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Martínez-Patiño MJ, Blas Lopez FJ, Dubois M, Vilain E, Fuentes-García JP. Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Behavior, Perception of Threat, Stress and Training Patterns of Olympic and Paralympic Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:12780. [PMID: 34886503 PMCID: PMC8656930 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to analyze the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and its subsequent confinement on behaviors, perception of threat, stress, state of mind and training patterns among Olympic and Paralympic level athletes. METHODS Data gathering was performed utilizing an online questionnaire during imposed confinement. A correlational design with incidental sampling for convenience was used. All the variables were analyzed by age, gender, academic training, type of participation and sport specialty on a population composed of 447 Olympic (age: 26.0 ± 7.5 years) and 64 Paralympic (age: 28.4 ± 10.5 years) athletes. RESULTS The athletes trained more than twice as many hours before than during confinement. Most of the athletes recognized that their best athletic performance diminished due to the COVID-19 confinement but that will recover after the pandemic and its confinements. Almost half of the athletes declared they were more tired than normal and had difficulty sleeping, while more than half ate more or less as usual. Paralympic athletes reported they felt more capable to cope with personal problems and life events and felt less lonely during the confinement than the Olympians. The athletes from team sports reported to be more affected in their training routine than athletes of individual sports, seeing their athletic performance more affected. Athletes in individual sports felt more able to cope with personal problems than athletes in team sports. Female athletes were significantly more tired and reported more difficulty sleeping than male athletes. CONCLUSION The situation caused by COVID-19 has had significant effects on the behavior, perception of threat, stress and training patterns of Olympic and Paralympic athletes preparing for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. It is necessary that sports institutions reinforce mechanisms of help for athletes during future situations of confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Martínez-Patiño
- Faculty of Sciences of Education and Sport, University of Vigo, 36005 Vigo, Spain; (M.J.M.-P.); (F.J.B.L.)
| | | | - Michel Dubois
- Groupe d’Étude des Méthodes de l’Analyse Sociologique de la Sorbonne (GEMASS), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France;
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs), International Research Laboratory “Epidapo” (Epigenetics, Data, Politics), Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Eric Vilain
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs), International Research Laboratory “Epidapo” (Epigenetics, Data, Politics), Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Abstract
The aim was to determine the pacing strategies used to achieve male 1500 m running world record performances. Lap times (three first laps and the last 300 m) for the last 37 male 1500 m world record performances achieved since 1917 until 1998 were collected. An analysis of variance with repeated measures and a Bonferroni post hoc test were conducted to determine differences between the percentages of race average speed at each lap. Lap 1 and last 300 m differed from lap 2 and 3, being the latter slower (P < 0.001, 1.44 ≤ ES ≤ 1.95), and displaying a U-shaped pacing profile. Whereas the pacing strategies observed differed from those previously determined for major championship races, a fast endspurt was always present and therefore athletes aiming for a world standard performance should train for developing their anaerobic capacity in addition to a high aerobic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casado
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - Natalia Romero-Franco
- Nursing and Physiotherapy Department, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Rocha TC, Mateos-Padorno C, Fuentes-García JP, González-Silva J, Martínez-Patiño MJ. Perception of the Olympic values in the Portuguese coaches of individual and team sports. jhse 2021. [DOI: 10.14198/jhse.2023.181.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abuín-Penas J, Babiak K, Martínez-Patiño MJ. Athlete’s philanthropy and social responsibility communication on social media during COVID-19. jhse 2020. [DOI: 10.14198/jhse.2022.171.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Portela-Pino I, López-Castedo A, Martínez-Patiño MJ, Valverde-Esteve T, Domínguez-Alonso J. Gender Differences in Motivation and Barriers for The Practice of Physical Exercise in Adolescence. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 17:ijerph17010168. [PMID: 31881707 PMCID: PMC6981955 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 852 adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age were evaluated (M = 14.86, SD = 1.67), randomly selected among a population of secondary school and Baccalaureate students. We applied an “ad hoc” questionnaire on sociodemographic data and the Self-Report of Reasons for the Practice of Physical Exercise (AMPEF) and Self-Report of Barriers to the Practice of Physical Exercise (ABPEF) questionnaires. The results obtained show a prevalence of competition, social recognition, and challenge as motivational factors, and fatigue or laziness as barriers to physical exercise among adolescents. With respect to gender, boys show a greater presence of motivations towards doing physical exercise, while girls show more barriers. In conclusion, the motivational factors and barriers interact and support each other for a better predisposition towards physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago Portela-Pino
- Department of Physical Education, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (I.P.-P.); (M.J.M.-P.)
| | - Antonio López-Castedo
- Department of Analysis and Psicoeducative Intervention, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (J.D.-A.)
| | | | - Teresa Valverde-Esteve
- Department of Didactics of Music, Visual and Body Expression, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - José Domínguez-Alonso
- Department of Analysis and Psicoeducative Intervention, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (J.D.-A.)
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Mateos-Padorno C, García-Manso JM, Martínez-Patiño MJ, Valverde-Esteve T. Analysis of effectiveness of free segment actions and antero-posterior and lateral body displacements during the take-off phase of high jump (flop style). INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1555737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Teresa Valverde-Esteve
- Department of Didactics of Music, Visual and Body Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Vilain
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; International Joint Unit Epigenetics, Data, Politics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Nereida Bueno-Guerra
- Department of Psychology and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Cataluña 08025, Spain; Department of Developmental Psychology, Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Saxony, Germany.
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Sánchez FJ, Blas-Lopez FJ, Martínez-Patiño MJ, Vilain E. Masculine consciousness and anti-effeminacy among latino and white gay men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity 2016. [DOI: 10.1037/a0039465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ha NQ, Dworkin SL, Martínez-Patiño MJ, Rogol AD, Rosario V, Sánchez FJ, Wrynn A, Vilain E. Hurdling over sex? Sport, science, and equity. Arch Sex Behav 2014; 43:1035-1042. [PMID: 25085349 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-014-0332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Between 1968 and 1999, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) required all female athletes to undergo genetic testing as part of its sex verification policy, under the assumption that it needed to prevent men from impersonating women and competing in female-only events. After critics convinced officials that genetic testing was scientifically and ethically flawed for this purpose, the IOC replaced the policy in 1999 with a system allowing for medical evaluations of an athlete's sex only in cases of "reasonable suspicion," but this system also created injustice for athletes and stoked international controversies. In 2011, the IOC adopted a new policy on female hyperandrogenism, which established an upper hormonal limit for athletes eligible to compete in women's sporting events. This new policy, however, still leaves important medical and ethical issues unaddressed. We review the history of sex verification policies and make specific recommendations on ways to improve justice for athletes within the bounds of the current hyperandrogenism policy, including suggestions to clarify the purpose of the policy, to ensure privacy and confidentiality, to gain informed consent, to promote psychological health, and to deploy equitable administration and eligibility standards for male and female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Q Ha
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
In April 2011, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) updated their regulations regarding elite female athletes with hyperandrogenism: Women whose testosterone levels crossed into the male range could not compete with other women unless it was shown that they are resistant to the effects of testosterone. Although the new rule is a marked improvement over past attempts to ensure that men were not trying to compete as women in elite competition, several criticisms have been leveled against the new regulations. Here we offer our reactions to claims that the new regulation promotes a sex-verification test, claims that intersex athletes will automatically be disqualified from competition, and proposals to either divide athletes based on variables beyond sex or completely eliminate sex groupings. Although elite sports can never achieve a perfectly level playing field, there should be parameters to which athletes must conform for a given sport. Yet elite athletes themselves should play a decisive role in what is best for their sport.
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Martínez Vidal A, Prada Martínez A, Díaz Pereira MDP, Martínez-Patiño MJ. Effect of a combined program of physical activity and intellectual activity in the cognitive functioning of the elderly. JHSE 2011. [DOI: 10.4100/jhse.2011.62.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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