Factor from rat liver with antiinvasive potential on rat ascites hepatoma cells

An acid/ethanol extract of normal rat liver, both in vitro and in vivo, inhibited the invasion by a highly invasive subpopulation of rat ascites hepatoma cells, AH 130 (LC-AH cells). The addition of 10-80 micrograms/ml extract inhibited the formation of penetrated colonies of LC-AH cells underneath the cultured mesothelial cell (M-cell) monolayer. The tumor cells pretreated with the extract showed the diminished colony formation. Preincubation of the extract with plasma membranes prepared from LC-AH cells abolished the effect of the extract, suggesting a binding of the inhibitory entity [tentatively termed as "invasion-inhibiting factor" (IIF)] to the tumor cell surface. The extract did not inhibit the growth of LC-AH cells, but suppressed their directed migration underneath the M-cell monolayer. A concomitant i.p. injection of the extract with LC-AH cells into rats prevented the invasion by tumor cells of the peritoneum and formation of tumor nodules in the peritoneum and mediastinum, indicating that IIF inhibited the tumor cell invasion and metastasis in vivo, as well. Upon ultrafiltration and gel fractionation, about 60% of IIF activity was recovered in the fraction corresponding to the molecular weight in the range of Mr 3000-4000. This activity was heat-stable at 100 degrees C at neutral pH but labile at acidic pH and was inactivated by the treatment with pronase. The rest of the activity of IIF was found in the fraction of more than Mr 25,000.

Iodine-131 therapy for parotid oncocytoma

We present a rare case of a patient with coexisting parotid oncocytoma and chronic thyroiditis who received two therapeutic doses of [131I]iodide for a recurrent oncocytoma (oxyphilic granular cell adenoma), resulting in a definite reduction in tumor volume. We suggest that radioiodine therapy for a recurrent oncocytoma is an effective form of tumor therapy.

[Effect of combined use of radiation and twice intratumor administration of OK-432 at one week intervals against a murine fibrosarcoma (NFSA)]

Effect of combination use of radiation and multiple administration of OK-432 was studied using a radio-resistant and weakly immunogenic murine fibrosarcoma (NFSa) originated spontaneously in a C3H female mouse. Mice implanted the tumor in the leg were locally irradiated with 40 Gy of gamma rays and locally administered total 8 KE of OK-432. The first group was given 1 KE daily for 8 days, 2 KE every other day in the 2nd group, 4 KE at 1 week interval in the 3rd group and 8 KE immediately after irradiation in the 4th group. The tumor volume at day 19 after irradiation was compared. The tumor growth inhibitory effect was observed in the 3rd group (p less than 0.01) and 4th group (p less than 0.05) compared to the group given radiation alone. This effect was seen at even more smaller dose of OK-432 as 0.5 KE by 2 times administration at 1 week interval. The effect of route of OK-432 administration was studied comparing the tumor volume at day 22. OK-432 was given 2 times at 1 week interval. A significant difference was seen in the group given OK-432 locally compared to the control group given radiation alone (p less than 0.001). There were no significant differences between the groups given OK-432 by the routes of i.p., s.c. i.v. and the control group. TCD50 value was examined giving OK-432 4 KE on the day and 2 KE on day 7 after irradiation. TCD50 value in the group treated with irradiation alone was 83.5 (79.6-87.4) Gy and the group given combination therapy with OK-432 was 60.7 (55.9-65.4) Gy. Two times OK-432 administration at 1 week interval appears to potentiate the radiation response by about 23 Gy.

Bilateral ovarian hemangiomas associated with diffuse hemangioendotheliomatosis: a case report

A patient who had disseminated vascular tumors involving the bilateral ovaries, bilateral lungs and pleura, pericardium, and mediastinum is reported. The tumors were histologically of the capillary, and partly the cavernous, type of hemangioma. However, endothelial cell growth was prominent in some areas, especially in the lung, and the histology of the lung tumor resembled epithelioid hemangioendothelioma or intravascular bronchiolo-alveolar tumor (IVBAT). In the endocardium of the right atrium, an endothelial tumorous projection was observed, and there were tiny foci of tumor cell nests in the abdominal venous wall. Small lymphangiomas were also found in the subcapsular region of the spleen. These findings suggest that there had been an abnormal proliferation of systemic endothelial cells and that tumors of endothelial cell origin with diverse histological patterns developed with this condition as a background. The autopsy finding of fibrin thrombi in multiple organs as well as laboratory data including thrombocytopenia suggest that this case belongs to the "Kasabach-Merritt syndrome."

[Establishment of an experimental model for tumor cell invasion and potentiation and inhibition of the invasive capacity]

Seeding of rat ascites hepatoma cells (AH 130) on cultured mesothelial cell monolayers resulted in the penetration of single tumor cells and subsequent formation of tumor cell colonies underneath the monolayers. Determination of the number of colonies facilitated quantitative estimation of the in vitro invasive ability, which corresponded well with the in vivo invasive capability of the tumor cells. Preculture of AH 130 cells with macrophages greatly potentiated both the in vitro and in vivo invasive capacities of the tumor cells. This potentiation seems to be mediated by certain species of active oxygen radicals generated by macrophages. Acid/ethanol extract of normal rat liver inhibited both the in vitro and in vivo invasion by the tumor cells. The inhibiting entity in the extract was heat-stable and had a molecular weight in the range of 3.5-10 Kd. It did not suppress tumor cell attachment to mesothelial cell layers, or inhibit tumor cell growth, but selectively impaired the penetration step of the tumor cell invasion through its binding to the tumor cell surface.

Heterotransplantation of mixed mesodermal tumor cells in nude mouse--histology of metastatic foci

The mixed mesodermal tumor has an admixture of carcinoma and sarcoma. The HIRS-BM tumor cell line, derived from the mixed mesodermal tumor, was transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of BALB/c nude mice, and the metastatic foci were examined histologically and karyologically. The HIRS-BM cells produced mixed mesodermal tumors (admixture of adenocarcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma) resembling the original tumor. The normal interstitial tissue was not present on the boundary of the sarcoma and carcinoma. These results support the combination theory as the cause of mixed mesodermal tumor.

[Immunohistochemistry of soft tissue sarcoma]

The use of immunohistochemical procedures has been especially marked in the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma and such procedures have become widely used. The necessity of using immunohistochemical procedures as a diagnostic tool is thus increasing, but there are some problems and points that should be borne in mind, together with the attendant advantages, when making a practical immunohistochemical diagnosis. Selection of antibodies: It is important to make a careful check of a commercially available antibody in terms of the grade of antibody quality. Specificity of antibody: The pathologist should remember that proteins such as alpha-1-antitrypsin and S-100 protein are present not only in one type of cell but also in several other types. Since mast cells often present in soft tissue sarcoma frequently show positive findings, these findings should not be interpreted as a positive indication of the presence of tumor cells. Patients with negative findings should be diagnosed carefully. In the assessment of intermediate filaments, it is necessary to perform pretreatment with trypsin. There are limitations in differentiation from cancer and the evaluation of whether the lesion is benign or malignant. Since immunohistochemical procedures are very effective for diagnosing heterogeneous tumors (Triton tumor, etc.), they should be actively applied for this purpose.

Macrophage potentiation of invasive capacity of rat ascites hepatoma cells

In vitro and in vivo invasive capacities of rat ascites hepatoma cells (AH 130) that had been cultured on the feeder layers of rat macrophages were examined. The in vitro invasive capacity of the tumor cells was measured by their ability to form tumor cell colonies underneath cultured mesothelial cell monolayers; in vivo invasive capacity was examined by the implantation of the tumor cells into the rat peritoneal cavity. When the tumor cells were precultured on a macrophage feeder layer, the in vitro invasive capacity of the tumor cells increased almost 10 times as much as that of uncocultred control cells. The cocultured tumor cells, when implanted in rat peritoneal cavity, infiltrated extensively in the peritoneum and formed many tumor nodules and enlarged metastatic lymph nodes. Implantation of the uncocultured tumor cells did not develop any macroscopically detectable nodules. The effect of macrophages was reversed by subculturing the cocultured tumor cells without macrophages. Treatment of the tumor cells with the medium conditioned by macrophage culture did not result in the increase in invasive capacity. Almost 50% of the macrophage-mediated enhancement of the in vitro invasive capacity was inhibited by the simultaneous addition of superoxide dismutase and catalase at the time of tumor cell-macrophage coculture.

[Production of monoclonal antibody against a newly established human endometrial cancer cell line SNG-II]

A cell line designated SNG-II was established from the operation specimen of human endometrial adenocarcinoma, and by means of an immunization procedure using intact SNG-II cells, a monoclonal antibody (Mab) named MSN-1 which reacts immunohistochemically with endometrial cancers was obtained. The cell line grew well without interruption for over 5 years, and, SNG-II cells produced tumors of cell differentiated adenocarcinoma in nude mice. The modal chromosomal number was diploid without a marker chromosome. The production of human chorionic gonadotropin and its beta-subunit, CA-125, tissue polypeptide antigen, and placental proteins such as PP6 and PP7 in SNG-II was confirmed. MSN-1 was of IgM subclass. As the antigenic reactivity was unchanged by trypsin treatment, but lost by periodic treatment, it was suggested that the antigen corresponding to MSN-1 was a carbohydrate sequence. Immunohistochemically MSN-1 reacted with about 70% cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma, but seldom with normal endometrium. Furthermore, the staining pattern of MSN-1 was different in benign cells from that in malignant cells: only the luminal surface of the normal endometrium was positive, whereas the cytoplasma was also stained in many of adenocarcinoma cells.

[Combined effect of the topical administration of OK-432 with radiation on the C3H mouse fibrosarcoma (NFSa)--TCD50 and the mechanism of action]

Optimal timing of topical administration of OK-432 and TCD50 were studied using weakly immunogenic and radioresistant C3H mouse fibrosarcoma (NFSa). The mechanism of action of this combined therapy was examined histologically and electron microscopically. Topical administration of OK-432 was performed from 2 days before irradiation to 7 days after irradiation and tumor volumes on the 20th day after irradiation were compared with a control group given radiation alone. Significant difference was observed only in the group which was given OK-432 just after irradiation. The TCD50 of the combined therapy of radiation with topical administration of OK-432, 4 KE which was given just after irradiation was 64.5 Gy and that of radiation alone was 83.5 Gy. Combined therapy shifted the TCD50 curve about 20Gy to the left. Histological examination of the tumor on the 6th day after combined therapy showed marked degeneration and necrosis of tumor cells with marked infiltration of lymphocytes. These lymphocytes were electron microscopically seen surrounding not only damaged cells, but also apparently active tumor cells. We postulate the latter cells had a tendency to be degenerative. This phenomenon suggests that lymphocytes recognize as foreign these tumor cells which are apparently active but some what damaged by radiation.

Infantile digital fibromatosis. An electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study

Three cases of infantile digital fibromatosis were studied by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The tumor was made up equally of myofibroblasts containing long narrow bundles of microfilaments with dense bodies. Another striking feature was the intracytoplasmic electron-dense inclusion. The inclusions were constituted of packed fibrils similar to those of the long bundles. At the periphery of these inclusions were seen prominent felt-like filamentous structures; the diameter varied from 5-12 nm. The 10 nm filaments were seen most abundantly in the cytoplasm surrounding the inclusions, but sometimes they were also found within the inclusions themselves, mainly at their periphery. These findings suggest that the inclusions may represent an abnormal accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins. On the other hand, various kinds of immunohistochemical study showed that actin, actomyosin, myosin, and vimentin were distinctly observed in cytoplasms of tumor cells. They were located fringing the intracytoplasmic inclusions, but the inclusion themselves showed negative findings, thus indicating a hollow-like staining pattern. These data can be synthesized as follows. The inclusion results from an accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (actin-myosin complex and vimentin, at least), and antigenicity seems to be lost by for a certain mechanism or in the degenerative process.

Superoxide radical potentiates invasive capacity of rat ascites hepatoma cells in vitro

Effect of superoxide radical (O2-) produced extracellularly by hypoxanthine (HX) and xanthine oxidase (XO) on invasive capacity of rat ascites hepatoma cells was studied. Invasive capacity was estimated in vitro by counting the number of tumor cell colonies penetrated underneath cultured mesothelial cell monolayer. When the tumor cells had been treated with non-toxic doses of HX and XO, the formation of penetrated colonies increased with increasing concentrations of XO. This increment was completely inhibited by scavengers of active oxygen radicals, superoxide dismutase (SOD) in combination with catalase (CAT) added simultaneously at the time of HX-XO treatment.

High frequency of class 3 allele in the human insulin gene in Japanese type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with a family history of diabetes

The restriction fragment length polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the human insulin gene was studied in 155 nonobese Japanese subjects. The subjects consisted of 36 Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with a family history of diabetes mellitus, 42 Type 2 diabetic patients without a family history of diabetes, 42 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients, and 35 healthy volunteers who served as control subjects. It was demonstrated that, in Japanese healthy subjects and diabetic patients, the incidence of the insertion into 5' flanking region of the insulin gene was found to be significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than those in Caucasians and other races already investigated. Even though the class 3 gene allelic frequency in Type 2 diabetic patients without a family history of diabetes (0.060) was not higher than that in healthy subjects (0.014), in nonobese Type 2 diabetic patients with a family history of diabetes the allelic frequency of the inserted class 3 gene (0.111) was found to be significantly higher (p less than 0.02) than that in control subjects. These data suggest that the insulin gene polymorphism relates to the aetiology of diabetes mellitus.

Interaction of rat ascites hepatoma cells with cultured mesothelial cell layers: a model for tumor invasion

Interactions of rat ascites hepatoma cells with primary cultured layers of rat mesentery-derived cells were studied. The mesentery-derived cells were isolated from rat mesentery and cultured in Eagle's minimum essential medium with a 2-fold concentration of amino acids and vitamins supplemented with 10% calf serum. The primary cultured cells, consisting mainly of mesothelial cells in polygonal shape, forms a "paving stone" sheet. Upon seeding the tumor cells on the mesentery-derived cell layers, three different types of tumor cell growth were observed. Type 1 was the formation of piled-up tumor cell nests on mesothelial cell layers. Type 2 was the formation of flattened tumor cell islands underneath mesothelial cell layers. This island formation was clearly observed under a phase contrast microscope 2 days after the tumor cell seeding. Protrusion of cellular processes of the tumor cells beneath mesothelial cells was occasionally seen. Type 3 was the growth of tumor cells in suspension. These types of tumor cell growth closely resemble those in the peritoneal cavity observed after i.p. implantation of the tumor cells. When the tumor cells recovered from the blood of tumor-bearing rats were seeded, flattened tumor cell islands were formed 15 times more frequently than when the tumor cells isolated from host peritoneal cavity were seeded. Shortly after the appearance of small flattened tumor cell islands, a distinct morphological change of mesothelial cells from polygonal to spindle shape was seen preferentially at the marginal area of the cell layers (a partial retraction of cell edges). The retraction of mesothelial cells was induced not only by seeding the tumor cells but by adding the tumor ascites fluid or the medium conditioned by the tumor cell culture. The morphological change was reversed by changing the culture medium to remove the effectors. These results indicate that the system described in this study can provide a useful model to study tumor cell invasion.

[Application of NMR-CT in the staging of cancer of the digestive organs]

To assess the potential of NMR-CT for demonstrating cancer of the digestive organs, we examined a total of 232 patients (89 with esophageal cancer, 52 with liver cancer, 40 with colorectal cancer, 9 with pancreatic cancer, 9 with gastric cancer, and 33 with other diseases). NMR-CT has many features, but we use especially those features which it is possible to select not only in the transverse plane but also in the coronal and sagittal planes, and it has excellent soft tissue contrast resolution. Our machine is a Picker International NMR-CT using a superconducting magnet of 0.256 tesla. Diagnosis of lymph node involvement of esophageal cancer. Using only the coronal plane, each patient was scanned by the spin echo technique (TE = 40, TR = 400) from the plane of the descending aorta to the plane of the trachea 1 cm in thickness, at 1 cm intervals, continuously. All the vessels were clearly differentiated as no-signal regions, especially in coronal images, from areas of carcinomatous involvement. Lymph nodes were identified as intense grey masses in fat tissue of high intensity. Twenty cases were proved by surgery or autopsy, and it was possible to assess 160 lymph-node groups. A total of 25 patients were imaged as having positive lymph nodes, but 17 of them had metastasis-positive nodes. In other 135 nodes imaged as negative lymph nodes, only two had metastasis and 133 were negative for metastasis. Overall accuracy was 93.8%. Diagnosis of liver cancer. Intrahepatic vessels were clearly imaged without using contrast enhancement in NMR-CT, so it was easy to diagnose the segment containing the tumor and to detect tumor emboli in the portal vein. The capsule was imaged in 84% (16/19) using IR techniques, although only 37% (7/19) could be imaged by X-CT. Diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Using the sagittal plane, the sacrum, urinary bladder and other organs were imaged better parallel to their axis, so that the relationship between rectal cancer and surrounding organs could be clearly visualised with NMR-CT. With regard to lymphatic metastasis, coronal imaging was useful for picturing mesenteric and pelvic vessels, so that lymph nodes were imaged as low-intensity masses along the vessels. Lymph metastasis almost 1 cm size can be detected using coronal NMR-CT.

[A multi-center trial of MY-1, a new biological response modifier, on the immunological parameters of postoperative gastric cancer patients]

A multi-center study was performed to clarify the immunological effects of MY-1, a new biological response modifier, on postoperative gastric cancer patients. A total of 90 patients were randomly allocated either to an MY-1 treated or an untreated group. MY-1 was given 3 times a week from the 4th postoperative day for a period of 3 weeks. Immunological parameters of the patients, such as lymphocyte subsets measured with flow cytometry using various monoclonal antibodies, blast transformation responses against PHA, ConA, and PPD, natural killer activity of peripheral lymphocytes, and skin test for MY-1 and PPD, were evaluated preoperatively, before and after MY-1 treatment. The results of the two color staining method with flow cytometry showed that the population of lymphocytes positive for both OKT8 and Leu15 antigens (suppressor cells) was statistically less, and that the population of lymphocytes positive for OKT8 and negative for Leu15 antigens (killer cells) was statistically increased in patients treated with MY-1 compared with the control group.

[Combination therapy of local administration of OK-432 and radiation on a murine fibrosarcoma (NFSa)--combination effect and histological examination]

The combined effect of radiation with local administration of OK-432 was studied using natural fibrosarcoma (NFSa) of C3H mice that are less immunogenic and resistant to radiation (TCD 50, 83, 15 Gy). When 2KE of OK-432 was administered together with 1 X 10(6) tumor cells, tumor survival was inhibited in 7/8 (87.5%) of mice. Single local administration of OK-432 (2KE, 4KE, 8KE) showed hardly any effect on tumor survival. Combined treatment of 2KE of OK-432 and 4-Gy radiation, however, not only controlled tumor growth but also eradicated 1/5 (20%) of them, compared with single application of 45-Gy radiation. OK-432 worked most effectively when administered just before or after the application of X-rays. The optimum dose of OK-432 was studied by administering 2KE, 4KE and 8KE of the agent together with the application of 55-Gy radiation. 8KE groups showed the best eradication rate but 4KE groups showed the best cure rate. Therefore, the optimum dose was considered to be between 4KE and 8KE. With regard to histological effects, both the single radiation treatment and its combined treatment with OK-432 were most effective on the 6th day. The degree of degeneration and necrosis of tumor cells together with lymphocyte exudation were much higher in the combined treatment than in single radiation application.

Histogenesis of alveolar soft part sarcoma. An immunohistochemical and biochemical study

In order to clarify the histogenesis of alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS), an immunohistochemical and biochemical study was performed on three cases. The immunohistochemical study indicated the presence of actin, desmin, vimentin, and Z-protein in all cases. On the other hand, intermediate filaments other than desmin and vimentin were not detected immunohistochemically. The presence of desmin and Z-protein strongly suggests the myogenic character of this tumor. As to whether ASPS shows striated muscle differentiation or smooth muscle differentiation, the immunohistochemical absence of myoglobin in the three cases suggests that the tumor does not differentiate in the direction of striated muscle. However, biochemical assay of subunits of enolase revealed significantly high amounts of beta-enolase, which is known as a marker for striated muscle, in all three cases. The determined values--735, 426, and 584 ng/mg of protein --are indicative of striated muscle differentiation. In addition, the immunohistochemical study of all cases revealed the presence of beta-enolase in tumor cells. These data definitely show the myogenic character and rhabdomyoblastic differentiation of ASPS.

Small cell carcinoma (non-oat cell type) of the esophagus concomitant with invasive squamous cell carcinoma and carcinoma in situ. A case report

A case of double primary invasive carcinoma of the esophagus, consisting of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and non-oat cell small cell carcinoma without squamous differentiation, is presented. This is the first reported case of a double or multiple primary invasive carcinoma of the esophagus in which one component is small cell carcinoma (oat cell or non-oat cell). Furthermore, the mucosal epithelium around the non-oat cell small cell carcinoma revealed multiple dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. These lesions were definitely separated from the invasive carcinoma and from each other. The results suggest that pure non-oat cell small cell carcinoma of the esophagus without squamous differentiation is derived from the esophageal squamous epithelium, and is a variant of squamous cell carcinoma.

Expression of neurofilament triplet proteins in human neural tumors. An immunohistochemical study of paraganglioma, ganglioneuroma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and neuroblastoma

Intermediate filaments which are specific to neural cells, ie, neurofilaments, consist of three subcomponents--68, 150, and 200 kd. Thirty human neural tumors were examined for the presence of these three subcomponents by means of their monospecific antisera. All 8 paragangliomas contained cells that were positive for the 68-kd component, but only 5 of them had cells positive for the 150-kd and 200-kd components. All 4 ganglioneuromas and 11 ganglioneuroblastomas contained cells that reacted with antibodies to all three components. All 7 neuroblastomas had cells reacting with antibody to 68 kd, but only 3 of them had cells that reacted with antibodies to 150 kd and 200 kd. In each case, the number of positive cells depended on the antibody used. The largest number reacting with antibody to 68 kd and the smallest with antibody to 200 kd. Furthermore, it was possible to detect tumor cells in which the 68-kd subcomponent existed by itself, but no tumor cells in which the 150-kd or 200-kd subcomponent existed alone could be detected. These results seem to indicate that antibody to the 68-kd component is sufficiently discriminating to be applied diagnostically.