Function and localization of high and low affinity binding sites to muscarinic receptors in longitudinal and circular smooth muscles of human stomach

The contractile response to acetylcholine (ACh) and the binding of [3H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate [( 3H]QNB) to muscarinic receptors in both longitudinal and circular muscles were examined in fundus, body and antrum of human stomach which was obtained by surgical operation for gastric cancer or ulcer. The values of pD2 and pA2 for ACh and atropine, respectively, on longitudinal muscle of fundus were similar to those of body but were larger than those of antrum. On the other hand, the values of pD2 and pA2 on circular muscles were not different among fundus, body, and antrum and were similar to those on longitudinal muscle of antrum. By Scatchard analysis of receptor binding of [3H]QNB in homogenate, at least two subclasses of binding sites, i.e. high and low affinity sites, were observed in fundus and body, while only high affinity binding site was found in antrum. Thus, we conclude that there are at least two subclasses of muscarinic receptors which regulate the contraction of smooth muscle in different regions of human stomach.

Regulatory elements of the human vimentin gene: activation during proliferation

We investigated the constitution of the vimentin regulatory region through the use of cloned deletion mutants and the nucleotide sequence analysis in order to determine the elements which are implicated in the various physiological stimulations. We report that the vimentin promoter is constituted of a juxtaposition of at least 20 different putative regulatory elements illustrating the molecular tinkering theory. Fifty-eight motifs were found, representing 20 different sequences. Each of these mini-elements displays a consensus sequence homologous to or closely related to that found in regulatory regions of different genes correlated with processes of cell activation and proliferation.

Angled side wall microarteriotomy scissors: a new end-to-side microvascular anastomosis instrument

Creation of a smooth side wall arteriotomy for an end-to-side microsurgical anastomosis can at times be difficult and time consuming. To facilitate this maneuver, a new end-to-side microarteriotomy scissor was designed for creation of recipient vessel openings from 0.5-2 mm in size. These new scissors and their recommended use are described.

[Comparative study on the reflex responses of carotid and aortic baroreceptors in the rabbit]

In 81 anesthetized rabbits, the baroreflex control of heart rate (HR), hind-limb vascular resistance (HVR) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) was observed during arterial baroreceptor loading and unloading by intravenously injecting phenylephrine (PE) and nitroprusside (NP). The results were as follows: (1) An increase of arterial pressure with PE caused reduction in HR, HVR and RSNA, while a decrease of arterial pressure with NP evoked opposite responses. These reflex responses were reproducible. (2) By either carotid baroreceptor denervation (CBRX) or aortic baroreceptor denervation (ABRX), the reflex changes of HR induced by injecting PE and NP were impaired (P less than 0.01), while the reflex responses in HVP remained unchanged. Despite of the enhanced basal RSNA following ABRX or CBRX, the magnitude of reflex inhibition in RSNA during injecting NP was similar to that before denervation, whereas that of the reflex excitation in RSNA during injecting NP was reduced (P less than 0.05). (3) After complete sino-aortic denervation (SAD), the change of arterial pressure following PE or NP injection was enhanced, but the reflex changes in HR, HVR and RSNA were significantly diminished (P less than 0.001). (4) Vagotomy abolished the residual reflex changes observed after SAD. The results indicate that the aortic and carotid baroreceptors may regulate HR in a simple additive manner, while the aortic baroreceptor seems to be more important. Furthermore, both the aortic and carotid baroreceptors may play important roles for the reflex control of HVR and RSNA, and operate mutually by the way of inhibitory summation.

[Arterial baroreflex in the renal hypertensive rabbits]

In 14 anesthetized male rabbits subjected bilateral renal wrapping 12 weeks before, the baroreflex control of heart rate (HR), hindlimb vascular resistance (HVR) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) was examined during arterial baroreceptor loading and unloading by injecting phenylephrine (PE) and nitroprusside (NP). The results were as follows: (1) The mean arterial pressure (131 +/- 9 mmHg) of the kidney-wrapped rabbits was significantly higher than that (95 +/- 10 mmHg) of the control rabbits (P less than 0.001). (2) With the buffer nerves intact, the baroreflex control of HR was obviously impaired in the hypertensive rabbits (P less than 0.01), whereas the reflex control of HVR and RSNA remained unchanged as compared with the normotensive rabbits (P greater than 0.05), indicating a dissociation of baroreflex control of HR from that of peripheral circulation. However, in response to local intraarterial injection of PE and NP, the changes in HVR showed no difference between the hypertensive and normotensive rabbits. (3) After aortic or carotid baroreceptor denervation, the reflex control of HR was further reduced in the hypertensive rabbits, and the reflex control of HVR and RSNA was also significantly reduced (P less than 0.01), suggesting an impairment of potential baroreflex regulation of the circulation. It is likely that the changes of baroreflex in hypertensive rabbits may be attributed to the abnormalities in both baroreceptor and central integrating mechanism.

Evidence for ligand-induced conformational changes in proteins from phosphorescence spectroscopy

Phosphorescence spectroscopy on mouse myeloma IgA J539 in rigid solution at 77K revealed the type of anomalous short-lived component in the tryptophan decay originally observed with lysozyme (Churchich, J.E., 1966. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 120:406-412) and seen in a large number of Bence Jones proteins (Longworth, J.W., C.L. McLaughlin, and A. Solomon. 1976. Biochemistry. 15:2953-2958). The decay time of the anomalous component that results from the interaction between tryptophan side chains and disulfide linkages in proteins was observed to significantly lengthen in J539 in response to binding of a galactan antigen. With hen egg-white lysozyme in which the type of fluorescence enhancement on ligand binding seen with J539 has also been observed, phosphorescence measurements revealed a similar lengthening of the decay time of the disulfide-induced anomalous component in the tryptophan decay. These perturbations are interpreted as ligand-induced changes to the tryptophan-disulfide proximities that have been shown to exist in these structures. Given the short-range nature of the disulfide perturbation (see following article) the observations suggest, in particular when combined with x-ray crystallographic data, that phosphorescence decay-time measurements of disulfide perturbations can serve as a sensitive spectroscopic indicator of subtle conformational changes in immunoglobulins and other tryptophan-disulfide containing proteins.

Distance dependence of the tryptophan-disulfide interaction at the triplet level from pulsed phosphorescence studies on a model system

In the present study the distance dependence of tryptophan-disulfide interaction is examined with a view to both utilizing the interaction as a more quantitative indicator of subtle conformational changes in proteins as well as elucidating the interaction mechanism. To examine perturbations specifically at the indole triplet level 2-(3-indolyl)-ethyl phenyl ketone (IEPK) in which excitation is transferred with high efficiency to the triplet state of the indole moiety was employed. Phosphorescence decays of IEPK excited by a laser pulse in 70/30 (vol/vol) ethanolether at 77 K were measured in the presence of various concentrations of simple disulfides. The nonexponential phosphorescence decays arising from a distribution of fixed chromophoreperturber separations and the steady-state quenching of IEPK were accounted for with an exponential dependence of the quenching rate constant with distance. The small effective Bohr radius (0.8 A) that appears in the exponent emphasizes the localized nature of the interaction. Comparison of the triplet quenching rate constant obtained at quencher contact with IEPK to that estimated in proteins suggests a dependence on the triplet energy of the indole moiety and an endothermic nature for the quenching process. The study predicts that in proteins tryptophan-disulfide interactions are very localized in nature and should give rise to detectable anomalous decays only out to 2 A beyond van der Waals contact between the interacting partners.

Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in severely head-injured children. Part 1: Relationship with GCS score, outcome, ICP, and PVI

The literature suggests that in children with severe head injury, cerebral hyperemia is common and related to high intracranial pressure (ICP). However, there are very few data on cerebral blood flow (CBF) after severe head injury in children. This paper presents 72 measurements of cerebral blood flow ("CBF15"), using the 133Xe inhalation method, with multiple detectors over both hemispheres in 32 children aged 3 to 18 years (mean 13.6 years) with severe closed head injury (average Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 5.4). In 25 of the children, these were combined with measurements of arteriojugular venous oxygen difference (AVDO2) and of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2). In 30 patients, the first measurement was taken approximately 12 hours postinjury. In 18 patients, an indication of brain stiffness was obtained by withdrawal and injection of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid and calculation of the pressure-volume index (PVI) of Marmarou. The CBF and CMRO2 data were correlated with the GCS score, outcome, ICP, and PVI. Early after injury, CBF tended to be lower with lower GCS scores, but this was not statistically significant. This trend was reversed 24 hours postinjury, as significantly more hyperemic values were recorded the lower the GCS score, with the exception of the most severely injured patients (GCS score 3). In contrast, mean CMRO2 correlated positively with the GCS score and outcome throughout the course, but large standard deviations preclude making predictions based on CMRO2 measurements in individual patients. Early after injury, there was mild uncoupling between CBF and CMRO2 (CBF above metabolic demands, low AVDO2) and, after 24 hours, flow and metabolism were completely uncoupled with an extremely low AVDO2. Consistently reduced flow as found in only four patients; 28 patients (88%) showed hyperemia at some point in their course. This very high percentage of patients with hyperemia, combined with the lowest values of AVDO2 found in the literature, indicates that hyperemia or luxury perfusion is more prevalent in this group of patients. The three patients with consistently the highest CBF had consistently the lowest PVI: thus, the patients with the most severe hyperemia also had the stiffest brains. Nevertheless, and in contrast to previous reports, no correlation could be established between the course of ICP or PVI and the occurrence of hyperemia, nor was there a correlation between the levels of CBF and ICP at the time of the measurements. The authors argue that this lack of correlation is due to: 1) a definition of hyperemia that is too generous, and 2) the lack of a systematic relationship between CBF and cerebral blood volume

[A study of the quality of Fujian native Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. var. biloba Rehd. et Wils]

This study reports on the connexion of the content of the efficacious constituents, magnolol and honokiol of Magnolia officinalis var. biloba with age, diameter of the trunk and various parts of the tree, thus presenting a basis for its collection, quality control and clinical applications.

A live cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting human hepatoma membrane antigens

Live cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) and fixed cell indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assays were compared to screen mouse hybridomas producing immunoreactive monoclonal antibodies against cell membrane antigens expressed on Ha22T, a human hepatoma cell line. While performing live cell ELISA, two parameters were tested to improve the viability of the target cells. The first parameter was the inclusion of growth medium in the assay buffers, and the second was performing the assay incubations at 37 degrees C in an incubator containing 5% CO2 in the air. Fixed cell IF detected and classified 46% of the hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies reactive with membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, and nuclear antigens of Ha22T cells. Fixed cell IF was able to reveal mixtures of two or more hybridomas growing in the same well secreting antibodies to different cell organelles. The live cell ELISA, on the other hand, identified 12 additional membrane reactive monoclonal antibodies from the hybridoma supernatants that were not reactive by IF. These results disclose that cell fixation procedures used for IF either completely or partially inactivated some of the cell membrane antigens. We, therefore, propose the use of a combination of immunoassays to select the maximum number of hybridomas secreting useful monoclonal antibodies from somatic cell fusions.

Production of new polyene antibiotics by Streptomyces cellulosae after addition of ethyl (Z)-16-phenylhexadec-9-enoate

Ethyl (Z)-16-phenylhexadec-9-enoate (3), an analog of ethyl oleate (2), was synthesized and added to cultures of Streptomyces cellulosae ATCC 12625 which normally produce fungichromin (1) as the principal polyene antibiotic. These cultures showed drastic reduction of fungichromin biosynthesis but afforded four new polyene antibiotics with a truncated four carbon side chain which are designated as isochainin (11) (an isomer of chainin (10], 14-hydroxyisochainin (12), 1'-hydroxyisochainin (13), and 1',14-dihydroxyisochainin (14). The close correspondence of 13C NMR chemical shifts between these compounds and fungichromin suggests that the stereochemistry at every site is exactly analogous.

[Protective effects of the pollen of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. on liver lesions at the ultrastructural level]

The experimental hepatic lesion of C57 mice was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCI4), and the feeds containing pollen of Codonopsis pilosula were given to the animals. It was found by electronic microscopy that these pollens evidently reduced the hepatic steatosis, improved liver necrosis, suppressed the formation of the collagen fibrils in Disse's spaces and around central veinules. It was shown that the pollens of Codonopsis pilosula could counteract efficiently the liver lesion of mice induced by CCI4.