3.6 to 0.8 million years ago1 had climates resembling those forecasted under future warming2. Palaeoclimatic records show strong polar amplification with mean annual temperatures of 11-19 °C above contemporary values3,4. The biological communities inhabiting the Arctic during this time remain poorly known because fossils are rare5. Here we report an ancient environmental DNA6 (eDNA) record describing the rich plant and animal assemblages of the Kap København Formation in North Greenland, dated to around two million years ago. The record shows an open boreal forest ecosystem with mixed vegetation of poplar, birch and thuja trees, as well as a variety of Arctic and boreal shrubs and herbs, many of which had not previously been detected at the site from macrofossil and pollen records. The DNA record confirms the presence of hare and mitochondrial DNA from animals including mastodons, reindeer, rodents and geese, all ancestral to their present-day and late Pleistocene relatives. The presence of marine species including horseshoe crab and green algae support a warmer climate than today. The reconstructed ecosystem has no modern analogue. The survival of such ancient eDNA probably relates to its binding to mineral surfaces. Our findings open new areas of genetic research, demonstrating that it is possible to track the ecology and evolution of biological communities from two million years ago using ancient eDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt H Kjær
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bianca De Sanctis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Binia De Cahsan
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorfinn S Korneliussen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian S Michelsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina K Sand
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stanislav Jelavić
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, Université Gustave Eiffel, ISTerre, Grenoble, France
| | - Anthony H Ruter
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid M A Schmidt
- Nordic Foundation for Development and Ecology (NORDECO), Copenhagen, Denmark
- DIS Study Abroad in Scandinavia, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian K Kjeldsen
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexey S Tesakov
- Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ian Snowball
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John C Gosse
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Inger G Alsos
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Prohaska
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeppe Å Kristensen
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Bjerager
- Department of Geophysics and Sedimentary Basins, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Coissac
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandra Rouillard
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Geosciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Antonio Fernandez-Guerra
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Marc Macias-Fauria
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John J Welch
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan J Hidy
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Collins
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Section for GeoBiology, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Durbin
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicolaj K Larsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- MARUM, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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3
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Wang Y, Korneliussen TS, Holman LE, Manica A, Pedersen MW.
ngs
LCA
—A toolkit for fast and flexible lowest common ancestor inference and taxonomic profiling of metagenomic data. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Wang
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen K Denmark
- ALPHA, State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER) Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research (ITPCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing China
- BGI BGI‐Shenzhen Shanghai China
| | | | - Luke E. Holman
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton University of Southampton Southampton UK
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Globe Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen K Denmark
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4
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Gundlund A, Koeber L, Hoefsten DE, Vester-Andersen M, Pedersen MW, Torp-Pedersen C, Kragholm K, Soegaard P, Fosboel EL. Rehospitalizations, repeated aortic surgery, and death in initial survivors of surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection and the significance of age – a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
All patients with type A aortic dissections, regardless of age, are recommended urgent aortic surgery. However, studies exploring long term outcomes in survivors are sparse, and especially, the significance of age on long-term outcomes remain unclear.
Purpose
We described and compared incidences across age groups of post-discharge readmission, repeated aortic surgery, and death in patients who survived surgery and hospitalization for type A aortic dissection.
Methods
Using data from Danish nationwide registries, we identified patients hospitalized with Stanford type A aortic dissections from 2006–2018. Survivors of hospitalization and surgery on the ascending aorta and/or aortic arch comprised the study population (Figure 1). Using cumulative incidence plots taking death into account as a competing risk and Cox regression analysis, we described long-term outcomes (rehospitalizations, repeated aortic surgery, and death) and compared different age groups. The diagnosis of type A aortic dissection in the registries used, was validated from 191 clinical records to have a positive predictive value of 94.8%.
Results
Of 606 initial survivors of surgery and hospitalization with type A aortic dissection, 236 (38.9%) were <60 years old (group I), 194 (32.0%) were 60–69 years old (group II), and 176 (29.1%) were >69 years old (group III). Figure 2 shows cumulative incidences of outcomes according to age. During the first year, 62.5% were re-hospitalized (median number of days hospitalized was 2 days (IQR 1–8 days) and 1.4% underwent repeated aortic surgery with no significant differences across age groups (P=0.68 and P=0.39, respectively). Further, 5.9% died (group I: 3.0%, group II: 8.3%, group III: 7.4%, P=0.04). After 10 years of follow up, 8.0% had undergone repeated aortic surgery (group I: 11.5%, group II: 8.5%, group III: 1.6%, P=0.04) and 10.2% (group I), 17.0% (group II), and 22.2% (group III) had died (P=0.01). In adjusted analyses, no age differences were found in one-year outcomes, while age >69 years (group III) compared with age <60 years (group I) was associated with a lower rate of repeated aortic surgery (hazard ratio 0.17, 95% confidence interval 0.04–0.78) and a higher rate of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 2.44, 95% confidence interval 1.37–4.34) in the 10-years analysis.
Conclusion
Among survivors of type A aortic dissections, rehospitalizations the first year after discharge were common among all age groups, but survival was high. Repeated aortic surgery was rare, and significantly more common among younger than older patients. Evaluations of quality of life in survivors of type A aortic dissections are needed.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gundlund
- Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - L Koeber
- Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - D E Hoefsten
- Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - M Vester-Andersen
- Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - M W Pedersen
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of cardiology , Aalborg , Denmark
| | - C Torp-Pedersen
- Nordsjaellands Hospital, Department of cardiology , Hilleroed , Denmark
| | - K Kragholm
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of cardiology , Aalborg , Denmark
| | - P Soegaard
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of cardiology , Aalborg , Denmark
| | - E L Fosboel
- Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
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5
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De Sanctis B, Money D, Pedersen MW, Durbin R. A theoretical analysis of taxonomic binning accuracy. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:2208-2219. [PMID: 35285150 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many metagenomic and environmental DNA studies require the taxonomic assignment of individual reads or sequences by aligning reads to a reference database, known as taxonomic binning. When a read aligns to more than one reference sequence, it is often classified based on sequence similarity. This step can assign reads to incorrect taxa, at a rate which depends both on the assignment algorithm and on underlying population genetic and database parameters. In particular, as we move towards using environmental DNA to study eukaryotic taxa subject to regular recombination, we must take into account issues concerning gene tree discordance. Though accuracy is often compared across algorithms using a fixed data set, the relative impact of these population genetic and database parameters on accuracy has not yet been quantified. Here, we develop both a theoretical and simulation framework in the simplified case of two reference species, and compute binning accuracy over a wide range of parameters, including sequence length, species-query divergence time, divergence times of the reference species, reference database completeness, sample age and effective population size. We consider two assignment methods and contextualize our results using parameters from a recent ancient environmental DNA study, comparing them to the commonly used discriminative k-mer-based method Clark (Current Biology, 31, 2021, 2728; BMC Genomics, 16, 2015, 1). Our results quantify the degradation in assignment accuracy as the samples diverge from their closest reference sequence, and with incompleteness of reference sequences. We also provide a framework in which others can compute expected accuracy for their particular method or parameter set. Code is available at https://github.com/bdesanctis/binning-accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca De Sanctis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Money
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Durbin
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Wang Y, Pedersen MW, Alsos IG, De Sanctis B, Racimo F, Prohaska A, Coissac E, Owens HL, Merkel MKF, Fernandez-Guerra A, Rouillard A, Lammers Y, Alberti A, Denoeud F, Money D, Ruter AH, McColl H, Larsen NK, Cherezova AA, Edwards ME, Fedorov GB, Haile J, Orlando L, Vinner L, Korneliussen TS, Beilman DW, Bjørk AA, Cao J, Dockter C, Esdale J, Gusarova G, Kjeldsen KK, Mangerud J, Rasic JT, Skadhauge B, Svendsen JI, Tikhonov A, Wincker P, Xing Y, Zhang Y, Froese DG, Rahbek C, Bravo DN, Holden PB, Edwards NR, Durbin R, Meltzer DJ, Kjær KH, Möller P, Willerslev E. Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics. Nature 2021; 600:86-92. [PMID: 34671161 PMCID: PMC8636272 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During the last glacial-interglacial cycle, Arctic biotas experienced substantial climatic changes, yet the nature, extent and rate of their responses are not fully understood1-8. Here we report a large-scale environmental DNA metagenomic study of ancient plant and mammal communities, analysing 535 permafrost and lake sediment samples from across the Arctic spanning the past 50,000 years. Furthermore, we present 1,541 contemporary plant genome assemblies that were generated as reference sequences. Our study provides several insights into the long-term dynamics of the Arctic biota at the circumpolar and regional scales. Our key findings include: (1) a relatively homogeneous steppe-tundra flora dominated the Arctic during the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by regional divergence of vegetation during the Holocene epoch; (2) certain grazing animals consistently co-occurred in space and time; (3) humans appear to have been a minor factor in driving animal distributions; (4) higher effective precipitation, as well as an increase in the proportion of wetland plants, show negative effects on animal diversity; (5) the persistence of the steppe-tundra vegetation in northern Siberia enabled the late survival of several now-extinct megafauna species, including the woolly mammoth until 3.9 ± 0.2 thousand years ago (ka) and the woolly rhinoceros until 9.8 ± 0.2 ka; and (6) phylogenetic analysis of mammoth environmental DNA reveals a previously unsampled mitochondrial lineage. Our findings highlight the power of ancient environmental metagenomics analyses to advance understanding of population histories and long-term ecological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Wang
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Greve Alsos
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bianca De Sanctis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernando Racimo
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ana Prohaska
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eric Coissac
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Hannah Lois Owens
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Antonio Fernandez-Guerra
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Rouillard
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Geosciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Youri Lammers
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Adriana Alberti
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - France Denoeud
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Daniel Money
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony H Ruter
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hugh McColl
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolaj Krog Larsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna A Cherezova
- Institute of Earth Sciences, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
- Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mary E Edwards
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Alaska Quaternary Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Grigory B Fedorov
- Institute of Earth Sciences, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
- Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - James Haile
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre d'Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - David W Beilman
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Anders A Bjørk
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jialu Cao
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Julie Esdale
- Center for Environmental Management of Military Lands, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Galina Gusarova
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Faculty of Biology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kristian K Kjeldsen
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Mangerud
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jeffrey T Rasic
- US National Park Service, Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | | | - John Inge Svendsen
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alexei Tikhonov
- Zoological Institute, , Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Yingchun Xing
- Resource and Environmental Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Duane G Froese
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Nogues Bravo
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip B Holden
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Neil R Edwards
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Meltzer
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kurt H Kjær
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Möller
- Department of Geology, Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- MARUM, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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7
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Pedersen MW, De Sanctis B, Saremi NF, Sikora M, Puckett EE, Gu Z, Moon KL, Kapp JD, Vinner L, Vardanyan Z, Ardelean CF, Arroyo-Cabrales J, Cahill JA, Heintzman PD, Zazula G, MacPhee RDE, Shapiro B, Durbin R, Willerslev E. Environmental genomics of Late Pleistocene black bears and giant short-faced bears. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2728-2736.e8. [PMID: 33878301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of ancient environmental DNA (eDNA) has revolutionized our ability to describe biological communities in space and time,1-3 by allowing for parallel sequencing of DNA from all trophic levels.4-8 However, because environmental samples contain sparse and fragmented data from multiple individuals, and often contain closely related species,9 the field of ancient eDNA has so far been limited to organellar genomes in its contribution to population and phylogenetic studies.5,6,10,11 This is in contrast to data from fossils12,13 where full-genome studies are routine, despite these being rare and their destruction for sequencing undesirable.14-16 Here, we report the retrieval of three low-coverage (0.03×) environmental genomes from American black bear (Ursus americanus) and a 0.04× environmental genome of the extinct giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) from cave sediment samples from northern Mexico dated to 16-14 thousand calibrated years before present (cal kyr BP), which we contextualize with a new high-coverage (26×) and two lower-coverage giant short-faced bear genomes obtained from fossils recovered from Yukon Territory, Canada, which date to ∼22-50 cal kyr BP. We show that the Late Pleistocene black bear population in Mexico is ancestrally related to the present-day Eastern American black bear population, and that the extinct giant short-faced bears present in Mexico were deeply divergent from the earlier Beringian population. Our findings demonstrate the ability to separately analyze genomic-scale DNA sequences of closely related species co-preserved in environmental samples, which brings the use of ancient eDNA into the era of population genomics and phylogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bianca De Sanctis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Nedda F Saremi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering and Bioinformatics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emily E Puckett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, 3770 Walker Avenue, Ellington Hall, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Zhenquan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Science (LATPES), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Katherine L Moon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Kapp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zaruhi Vardanyan
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ciprian F Ardelean
- Unidad Académica de Antropología, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Campus II, Col. Progreso, 98066 Zacatecas, Mexico; The Archaeology Centre, Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales
- Laboratorio de Arqueozoologia, Subdireccion de Laboratorios y Apoyo Academico, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Moneda 16, Col. Centro, 06060 Mexico, CdMx, Mexico
| | - James A Cahill
- Laboratory of the Neurogenetics of Language, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter D Heintzman
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050, Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Grant Zazula
- Yukon Palaeontology Program, Department of Tourism & Culture, Government of Yukon, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2C6, Canada
| | - Ross D E MacPhee
- Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 12484, USA; American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Richard Durbin
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK; MARUM, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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8
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Gu Z, Liu K, Pedersen MW, Wang F, Chen Y, Zeng C, Liu Y. Community assembly processes underlying the temporal dynamics of glacial stream and lake bacterial communities. Sci Total Environ 2021; 761:143178. [PMID: 33153747 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Community assembly processes are important in structuring aquatic microbial communities; however, the influence of these processes on the dynamics of bacterial communities in glacial streams and lakes remains largely unstudied. To investigate the assembly processes underlying the temporal variation of the bacterial community, we collected 50 water samples over five months in an ephemeral glacial stream and its downstream lake at the terminus of the Qiangyong glacier on the Tibetan Plateau. Using the V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene combined with environmental measurements, such as water temperature, pH, total nitrogen (TN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and water conductivity, we found that temporal variation in the environmental factors promoted the shift in the proglacial stream and the lake bacterial communities. The quantification of ecological processes showed that the stream microbial communities were influenced by the ecological drift (40%) in June, then changed to homogeneous selection (40%) in July and variable selection (60%) in September, while the dynamic pattern of proglacial lake bacterioplankton was governed by homogeneous selection (≥ 50%) over the time. Overall, the dynamic of bacterial community in the proglacial stream and lake water is influenced by environmental factors, and the community composition assembly of the Qiangyong glacial stream and lake could be dynamic and primarily governed by deterministic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengquan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Keshao Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, China.
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, China
| | - Yongqin Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, China
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9
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Ardelean CF, Becerra-Valdivia L, Pedersen MW, Schwenninger JL, Oviatt CG, Macías-Quintero JI, Arroyo-Cabrales J, Sikora M, Ocampo-Díaz YZE, Rubio-Cisneros II, Watling JG, de Medeiros VB, De Oliveira PE, Barba-Pingarón L, Ortiz-Butrón A, Blancas-Vázquez J, Rivera-González I, Solís-Rosales C, Rodríguez-Ceja M, Gandy DA, Navarro-Gutierrez Z, De La Rosa-Díaz JJ, Huerta-Arellano V, Marroquín-Fernández MB, Martínez-Riojas LM, López-Jiménez A, Higham T, Willerslev E. Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 2020; 584:87-92. [PMID: 32699412 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2509-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The initial colonization of the Americas remains a highly debated topic1, and the exact timing of the first arrivals is unknown. The earliest archaeological record of Mexico-which holds a key geographical position in the Americas-is poorly known and understudied. Historically, the region has remained on the periphery of research focused on the first American populations2. However, recent investigations provide reliable evidence of a human presence in the northwest region of Mexico3,4, the Chiapas Highlands5, Central Mexico6 and the Caribbean coast7-9 during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene epochs. Here we present results of recent excavations at Chiquihuite Cave-a high-altitude site in central-northern Mexico-that corroborate previous findings in the Americas10-17of cultural evidence that dates to the Last Glacial Maximum (26,500-19,000 years ago)18, and which push back dates for human dispersal to the region possibly as early as 33,000-31,000 years ago. The site yielded about 1,900 stone artefacts within a 3-m-deep stratified sequence, revealing a previously unknown lithic industry that underwent only minor changes over millennia. More than 50 radiocarbon and luminescence dates provide chronological control, and genetic, palaeoenvironmental and chemical data document the changing environments in which the occupants lived. Our results provide new evidence for the antiquity of humans in the Americas, illustrate the cultural diversity of the earliest dispersal groups (which predate those of the Clovis culture) and open new directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian F Ardelean
- Unidad Académica de Antropología, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico. .,Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Lorena Becerra-Valdivia
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Chronos 14C-Cycle Facility, SSEAU, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Jean-Luc Schwenninger
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles G Oviatt
- Department of Geology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juan I Macías-Quintero
- Escuela de Arqueología, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Mexico
| | - Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales
- Laboratorio de Arqueozoología, Subdirección de Laboratorios y Apoyo Académico, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yam Zul E Ocampo-Díaz
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de San Luís Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.,Grupo de Geología Exógena y del Sedimentario, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Jennifer G Watling
- Laboratório de Arqueologia dos Trópicos, Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanda B de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Micropaleontologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo E De Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micropaleontologia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Botany Department, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luis Barba-Pingarón
- Laboratorio de Prospección Arqueológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas (IIA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Agustín Ortiz-Butrón
- Laboratorio de Prospección Arqueológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas (IIA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Blancas-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Prospección Arqueológica, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas (IIA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irán Rivera-González
- Laboratorio de Palinología, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Corina Solís-Rosales
- Laboratorio de Espectrometría de Masas con Aceleradores, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Rodríguez-Ceja
- Laboratorio de Espectrometría de Masas con Aceleradores, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Devlin A Gandy
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alejandro López-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Arqueozoología, Subdirección de Laboratorios y Apoyo Académico, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Thomas Higham
- Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Welcome Trust, Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. .,The Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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10
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Abstract
The ancient DNA revolution of the past 35 years has driven an explosion in the breadth, nuance, and diversity of questions that are approachable using ancient biomolecules, and plant research has been a constant, indispensable facet of these developments. Using archaeological, paleontological, and herbarium plant tissues, researchers have probed plant domestication and dispersal, plant evolution and ecology, paleoenvironmental composition and dynamics, and other topics across related disciplines. Here, we review the development of the ancient DNA discipline and the role of plant research in its progress and refinement. We summarize our understanding of long-term plant DNA preservation and the characteristics of degraded DNA. In addition, we discuss challenges in ancient DNA recovery and analysis and the laboratory and bioinformatic strategies used to mitigate them. Finally, we review recent applications of ancient plant genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Kistler
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA;
| | - Vanessa C Bieker
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; ,
| | - Michael D Martin
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; ,
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jazmín Ramos Madrigal
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Nathan Wales
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, United Kingdom;
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11
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Jensen TZT, Niemann J, Iversen KH, Fotakis AK, Gopalakrishnan S, Vågene ÅJ, Pedersen MW, Sinding MHS, Ellegaard MR, Allentoft ME, Lanigan LT, Taurozzi AJ, Nielsen SH, Dee MW, Mortensen MN, Christensen MC, Sørensen SA, Collins MJ, Gilbert MTP, Sikora M, Rasmussen S, Schroeder H. A 5700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome from chewed birch pitch. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5520. [PMID: 31848342 PMCID: PMC6917805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of ancient genomics has revolutionised our understanding of human prehistory but this work depends on the availability of suitable samples. Here we present a complete ancient human genome and oral microbiome sequenced from a 5700 year-old piece of chewed birch pitch from Denmark. We sequence the human genome to an average depth of 2.3× and find that the individual who chewed the pitch was female and that she was genetically more closely related to western hunter-gatherers from mainland Europe than hunter-gatherers from central Scandinavia. We also find that she likely had dark skin, dark brown hair and blue eyes. In addition, we identify DNA fragments from several bacterial and viral taxa, including Epstein-Barr virus, as well as animal and plant DNA, which may have derived from a recent meal. The results highlight the potential of chewed birch pitch as a source of ancient DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theis Z T Jensen
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
- BioArch, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jonas Niemann
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
- BioArch, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Katrine Højholt Iversen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Anna K Fotakis
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Shyam Gopalakrishnan
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Åshild J Vågene
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Mikkel-Holger S Sinding
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Martin R Ellegaard
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Liam T Lanigan
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Alberto J Taurozzi
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Sofie Holtsmark Nielsen
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Michael W Dee
- Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Martin N Mortensen
- The National Museum of Denmark, I.C. Modewegs Vej, Brede, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Mads C Christensen
- The National Museum of Denmark, I.C. Modewegs Vej, Brede, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Søren A Sørensen
- Museum Lolland-Falster, Frisegade 40, Nykøbing Falster, 4800, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Collins
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
- University Museum, NTNU, 7012, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Sikora
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Hannes Schroeder
- The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1353, Denmark.
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12
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Knudsen AM, Eilertsen I, Kielland S, Pedersen MW, Sørensen MD, Dahlrot RH, Boldt HB, Mellegaard CS, Munthe S, Poulsen FR, Kristensen BW. P04.41 Expression and prognostic value of the transcription factors EGR1 and EGR3 in gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy139.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A M Knudsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - I Eilertsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - S Kielland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - M W Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - M D Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - R H Dahlrot
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - H B Boldt
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - C S Mellegaard
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - S Munthe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - F R Poulsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - B W Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
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13
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Knudsen AM, Eilertsen I, Kielland S, Pedersen MW, Sørensen MD, Dahlrot RH, Boldt HB, Mellegaard CS, Munthe S, Poulsen FR, Kristensen BW. P04.25 Expression and prognostic value of the transcription factors EGR1 and EGR3 in gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy139.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A M Knudsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - I Eilertsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - S Kielland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - M W Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - M D Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - R H Dahlrot
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - H B Boldt
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - C S Mellegaard
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - S Munthe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - F R Poulsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - B W Kristensen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
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14
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de Barros Damgaard P, Marchi N, Rasmussen S, Peyrot M, Renaud G, Korneliussen T, Moreno-Mayar JV, Pedersen MW, Goldberg A, Usmanova E, Baimukhanov N, Loman V, Hedeager L, Pedersen AG, Nielsen K, Afanasiev G, Akmatov K, Aldashev A, Alpaslan A, Baimbetov G, Bazaliiskii VI, Beisenov A, Boldbaatar B, Boldgiv B, Dorzhu C, Ellingvag S, Erdenebaatar D, Dajani R, Dmitriev E, Evdokimov V, Frei KM, Gromov A, Goryachev A, Hakonarson H, Hegay T, Khachatryan Z, Khaskhanov R, Kitov E, Kolbina A, Kubatbek T, Kukushkin A, Kukushkin I, Lau N, Margaryan A, Merkyte I, Mertz IV, Mertz VK, Mijiddorj E, Moiyesev V, Mukhtarova G, Nurmukhanbetov B, Orozbekova Z, Panyushkina I, Pieta K, Smrčka V, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Sjogren KG, Štolcova T, Taravella AM, Tashbaeva K, Tkachev A, Tulegenov T, Voyakin D, Yepiskoposyan L, Undrakhbold S, Varfolomeev V, Weber A, Wilson Sayres MA, Kradin N, Allentoft ME, Orlando L, Nielsen R, Sikora M, Heyer E, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E. Author Correction: 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature 2018; 563:E16. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Damgaard PDB, Marchi N, Rasmussen S, Peyrot M, Renaud G, Korneliussen T, Moreno-Mayar JV, Pedersen MW, Goldberg A, Usmanova E, Baimukhanov N, Loman V, Hedeager L, Pedersen AG, Nielsen K, Afanasiev G, Akmatov K, Aldashev A, Alpaslan A, Baimbetov G, Bazaliiskii VI, Beisenov A, Boldbaatar B, Boldgiv B, Dorzhu C, Ellingvag S, Erdenebaatar D, Dajani R, Dmitriev E, Evdokimov V, Frei KM, Gromov A, Goryachev A, Hakonarson H, Hegay T, Khachatryan Z, Khaskhanov R, Kitov E, Kolbina A, Kubatbek T, Kukushkin A, Kukushkin I, Lau N, Margaryan A, Merkyte I, Mertz IV, Mertz VK, Mijiddorj E, Moiyesev V, Mukhtarova G, Nurmukhanbetov B, Orozbekova Z, Panyushkina I, Pieta K, Smrčka V, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Sjögren KG, Štolcová T, Taravella AM, Tashbaeva K, Tkachev A, Tulegenov T, Voyakin D, Yepiskoposyan L, Undrakhbold S, Varfolomeev V, Weber A, Wilson Sayres MA, Kradin N, Allentoft ME, Orlando L, Nielsen R, Sikora M, Heyer E, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E. 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature 2018; 557:369-374. [PMID: 29743675 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter de Barros Damgaard
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Marchi
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michaël Peyrot
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Renaud
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorfinn Korneliussen
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Víctor Moreno-Mayar
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Amy Goldberg
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emma Usmanova
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Valeriy Loman
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Lotte Hedeager
- Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Gorm Pedersen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper Nielsen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gennady Afanasiev
- Department of Theory and Methods, Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kunbolot Akmatov
- Department of History, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Almaz Aldashev
- National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Ashyk Alpaslan
- Department of History, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | | | - Arman Beisenov
- A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Bazartseren Boldbaatar
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bazartseren Boldgiv
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Choduraa Dorzhu
- Departament of Biology and Ecology, Tuvan State University, Kyzyl, Russia
| | | | | | - Rana Dajani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.,Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evgeniy Dmitriev
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Valeriy Evdokimov
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Karin M Frei
- Unit for Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrey Gromov
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tatyana Hegay
- Republican Scientific Center of Immunology, Ministry of Public Health, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Zaruhi Khachatryan
- Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Ruslan Khaskhanov
- Complex Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Grozny, Russia
| | - Egor Kitov
- A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Kolbina
- Kostanay Regional Local History Museum, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Tabaldiev Kubatbek
- Department of History, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Alexey Kukushkin
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Igor Kukushkin
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Nina Lau
- Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig, Germany
| | - Ashot Margaryan
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Inga Merkyte
- Saxo-Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ilya V Mertz
- Center for Archaeological Research, S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Viktor K Mertz
- Center for Archaeological Research, S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Enkhbayar Mijiddorj
- Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Vyacheslav Moiyesev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gulmira Mukhtarova
- The State Historical and Cultural Reserve-Museum (ISSYK), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Z Orozbekova
- Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Panyushkina
- University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karol Pieta
- Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Václav Smrčka
- Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irina Shevnina
- Archaeological Laboratory, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Logvin
- Archaeological Laboratory, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tereza Štolcová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Angela M Taravella
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kadicha Tashbaeva
- Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Alexander Tkachev
- Institute of Problems Development of the North Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Turaly Tulegenov
- The State Historical and Cultural Reserve-Museum (ISSYK), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Levon Yepiskoposyan
- Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sainbileg Undrakhbold
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Victor Varfolomeev
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrzej Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melissa A Wilson Sayres
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nikolay Kradin
- Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia.,Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist, and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sikora
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Eske Willerslev
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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16
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Cappellini E, Prohaska A, Racimo F, Welker F, Pedersen MW, Allentoft ME, de Barros Damgaard P, Gutenbrunner P, Dunne J, Hammann S, Roffet-Salque M, Ilardo M, Moreno-Mayar JV, Wang Y, Sikora M, Vinner L, Cox J, Evershed RP, Willerslev E. Ancient Biomolecules and Evolutionary Inference. Annu Rev Biochem 2018; 87:1029-1060. [PMID: 29709200 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, studies of ancient biomolecules-particularly ancient DNA, proteins, and lipids-have revolutionized our understanding of evolutionary history. Though initially fraught with many challenges, today the field stands on firm foundations. Researchers now successfully retrieve nucleotide and amino acid sequences, as well as lipid signatures, from progressively older samples, originating from geographic areas and depositional environments that, until recently, were regarded as hostile to long-term preservation of biomolecules. Sampling frequencies and the spatial and temporal scope of studies have also increased markedly, and with them the size and quality of the data sets generated. This progress has been made possible by continuous technical innovations in analytical methods, enhanced criteria for the selection of ancient samples, integrated experimental methods, and advanced computational approaches. Here, we discuss the history and current state of ancient biomolecule research, its applications to evolutionary inference, and future directions for this young and exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Cappellini
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Ana Prohaska
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Racimo
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Frido Welker
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Morten E Allentoft
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Peter de Barros Damgaard
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Petra Gutenbrunner
- Computational Systems Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julie Dunne
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom;
| | - Simon Hammann
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom; .,Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, United Kingdom
| | - Mélanie Roffet-Salque
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom;
| | - Melissa Ilardo
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - J Víctor Moreno-Mayar
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Martin Sikora
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; ,
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Computational Systems Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom;
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark; , .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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17
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Parducci L, Bennett KD, Ficetola GF, Alsos IG, Suyama Y, Wood JR, Pedersen MW. Ancient plant DNA in lake sediments. New Phytol 2017; 214:924-942. [PMID: 28370025 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Contents 924 I. 925 II. 925 III. 927 IV. 929 V. 930 VI. 930 VII. 931 VIII. 933 IX. 935 X. 936 XI. 938 938 References 938 SUMMARY: Recent advances in sequencing technologies now permit the analyses of plant DNA from fossil samples (ancient plant DNA, plant aDNA), and thus enable the molecular reconstruction of palaeofloras. Hitherto, ancient frozen soils have proved excellent in preserving DNA molecules, and have thus been the most commonly used source of plant aDNA. However, DNA from soil mainly represents taxa growing a few metres from the sampling point. Lakes have larger catchment areas and recent studies have suggested that plant aDNA from lake sediments is a more powerful tool for palaeofloristic reconstruction. Furthermore, lakes can be found globally in nearly all environments, and are therefore not limited to perennially frozen areas. Here, we review the latest approaches and methods for the study of plant aDNA from lake sediments and discuss the progress made up to the present. We argue that aDNA analyses add new and additional perspectives for the study of ancient plant populations and, in time, will provide higher taxonomic resolution and more precise estimation of abundance. Despite this, key questions and challenges remain for such plant aDNA studies. Finally, we provide guidelines on technical issues, including lake selection, and we suggest directions for future research on plant aDNA studies in lake sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Parducci
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, 75236, Sweden
| | - Keith D Bennett
- Department of Geography & Sustainable Development, School of Geography & Geosciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AL, UK
- Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, Portaferry, BT22 1LS, UK
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- CNRS, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Grenoble, F-38000, France
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Inger Greve Alsos
- Tromsø Museum, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, NO-9037, Norway
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
| | - Jamie R Wood
- Long-term Ecology Lab, Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln Canterbury, 7640, New Zealand
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
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18
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Schwarz LJ, Hutchinson KE, Estrada MV, Sanders ME, Dugger TC, Formisano L, Guerrero AL, Red-Brewer M, Young CD, Lantto J, Pedersen MW, Kragh M, Horak ID, Arteaga CL. Abstract P6-12-09: Pan-HER, an antibody mixture with antitumor activity against drug-resistant HER2-overexpressing breast cancers with high ERBB ligand expression. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-p6-12-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Amplification/overexpression of ERBB receptors and/or ligands has been associated with resistance to anti-HER2 therapies. Pan-HER is a mixture of six antibodies targeting each of the ERBB receptors, EGFR, HER2 and HER3, with synergistic pairs of antibodies. Each pair of antibodies simultaneously blocks ligand binding and/or induces target degradation, thus preventing compensatory mechanisms to anti-ERBB therapies. We examined the antitumor activity of Pan-HER against drug-sensitive and -resistant HER2+ breast cancer cells and xenografts.
Results: Pan-HER exhibited potent growth inhibitory activity against a panel of HER2+ breast cancer cells (BT474, MDA-453, MDA-361, SUM190, HCC1954, UACC893 and SKBR3). Growth inhibition was associated with internalization and degradation of EGFR, HER2 and HER3. Pan-HER was superior to the combination of trastuzumab/pertuzumab (TP) against HER2+/PIK3CA mutant MDA-361, HCC1954, UACC893 and MDA-453 cells. We next compared the effect of Pan-HER against BT474, HCC1954 and MDA-361 xenografts established in nude mice to that of trastuzumab/lapatinib (TL), TP and T-DM1. All treatments were effective across the panel of xenografts. In mice with MDA-361 tumors, Pan-HER and TP were superior to TL. Immunoblot analysis showed significant downregulation of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 only in tumors treated with Pan-HER. After a complete response, treatment was discontinued. Among mice with BT474 xenografts treated with TP, TL and T-DM1, 25-50% of mice exhibited a tumor recurrence within 50 weeks of follow-up, while no recurrences were registered in mice treated with Pan-HER. Tumors recurring after TP and T-DM1 expressed significantly higher HER3 and P-HER3 protein levels and NRG1 mRNA levels. HCC1954 xenografts recurring after T-DM1 also overexpressed NRG1 mRNA compared to tumors before therapy.
We next examined the effect of Pan-HER against trastuzumab-resistant HR6 (BT474) cells (Ritter et al. CCR 2007) and HCC1954 and UACC893 cells with acquired resistance to T-DM1 (TDR; IC50 >5-, >6- and 600-fold in HR6, UACC893-TDR and HCC1954-TDR cells, respectively, vs. parental cells). All T-DM1-resistant cells expressed significantly higher HER3 and P-HER3 protein levels and NRG1 mRNA and protein levels. Treatment with the HER3 neutralizing antibody LJM716 resensitized HR6 and HCC1954-TDR cells to T-DM1, suggesting a causal association between the NRG1-HER3 axis and drug resistance. Mice with HR6 tumors were treated with Pan-HER, TL, TP and T-DM1. Only Pan-HER arrested HR6 tumor growth and downregulated EGFR, HER2, HER3, P-HER3 and P-AKT. Finally, HCC1954-TDR tumors rapidly grew in vivo despite treatment with T-DM1. Administration of Pan-HER to mice bearing HCC1954-TDR xenografts growing in the presence of T-DM1, induced rapid tumor regressions.
Conclusions: These data suggest that multitarget therapeutic interventions, such as Pan-HER, which simultaneously remove and/or block all ERBB receptors and ligands, are a feasible and effective approach against HER2-overexpressing cancers both sensitive and resistant to anti-HER2 therapies.
Citation Format: Schwarz LJ, Hutchinson KE, Estrada MV, Sanders ME, Dugger TC, Formisano L, Guerrero AL, Red-Brewer M, Young CD, Lantto J, Pedersen MW, Kragh M, Horak ID, Arteaga CL. Pan-HER, an antibody mixture with antitumor activity against drug-resistant HER2-overexpressing breast cancers with high ERBB ligand expression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-12-09.
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Affiliation(s)
- LJ Schwarz
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - KE Hutchinson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - MV Estrada
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - ME Sanders
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - TC Dugger
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - L Formisano
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - AL Guerrero
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - M Red-Brewer
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - CD Young
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - J Lantto
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - MW Pedersen
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - M Kragh
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - ID Horak
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - CL Arteaga
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Symphogen, Ballerup, Denmark
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Sigsgaard EE, Nielsen IB, Bach SS, Lorenzen ED, Robinson DP, Knudsen SW, Pedersen MW, Jaidah MA, Orlando L, Willerslev E, Møller PR, Thomsen PF. Population characteristics of a large whale shark aggregation inferred from seawater environmental DNA. Nat Ecol Evol 2016; 1:4. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-016-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Handberg KJ, Nielsen OL, Pedersen MW, Jørgensen PH. Detection and strain differentiation of infectious bronchitis virus in tracheal tissues from experimentally infected chickens by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Comparison with an immunohistochemical technique. Avian Pathol 2016; 28:327-35. [PMID: 26905488 DOI: 10.1080/03079459994579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide pairs were constructed for priming the amplification of fragments of nucleocapsid (N) protein and spike glycoprotein (S) genes of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). One oligonucleotide pair amplified a common segment of the N-gene and could detect various strains of IBV in allantoic fluid from inoculated chicken embryos, and in tracheal tissue preparations from experimentally infected chickens. Four pairs of oligonucleotides selectively primed the amplification of the S1 gene of Massachusetts/Connecticut, D1466, D274/D3896 and 793B strains of IBV, respectively. Groups of specific pathogen free chickens were experimentally inoculated with the Massachusetts (H120, M41), the D1466 and the 793B strains of IBV, and tracheal tissue preparations were made from each bird for RT-PCR and for immunohistochemistry (IHC) up to 3 days post-inoculation. The N-gene RT-PCR detected IBV in 82% of the chickens, while IHC only detected IBV in 60%. This difference was significant (P<0.02). The detection rate by N-gene RT-PCR varied from 67 to 100% for the various strains of IBV inoculated. The S1 gene oligonucleotide pairs were applied to the same tissue preparations and they detected specifically the Massachusetts (M41 and H120), the D1466 and the 793B strains of IBV at rates varying between 58 and 92%. When the mixtures of the primers were applied, the detection rate in tissue preparations was reduced to the level of 50 to 67%. It is concluded that the direct detection of IBV in tracheal tissues by RT-PCR is more sensitive than IHC and that the RT-PCR technique is able to distinguish between types of IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Handberg
- a Danish Veterinary Laboratory , Hangøvej 2 , Aarhus N , DK-8200 , Denmark
| | - O L Nielsen
- a Danish Veterinary Laboratory , Hangøvej 2 , Aarhus N , DK-8200 , Denmark
| | - M W Pedersen
- b Danish Veterinary Laboratory , Bülowsvej 27 , Copenhagen V. , DK-1790 , Denmark
| | - P H Jørgensen
- a Danish Veterinary Laboratory , Hangøvej 2 , Aarhus N , DK-8200 , Denmark
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Weng KC, Pedersen MW, Del Raye GA, Caselle JE, Gray AE. Umbrella species in marine systems: using the endangered humphead wrasse to conserve coral reefs. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Pedersen MW, Overballe-Petersen S, Ermini L, Sarkissian CD, Haile J, Hellstrom M, Spens J, Thomsen PF, Bohmann K, Cappellini E, Schnell IB, Wales NA, Carøe C, Campos PF, Schmidt AMZ, Gilbert MTP, Hansen AJ, Orlando L, Willerslev E. Ancient and modern environmental DNA. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130383. [PMID: 25487334 PMCID: PMC4275890 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA obtained from environmental samples such as sediments, ice or water (environmental DNA, eDNA), represents an important source of information on past and present biodiversity. It has revealed an ancient forest in Greenland, extended by several thousand years the survival dates for mainland woolly mammoth in Alaska, and pushed back the dates for spruce survival in Scandinavian ice-free refugia during the last glaciation. More recently, eDNA was used to uncover the past 50 000 years of vegetation history in the Arctic, revealing massive vegetation turnover at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition, with implications for the extinction of megafauna. Furthermore, eDNA can reflect the biodiversity of extant flora and fauna, both qualitatively and quantitatively, allowing detection of rare species. As such, trace studies of plant and vertebrate DNA in the environment have revolutionized our knowledge of biogeography. However, the approach remains marred by biases related to DNA behaviour in environmental settings, incomplete reference databases and false positive results due to contamination. We provide a review of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Søren Overballe-Petersen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Luca Ermini
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Clio Der Sarkissian
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - James Haile
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Micaela Hellstrom
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Johan Spens
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, SLU, Umeå S-901 83, Sweden
| | - Philip Francis Thomsen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Kristine Bohmann
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Enrico Cappellini
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Ida Bærholm Schnell
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nathan A Wales
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Christian Carøe
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Paula F Campos
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Astrid M Z Schmidt
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Anders J Hansen
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, Oester Voldgade 5-7, Copenhagen C 1350, Denmark
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Neuenfeldt S, Righton D, Neat F, Wright PJ, Svedäng H, Michalsen K, Subbey S, Steingrund P, Thorsteinsson V, Pampoulie C, Andersen KH, Pedersen MW, Metcalfe J. Analysing migrations of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in the north-east Atlantic Ocean: then, now and the future. J Fish Biol 2013; 82:741-763. [PMID: 23464542 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of data storage tags bears the potential for a quantum leap in the research on fish migrations, because not only first-capture and recapture positions are known, but at least theoretically, the migration path during the period at large can be reconstructed. Position, however, cannot be measured directly but has to be estimated using the available data on light, temperature, pressure and salinity. The reconstructed locations based on advanced estimation techniques have been termed geolocations. Examples are discussed which illustrate the applicability of geolocations in individual path descriptions, separation of reproductively isolated populations, timing and areas of spawning, tidal transport and use of protected areas. The examples are based on archival tag data from the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Barents Sea and Faroese and Icelandic Waters. Besides presenting the state-of-the-art geolocations for cod Gadus morhua in the north-east Atlantic Ocean, the major aim of this review is to raise awareness of gaps in knowledge and to identify ideas for new research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Neuenfeldt
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kavalergården 6, DK-2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark.
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24
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Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently amplified and/or mutated in a number of human tumours and abnormal signalling from this receptor is believed to contribute to the malignant phenotype seen in these tumours. Gefitinib is a small molecule inhibitor that specifically binds and inhibits the EGFR tyrosine kinase and has been shown to inhibit the growth, proliferation, survival and invasion of a range of tumour cells overexpressing EGFR. However, clinical response to gefitinib has failed to correlate with EGFR levels and activity, indicating that other molecular mechanisms such as downstream signalling and mutations could be of importance in predicting clinical response. We therefore investigated the effect of the specific EGFR inhibitor gefitinib on the phosphorylation level, signalling and growth of cells expressing the naturally occurring constitutively active EGFR variant EGFRvIII, a low nontransforming level of EGFR and a high transforming level of EGFR. Results show that levels of gefitinib sufficient to suppress EGFR phosphorylations, EGFR-mediated proliferation and EGFR-mediated anchorage-independent growth are not sufficient to inhibit these features in cells expressing EGFRvIII. Furthermore, the data indicate that long-term exposure of EGFRvIII-expressing cells to low concentrations of gefitinib (0.01–0.1 μM) result in increased phosphotyrosine load of the receptor, increased signalling to ERK and stimulation of proliferation and anchorage-independent growth, presumably by inducing EGFRvIII dimerisation. Higher concentrations of gefitinib (1–2 μM), on the other hand, significantly decreased EGFRvIII phosphotyrosine load, EGFRvIII-mediated proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. Further studies are needed to investigate the implications of these important findings in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Pedersen
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - N Pedersen
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - L H Ottesen
- Medical Department, AstraZeneca, Roskildevej 22, Albertslund DK-2620, Denmark
| | - H S Poulsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark. E-mail:
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Pedersen N, Pedersen MW, Lan MS, Breslin MB, Poulsen HS. The insulinoma-associated 1: a novel promoter for targeted cancer gene therapy for small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 13:375-84. [PMID: 16052225 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The insulinoma-associated 1 (INSM1) gene is expressed exclusively during early embryonal development, but has been found re-expressed at high levels in neuroendocrine tumors. The regulatory region of the INSM1 gene is therefore a potential candidate for regulating expression of a therapeutic gene in transcriptionally targeted cancer gene therapy against neuroendocrine tumors. We analyzed expression of a reporter gene from a 1.7 kb region of the INSM1 promoter in a large number of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. This INSM1 promoter region showed very high levels of expression in most of the SCLC cell lines and expression was absent in cell lines of non-neuroendocrine origin. Inclusion of the general transcriptional enhancer from SV40 compromised the specificity of the promoter and did not enhance transcription in most of the SCLC cell lines. For comparison, the region of the gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) previously suggested for SCLC gene therapy was analyzed in a similar manner. High expression was observed for a number of cell lines, but unlike for the INSM1 promoter, reporter gene expression from the GRP promoter did not correlate to the relative GRP mRNA levels, demonstrating that this region may not contain all necessary regulatory elements. Expression of the suicide gene herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) from the INSM1 promoter in combination with treatment with the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) caused a significant increase in GCV sensitivity specifically in INSM1-expressing cell lines. The INSM1 promoter is therefore a potential novel tool for transcriptionally targeted gene therapy for neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pedersen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Finsen Center, National University Hospital, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Pedersen MW, Thykjaer T, Ørntoft TF, Damstrup L, Poulsen HS. Profile of differentially expressed genes mediated by the type III epidermal growth factor receptor mutation expressed in a small-cell lung cancer cell line. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1211-8. [PMID: 11710837 PMCID: PMC2375145 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a correlation between expression of the EGF receptor type III mutation (EGFRvIII) and a more malignant phenotype of various cancers including: non-small-cell lung cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, prostate cancer and breast cancer. Thus, a detailed molecular genetic understanding of how the EGFRvIII contributes to the malignant phenotype is of major importance for future therapy. The GeneChip Hu6800Set developed by Affymetrix was used to identify changes in gene expression caused by the expression of EGFRvIII. The cell line selected for the study was an EGF receptor negative small-cell-lung cancer cell line, GLC3, stably transfected with the EGFRvIII gene in a Tet-On system. By comparison of mRNA levels in EGFRvIII-GLC3 with those of Tet-On-GLC3, it was found that the levels of mRNAs encoding several transcription factors (ATF-3, JunD, and c-Myb), cell adhesion molecules (CD36, CD24), signal transduction related molecules (MKP-1) and other molecules related to cancer (CD98, thymosin beta-10) were altered in the EGFRvIII transfected cell line. Northern hybridisations and Western blot analyses were used to verify selected results. The results indicate that expression of EGFRvIII alters expression of genes involved in the control of cell growth, survival and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Pedersen
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Centre, National University Hospital, Section 6321, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
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27
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Pedersen MW, Meltorn M, Damstrup L, Poulsen HS. The type III epidermal growth factor receptor mutation. Biological significance and potential target for anti-cancer therapy. Ann Oncol 2001; 12:745-60. [PMID: 11484948 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011177318162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor occur frequently in a number of human tumours including gliomas, non-small-cell lung carcinomas, ovarian carcinomas and prostate carcinomas. The type III epidermal growth factor receptor mutation (variously named EGFRvIII, de2-7 EGFR or AEGFR), which lacks a portion of the extracellular ligand binding domain, is the most common. Here, we review the current status with regard to the role of EGFRvIII in human cancers. A detailed discussion of the formation of EGFRvIII and its structure at the protein level are likewise included along with a discussion of its more functional roles. The design and use (preclinical and clinical) of small molecule inhibitors, antibodies, and antisense oligonucleotides against wild-type EGFR are considered in detail as these strategies can be directly adapted to target EGFRvIII. Finally, the status of EGFRvIII targeted therapy is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Pedersen
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Finsen Centre, National University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Pedersen MW, Holm S, Lund EL, Højgaard L, Kristjansen PE. Coregulation of glucose uptake and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in two small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) sublines in vivo and in vitro. Neoplasia 2001; 3:80-7. [PMID: 11326319 PMCID: PMC1505028 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationship between (18)F- labeled 2-fluro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) uptake, and expression of glucose transporters (GLUTs) in two human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) lines CPH 54A and CPH 54B. Changes in the expression of GLUTs and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) during 12-, 18-, and 24 hours of severe hypoxia in vivo (xenografts) and in vitro (cell cultures) were recorded for both tumor lines. The two SCLC lines are subpopulations of the same patient tumor. In spite of their common genomic origin they represent consistently different metabolic and microenvironmental phenotypes as well as treatment sensitivities. There were higher levels of Glut-1 protein in 54B and a correspondingly higher FDG uptake in this tumor line (P<.001). During hypoxia a significant upregulation of in VEGF mRNA, GLUT-1 mRNA, and Glut-1 and -3 protein occurred with a distinctly different time course in the two cell lines. A similar co-upregulation of GLUT and VEGF was seen in hypoxic tumors of both lines. There were no significant changes of HIF-1alpha mRNA during hypoxia in either of the cell lines. A more detailed understanding of such correlations between glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, and microenvironmental phenotype of tumors, by positron emission tomography (PET) and molecular techniques might further sophisticate our interpretation of glycolytic predominance in tumors as seen by 18FFDG PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Pedersen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Pathology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Lund EL, Thorsen C, Pedersen MW, Junker N, Kristjansen PE. Relationship between vessel density and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in small cell lung cancer in vivo and in vitro. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:4287-91. [PMID: 11106245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In 21 human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines, we determined the expression of mRNA and secreted protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The VEGF expression was highly variable between cell lines, with a > 100-fold variation, under identical in vitro conditions. The bFGF expression in cell lines was generally very low. Nine of the cell lines were further analyzed during growth as solid tumor xenografts in nude mice (in vivo). A more uniform VEGF protein expression was present in vivo. Compared with the variable in vitro expression, VEGF was relatively up-regulated in the tumor lines CPH 54A and CPH 54B and down-regulated in GLC 3. One line, DMS 79, had a high VEGF expression in vivo as well as in vitro. The vessel density was determined by Chalkley point counting on CD31 immunostained cryosections of tumors of each of the nine SCLC lines. We found a strong positive correlation between vessel density and tissue VEGF protein expression (r(s) = 0.75; P = 0.02) and a comparatively strong negative correlation (r(s) = -0.80; P = 0.01) between vessel density and tissue bFGF expression. No significant correlation was present between vessel density and in vitro VEGF expression. We conclude that VEGF and bFGF expression is dependent on microenvironmental conditions, as well as cell line-specific factors, and that a strong positive correlation exists between in vivo VEGF expression and vessel density, whereas high tissue levels of bFGF are not correlated with higher vessel densities in SCLC xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Lund
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Duthie GG, Pedersen MW, Gardner PT, Morrice PC, Jenkinson AM, McPhail DB, Steele GM. The effect of whisky and wine consumption on total phenol content and antioxidant capacity of plasma from healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998; 52:733-6. [PMID: 9805220 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether consumption of 100 ml of whisky or red wine by healthy male subjects increased plasma total phenol content and antioxidant capacity. DESIGN A Latin square arrangement to eliminate ordering effects whereby, after an overnight fast, nine volunteers consumed 100 ml of red wine, malt whisky or unmatured 'new make' spirit. Each volunteer participated on three occasions one week apart, consuming one of the beverages each time. Blood samples were obtained from the anticubital vein at intervals up to 4h after consumption of the beverages when a urine sample was also obtained. RESULTS Within 30 min of consumption of the wine and whisky, there was a similar and significant increase in plasma total phenol content and antioxidant capacity as determined by the ferric reducing capacity of plasma (FRAP). No changes were observed following consumption of 'new make' spirit. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of phenolic-containing alcoholic beverages transiently raises total phenol concentration and enhances the antioxidant capacity of plasma. This is compatible with suggestions that moderate alcohol usage and increased antioxidant intake decrease the risk of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Duthie
- Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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Sørensen V, Ahrens P, Barfod K, Feenstra AA, Feld NC, Friis NF, Bille-Hansen V, Jensen NE, Pedersen MW. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in pigs: duration of the disease and evaluation of four diagnostic assays. Vet Microbiol 1997; 54:23-34. [PMID: 9050168 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
200 SPF pigs were infected by aerosol with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and the development of clinical signs, serological and pathological reactions were studied. Mean time to onset of coughing was 13 days. A mean delay of 9 days was observed from onset of coughing until seroconversion against M. hyopneumoniae as measured by ELISA. At an individual level, the sensitivity for this ELISA was estimated to 98-100% and the specificity to 93-100%. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the majority of the lungs 4 weeks post inoculation with M. hyopneumoniae and the lung lesions in pigs were significantly larger when P. multocida was present as compared to pigs with M. hyopneumoniae alone. An evaluation of cultivation, immunofluorescence, ELISA and polymerase chain reaction for demonstration of M. hyopneumoniae in lungs showed that all four methods have a high sensitivity in the acute stages of pneumonia. In the later stages the sensitivity of cultivation was superior to the other methods. No differences in specificity were observed between the methods. The antigen-ELISA OD values and the immunofluorescence scores revealed a strong positive correlation. Nasal swabs were additionally used for demonstration of M. hyopneumoniae and the polymerase chain reaction was found superior to the other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sørensen
- Federation of Danish Pig Producers and Slaughterhouses, Roskilde, Denmark.
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32
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Pedersen MW, Anderson JO, Street JC, Wang LC, Baker R. Growth response of chicks and rats fed alfalfa with saponin content modified by selection. Poult Sci 1972; 51:458-63. [PMID: 4643120 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0510458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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