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Losey RJ, Nomokonova T, Guiry E, Fleming LS, Garvie-Lok SJ, Waters-Rist AL, Bieraugle M, Szpak P, Bachura OP, Bazaliiskii VI, Berdnikova NE, Diatchina NG, Frolov IV, Gorbunov VV, Goriunova OI, Grushin SP, Gusev AV, Iaroslavtseva LG, Ivanov GL, Kharinskii AV, Konstantinov MV, Kosintsev PA, Kovychev EV, Lazin B, Nikitin IG, Papin DV, Popov AN, Sablin MV, Savel'ev NA, Savinetsky AB, Tishkin AA. The evolution of dog diet and foraging: Insights from archaeological canids in Siberia. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabo6493. [PMID: 35867782 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Research on the evolution of dog foraging and diet has largely focused on scavenging during their initial domestication and genetic adaptations to starch-rich food environments following the advent of agriculture. The Siberian archaeological record evidences other critical shifts in dog foraging and diet that likely characterize Holocene dogs globally. By the Middle Holocene, body size reconstruction for Siberia dogs indicates that most were far smaller than Pleistocene wolves. This contributed to dogs' tendencies to scavenge, feed on small prey, and reduce social foraging. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of Siberian dogs reveals that their diets were more diverse than those of Pleistocene wolves. This included habitual consumption of marine and freshwater foods by the Middle Holocene and reliance on C4 foods by the Late Holocene. Feeding on such foods and anthropogenic waste increased dogs' exposure to microbes, affected their gut microbiomes, and shaped long-term dog population history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Losey
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Tory Building 13-15 HM, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H4, Canada
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Saskatchewan, 55 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B1, Canada
| | - Tatiana Nomokonova
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Saskatchewan, 55 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B1, Canada
| | - Eric Guiry
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Anthropology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Lacey S Fleming
- Tennessee Division of Archaeology, 216 Foster Avenue, Cole Building 3, Nashville, TN 37243, USA
| | - Sandra J Garvie-Lok
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Tory Building 13-15 HM, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H4, Canada
| | - Andrea L Waters-Rist
- Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Megan Bieraugle
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Tory Building 13-15 HM, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H4, Canada
| | - Paul Szpak
- Department of Anthropology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Olga P Bachura
- Palaeoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Science, 8 Marta Street #202, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I Bazaliiskii
- Laboratory of Archaeology, Ethnology, Problems of Paleoecology and Human Evolution of the Faculty of History, Irkutsk State University, 5th Army Street 52, Irkutsk 664025, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia E Berdnikova
- Scientific Research Center "Baikal Region", Irkutsk State University, K. Marx St. 1, Irkutsk 664003, Russian Federation
| | - Natal'ia G Diatchina
- Trans-Baikal State University, Aleksandro-Zavodskaia St. 30, Chita 672039, Russian Federation
| | - Iaroslav V Frolov
- Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of Altai, Altai State University, Dimitrova St. 66, Barnaul 656049, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim V Gorbunov
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Lenin Prospekt St. 61, Barnaul 656049, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Goriunova
- Scientific Research Center "Baikal Region", Irkutsk State University, K. Marx St. 1, Irkutsk 664003, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei P Grushin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Lenin Prospekt St. 61, Barnaul 656049, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei V Gusev
- Scientific Center of Arctic Studies, Respublika St. 20, Salekhard, Iamal-Nenets Autonomous District 629008, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa G Iaroslavtseva
- National Museum of the Republic of Buryatia, Kuibyshev St. 29, Ulan-Ude 670000, Russian Federation
| | - Grigorii L Ivanov
- Irkutsk Museum of Regional Studies, K. Marx St. 13, Irkutsk 664003, Russian Federation
| | - Artur V Kharinskii
- Laboratory of Archaeology, Paleoecology and the Subsistence Strategies of the Peoples of Northern Asia, Irkutsk National Research Technical University, Lermontov St. 83, Irkutsk 664074, Russian Federation
- Faculty of History, Irkutsk State University, K. Marx St. 1, Irkutsk 664003, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail V Konstantinov
- Trans-Baikal State University, Aleksandro-Zavodskaia St. 30, Chita 672039, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel A Kosintsev
- Palaeoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Science, 8 Marta Street #202, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenii V Kovychev
- Trans-Baikal State University, Aleksandro-Zavodskaia St. 30, Chita 672039, Russian Federation
- Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist, and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Sakhiyanovoi St. 6, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russian Federation
| | - Boris Lazin
- Science Museum, Far East Federal University, Okeanskii Prospect 37, Vladivostok 690091, Russian Federation
| | - Iurii G Nikitin
- Museum of Archaeology and Ethnographies, Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Peoples of the Far East, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Pushkinskaia St. 89, Vladivostok 690091, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitri V Papin
- Barnaul Laboratory of Archaeology and Ethnography of South Siberia, Altai State University, Dmitrova St. 66, Barnaul 656049, Russian Federation
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17, Acad. Lavretiev Avenue, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr N Popov
- Science Museum, Far East Federal University, Okeanskii Prospect 37, Vladivostok 690091, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail V Sablin
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Universitetskaia nab. 1, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai A Savel'ev
- Laboratory of Archaeology, Ethnology, Problems of Paleoecology and Human Evolution of the Faculty of History, Irkutsk State University, 5th Army Street 52, Irkutsk 664025, Russian Federation
| | - Arkady B Savinetsky
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Leninskii prospect 33, Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Tishkin
- Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Lenin Prospekt St. 61, Barnaul 656049, Russian Federation
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Bergström A, Frantz L, Schmidt R, Ersmark E, Lebrasseur O, Girdland-Flink L, Lin AT, Storå J, Sjögren KG, Anthony D, Antipina E, Amiri S, Bar-Oz G, Bazaliiskii VI, Bulatović J, Brown D, Carmagnini A, Davy T, Fedorov S, Fiore I, Fulton D, Germonpré M, Haile J, Irving-Pease EK, Jamieson A, Janssens L, Kirillova I, Horwitz LK, Kuzmanovic-Cvetković J, Kuzmin Y, Losey RJ, Dizdar DL, Mashkour M, Novak M, Onar V, Orton D, Pasarić M, Radivojević M, Rajković D, Roberts B, Ryan H, Sablin M, Shidlovskiy F, Stojanović I, Tagliacozzo A, Trantalidou K, Ullén I, Villaluenga A, Wapnish P, Dobney K, Götherström A, Linderholm A, Dalén L, Pinhasi R, Larson G, Skoglund P. Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs. Science 2020; 370:557-564. [PMID: 33122379 PMCID: PMC7116352 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dogs were the first domestic animal, but little is known about their population history and to what extent it was linked to humans. We sequenced 27 ancient dog genomes and found that all dogs share a common ancestry distinct from present-day wolves, with limited gene flow from wolves since domestication but substantial dog-to-wolf gene flow. By 11,000 years ago, at least five major ancestry lineages had diversified, demonstrating a deep genetic history of dogs during the Paleolithic. Coanalysis with human genomes reveals aspects of dog population history that mirror humans, including Levant-related ancestry in Africa and early agricultural Europe. Other aspects differ, including the impacts of steppe pastoralist expansions in West and East Eurasia and a near-complete turnover of Neolithic European dog ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bergström
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Laurent Frantz
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Palaeogenomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ryan Schmidt
- School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- CIBIO-InBIO, University of Porto, Campus de Vairão, Portugal
| | - Erik Ersmark
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 18C, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ophelie Lebrasseur
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Linus Girdland-Flink
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Audrey T Lin
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jan Storå
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - David Anthony
- Hartwick College, Oneonta, NY, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ekaterina Antipina
- Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sarieh Amiri
- Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Carmagnini
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tom Davy
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sergey Fedorov
- North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ivana Fiore
- Bioarchaeology Service, Museo delle Civiltà, Rome, Italy
- Environmental and Evolutionary Biology Doctoral Program, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - James Haile
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evan K Irving-Pease
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Lundbeck GeoGenetics Centre, The Globe Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Jamieson
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Yaroslav Kuzmin
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Marjan Mashkour
- Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedat Onar
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Maja Pasarić
- Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | | | - Hannah Ryan
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mikhail Sablin
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Katerina Trantalidou
- Hellenic Ministry of Culture & Sports, Athens, Greece
- University of Thessaly, Argonauton & Philellinon, Volos, Greece
| | - Inga Ullén
- National Historical Museums, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aritza Villaluenga
- Consolidated Research Group on Prehistory (IT-1223-19), University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Paula Wapnish
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Keith Dobney
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anders Götherström
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 18C, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Love Dalén
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 18C, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Greger Larson
- The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Pontus Skoglund
- Ancient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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Purchase SL, Bazaliiskii VI, Lieverse AR. An innovative method to visualise mastoiditis using a hand-held X-ray system. Int J Paleopathol 2019; 26:22-26. [PMID: 31176196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explore the utility of using a hand-held X-ray system to diagnose mastoiditis in archaeological populations. MATERIALS A sample (n = 56) of hunter-fisher-gatherers from the Early Neolithic (8,000-7,000/6,800 cal. BP) Cis-Baikal cemetery of Shamanka II (Russia) were examined. METHODS Images were taken medio-laterally, approximately 90° to a sensor temporarily affixed to the lateral surface of the mastoid process. Digital radiographs were analysed for signs of mastoiditis occurring pre- and/or post-puberty. RESULTS Two thirds of individuals (39/56) exhibited evidence of mastoiditis. Chronic mastoiditis and chronic sinusitis co-occurred in 61.5% (24/39) of observable individuals. CONCLUSIONS This method was found to be an effective, convenient, and versatile non-destructive alternative to sectioning and traditional radiographic imaging. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first project to adapt a hand-held X-ray system for imaging and diagnosis of mastoiditis and this approach encourages future analyses of this infection. LIMITATIONS The cost of the imaging system is limiting and there are few comparative images taken in the same plane. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Further research should create a larger catalogue of comparative radiographs and assess the diagnostic potential of imaging the mastoid process to rather than imaging the entire pneumatized portion of the temporal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela R Lieverse
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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4
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de Barros Damgaard P, Marchi N, Rasmussen S, Peyrot M, Renaud G, Korneliussen T, Moreno-Mayar JV, Pedersen MW, Goldberg A, Usmanova E, Baimukhanov N, Loman V, Hedeager L, Pedersen AG, Nielsen K, Afanasiev G, Akmatov K, Aldashev A, Alpaslan A, Baimbetov G, Bazaliiskii VI, Beisenov A, Boldbaatar B, Boldgiv B, Dorzhu C, Ellingvag S, Erdenebaatar D, Dajani R, Dmitriev E, Evdokimov V, Frei KM, Gromov A, Goryachev A, Hakonarson H, Hegay T, Khachatryan Z, Khaskhanov R, Kitov E, Kolbina A, Kubatbek T, Kukushkin A, Kukushkin I, Lau N, Margaryan A, Merkyte I, Mertz IV, Mertz VK, Mijiddorj E, Moiyesev V, Mukhtarova G, Nurmukhanbetov B, Orozbekova Z, Panyushkina I, Pieta K, Smrčka V, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Sjogren KG, Štolcova T, Taravella AM, Tashbaeva K, Tkachev A, Tulegenov T, Voyakin D, Yepiskoposyan L, Undrakhbold S, Varfolomeev V, Weber A, Wilson Sayres MA, Kradin N, Allentoft ME, Orlando L, Nielsen R, Sikora M, Heyer E, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E. Author Correction: 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature 2018; 563:E16. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Scharlotta I, Goude G, Herrscher E, Bazaliiskii VI, Weber AW. “Mind the gap”-Assessing methods for aligning age determination and growth rate in multi-molar sequences of dietary isotopic data. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23163. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Scharlotta
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Minist Culture & Com, LAMPEA; Aix-en-Provence France
| | - Gwenaëlle Goude
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Minist Culture & Com, LAMPEA; Aix-en-Provence France
| | - Estelle Herrscher
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Minist Culture & Com, LAMPEA; Aix-en-Provence France
| | | | - Andrzej W. Weber
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Minist Culture & Com, LAMPEA; Aix-en-Provence France
- Department of Anthropology; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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6
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Damgaard PDB, Marchi N, Rasmussen S, Peyrot M, Renaud G, Korneliussen T, Moreno-Mayar JV, Pedersen MW, Goldberg A, Usmanova E, Baimukhanov N, Loman V, Hedeager L, Pedersen AG, Nielsen K, Afanasiev G, Akmatov K, Aldashev A, Alpaslan A, Baimbetov G, Bazaliiskii VI, Beisenov A, Boldbaatar B, Boldgiv B, Dorzhu C, Ellingvag S, Erdenebaatar D, Dajani R, Dmitriev E, Evdokimov V, Frei KM, Gromov A, Goryachev A, Hakonarson H, Hegay T, Khachatryan Z, Khaskhanov R, Kitov E, Kolbina A, Kubatbek T, Kukushkin A, Kukushkin I, Lau N, Margaryan A, Merkyte I, Mertz IV, Mertz VK, Mijiddorj E, Moiyesev V, Mukhtarova G, Nurmukhanbetov B, Orozbekova Z, Panyushkina I, Pieta K, Smrčka V, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Sjögren KG, Štolcová T, Taravella AM, Tashbaeva K, Tkachev A, Tulegenov T, Voyakin D, Yepiskoposyan L, Undrakhbold S, Varfolomeev V, Weber A, Wilson Sayres MA, Kradin N, Allentoft ME, Orlando L, Nielsen R, Sikora M, Heyer E, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E. 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes. Nature 2018; 557:369-374. [PMID: 29743675 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter de Barros Damgaard
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Marchi
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michaël Peyrot
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Renaud
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorfinn Korneliussen
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Víctor Moreno-Mayar
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Amy Goldberg
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emma Usmanova
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Valeriy Loman
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Lotte Hedeager
- Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Gorm Pedersen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper Nielsen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gennady Afanasiev
- Department of Theory and Methods, Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kunbolot Akmatov
- Department of History, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Almaz Aldashev
- National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Ashyk Alpaslan
- Department of History, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | | | - Arman Beisenov
- A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Bazartseren Boldbaatar
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bazartseren Boldgiv
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Choduraa Dorzhu
- Departament of Biology and Ecology, Tuvan State University, Kyzyl, Russia
| | | | | | - Rana Dajani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.,Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Evgeniy Dmitriev
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Valeriy Evdokimov
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Karin M Frei
- Unit for Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrey Gromov
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tatyana Hegay
- Republican Scientific Center of Immunology, Ministry of Public Health, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Zaruhi Khachatryan
- Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Ruslan Khaskhanov
- Complex Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Grozny, Russia
| | - Egor Kitov
- A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina Kolbina
- Kostanay Regional Local History Museum, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Tabaldiev Kubatbek
- Department of History, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Alexey Kukushkin
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Igor Kukushkin
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Nina Lau
- Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig, Germany
| | - Ashot Margaryan
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Inga Merkyte
- Saxo-Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ilya V Mertz
- Center for Archaeological Research, S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Viktor K Mertz
- Center for Archaeological Research, S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Enkhbayar Mijiddorj
- Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Vyacheslav Moiyesev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gulmira Mukhtarova
- The State Historical and Cultural Reserve-Museum (ISSYK), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Z Orozbekova
- Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina Panyushkina
- University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Karol Pieta
- Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Václav Smrčka
- Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irina Shevnina
- Archaeological Laboratory, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Logvin
- Archaeological Laboratory, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tereza Štolcová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Angela M Taravella
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kadicha Tashbaeva
- Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Alexander Tkachev
- Institute of Problems Development of the North Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Turaly Tulegenov
- The State Historical and Cultural Reserve-Museum (ISSYK), Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Levon Yepiskoposyan
- Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sainbileg Undrakhbold
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Victor Varfolomeev
- Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrzej Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melissa A Wilson Sayres
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nikolay Kradin
- Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia.,Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist, and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sikora
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evelyne Heyer
- Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Eske Willerslev
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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7
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de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Kamm J, Moreno-Mayar JV, Kroonen G, Peyrot M, Barjamovic G, Rasmussen S, Zacho C, Baimukhanov N, Zaibert V, Merz V, Biddanda A, Merz I, Loman V, Evdokimov V, Usmanova E, Hemphill B, Seguin-Orlando A, Yediay FE, Ullah I, Sjögren KG, Iversen KH, Choin J, de la Fuente C, Ilardo M, Schroeder H, Moiseyev V, Gromov A, Polyakov A, Omura S, Senyurt SY, Ahmad H, McKenzie C, Margaryan A, Hameed A, Samad A, Gul N, Khokhar MH, Goriunova OI, Bazaliiskii VI, Novembre J, Weber AW, Orlando L, Allentoft ME, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Sikora M, Outram AK, Durbin R, Willerslev E. The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia. Science 2018; 360:science.aar7711. [PMID: 29743352 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Yamnaya expansions from the western steppe into Europe and Asia during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) are believed to have brought with them Indo-European languages and possibly horse husbandry. We analyzed 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia and show that the Botai people associated with the earliest horse husbandry derived from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. Our results also suggest distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after, but not at the time of, Yamnaya culture. We find no evidence of steppe ancestry in Bronze Age Anatolia from when Indo-European languages are attested there. Thus, in contrast to Europe, Early Bronze Age Yamnaya-related migrations had limited direct genetic impact in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui Martiniano
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Jack Kamm
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J Víctor Moreno-Mayar
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guus Kroonen
- Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Michaël Peyrot
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gojko Barjamovic
- Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claus Zacho
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Victor Zaibert
- Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilization, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Victor Merz
- S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies named after A.Kh. Margulan, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Arjun Biddanda
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ilja Merz
- S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies named after A.Kh. Margulan, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Valeriy Loman
- Saryarkinsky Institute of Archaeology, Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda. 100074, Kazakhstan
| | - Valeriy Evdokimov
- Saryarkinsky Institute of Archaeology, Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda. 100074, Kazakhstan
| | - Emma Usmanova
- Saryarkinsky Institute of Archaeology, Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda. 100074, Kazakhstan
| | - Brian Hemphill
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Andaine Seguin-Orlando
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fulya Eylem Yediay
- The Institute of Forensic Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Inam Ullah
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Katrine Højholt Iversen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeremy Choin
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Constanza de la Fuente
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melissa Ilardo
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannes Schroeder
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Gromov
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrei Polyakov
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sachihiro Omura
- Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology, Kaman, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | | | - Habib Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, Pakistan.,Center of Omic Sciences, Islamia College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Catriona McKenzie
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Ashot Margaryan
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Archeology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Samad
- Directorate of Archaeology and Museums Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Gul
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | | | - O I Goriunova
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Lavrent'iev Ave. 17, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of History, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Bazaliiskii
- Department of History, Irkutsk State University, Karl Marx Street 1, Irkutsk 664003, Russia
| | - John Novembre
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrzej W Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H4, Canada
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université deToulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Nielsen
- Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kristian Kristiansen
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Sikora
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alan K Outram
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
| | - Richard Durbin
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. .,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Losey RJ, Ivanov AV, Palesskiy SV, Bazaliiskii VI. Geochemical Analyses of Marmot Teeth to Evaluate the Potential for Overlapping Foraging Ranges in Two Siberian Human Cemetery Populations. J ETHNOBIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-36.3.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Lieverse AR, Temple DH, Bazaliiskii VI. Paleopathological description and diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in an Early Bronze Age (4588+34 Cal. BP) forager from the Cis-Baikal region of Eastern Siberia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113919. [PMID: 25470373 PMCID: PMC4254749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions were observed on the skeletal remains of an adult male excavated from an Early Bronze Age cemetery dated to 4556+32 years BP, located in the Cis-Baikal region of Siberia (Russian Federation). Lytic lesions ranged in size from several mm to over 60 mm in diameter and had irregular, moth-eaten borders. Many of these lesions destroyed trabecular bone, though a hollowed shell of cortical bone often remained observable. Radiographic analysis revealed numerous lytic lesions within trabecular bone that had not yet affected the cortex. Blastic lesions were identified as spiculated lines, bands, or nodules of mostly immature (woven) bone formed at irregular intervals. Anatomical elements with the greatest involvement included those of the axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, and sternum) as well as proximal appendicular elements (ossa coxae, proximal femora, clavicles, scapulae, and proximal humeri). Osteocoalescence of destructive foci was observed on the ilium and frontal bone, with the largest lesion found on the right ilium. Differential diagnoses include metastatic carcinoma, mycotic infections, tuberculosis, Langerhan's cell histiocytosis, and multiple myeloma. Based on lesion appearance and distribution, age and sex of the individual, as well as pathogen endemism, the most likely diagnostic option for this set of lesions is metastatic carcinoma. The age and sex of this individual and appearance of the lesions may reflect carcinoma of the lung or, possibly, prostate. This represents one of the earliest cases of metastatic carcinoma worldwide and the oldest case documented thus far from Northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R. Lieverse
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B1, Canada
| | - Daniel H. Temple
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Vladimir I. Bazaliiskii
- Department of Archaeology and Ethnography, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, 664003, Russian Federation
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10
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Faccia K, Buie H, Weber A, Bazaliiskii VI, Goriunova OI, Boyd S, Hallgrímsson B, Katzenberg MA. Bone quality in prehistoric, cis-baikal forager femora: A micro-CT analysis of cortical canal microstructure. Am J Phys Anthropol 2014; 154:486-97. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Buie
- University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada T2N 1N4
| | | | | | | | - Steven Boyd
- University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada T2N 1N4
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11
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Temple DH, Bazaliiskii VI, Goriunova OI, Weber AW. Skeletal growth in early and late Neolithic foragers from the Cis-Baikal region of Eastern Siberia. Am J Phys Anthropol 2013; 153:377-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Temple
- Department of Anthropology; University of North Carolina Wilmington; Wilmington NC 28403-5907
| | | | - Olga I. Goriunova
- Department of Geoarchaeology; Irkutsk State University; Irkutsk 664003 Russia
| | - Andrzej W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H4 Canada
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12
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Waters-Rist AL, Bazaliiskii VI, Weber AW, Katzenberg MA. Infant and child diet in Neolithic hunter-fisher-gatherers from cis-baikal, Siberia: Intra-long bone stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios. Am J Phys Anthropol 2011; 146:225-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Waters-Rist A, Bazaliiskii VI, Weber A, Goriunova OI, Katzenberg MA. Activity-induced dental modification in holocene siberian hunter-fisher-gatherers. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010; 143:266-78. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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