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Bertrand OC, Püschel HP, Schwab JA, Silcox MT, Brusatte SL. The impact of locomotion on the brain evolution of squirrels and close relatives. Commun Biol 2021; 4:460. [PMID: 33846528 PMCID: PMC8042109 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
How do brain size and proportions relate to ecology and evolutionary history? Here, we use virtual endocasts from 38 extinct and extant rodent species spanning 50+ million years of evolution to assess the impact of locomotion, body mass, and phylogeny on the size of the brain, olfactory bulbs, petrosal lobules, and neocortex. We find that body mass and phylogeny are highly correlated with relative brain and brain component size, and that locomotion strongly influences brain, petrosal lobule, and neocortical sizes. Notably, species living in trees have greater relative overall brain, petrosal lobule, and neocortical sizes compared to other locomotor categories, especially fossorial taxa. Across millions of years of Eocene-Recent environmental change, arboreality played a major role in the early evolution of squirrels and closely related aplodontiids, promoting the expansion of the neocortex and petrosal lobules. Fossoriality in aplodontiids had an opposing effect by reducing the need for large brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella C Bertrand
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Hans P Püschel
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Julia A Schwab
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mary T Silcox
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen L Brusatte
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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2
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Boëda E, Ramos M, Pérez A, Hatté C, Lahaye C, Pino M, Hérisson D, Clemente-Conte I, Fontugne M, Guérin G, Villagran X, Santos JC, Costa L, Germond L, Ahmed-Delacroix NE, Da Costa A, Borges C, Hoeltz S, Felice G, Gluchy M, van Havre G, Griggo C, Lucas L, de Souza I, Viana S, Strauss A, Kerner J, Guidon N. 24.0 kyr cal BP stone artefact from Vale da Pedra Furada, Piauí, Brazil: Techno-functional analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247965. [PMID: 33690652 PMCID: PMC7946292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current archaeological paradigm proposes that the first peopling of the Americas does not exceed the Last Glacial Maximum period. In this context, the acceptance of the anthropogenic character of the earliest stone artefacts generally rests on the presence of projectile points considered no more as typocentric but as typognomonic, since it allows, by itself, to certify the human character of the other associated artefacts. In other words, without this presence, nothing is certain. Archaeological research at Piauí (Brazil) attests to a Pleistocene human presence between 41 and 14 cal kyr BP, without any record of lithic projectile points. Here, we report the discovery and interpretation of an unusual stone artefact in the Vale da Pedra Furada site, in a context dating back to 24 cal kyr BP. The knapping stigmata and macroscopic use-wear traces reveal a conception centred on the configuration of double bevels and the production in the same specimen of at least two successive artefacts with probably different functions. This piece unambiguously presents an anthropic character and reveals a technical novelty during the Pleistocene occupation of South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Boëda
- ArScAn-Équipe AnTET, UMR 7041, CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Nanterre, France
- Department of Anthropology, UFR SSA, Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Nanterre, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcos Ramos
- PPGArq-Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pérez
- ArScAn-Équipe AnTET, UMR 7041, CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Nanterre, France
- Institut français d’études andines (IFEA), Lima, Peru
| | - Christine Hatté
- LSCE/LAMPEA, UMR 8212, CNRS, CEA UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christelle Lahaye
- IRAMAT-CRP2A, UMR 5060, CNRS, Bordeaux Montaigne University, Pessac, France
| | - Mario Pino
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra and TAQUACH, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - David Hérisson
- ArScAn-Équipe AnTET, UMR 7041, CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Nanterre, France
| | | | - Michel Fontugne
- LSCE/LAMPEA, UMR 8212, CNRS, CEA UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Guérin
- IRAMAT-CRP2A, UMR 5060, CNRS, Bordeaux Montaigne University, Pessac, France
| | - Ximena Villagran
- MAE–Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina C. Santos
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Lucas Costa
- Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil
| | - Lucie Germond
- ArScAn-Équipe AnTET, UMR 7041, CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Nanterre, France
| | | | - Amelie Da Costa
- ArScAn-Équipe AnTET, UMR 7041, CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Nanterre, France
| | - Carolina Borges
- Instituto do Patrimonio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN), Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Felice
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
- Fundação Museu do Homem Americano (FUMDHAM), São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí, Brazil
| | - María Gluchy
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Christophe Griggo
- EDYTEM UMR 5204 CNRS, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Livia Lucas
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Sibeli Viana
- Pontificia Universidade Católica de Goiás (PUC-GO), Instituto Goiano de Pré-História e Antropologia (IGPA), Goiânia, Brazil
| | - André Strauss
- MAE–Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Kerner
- Department of Anthropology, UFR SSA, Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Nanterre, France
| | - Niède Guidon
- Fundação Museu do Homem Americano (FUMDHAM), São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí, Brazil
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Abstract
Dzharatitanis kingi gen. et sp. nov. is based on an isolated anterior caudal vertebra (USNM 538127) from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) Bissekty Formation at Dzharakuduk, Uzbekistan. Phylogenetic analysis places the new taxon within the diplodocoid clade Rebbachisauridae. This is the first rebbachisaurid reported from Asia and one of the youngest rebbachisaurids in the known fossil record. The caudal is characterized by a slightly opisthocoelous centrum, 'wing-like' transverse processes with large but shallow PRCDF and POCDF, and the absence of a hyposphenal ridge and of TPRL and TPOL. The neural spine has high SPRL, SPDL, SPOL, and POSL and is pneumatized. The apex of neural spine is transversely expanded and bears triangular lateral processes. The new taxon shares with Demandasaurus and the Wessex rebbachisaurid a high SPDL on the lateral side of the neural spine, separated from SPRL and SPOL. This possibly suggests derivation of Dzharatitanis from European rebbachisaurids. This is the second sauropod group identified in the assemblage of non-avian dinosaurs from the Bissekty Formation, in addition to a previously identified indeterminate titanosaurian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Averianov
- Department of Theriology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hans-Dieter Sues
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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González-Molina I, Jiménez-García B, Maíllo-Fernández JM, Baquedano E, Domínguez-Rodrigo M. Distinguishing Discoid and Centripetal Levallois methods through machine learning. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244288. [PMID: 33362257 PMCID: PMC7757815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we apply Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to study the differences between Discoid and Centripetal Levallois methods. For this purpose, we have used experimentally knapped flint flakes, measuring several parameters that have been analyzed by seven ML algorithms. From these analyses, it has been possible to demonstrate the existence of statistically significant differences between Discoid products and Centripetal Levallois products, thus contributing with new data and a new method to this traditional debate. The new approach enabled differentiating the blanks created by both knapping methods with an accuracy >80% using only ten typometric variables. The most relevant variables were maximum length, width to the 25%, 50% and 75% of the flake length, external and internal platform angles, maximum width and number of dorsal scars. This study also demonstrates the advantages of the application of multivariate ML methods to lithic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene González-Molina
- IDEA, Institute of Evolution in Africa, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (IGM); (BJG); (JMMF); (EB); (MDR)
| | - Blanca Jiménez-García
- IDEA, Institute of Evolution in Africa, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Department, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (IGM); (BJG); (JMMF); (EB); (MDR)
| | - José-Manuel Maíllo-Fernández
- IDEA, Institute of Evolution in Africa, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (IGM); (BJG); (JMMF); (EB); (MDR)
| | - Enrique Baquedano
- IDEA, Institute of Evolution in Africa, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Museo Arqueológico Regional, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (IGM); (BJG); (JMMF); (EB); (MDR)
| | - Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo
- IDEA, Institute of Evolution in Africa, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (IGM); (BJG); (JMMF); (EB); (MDR)
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5
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Hamm CA, Hampe O, Schwarz D, Witzmann F, Makovicky PJ, Brochu CA, Reiter R, Asbach P. A comprehensive diagnostic approach combining phylogenetic disease bracketing and CT imaging reveals osteomyelitis in a Tyrannosaurus rex. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18897. [PMID: 33144637 PMCID: PMC7642268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional palaeontological techniques of disease characterisation are limited to the analysis of osseous fossils, requiring several lines of evidence to support diagnoses. This study presents a novel stepwise concept for comprehensive diagnosis of pathologies in fossils by computed tomography imaging for morphological assessment combined with likelihood estimation based on systematic phylogenetic disease bracketing. This approach was applied to characterise pathologies of the left fibula and fused caudal vertebrae of the non-avian dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex. Initial morphological assessment narrowed the differential diagnosis to neoplasia or infection. Subsequent data review from phylogenetically closely related species at the clade level revealed neoplasia rates as low as 3.1% and 1.8%, while infectious-disease rates were 32.0% and 53.9% in extant dinosaurs (birds) and non-avian reptiles, respectively. Furthermore, the survey of literature revealed that within the phylogenetic disease bracket the oldest case of bone infection (osteomyelitis) was identified in the mandible of a 275-million-year-old captorhinid eureptile Labidosaurus. These findings demonstrate low probability of a neoplastic aetiology of the examined pathologies in the Tyrannosaurus rex and in turn, suggest that they correspond to multiple foci of osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Greifswald University Hospital, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - O Hampe
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Schwarz
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Witzmann
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - P J Makovicky
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - C A Brochu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - R Reiter
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - P Asbach
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Delpiano D, Uthmeier T. Techno-functional and 3D shape analysis applied for investigating the variability of backed tools in the Late Middle Paleolithic of Central Europe. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236548. [PMID: 32813722 PMCID: PMC7446931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Late Middle Paleolithic of Central Europe, two main cultural complexes have been distinguished: the Micoquian or Keilmessergruppe (KMG), and the Mousterian. Their differences mainly consist in the frequence of some retouched tools and the presence of bifacial technology. When these industries coexist, one element of discussion is the application of different concepts to manufacture tools with the same techno-functionality. This is particularly true for backed artifacts, such as Keilmesser (backed, asymmetrical bifacially-shaped knives) opposed to flake-tools equipped with a natural or knapped back. We conducted a techno-functional analysis of the backed tools from the G-Layer-Complex of Sesselfelsgrotte, one of the main Late Middle Paleolithic sequences in Central Europe, characterized by a combination of KMG and Mousterian aspects. In order to better understand the morpho-metrical data, 3D scans were used for recording technical features and performing semi-automatic geometric morphometrics. Results indicate that the techno-functional schemes of Keilmesser show a moderate variability and often overlap with the schemes of other typological groups. Within bifacial backed knives, a process of imitation of unifacial flake tools' functionaly was recognized particularly in the cutting edge manufacturing. Keilmesser proved to be the long-life, versatile version of backed flake-tools, also due to the recurrent valence as both tool and core. This is why Keilmesser represent an ideal strategic blank when a mobile and multi-functional tool is needed. Based on these data, it is assumed that the relationship between Mousterian and KMG is deeply rooted and the emergence of KMG aspects could be related to constrained situations characterizing the long cold stages of the Early Weichselian. A higher regional mobility caused by the comparably low predictability of resources characterized the subsistence tactics of Neanderthal groups especially at the borders of their overall distribution. For this reason, Keilmesser could have represented an ecological answer before possibly becoming a marker of cultural identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Delpiano
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Thorsten Uthmeier
- Department of the Old World and Asian Studies, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Bayarı SH, Özdemir K, Sen EH, Araujo-Andrade C, Erdal YS. Application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics for the discrimination of human bone remains from different archaeological sites in Turkey. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 237:118311. [PMID: 32330809 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Examining diagenetic parameters such as the organic carbonate contents and the crystallinity of bone apatite quantify the post-mortem alteration of bone. Burial conditions are one of the factors that can influence the diagenesis process. We studied the changes to the organic and mineral components and crystallinity of human bone remains from five Medieval sites in Turkey: Hakemi Use, Komana, İznik, Oluz Höyük and Tasmasor using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and principal component analysis (PCA). Analysis of spectral band ratios related to organic and mineral components of bone demonstrated differences in the molecular content in the skeletal remains from the five sites. In order to examine the degree of carbonation of a phosphate matrix, curve-fitting procedures were applied to the carbonate band. We found that the infrared crystallinity index appears to not be sensitive to carbonate content at room temperature for the bone remains studied here. The recrystallization process in bone remains behaved differently among the archaeological sites. The results demonstrate that the burial environments differently affect the organic and mineral components of archaeological bone remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Haman Bayarı
- Hacettepe University, Department of Physics Eng., 06800 Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Kameray Özdemir
- Hacettepe University, Department of Anthropology, 06800 Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Hilal Sen
- Hacettepe University, Department of Physics Eng., 06800 Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Yılmaz Selim Erdal
- Hacettepe University, Department of Anthropology, 06800 Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey; Hacettepe University Skeletal Biology Lab (Husbio_l), 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Li Z, Doyon L, Fang H, Ledevin R, Queffelec A, Raguin E, d’Errico F. A Paleolithic bird figurine from the Lingjing site, Henan, China. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233370. [PMID: 32520932 PMCID: PMC7286485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of cave paintings dated to 42-40 ka BP in Borneo and Sulawesi highlights the antiquity of painted representations in this region. However, no instances of three-dimensional portable art, well attested in Europe since at least 40 ka BP, were documented thus far in East Asia prior to the Neolithic. Here, we report the discovery of an exceptionally well-preserved miniature carving of a standing bird from the site of Lingjing, Henan, China. Microscopic and microtomographic analyses of the figurine and the study of bone fragments from the same context reveal the object was made of bone blackened by heating and carefully carved with four techniques that left diagnostic traces on the entire surface of the object. Critical analysis of the site's research history and stratigraphy, the cultural remains associated with the figurine and those recovered from the other archeological layers, as well as twenty-eight radiometric ages obtained on associated archeological items, including one provided by a bone fragment worked with the same technique recorded on the object, suggest a Late Paleolithic origin for the carving, with a probable age estimated to 13,500 years old. The carving, which predates previously known comparable instances from this region by 8,500 years, demonstrates that three-dimensional avian representations were part of East Asian Late Pleistocene cultural repertoires and identifies technological and stylistic peculiarities distinguishing this newly discovered art tradition from previous and contemporary examples found in Western Europe and Siberia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyang Li
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, P.R. of China
| | - Luc Doyon
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, P.R. of China
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
| | - Hui Fang
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, P.R. of China
- * E-mail: (FdE); (HF)
| | - Ronan Ledevin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
| | - Alain Queffelec
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
| | - Emeline Raguin
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francesco d’Errico
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
- SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail: (FdE); (HF)
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9
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Abstract
Susceptibility to diseases is common to humans and dinosaurs. Since much of the biological history of every living creature is shaped by its diseases, recognizing them in fossilized bone can furnish us with important information on dinosaurs' physiology and anatomy, as well as on their daily activities and surrounding environment. In the present study, we examined the vertebrae of two humans from skeletal collections with Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH), a benign osteolytic tumor-like disorder involving mainly the skeleton; they were diagnosed in life, along with two hadrosaur vertebrae with an apparent lesion. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses of the hadrosaur vertebrae were compared to human LCH and to other pathologies observed via an extensive pathological survey of a human skeletal collection, as well as a three-dimensional reconstruction of the lesion and its associated blood vessels from a µCT scan. The hadrosaur pathology findings were indistinguishable from those of humans with LCH, supporting that diagnosis. This report suggests that hadrosaurids had suffered from larger variety of pathologies than previously reported. Furthermore, it seems that LCH may be independent of phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Rothschild
- Indiana University, 2401W. University Ave., Muncie, IN, 47303, USA.
- Carnegie Museum, 4400 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 44272, USA.
| | - Darren Tanke
- Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, 1500 N. Dinosaur Trail, Drumheller, AB, T0J 0Y0, Canada
| | - Frank Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ariel Pokhojaev
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hila May
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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10
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Kersting DK, Linares C. Living evidence of a fossil survival strategy raises hope for warming-affected corals. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaax2950. [PMID: 31633024 PMCID: PMC6785258 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is affecting reef-building corals worldwide, with little hope for recovery. However, coral fossils hint at the existence of environmental stress-triggered survival strategies unreported in extant colonial corals. We document the living evidence and long-term ecological role of such a survival strategy in which isolated polyps from coral colonies affected by warming adopt a transitory resistance phase, in turn expressing a high recovery capacity in dead colony areas. Such processes have been described in fossil corals as rejuvenescence but were previously unknown in extant reef-builder corals. Our results based on 16 years of monitoring show the significance of this process for unexpected recoveries of coral colonies severely affected by warming. These findings provide a link between rejuvenescence in fossil and extant corals and reveal that beyond adaptation and acclimatization processes, modern scleractinian corals show yet undiscovered and highly effective survival strategies that help them withstand and recover from rapid environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego K. Kersting
- Working Group on Geobiology and Anthropocene Research, Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, 12249 Berlin, Germany
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Linares
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Coutinho Nogueira D, Dutour O, Coqueugniot H, Tillier AM. Qafzeh 9 mandible (ca 90-100 kyrs BP, Israel) revisited: μ-CT and 3D reveal new pathological conditions. Int J Paleopathol 2019; 26:104-110. [PMID: 31351220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to provide new insights into growth patterns and health of Mousterian hunter-gatherers dated to ca. 90-100 kyrs B.P. from the Qafzeh site. MATERIALS An almost complete skeleton, including the mandible from the Qafzeh site (Qafzeh 9). METHODS Micro-CT and medical imaging techniques are used to explore inaccessible inner structures and to assess the etiology of identified lesion. RESULTS Mandibular and dental conditions appear to be growth-related skeletal disorders. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, Qafzeh 9 offers the earliest evidence of associated mandibular and dental pathological conditions (i.e. non-ossifying fibroma of the mandible, pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption and osteochondritis dissecans of the temporomandibular joint) among early anatomically modern humans, and more generally among Middle Palaeolithic hominins in Southwestern Asia. The diagnoses can be added to other growth-related disorders of skulls previously documented from the Qafzeh site (Tillier, 1999; Tillier et al., 2001), suggesting a quite high and exceptional incidence of these conditions compared to those of Palaeolithic populations. SIGNIFICANCE Identification of pathological conditions in subadults from Eurasia dated to the Middle Palaeolithic is documented less often than in adult skeletons. Hence, new results from immature fossil remains are particularly important to our understanding of the past. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH This research will be extended to the rest of the skeleton, then to all Qafzeh specimens in order to broaden our understanding of this anatomically modern group.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Coutinho Nogueira
- EPHE - PSL Research University, Paris - Chair of Biological Anthropology Paul Broca, France; UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS - University of Bordeaux, Bâtiment B8, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac cedex, France.
| | - O Dutour
- EPHE - PSL Research University, Paris - Chair of Biological Anthropology Paul Broca, France; UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS - University of Bordeaux, Bâtiment B8, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac cedex, France.
| | - H Coqueugniot
- EPHE - PSL Research University, Paris - Chair of Biological Anthropology Paul Broca, France; UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS - University of Bordeaux, Bâtiment B8, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac cedex, France.
| | - A-M Tillier
- UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS - University of Bordeaux, Bâtiment B8, Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, CS 50023, 33615 Pessac cedex, France.
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Purchase SL, Bazaliiskii VI, Lieverse AR. An innovative method to visualise mastoiditis using a hand-held X-ray system. Int J Paleopathol 2019; 26:22-26. [PMID: 31176196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explore the utility of using a hand-held X-ray system to diagnose mastoiditis in archaeological populations. MATERIALS A sample (n = 56) of hunter-fisher-gatherers from the Early Neolithic (8,000-7,000/6,800 cal. BP) Cis-Baikal cemetery of Shamanka II (Russia) were examined. METHODS Images were taken medio-laterally, approximately 90° to a sensor temporarily affixed to the lateral surface of the mastoid process. Digital radiographs were analysed for signs of mastoiditis occurring pre- and/or post-puberty. RESULTS Two thirds of individuals (39/56) exhibited evidence of mastoiditis. Chronic mastoiditis and chronic sinusitis co-occurred in 61.5% (24/39) of observable individuals. CONCLUSIONS This method was found to be an effective, convenient, and versatile non-destructive alternative to sectioning and traditional radiographic imaging. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first project to adapt a hand-held X-ray system for imaging and diagnosis of mastoiditis and this approach encourages future analyses of this infection. LIMITATIONS The cost of the imaging system is limiting and there are few comparative images taken in the same plane. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Further research should create a larger catalogue of comparative radiographs and assess the diagnostic potential of imaging the mastoid process to rather than imaging the entire pneumatized portion of the temporal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela R Lieverse
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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Raselli I, Anquetin J. Novel insights into the morphology of Plesiochelys bigleri from the early Kimmeridgian of Northwestern Switzerland. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214629. [PMID: 31091241 PMCID: PMC6519798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plesiochelyidae were relatively large coastal marine turtles, which inhabited the epicontinental seas of Western Europe during the Late Jurassic. Their fossil record can be tracked in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, France, Spain and Portugal. The Jura Mountains, in northwestern Switzerland, have been the main source for the study of this group, mostly thanks to the rich and famous historical locality of Solothurn. In the last two decades, numerous plesiochelyid remains have been collected from Kimmeridgian deposits (Lower Virgula Marls and Banné Marls) in the area of Porrentruy (Canton of Jura, Switzerland). This material was revealed by construction works of the A16 Transjurane highway between 2000 and 2011, and led to the recent description of the new species Plesiochelys bigleri. In the years 2014 and 2016, new fragmentary turtle material was collected from the Banné Marls (Reuchenette Formation, lower Kimmeridgian) near the village of Glovelier, Canton of Jura, Switzerland. The new material consists of a complete shell, additional shell elements, a few bones from the appendicular and vertebral skeleton, and a fragmentary basicranium. This material can be confidently assigned to the species P. bigleri. It supports the presence of this species in the Banné Marls, slightly extends its spatial distribution and confirms the differences with the closely related species P. etalloni. The new material reveals that the split between the cerebral and palatine branches of the internal carotid artery occurs in a vertical plane in P. bigleri. This condition could not be observed in the type material due to poor preservation. This new character clearly distinguishes P. bigleri from P. etalloni and seems to be unique among thalassochelydians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Raselli
- Jurassica Museum, Porrentruy, Switzerland
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jérémy Anquetin
- Jurassica Museum, Porrentruy, Switzerland
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Lyras GA, Giannakopoulou A, Lillis T, van der Geer AAE. Paradise lost: Evidence for a devastating metabolic bone disease in an insular Pleistocene deer. Int J Paleopathol 2019; 24:213-226. [PMID: 30572299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This communication reports skeletal pathology in a Pleistocene endemic deer from the Mavromouri caves of Crete. MATERIALS 287 bones and bone fragments from Mavromouri caves are compared to 2986 bones from Liko Cave. METHODS Bones were evaluated macroscopically, and measurements were made of morphometric characteristics of limb long bones. Representative bone specimens were examined radiographically and histologically. RESULTS Macroscopic hallmarks were loss of bone mass and increased porosity. The long bones were brittle, some of them having thin cortices, and others reduction of medullary cavities that contain dense Haversian tissue. The flat bones were spongy and fragile. Erosions of the metaphyses and articular surfaces were noted. Histological findings included: sub-periosteal resorption; loss of lamellar bone; enlargement of vascular canals; and remodeling of cortical bone. Two types of fibrous osteodystrophy were recognized in skeletal remains, subostotic and hyperostotic. CONCLUSIONS The deer of Mavromouri caves were affected by severe metabolic bone disease, likely nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. We hypothesize a multifactorial cause, including overgrazing, flora senescence, soil mineral deficiencies, and a prolonged period of climate extremes, degrading the Cretan deer habitat. VALUE This is the first evidence of a metabolic bone disease causing this level of destructive pathology in an insular fossil deer. LIMITATIONS The lack of absolute chronometric dates for the site limits potential linking with the prevailing environmental conditions. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Investigation of similar skeletal pathologies at other islands or isolated habitats is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Lyras
- Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Giannakopoulou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Theodoros Lillis
- Department of Oral Surgery, Implantology and Radiology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Sadowski EM, Hammel JU, Denk T. Synchrotron X-ray imaging of a dichasium cupule of Castanopsis from Eocene Baltic amber. Am J Bot 2018; 105:2025-2036. [PMID: 30548995 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The Eocene Baltic amber deposit represents the largest accumulation of fossil resin worldwide, and hundreds of thousands of entrapped arthropods have been recovered. Although Baltic amber preserves delicate plant structures in high fidelity, angiosperms of the "Baltic amber forest" remain poorly studied. We describe a pistillate partial inflorescence of Castanopsis (Fagaceae), expanding the knowledge of Fagaceae diversity from Baltic amber. METHODS The amber specimen was investigated using light microscopy and synchrotron-radiation-based X-ray micro-computed tomography (SRμCT). KEY RESULTS The partial inflorescence is a cymule, consisting of an involucre of scales that surround all four pistillate flowers, indicating a dichasium cupule. Subtending bracts are basally covered with peltate trichomes. Flowers possess an urecolate perianth of six nearly free lobes, 12 staminodia hidden by the perianth, and a tri-locular ovary that is convex-triangular in cross section. The exceptional three-dimensional preservation suggests that the fossil belongs to the extant East Asian genus Castanopsis. The amber inclusion represents the first record of Castanopsis from Baltic amber and the first pistillate inflorescence of Fagaceae from Eurasia. CONCLUSIONS The partial female inflorescence reported here provides an important addition to acorns of Castanopsis described from middle Eocene strata of Europe. Furthermore, the intercontinental distribution of Castanopsis in the Eocene is confirmed. The amber fossil also broadens the picture of the Baltic amber source area, indicating oligotrophic, sandy, bog-like habitats. Finally, this study underscores the great benefit of SRμCT as a powerful tool to investigate plant inclusions from amber in a nondestructive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Sadowski
- Department of Geobiology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Jörg U Hammel
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Thomas Denk
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 10405, Stockholm, Sweden
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Marsh AD, Rowe TB. Anatomy and systematics of the sauropodomorph Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204007. [PMID: 30304035 PMCID: PMC6179219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis, from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona, is one of only three sauropodomorph dinosaurs known from the Early Jurassic of North America. It joins Anchisaurus polyzelus, from the older Portland Formation of the Hartford Basin, and Seitaad reussi, from the younger Navajo Sandstone of Utah, in representing the oldest North American sauropodomorphs. If it is true that sauropodomorphs were absent from North America during the Late Triassic, the relationship among these three dinosaurs offers a test of the mechanisms that drove recovery in North American biodiversity following the end-Triassic extinction event. Here we provide the first thorough description of Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis based on completed preparation and computed tomographic imaging of the holotype and referred specimens. With new anatomical data, our phylogenetic analysis supports the conclusion that Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis is nested within the primarily Gondwanan clade Massospondylidae, while agreeing with previous analyses that the three North American sauropodomorphs do not themselves form an exclusive clade. A revised diagnosis and more thorough understanding of the anatomy of Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis support the view that independent dispersal events were at least partly responsible for the recovery in North American vertebrate diversity following a major extinction event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Marsh
- The Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Science and Resource Management, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Timothy B. Rowe
- The Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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Abstract
The tongue, with fleshy, muscular, and bony components, is an innovation of the earliest land-dwelling vertebrates with key functions in both feeding and respiration. Here, we bring together evidence from preserved hyoid elements from dinosaurs and outgroup archosaurs, including pterosaurs, with enhanced contrast x-ray computed tomography data from extant taxa. Midline ossification is a key component of the origin of an avian hyoid. The elaboration of the avian tongue includes the evolution of multiple novel midline hyoid bones and a larynx suspended caudal to these midline elements. While variable in dentition and skull shape, most bird-line archosaurs show a simple hyoid structure. Bony, or well-mineralized, hyoid structures in dinosaurs show limited modification in response to dietary shifts and across significant changes in body-size. In Dinosauria, at least one such narrow, midline element is variably mineralized in some basal paravian theropods. Only in derived ornithischians, pterosaurs and birds is further significant hyoid elaboration recorded. Furthermore, only in the latter two taxa does the bony tongue structure include elongation of paired hyobranchial elements that have been associated in functional studies with hyolingual mobility. Pterosaurs and enantiornithine birds achieve similar elongation and inferred mobility via elongation of ceratobranchial elements while within ornithurine birds, including living Aves, ossified and separate paired epibranchial elements (caudal to the ceratobranchials) confer an increase in hyobranchial length. The mobile tongues seen in living birds may be present in other flighted archosaurs showing a similar elongation. Shifts from hypercarnivory to more diverse feeding ecologies and diets, with the evolution of novel locomotor strategies like flight, may explain the evolution of more complex tongue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhonghe Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Julia A. Clarke
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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Odes EJ, Delezene LK, Randolph-Quinney PS, Smilg JS, Augustine TN, Jakata K, Berger LR. A case of benign osteogenic tumour in Homo naledi: Evidence for peripheral osteoma in the U.W. 101-1142 mandible. Int J Paleopathol 2018; 21:47-55. [PMID: 29778414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The reported incidence of neoplasia in the extinct hominin record is rare. We describe here the first palaeopathological analysis of an osteogenic lesion in the extinct hominin Homo naledi from Dinaledi Cave (Rising Star), South Africa. The lesion presented as an irregular bony growth, found on the right lingual surface of the body of the adult mandible U.W. 101-1142. The growth was macroscopically evaluated and internally imaged using micro-focus x-ray computed tomography (μCT). A detailed description and differential diagnosis were undertaken using gross and micromorphology, and we conclude that the most probable diagnosis is peripheral osteoma - a benign osteogenic neoplasia. These tumours are cryptic in clinical expression, though they may present localised discomfort and swelling. It has been suggested that muscle traction may play a role in the development and expression of these tumours. The impact of this lesion on the individual affected is unknown. This study adds to the growing corpus of palaeopathological data from the South African fossil record, which suggests that the incidence of neoplastic disease in deep prehistory was more prevalent than traditionally accepted. The study also highlights the utility of micro-computed tomography in assisting accurate diagnoses of ancient pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Odes
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Lucas K Delezene
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States
| | - Patrick S Randolph-Quinney
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - Jacqueline S Smilg
- School of Radiation Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Radiology, Charlotte Maxeke Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tanya N Augustine
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Kudakwashe Jakata
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lee R Berger
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Ragsdale BD, Campbell RA, Kirkpatrick CL. Neoplasm or not? General principles of morphologic analysis of dry bone specimens. Int J Paleopathol 2018; 21:27-40. [PMID: 29776885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unlike modern diagnosticians, a paleopathologist will likely have only skeletonized human remains without medical records, radiologic studies over time, microbiologic culture results, etc. Macroscopic and radiologic analyses are usually the most accessible diagnostic methods for the study of ancient skeletal remains. This paper recommends an organized approach to the study of dry bone specimens with reference to specimen radiographs. For circumscribed lesions, the distribution (solitary vs. multifocal), character of margins, details of periosteal reactions, and remnants of mineralized matrix should point to the mechanism(s) producing the bony changes. In turn, this allows selecting a likely category of disease (e.g. neoplastic) within which a differential diagnosis can be elaborated and from which a favored specific diagnosis can be chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D Ragsdale
- Western Diagnostic Services Laboratory, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA; School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Roselyn A Campbell
- Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, 308 Charles E. Young Drive North, A210 Fowler Building/Box 951510, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1510, USA; Paleo-oncology Research Organization, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Casey L Kirkpatrick
- Paleo-oncology Research Organization, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Anthropology, Social Science Center Room 3326, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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Miccichè R, Carotenuto G, Sìneo L. The utility of 3D medical imaging techniques for obtaining a reliable differential diagnosis of metastatic cancer in an Iron Age skull. Int J Paleopathol 2018; 21:41-46. [PMID: 29776883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this report we present a case of neoplastic disease affecting an Iron Age skull that provides some of the earliest evidence of metastatic cancer (MC) in Western Europe. The cranium comes from the indigenous site of Baucina (Palermo, Sicily) and was recovered in a multiple burial context dated to the 6th-5th centuries BCE. The skull was attributed to an adult female and was characterized by numerous perforating lytic lesions. CT and 3D imaging analyses were crucial for obtaining a diagnosis of MC. Based on the morphology of the lytic lesions and the biological profile of our specimen, we can tentatively suggest breast carcinoma as the primary origin of the clinical manifestations recorded on the skull. This work also highlights the importance of utilizing an analytical approach to paleopathology that incorporates up-to-date CT and 3D imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Miccichè
- Dipartimento di "Scienze e Tecnologie biologiche, chimiche e farmaceutiche" LabHomo, Laboratori di Antropologia, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di "Scienze e Tecnologie biologiche, chimiche e farmaceutiche" LabHomo, Laboratori di Antropologia, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Sìneo
- Dipartimento di "Scienze e Tecnologie biologiche, chimiche e farmaceutiche" LabHomo, Laboratori di Antropologia, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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Clement AM, King B, Giles S, Choo B, Ahlberg PE, Young GC, Long JA. Neurocranial anatomy of an enigmatic Early Devonian fish sheds light on early osteichthyan evolution. eLife 2018; 7:e34349. [PMID: 29807569 PMCID: PMC5973833 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The skull of 'Ligulalepis' from the Early Devonian of Australia (AM-F101607) has significantly expanded our knowledge of early osteichthyan anatomy, but its phylogenetic position has remained uncertain. We herein describe a second skull of 'Ligulalepis' and present micro-CT data on both specimens to reveal novel anatomical features, including cranial endocasts. Several features previously considered to link 'Ligulalepis' with actinopterygians are now considered generalized osteichthyan characters or of uncertain polarity. The presence of a lateral cranial canal is shown to be variable in its development between specimens. Other notable new features include the presence of a pineal foramen, the some detail of skull roof sutures, the shape of the nasal capsules, a placoderm-like hypophysial vein, and a chondrichthyan-like labyrinth system. New phylogenetic analyses place 'Ligulalepis' as a stem osteichthyan, specifically as the sister taxon to 'psarolepids' plus crown osteichthyans. The precise position of 'psarolepids' differs between parsimony and Bayesian analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Clement
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
- Department of Organismal BiologyEvolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of SciencesMuseum VictoriaMelbourneAustralia
| | - Benedict King
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Sam Giles
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Brian Choo
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
| | - Per E Ahlberg
- Department of Organismal BiologyEvolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Gavin C Young
- Department of Applied MathematicsResearch School of Physics & Engineering, Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- Australian Museum Research InstituteSydneyAustralia
| | - John A Long
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
- Department of SciencesMuseum VictoriaMelbourneAustralia
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Whitney
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle2Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Larry Mose
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Christian A Sidor
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle2Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle
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Benoit J, Norton LA, Manger PR, Rubidge BS. Reappraisal of the envenoming capacity of Euchambersia mirabilis (Therapsida, Therocephalia) using μCT-scanning techniques. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172047. [PMID: 28187210 PMCID: PMC5302418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Euchambersia mirabilis is an iconic species of Permo-Triassic therapsid because of its unusually large external maxillary fossa linked through a sulcus to a ridged canine. This anatomy led to the commonly accepted conclusion that the large fossa accommodated a venom gland. However, this hypothesis remains untested so far. Here, we conducted a μCT scan assisted reappraisal of the envenoming capacity of Euchambersia, with a special focus on the anatomy of the maxillary fossa and canines. This study shows that the fossa, presumably for the venom-producing gland, is directly linked to the maxillary canal, which carries the trigeminal nerve (responsible for the sensitivity of the face). The peculiar anatomy of the maxillary canal suggests important reorganisation in the somatosensory system and that a ganglion could possibly have been present in the maxillary fossa instead of a venom gland. Nevertheless, the venom gland hypothesis is still preferred since we describe, for the first time, the complete crown morphology of the incisiform teeth of Euchambersia, which strongly suggests that the complete dentition was ridged. Therefore Euchambersia manifests evidence of all characteristics of venomous animals: a venom gland (in the maxillary fossa), a mechanism to deliver the venom (the maxillary canal and/or the sulcus located ventrally to the fossa); and an apparatus with which to inflict a wound for venom delivery (the ridged dentition).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Luke A. Norton
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Paul R. Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Bruce S. Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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24
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Mayall P, Pilbrow V, Bitadze L. Migrating Huns and modified heads: Eigenshape analysis comparing intentionally modified crania from Hungary and Georgia in the Migration Period of Europe. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171064. [PMID: 28152046 PMCID: PMC5289542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An intentionally modified head is a visually distinctive sign of group identity. In the Migration Period of Europe (4th- 7th century AD) the practice of intentional cranial modification was common among several nomadic groups, but was strongly associated with the Huns from the Carpathian Basin in Hungary, where modified crania are abundant in archaeological sites. The frequency of modified crania increased substantially in the Mtskheta region of Georgia in this time period, but there are no records that Huns settled here. We compare the Migration Period modified skulls from Georgia with those from Hungary to test the hypothesis that the Huns were responsible for cranial modification in Georgia. We use extended eigenshape analysis to quantify cranial outlines, enabling a discriminant analysis to assess group separation and identify morphological differences. Twenty-one intentionally modified skulls from Georgia are compared with sixteen from Hungary, using nineteen unmodified crania from a modern population as a comparative baseline. Results indicate that modified crania can be differentiated from modern unmodified crania with 100% accuracy. The Hungarian and Georgian crania show some overlap in shape, but can be classified with 81% accuracy. Shape gradations along the main eigenvectors indicate that the Hungarian crania show little variation in cranial shape, in accordance with a two-bandage binding technique, whereas the Georgian crania had a wider range of variation, fitting with a diversity of binding styles. As modification style is a strong signifier of social identity, our results indicate weak Hunnic influence on cranial modification in Georgia and are equivocal about the presence of Huns in Georgia. We suggest instead that other nomadic groups such as Alans and Sarmatians living in this region were responsible for modified crania in Georgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mayall
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Varsha Pilbrow
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Liana Bitadze
- Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Tbilisi, Georgia
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25
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Lee YC, Chiang CC, Huang PY, Chung CY, Huang TD, Wang CC, Chen CI, Chang RS, Liao CH, Reisz RR. Evidence of preserved collagen in an Early Jurassic sauropodomorph dinosaur revealed by synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14220. [PMID: 28140389 PMCID: PMC5290320 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossilized organic remains are important sources of information because they provide a unique form of biological and evolutionary information, and have the long-term potential for genomic explorations. Here we report evidence of protein preservation in a terrestrial vertebrate found inside the vascular canals of a rib of a 195-million-year-old sauropodomorph dinosaur, where blood vessels and nerves would normally have been present in the living organism. The in situ synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectra exhibit the characteristic infrared absorption bands for amide A and B, amide I, II and III of collagen. Aggregated haematite particles (α-Fe2O3) about 6∼8 μm in diameter are also identified inside the vascular canals using confocal Raman microscopy, where the organic remains were preserved. We propose that these particles likely had a crucial role in the preservation of the proteins, and may be remnants partially contributed from haemoglobin and other iron-rich proteins from the original blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chang Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | | | - Pei-Yu Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yu Chung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Timothy D. Huang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
- Dinosaur Evolution Research Center of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
- College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 400, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Iue Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Seng Chang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | | | - Robert R. Reisz
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
- Dinosaur Evolution Research Center of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
- College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 400, Taiwan
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
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26
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Rowe TB, Shepherd GM. Role of ortho-retronasal olfaction in mammalian cortical evolution. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:471-95. [PMID: 25975561 PMCID: PMC4898483 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fossils of mammals and their extinct relatives among cynodonts give evidence of correlated transformations affecting olfaction as well as mastication, head movement, and ventilation, and suggest evolutionary coupling of these seemingly separate anatomical regions into a larger integrated system of ortho-retronasal olfaction. Evidence from paleontology and physiology suggests that ortho-retronasal olfaction played a critical role at three stages of mammalian cortical evolution: early mammalian brain development was driven in part by ortho-retronasal olfaction; the bauplan for neocortex had higher-level association functions derived from olfactory cortex; and human cortical evolution was enhanced by ortho-retronasal smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B. Rowe
- Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712 USA
| | - Gordon M. Shepherd
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510 USA
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27
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Bidola P, Stockmar M, Achterhold K, Pfeiffer F, Pacheco MLAF, Soriano C, Beckmann F, Herzen J. Absorption and Phase Contrast X-Ray Imaging in Paleontology Using Laboratory and Synchrotron Sources. Microsc Microanal 2015; 21:1288-1295. [PMID: 26306692 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615014919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) is commonly used for imaging of samples in biomedical or materials science research. Owing to the ability to visualize a sample in a nondestructive way, X-ray μCT is perfectly suited to inspect fossilized specimens, which are mostly unique or rare. In certain regions of the world where important sedimentation events occurred in the Precambrian geological time, several fossilized animals are studied to understand questions related to their origin, environment, and life evolution. This article demonstrates the advantages of applying absorption and phase-contrast CT on the enigmatic fossil Corumbella werneri, one of the oldest known animals capable of building hard parts, originally discovered in Corumbá (Brazil). Different tomographic setups were tested to visualize the fossilized inner structures: a commercial laboratory-based μCT device, two synchrotron-based imaging setups using conventional absorption and propagation-based phase contrast, and a commercial X-ray microscope with a lens-coupled detector system, dedicated for radiography and tomography. Based on our results we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different imaging setups for paleontological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pidassa Bidola
- 1Department of Physics,Technische Universität München,85748 Garching,Germany
| | - Marco Stockmar
- 1Department of Physics,Technische Universität München,85748 Garching,Germany
| | - Klaus Achterhold
- 1Department of Physics,Technische Universität München,85748 Garching,Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- 1Department of Physics,Technische Universität München,85748 Garching,Germany
| | - Mírian L A F Pacheco
- 2Department of Biology,Federal University of São Carlos,Campus Sorocaba,18052780-Sorocaba,SP-Brazil
| | - Carmen Soriano
- 3Advanced Photon Source-Argonne National Laboratory,9700S Cass ave,Lemont,IL 60439,USA
| | - Felix Beckmann
- 4Institute for Materials Research,Helmholtz-Centre Geesthacht,21502 Geesthacht,Germany
| | - Julia Herzen
- 1Department of Physics,Technische Universität München,85748 Garching,Germany
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28
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Lussani FC, Vescovi RFDC, de Souza TD, Leite CAP, Giles C. A versatile x-ray microtomography station for biomedical imaging and materials research. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:063705. [PMID: 26133842 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An x-ray microtomography station implemented at the X-ray Applied Crystallography Laboratory of the State University of Campinas is described. The station is based on a propagation based phase contrast imaging setup with a microfocus source and digital x-ray area detectors. Due to its simplicity, this setup is ideal for fast, high resolution imaging and microtomography of small biological specimens and materials research samples. It can also be coupled to gratings to use and develop new techniques as the harmonic spatial coherent imaging, which allow scattering contrast imaging. Details of the experimental setup, equipment, and software integration are described. Test microtomography for setup commissioning and characterization is shown. We conclude that phase contrast enhanced x-ray imaging and microtomography with resolution below 5 μm voxel size are possible and data sets as wide as 2000 × 2000 × 2000 voxels are obtained with this instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cesar Lussani
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís Diniz de Souza
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Carlos A P Leite
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Carlos Giles
- Instituto de Física "Gleb Wataghin," Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil
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29
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Coty D, Aria C, Garrouste R, Wils P, Legendre F, Nel A. The first ant-termite syninclusion in amber with CT-scan analysis of taphonomy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104410. [PMID: 25140873 PMCID: PMC4139309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here a co-occurrence (i.e. a syninclusion) of ants and termites in a piece of Mexican amber (Totolapa deposit, Chiapas), whose importance is two-fold. First, this finding suggests at least a middle Miocene antiquity for the modern, though poorly documented, relationship between Azteca ants and Nasutitermes termites. Second, the presence of a Neivamyrmex army ant documents an in situ raiding behaviour of the same age and within the same community, confirmed by the fact that the army ant is holding one of the termite worker between its mandibles and by the presence of a termite with bitten abdomen. In addition, we present how CT-scan imaging can be an efficient tool to describe the topology of resin flows within amber pieces, and to point out the different states of preservation of the embedded insects. This can help achieving a better understanding of taphonomical processes, and tests ethological and ecological hypotheses in such complex syninclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Coty
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS UPMC EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Aria
- Department of Natural History-Palaeobiology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romain Garrouste
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS UPMC EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Wils
- CNRS UMS 2700, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Legendre
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS UPMC EPHE, Paris, France
| | - André Nel
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS UPMC EPHE, Paris, France
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