Genetic/epidemiological findings in a study of smoking-associated tumors

While the etiology of bronchogenic carcinoma remains enigmatic, an expanding array of carcinogenic pollutants in interaction with host susceptibility factors has been implicated. We have studied family histories of cancer in a consecutive series of cancer patients from two university oncology clinics in Nebraska. Particular attention has been given to carcinoma of the lung and other putative smoking-associated cancers (oral cavity, esophagus, urinary bladder, pancreas). Smoking histories were obtained for relatives of an overlapping series of patients with these tumor sites. Findings revealed that, although a significant cohort effect was observed with respect to smoking habits for both relatives of lung cancer probands and for relatives of probands with other smoking-associated tumors, a corresponding trend for lung cancer frequency was observed only for relatives of lung cancer probands. This result suggests the importance of host factors in combination with environmental exposures in determining lung risk. A cohort trend for lung cancer was also apparent among relatives of breast cancer probands, but not for relatives of colon cancer probands, suggesting the possibility of an intrinsic association between carcinomas of the breast and lung. We believe that further elucidation of host factor susceptibility in lung cancer may have important etiological and preventive implications.

Studies on the multiplication of a porcine parvovirus

A porcine parvovirus has been characterized with regard to its replication in foetal porcine kidney cells and certain biophysical properties. Electron microscopy of infected cells at selected times postinfection revealed that porcine parvovirus replication took place within or near a series of granular intranuclear inclusions which may be contiguous with cellular heterochromatin. Developing virions were observed to aggregate into a nucleolar-like amorphous mass which gradually disrupted as cellular integrity was lost. Purified virions were found to have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.38 g/ml, while 'empty' particles had a buoyant density of 1.29 g/ml. The particle diameter was calculated to be approximately 22 nm.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of triorganotin 5-nitro-2-furoates

Five triorganotin 5-nitro-2-furoates were synthesized by reacting 5-nitro-2-furoic acid with either the corresponding bis(triorganotin) oxide or the corresponding triorganotin hydroxide. The IR spectrum of each compound was obtained over the 4000--200-cm-1 range, and some of the bands were assigned. One compound, tri-n-butyltin 5-nitro-2-furoate, was an excellent antifungal agent, completely inhibiting the growth of six of ten test fungi at a concentration of 1 microgram/ml. The new compounds were also investigated for antibacterial activity and were especially inhibitory toward Gram-positive species. Two of the compounds completely inhibited the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli at a concentration of 100 microgram/ml.

Position of transfer ribonucleic acid on Escherichia coli ribosomes. Distance from the 3' end of 16S ribonucleic acid to three points on phenylalanine-accepting transfer ribonucleic acid in the donor site of 70S ribosomes

Escherichia coli 16S RNA from 30S ribosomal subunits was isolated, oxidized at the 3' end, and labeled with the thiosemicarbazide derivatives of fluorescein or eosin. Labeled 16S RNA was reconstituted into 30S subunits. They were almost fully active compared to 30S subunits reconstituted from unlabeled 16S RNA by using a poly(uridylic acid)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis assay. Fluorophores were placed at three different positions of tRNAPhe. E. coli and yeast tRNAPhe were oxidized at the 3' end and labeled with the thiosemicarbazide derivative of fluorescein or with the hydrazide of N-methylanthranilic acid. The Y base in the anticodon loop of yeast tRNAPhe was replaced by proflavin or 1-aminoanthracene. Also, E. coli tRNAPhe was photochemically cross-linked between 4-thiouridine at position 8 and cytidine at position 13. After reduction, this site was used as a fluorescent probe. The labeled tRNAs were bound into the peptidyl site of 70S ribosomes, and then the distances from the fluorophore in the modified tRNA to the fluorophore at the 3' end of 16S RNA were measured by nonradiative energy transfer. Calculations were based on measurements of fluorescence lifetimes. The distances to the 3' end of 16S RNA were found to be as follows: 3' end of tRNA, 67-74 A; cross-linked t RNA, 53-60 A; anticodon loop of tRNA, greater than 61 A.

Familial cancer in an oncology clinic

Knowledge of cancer genetics provides the physician with a powerful tool for the recognition of patients who might profit from highly targeted cancer surveillance/management programs. Family history was evaluated by registered nurses on 565 consecutively ascertained patients with verified cancer from Creighton's Oncology Clinic. This initial assessment yielded 199 (35.5%) families with two more family members with cancer (all sites) within an informative nuclear component, which constituted parents, grandparents, aunts/uncles, siblings, and children. One or more of the operational criteria for cancer familiality, namely vertical transmission of cancer, bilaterality, and/or multiple primaries, early age of onset, and three or more site specific cancers, were found on physician review in 171 (30.5%) of the families. This group was referred for comprehensive cancer genetic evaluation consisting of pedigree extension and tumor verification through all second degree, and when possible, third degree relatives. It was determined that approximately 4% of the total clinic population demonstrated findings compatible with hereditary cancer syndromes. Its universal extension in clinical practice is advocated because of the potential yield from meticulous surveillance for cancer of highly targeted organs in such high-risk kindreds, as well as the economy and general case of obtaining detailed family history by registered nurses. The physician is able, therefore, to devote his primary effort toward pedigree analysis and syndrome identification.

Distances between 3' ends of ribosomal ribonucleic acids reassembled into Escherichia coli ribosomes

The three ribonucleic acids (RNAs) from Escherichia coli ribosomes were isolated and then labeled at their 3' ends by oxidation with periodate followed by reaction with thiosemicarbazides of fluorescein or eosin. Ribosomal subunits reconstituted with the labeled RNAs were active for polyphenylalanine synthesis. The distances between the 3' ends of the RNAs in 70S ribosomes were estimated by nonradiative energy transfer from fluorescein to eosin. The percentage of energy transfer was calculated from the decrease in fluorescence lifetime of fluorescein in the quenched sample compared to the unquenched sample. Fluorescence lifetime was measured in real time by using a mode-locked laser for excitation and a high-speed electrostatic photomultiplier tube for detection of fluorescence. The distances between fluorophores attached to the 3' ends of 16S RNA and 5S RNA or 23S RNA were estimated to be about 55 and 71 A, respectively. The corresponding distance between the 5S RNA and 23S RNA was too large to be measured reliably with the available probes but was estimated to be greater than 65 A. Comparison of the quantum yields of the labeled RNAs free in solution and reconstituted into ribosomal subunits suggests that the 3' end of 16S RNA does not interact appreciably with other ribosomal components and may be in a relatively exposed position, whereas the 3' ends of the 5S RNA and 23S RNA may be buried in the 70S ribosomal subunit.

Applying industrial hygiene to chemical and petroleum projects

An effective strategy to prevent health hazards will utilize industrial hygiene principles in all phases of a project, including process development, the design bases, the final design, during construction, and during and after start-up. The involvement of industrial hygiene in engineering design results in cost-effective minimization of health hazards from toxic chemicals and harmful physical agents. Measurements of post start-up emission levels and employee exposures can be utilized to evaluate the performance of the controls which were implemented in the design. This will aid in the development of future designs and identify where research is needed to develop better controls to prevent health hazards.

Benzene in the workplace

Benzene is a major commodity chemical of great value to industry. It has long been recognized that overexposure to benzene could result in damage to the blood-forming organs of the body. More recently, it has become apparent that chronic high levels of exposure are associated with the development of leukemia. Animal experiments have also suggested that overexposure to benzene may result in certain reproductive risks.

An association of upper respiratory cancer with exposure to diethyl sulfate

A morbidity and mortality study of workers at an alcohol manufacturing plant which included several weak acid isopropyl alcohol units and a strong acid ethanol unit is described. An excess mortality of upper respiratory cancer was found and associated with work on the strong acid ethanol unit. The strong acid ethanol process used resulted in high concentrations of diethyl sulfate, which has been shown to be carcinogenic in animals, and the unit, which closed on 1975, had significant opportunities for worker exposure to diethyl sulfate. These facts, plus previous reports of excess upper respiratory cancer on strong acid isopropyl alcohol units with similarly high concentrations of the animal carcinogen diisopropyl sulfate, lead to the tentative conclusion that diethyl sulfate was primarily responsible for the ethanol unit cancer cases. In the modern weak acid isopropyl alcohol plants, where only trace amounts of diisopropyl sulfate are present and exposures are much lower, the problems found on the old strong acid units do not exist.

Industrial hygiene engineering in the petrochemical industry

Industrial hygiene engineering can be utilized most effectively when it is employed in the design or construction phases of new or modified chemical manufacturing processes. Minimization of leaks, spills, fugitive emissions and other releases is the goal. Some chemical and physical agents can still be released during normal or non-normal operations and during plant turnaround procedures and these require continuous industrial hygiene surveillance. It follows that industrial hygiene principles must continue to be applied in all phases of the petrochemical industry from the beginning of the design and throughout the life of the unit.

Selected developmental factors of cleft palate children between two and thirty-three months of age

The literature suggests that cleft palate children and adults perform below their peers on both linguistic and nonlinguistic tasks. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain if developmental delay could be observed in 24 cleft palate children below the age of three years when compared to matched controls. Three developmental scales were administered to all infants, and complete medical histories and current weights were obtained. Results indicated that the performance of the cleft palate subjects paralleled but fell below their peers on all developmental subtests. The differences were significant (p is less than .05) on three language subtests and on one personal-social and one motor subtest. The mean percentile weight also differed significantly (p is less than .05). Multivariate analysis explored the relationship of 1) extent of cleft, 2) sex, 3) hearing loss, 4) length of hospitalization, and 5) weight to the developmental scores. The extent of the cleft proved to be significant.

Drug information services in an oncology institution

Information requests received over a 14-month period in the drug information service of an oncology hospital were reviewed. Requests were classified as to the nature of the question, category of requestor and geographical distribution of both questions and requestors. Inquiries were tabulated as either oncology-related or nononcology and further divided into one of 12 information categoreis. Those questions concerning investigational chemotherapy and unproven cancer remedies were tabulated. An average of 104 requests monthly were received. Prescribing practitioners accounted for 47.7% of all inquirers. Overall, 39.4% of total requests were oncology-related. The majority (72%) of total requests originated within the institution. The greatest number of requests (17.7%) were of a general review nature. The second greatest number (14.3%) were efficacy-related questions which solicited an opinion as to the appropriateness of drug use. Methods need to be developed for measuring the impact of drug information services on prescribing habits.

Familial risk and cancer control

An intensive study of the family history of cancer in 4,515 patients screened consecutively by a multiphasic mobile cancer detection unit showed, after age correction, that cancer had developed in 8.9% of the probands when there was one cancer in a single first-degree relative, 16.2% had cancer with two family members affected, and 27.4% had cancer when three or more family members had been affected. This constituted a significant correlation between family and personal histories of cancer in these patients. Extrapolation to the United States population with cancer-control implications are given.

Genetic heterogeneity and familial carcinoma of the breast

The particular patterns of familial aggregations of cancer in the several families reported from our clinical resource suggest that multiple genotypes explain their diversity of cancer susceptibility. This knowledge could be of value in improving cancer control. We postulate that each particular genotype functions in concert with differential carcinogenic interactions, including a possible oncogenic virus, contributing to carcinogenesis in the susceptible patient. This reasoning is consistent with a concept of genetic heterogeneity as an explanation for familial carcinoma of the breast. This phenomenon is not unlike the current explanation for the genetics of the mucopolysaccaridoses, the lipidoses and several other major disorders of man which show genetic heterogeneity.

Early age of onset in familial breast cancer. Genetic and cancer control implications

Although breast carcinoma is the most frequently occurring cancer in American women and has been the subject of extensive epidemiologic investigation, little attention has been devoted to use of risk-factor information in its control. Six of our 52 breast-cancer-prone families have at least one woman who has manifested breast cancer at age 30 or earlier. One such family had two women with breast cancer before age 30, and at least ten others affected by age 50. Transmission of this lesion was consistent with autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance. Ages of onset indicated a notably early peak, in contrast with the expected pre- and post-menopausal peaks in findings of the New York State Tumor Resistry and others. Genetic and epidemiologic information should be utilized to control breast cancer in certain families.

HL-A in cancer family "N"

Actual HL-A typing has been performed on 115 members of cancer family N, a large kindred (over 1000 members ascertained) showing the findings consistent with the cancer family syndrome. In the cancer-prone line (branches C and D) of the family, 20 of 21 members with cancer had one HL-A haplotype, HL-A2-HL-A12 (relative odds = 6.30), including some decreased family members who had haplotypes assigned. Eleven of 12 family members with cancer in branches C and D, actually typed, had HL-A2-HL-A12 (relative odds = 6.06). The single exception showing cancer and another haplotype in branch D is a child of a family member with haplotype HL-A2-HL-A12.

Family studies of malignant melanoma and associated cancer

This study comprises five cancer prone families with one or more occurrences of melanoma in context with a variety of other histologic types of cancer, including an excess of multiple primary malignant tumors. The genetic mode of transmission of cancer in each family was consistent with a dominant factor which has seemingly predisposed these patients to a general cancer diatheses. The tumor spectrum included malignant melanoma and cancers of the breast, gastrointestinal tract, lung and lymphoproliferative system. Recently, S1 and S2 antigens were noted to occur with malignant melanoma and the same variety of tumors which have occured in these five families.

Breast cancer genetics and cancer control. Tumor association

Verified breast cancer was present in a father, his mother, and his daughter. His sone had a brain tumor (by history) and his grandson, (ehs sone of the affected daughter), had a histologically verified rhabdomyosarcoma. This familial aggregation of cancers (except for leukemia, which is absent) is consistent with a newly described familial breast cancer syndrome. A single pleiotropic, dominantly transmitted gene, possibly interacting with carcinogenic factors, such as an oncogenic virus, may be the cause. A cancer-control potential exists for tumor associations such as those exhibited in this kindred, as well as for other cancer genetic syndromes where careful consideration is given to all histologic varieties of cancer.