[Observation on parasite density in the early stage of vivax malaria]

Thirty-eight cases were artificially infected with local Plasmodium vivax sporozoites and experienced onsets of acute attacks after a short incubation period. The parasite densities upon the patent of malaria parasites in the peripheral blood and the primary clinical onset were 0.2-1.6 and 0.6-4 040/microliters, respectively. Such significant difference in parasitaemia level seems to be closely related to the interval between the initial parasitaemia and the first onset, as indicated by the fact that for the majority of cases, the earlier the appearance of clinical attack after sporozoite inoculation, the lower the parasite density at the beginning of the patent period, while primary onsets of later occurrence, in those with higher initial parasitemia. The biological and epidemiological significance of the evidence was discussed.

[Study on respiratory mechanics in soldiers]

A study of the maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve, chord time constant (tau ch), specific time constant (S tau) and partial mean transit time (MTTp) in 104 soldiers stationed in Chengdu was made by "point-measured method". Results showed that in comparison with the predicted value, the flow at high lung volume, V75 was increased; tau ch75, S tau 75 and MTT20-30% at the corresponding lung volume were shortened; V25 and FEF75-85% at the low lung volume were lowered; and V25, S tau 25, MTT70-80% at the same volume were prolonged. Five normal sedentary workers received a FVC training for a period of one month. The result showed that FVC, FEV1 and V75 were significantly increased, and that the changes just corresponded to those in trained soldiers. All the facts suggested that the respiratory muscles in soldiers were trained and their activities were strengthened by the military training. The changes in respiratory mechanics just after exercise show that the increased V75, enlarged tidal volume and quickened tidal flow lead to the deepening and quickening of respiration and increasing of ventilation. Resembling exercise, these changes of military training are available for oxygen requirement during the training.

Mapping the distribution of the outer hair cell motility voltage sensor by electrical amputation

The outer hair cell (OHC) possesses a nonlinear charge movement whose characteristics indicate that it represents the voltage sensor responsible for OHC mechanical activity. OHC mechanical activity is known to exist along a restricted extent of the cell's length. We have used a simultaneous partitioning microchamber and whole cell voltage clamp technique to electrically isolate sections of the OHC membrane and find that the nonlinear charge movement is also restricted along the cell's length. Apical and basal portions of the OHC are devoid of voltage sensors, corresponding to regions of the cell where the subsurface cisternae and/or the mechanical responses are absent. We conclude that the physical domain of the motility voltage sensor corresponds to that of the mechanical effector and speculate that sensor and effector reside within one intra membranous molecular species, perhaps an evolved nonconducting or poorly conducting voltage-dependent ion channel.

Abnormal distribution of acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampal formation of the dreher mutant mouse

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase(AChE) in the hippocampal formation of the dreher mutant mouse was studied by comparing homozygous mutant (drsst-J/drsst-J) with littermate control (+/? or +/+). In the control mice, AChE activity was most intense in the inner one-third of the stratum oriens and lacnosum of the hippocampus, and in the inner one-fifth of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. In contrast, in homozygous dreher mice, AChE activity in area CA3c of the hippocampus was not restricted to the stratum oriens, and extended upward into the infrapyramidal and suprapyramidal mossy fiber layers, the lower part of the stratum radiatum, the pyramidal cell layer, and downward toward the alveus. In addition, the distribution of AChE activity was modified by accompanying with ectopic pyramidal cells or with disruption of the pyramidal cell layer. AChE activity in the dentate gyrus of the dreher mouse was not confined to the inner one-fifth of the molecular layer. These findings indicated that the cholinergic input to the hippocampal formation is not normal in the dreher mutant mouse. Since the areas of AChE activity correspond to the presence of ectopic pyramidal cells in the dreher mouse, incoming cholinergic fibers may form synapses with these ectopic cells and with the dendrites of normal pyramidal cells that extend into the expanded area of AChE activity.

[A study on PEFV curves in adolescents]

We measured the PEFV curves in 557 adolescents aged from 6 to 19. Among them 200 were measured for MEFV curves additionally. The multiple regression equations of FVC and VFRC were simultaneously set up. The result indicated that the indexes increased with the growth of age. At the beginning stage (6-14 years) there was no difference in the indexes between boys and girls. Later in the age range from 14-16 years there were two cross points. Lastly (after 16 years) the indexes of the boys were much higher than those of the girls. The results suggest that the measurement of VFRC is a possible sensitive index to reflect the lung function variation, because it has not been influenced by the volume history.

Cyclosporin A-induced autoimmune disease in mice

The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) disrupts the process of thymic ontogeny and repertoire selection in the alpha beta T cell population. Although treatment with this agent does not cause overt abnormalities in adult animals by itself, in lethally irradiated rats reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells, CsA treatment results in an autoimmune syndrome. In this report, a modified protocol is described to obtain a similar, but distinctive, pathologic syndrome in mice. The key elements of this protocol are stringent elimination of mature T cells from the bone marrow cells used to reconstitute the irradiated recipients and the use of high doses of CsA over a long course (6 wk) after irradiation. CsA treatment inhibits both the positive and negative selection of alpha beta thymocytes in normal young mice as well as in irradiated, T cell-deficient bone marrow-transplanted mice. An increased frequency of "forbidden" V beta 11 T cells is detected in these animals, but it is not clear that these cells are the actual initiators of the inflammatory lesions. In mice of several inbred strains treated by this protocol, striking inflammatory lesions develop in the colon, with less intense, but significant lesions in liver, stomach, and pancreas. Unlike allogeneic graft-vs-host disease, no lesions are found in the small intestine. Examination of these lesions by immunohistochemistry demonstrates that the lesions are composed primarily of T cells and macrophages, with focal aggregates of small B cells present. The same pattern of inflammatory lesions can be adoptively transferred with lymphoid cells from the CsA-treated animals at the peak of lesion development to irradiated syngeneic recipients. The transfer of active lesions is blocked by the co-transfer of normal syngeneic T cells to these recipients. Although similar to the previously described system in rats, these findings emphasize several novel features. In mice, we find an absolute requirement for the elimination of mature T cells from the bone marrow source to develop active inflammatory lesions. The particular tissues affected are also distinctive, especially the unusual feature of severe inflammation in the colon, but no involvement of the small intestine. The mechanism by which the presence of normal T cells suppresses the development of active autoimmunity in this model may have implications for the etiology of localized inflammatory lesions in general.

Cyclosporin A-induced autoimmune disease in mice

The immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) disrupts the process of thymic ontogeny and repertoire selection in the alpha beta T cell population. Although treatment with this agent does not cause overt abnormalities in adult animals by itself, in lethally irradiated rats reconstituted with syngeneic bone marrow cells, CsA treatment results in an autoimmune syndrome. In this report, a modified protocol is described to obtain a similar, but distinctive, pathologic syndrome in mice. The key elements of this protocol are stringent elimination of mature T cells from the bone marrow cells used to reconstitute the irradiated recipients and the use of high doses of CsA over a long course (6 wk) after irradiation. CsA treatment inhibits both the positive and negative selection of alpha beta thymocytes in normal young mice as well as in irradiated, T cell-deficient bone marrow-transplanted mice. An increased frequency of "forbidden" V beta 11 T cells is detected in these animals, but it is not clear that these cells are the actual initiators of the inflammatory lesions. In mice of several inbred strains treated by this protocol, striking inflammatory lesions develop in the colon, with less intense, but significant lesions in liver, stomach, and pancreas. Unlike allogeneic graft-vs-host disease, no lesions are found in the small intestine. Examination of these lesions by immunohistochemistry demonstrates that the lesions are composed primarily of T cells and macrophages, with focal aggregates of small B cells present. The same pattern of inflammatory lesions can be adoptively transferred with lymphoid cells from the CsA-treated animals at the peak of lesion development to irradiated syngeneic recipients. The transfer of active lesions is blocked by the co-transfer of normal syngeneic T cells to these recipients. Although similar to the previously described system in rats, these findings emphasize several novel features. In mice, we find an absolute requirement for the elimination of mature T cells from the bone marrow source to develop active inflammatory lesions. The particular tissues affected are also distinctive, especially the unusual feature of severe inflammation in the colon, but no involvement of the small intestine. The mechanism by which the presence of normal T cells suppresses the development of active autoimmunity in this model may have implications for the etiology of localized inflammatory lesions in general.

[Influence of the working posture on the flow-volume curve: a preliminary identification of the "wave speed theory of flow limitation"]

The flow-volume (F-V) curves and routine ventilatory functions were determined on 265 healthy male and female farmers in the suburbs of Chengdu. Compared with normal sedentary persons, the flows at high and middle lung volumes in farmers were reduced, but those at low lung volumes were increased; besides, these phenomena became more prominent with aging. The same ventilatory functions were performed with forward bending of neck and trunk in 4 healthy volunteers to mimic the working posture of farmers. Three of them had the same tendency with farmers. These suggested that the change of flow pattern in farmers is closely related to the working posture. The theoretical and practical significance of the "wave speed theory of flow limitation" proposed by Dawson is preliminarily identified by these facts.

A pathological study of sudden coronary death in China: report of 89 autopsy cases

This paper reports the results of a forensic pathological study of 89 autopsy cases of Sudden Coronary Death (SCD). Of 89 cases, 63 (52 male, 11 female) were narrowed by 76-100% in cross-sectional area (XSA) of the coronary artery (CA) and 26 (22 male, 4 female), by 51-75%. Atherosclerotic plaques in the CA were serious and extensive, especially in the left anterior descending and often involved several branches of CA at the same time. Recent thrombosis was found in 18 cases, haemorrhage in plaques in 17 cases. Only 2 cases had visible acute myocardial infarction. Inflammatory cell infiltration was found in coronary plaques in 36 cases. Myocardial fibrosis or small scar formation was detected in 51 cases. It is suggested that although the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) is low in China, SCD is the commonest mode of Sudden Unexpected Death. The majority of SCD (52%) were middle aged males (30-49 years old). Most of the cases died suddenly during sleep without any clear precipitating factors. The characteristics of occurrence and pathological changes in the CA and myocardium and the pathological diagnosis of SCD are also analysed and discussed.

Studies on the luminescence of channels in rats and its law of changes with "syndromes" and treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion

We previously reported the discovery of 14 channels in the human body, which possessed the biophysical property of high emission of light. In this study we found the same property on the Ren and Du channels in healthy rats. Additionally, we discovered that the luminance of the related channels in rat models with different "syndromes" varied greatly. For instance, a markedly low luminance appeared on the Du channel in animals with experimental syndrome of Yang deficiency induced by hydrocortisone; while in animals with experimental syndrome of blood deficiency caused by bleeding, an apparently low luminance occurred on the Ren channel. The intensity of the emitted light on Du and Ren channels increased after acupuncture treatment, but not significantly. This phenomenon conforms to the theory in traditional Chinese medicine that the Du channel is the "sea of Yang channels", while the Ren channel is the "sea of Yin channels".

[The purification and properties of LD5 from normal C57 mouse liver, H22 hepatoma and S180 sarcoma]

Type-A LDH (LD5), isolated from normal C57 mouse liver, H22 hepatoma and S180 sarcoma after a sequential ion-exchange and affinity chromatography, was examined to be quite pure. Studies on the enzyme kinetics and immunological properties showed that there were no differences in optimal pH, optimal temperature, subunit MW., isoelectric point between normal and malignant (H22 hepatoma and S180 sarcoma) LD5. Km to pyruvate decreased in malignant LD5 while LD5 content and percentage increased. Three LD5 antibodies raised against rabbits showed cross-reaction. These antibodies as probes are useful in the isolation of LD5-mRNAs from G57 mouse liver H22 hepatoma and S180 sarcoma.

[Uniform design for the best conditions of processing heixi in shenrong heixi pills] off

Uniform design has been applied to select the optimum technological conditions for processing Heixi in Shenrong Heixi Pills, using the contents of the main constituent of Heixi SNS as the optimum target. The best technological conditions have thus been found.

[Experimental reconstruction on intrinsic hand muscle function by anterior interosseous nerve transference]

The anterior interosseous nerve was transferred to the recurrent branch of the median nerve and the deep branch of the ulnar nerve respectively to restore the function of the intrinsic hand muscles. Twelve Rhesus monkeys were used with 24 nerves for transference and 24 for direct suturing. Gross, histological, and ultrastructural observations, electrophysiological evaluation and computer-imaging analysis system were employed to assess the nerve regeneration process in 1,3,6, and 12 months after operation. The results showed that the rate of maturity and the number of regenerating nerves in the distal segment approached the normal level and the passing rate of the myelinated axons reached to 156.16 +/- 14.45% 12 months after operation. According to the histological findings and the recovery of the intrinsic hand muscle function, reinnervation in the transferred nerves occurred 1 to 3 months earlier than that in the directly sutured ones.

[A preliminary study of the chord and specific time constants in 342 healthy children]

Using Knudson's method, the chord time constant, tau ch, tau ch75, tau ch50, tau ch25, and specific time constant, S tau, 1/V75, 1/V50, 1/V25, at high, middle and low lung volumes were calculated from V75, V50 and V25 of the MEFV curves measured previously from 342 healthy children of 3-6 years of age in a nursery. The multiple stepwise regression equation were built with age, height and FVC as independent variables by the IBM-XT/PC computer. The result showed that the S tau corrected by volume from tau ch could reflect the time required for change of unit lung volume more precisely than tau ch owing to the elimination of the influence of lung volume. The S tau was shortened with the increase of age, and was negatively correlate with age and FVC. These facts reflected the growth of lung elastic pressure (PLel) and airway conductance (Gaw) with the increase of age. The prolongation of S tau with the decay of lung volume just reflected the decrease of PLel and Gaw with the decay of lung volume. No regular changes of tau h were observed with age and lung volume. Probably, it was concerned with the complexity of factors affecting the tau ch.

[Technique of measuring esophageal pressure in rabbits and its application to measurement of pulmonary compliance and resistance]

Esophageal pressure (Pes) was measured under non-invasive condition by an esophageal balloon made by ourselves, and the optimal position of rabbits for measuring Pes was explored. The correspondence between Pes and pleural pressure (Ppl) was examined in rabbits during different depths of breathing with varied lengths of balloon and varied depths of insertion of balloon into the esophagus. The results showed that the amplitude of Pes only on supine position was higher than that on the left and right lateral and prone positions, but no significant difference was noticed among the 3 positions. The optimal balloon length was 4-6 cm. The optimal depth of insertion of balloon into the esophagus was 20 cm. The pulmonary dynamic compliance and pulmonary resistance were measured in 11 white rabbits with 5 cm balloon, 20 cm depth of insertion, on the left lateral position. The results were correspondent with other authors. No significant difference was noticed in repeated measurements on 8 of the 11 rabbits 5 days later.

[Clinical significance on expression of the ras gene product P21 in human cervical carcinoma tissues]

Using MAB-P21 as a probe, the expression of gene product was studied by immunohistochemical ABC method, ABC staining of gel electrophoresis and ELISA quantitative analysis. The expression of P21 was detected in 107 cases of uterine cervix tissues, among which 70 were cervical carcinoma, 30 were chronic cervicitis and 7 normal cervix. Experimental results showed that obviously positive expression was noted in the specimens of cervical carcinoma and its positive rate was 72.8% (51/70). It was observed that the expression of P21 varied with grades of cell differentiation in cervical carcinoma. The level of P21 expression in high differentiated type was higher than that of the middle and low differentiated types. On the contrary, there was no detectable ras P21 in the normal cervix tissue and only 2 cases of cervicitis expressed positively (2/30). The results of ABC staining of electrophoresis showed that there was a P21 special staining band in cervical carcinoma tissues. And the contents of P21 protein were higher in cervical carcinoma than in normal cervix and cervicitis (t test, P less than 0.001). The expression of P21 was considerably enhanced in malignant tissue as compared with that in benign lesion.

[Determination of the partial mean transit time with "convenient calculation" in young children]

A "convenient calculation" of MTTp = 0.1 FVC/2 Vp was derived from the principle of Jordanoglou to measure the partial mean transit time (MTTp). It was used to calculate the MTTp from the maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve of 342 healthy young children. The multiple regression equations were built with age, height and FVC as independent variables. The result showed that the MTTp of all children were elongated with the decay of lung volume with a similar rule as in the old, middle-aged and young people. No regular changes of MTTp in age groups were noticed. The regression equations showed that the MTTp of boys were positively correlated with FVC; while those of girls were negatively correlated with age; besides, MTT20-30% and MTT70-80% were positively correlated with FVC. The age and FVC just had the opposite effects so that little regular changes of MTTp occurred in the age groups.