426
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427
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Abstract
The authors studied 104 dreams obtained from 14 subjects and quantified the formal aspects of the subjects' dream experiences by the following categories: movement in dreams, sensation, affect, dream bizarreness, and dream lucidity. Their results are compared with the predictions of the activation-synthesis hypothesis, which postulates that the characteristic formal aspects of dreams correspond to characteristic aspects of physiological activation during REM sleep. Although further experimental work is needed, the authors show that their results are consistent with and supportive of the activation-synthesis hypothesis.
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428
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Moiseeva NI. [Current concepts of the mechanisms of regulation and target function of sleep]. USPEKHI FIZIOLOGICHESKIKH NAUK 1981; 12:86-105. [PMID: 6169224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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429
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Montplaisir J. [Cerebral lateralization: application to psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine]. L'UNION MEDICALE DU CANADA 1981; 110:531-5. [PMID: 7257004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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430
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Kramer M, Roth T, Arand D, Bonnet M. Waking and dreaming mentation: a test of their interrelationship. Neurosci Lett 1981; 22:83-6. [PMID: 7219895 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(81)90290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The relationship of dream content to the immediate pre- and post-sleep mentation of the dreamer was studied using the electrophysiologically defined state of REM (rapid eye movement sleep) as dream collection time. The subjects were 20 male and 20 female volunteers, ages 18 to 25. Each slept for three non-consecutive nights in the laboratory and had REM awakenings and pre- and post-sleep verbal content collected. REM reports and waking verbal samples were scored on 18 Hall-Van de Castle content scales. The interscorer agreement of two judges was 0.90. Product moment correlations were performed on each of the 18 content categories between content of the REM reports and of the waking verbal samples. Across all 40 subjects, 9 out of 18 correlations were statistically significant and 14 of the 18 were positive. The zero-mu test indicated that the distribution of the 18 correlations was significantly different from zero. Thus it can be concluded that dream content is related to the psychological parameters of waking life, in a continuous rather than compensatory manner.
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431
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Flannery J, Taylor G. Toward integrating psyche and soma: psychoanalysis and neurobiology. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 1981; 26:15-23. [PMID: 7471029 DOI: 10.1177/070674378102600105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The brain is the "key organ" for understanding mind/body/illness relationships. During the past two decades neurobiological research has generated a plethora of new data and concepts which have increased tremendously our knowledge of the functioning brain. As a result the psychoanalytic view of the relationship between mind and brain may seem at risk of becoming outmoded. Yet while psychoanalytic theory may no longer be wholly tenable, psychoanalysis continues to offer interesting and heuristically valuable isomorphic models of cortical function. On the other hand neurobiology provides a corrective influence on psychoanalytic concept-building, causing theory to be refined as it is tested against the results of research. One possible result of interdisciplinary cross-fertilization is that a revised theory of the function of dreams and fantasy may throw light on the vicissitudes of somatic experience, and the pathogenesis of psychophysiological disorder.
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432
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Meyer JS, Sakai F, Karacan I, Derman S, Yamamoto M. Sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and dreaming: regional cerebral hemodynamics. Ann Neurol 1980; 7:479-85. [PMID: 7396426 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410070515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regional cerebral flow after inhalation of xenon 133 as well as polysomnography were recorded during daytime sleep and the awake state in patients with narcolepsy and sleep apnea. Brainstem-cerebellar (BSC) gray matter blood flow (Fg) values in the awake state were reduced below normal (p less than 0.05) in both narcolepsy and sleep apnea; in sleep apnea, bihemispheric Fg values were also reduced in the awake state. After sleep onset, Fg paradoxically increased in narcolepsy but decreased further in sleep apnea. Maximal regional Fg changes occurred in BSC regions in both groups of patients. Oral administration of methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin) increased resting Fg values in awake narcoleptics, particularly in BSC regions, but attentuated Fg increases during sleep onset. Regional Fg values during visual dreaming or hypnagogic hallucinations in narcoleptics were maximally increased in right parietooccipital regions. In narcoleptics, impaired control of sleep-wake and REM mechanisms is attentuated by methylphenidate. In patients with sleep apnea, brainstem functional activity is low in the awake state but becomes critically reduced during sleep, culminating in apnea-stimulated arousal followed by repetitive cycles as sleep recurs.
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433
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been a marked increase in reports of the subjective experience of individuals in severe life-threatening circumstances. These have been used to suggest that scientific facts are now in agreement with religious beliefs as to the survival of the personality after physical death. This paper presents a personal death experience viewed by the author as a "subjective reality". This is contrasted with "shared subjective reality," i.e., commonly held beliefs among groups of individuals which do not necessarily lend themselves to scientific verification and scientifically derived objective reality. Subjectively real death experiences are regarded as corollary to a toxic psychosis. The content of the psychosis, which is not under voluntary control, determines the subjective experience of having entered either heaven or hell.
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434
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[Dream and sleep (author's transl)]. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE DE L'ENFANCE ET DE L'ADOLESCENCE 1980; 28:155-228. [PMID: 7465003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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435
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Veylon R. [Sleep, wakefulness and dreaming]. LA NOUVELLE PRESSE MEDICALE 1980; 9:916, 919. [PMID: 6102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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436
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Lehtonen J. The relationship between neurophysiology and psychoanalysis in the light of dream research. PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1980; 23:415-423. [PMID: 7393717 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.1980.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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437
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438
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Hawkins DR. Still more on dream theory and neurology. Am J Psychiatry 1979; 136:355-8. [PMID: 217280 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.136.3.aj1363355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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439
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Epstein AW. Effect of certain cerebral hemispheric diseases on dreaming. Biol Psychiatry 1979; 14:77-93. [PMID: 217457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dreaming may be altered by cerebral hemispheric disease. A woman who sustained a probable left posterior cerebral artery thrombosis, with right homonymous hemianopsia and alexia, had virtual cessation of dreaming for at least 9 months. Four individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy experienced recurrent painful (frightening) dreams, which in two patients showed features identical to seizures. Sleep recordings showed abnormalities in all four, including rhythmic temporal epileptiform activity during REM sleep. Lesions in parieto-occipital loci may interfere with production of the visual imagery required for dreaming (negative symptom in the Jacksonian sense) while epileptic activity in temporal loci may produce painful repetitive dream imagery (positive symptom).
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440
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Jouvet M. [Memories and "split brain" during dream. 2525 memories of dream]. LA REVUE DU PRATICIEN 1979; 29:27-32. [PMID: 472630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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441
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Abstract
The author examines Hobson and McCarley's activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreams from the point of view of theory construction and the logic of science. After reviewing pertinent literature, he concludes that modern sciences has not yet established a well-defined mind-body isomorphism. Therefore, conclusions about the psychological meaning and motive of dreams cannot validly be drawn from neurobiological data.
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442
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Nemiah JC. Children of an idle brain? Am J Psychiatry 1978; 135:1530. [PMID: 717571 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.135.12.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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443
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Abstract
The author critiques the recently proposed activation-synthesis hypothesis about the origin and formation of dreams. Many findings do not support the new hypothesis that specific pontine physiological processes, rather than mental processes, instigate dreams and produce their distortion. First, dreaming often occurs in the absence of the pontine processes. Second, forebrain activity (which can have mental correlates) is crucial to the instigation and maintenance of dreaming sleep. Finally, activity of the proposed pontine dream generator, which is claimed to cause dream distortion, is not reliably accompanied by dream distortion.
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444
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Ambrosetto G, Cirignotta F, Lugaresi E. [Polygraphic recording of a nocturnal paroxysmal episode: epileptic crisis or pavor nocturnus?]. RIVISTA DI NEUROLOGIA 1978; 48:690-4. [PMID: 217076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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445
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Neurobiology and dreams: further queries. Am J Psychiatry 1978; 135:1430-4. [PMID: 707661 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.135.11.aj135111430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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446
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Fanai F. [The dream, psychoanalytical and neurophysiologic-clinical aspects]. HIPPOKRATES 1978; 49:277-81. [PMID: 211098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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447
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Rait ML, Latash LP, Yakhno NN, Vein AM. Some characteristics of premature and usual periods of rapid sleep during daytime narcoleptic attacks. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 1978; 9:247-52. [PMID: 224338 DOI: 10.1007/bf01187182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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448
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Dream theory and neurology: queries. Am J Psychiatry 1978; 135:613-8. [PMID: 645964 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.135.5.aj1355613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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449
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Koulack D, De Koninck J, Oczkowski G. Field dependence and the effect of REM deprivation on thirst. Percept Mot Skills 1978; 46:559-62. [PMID: 208050 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1978.46.2.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently a number of studies have concerned the possible function of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and the mastery of stress. The present study was designed to explore the possibility that REM sleep might play a function in reducing the potency of a stressful physiological stimulus, thirst, as well as the possibility that such a function might be specific to individuals falling at different points along the field-dependence dimension. While there was no difference between REM deprivation and non-REM awakening nights in subsequent morning thirst, there was a significant interaction between field dependence and night on morning thirst measures for 10 college students. These results are discussed in light of previous work on stylistic differences in dreaming and their possible role in adaptation to stress.
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450
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Tolaas J. REM sleep and the concept of vigilance. Biol Psychiatry 1978; 13:135-48. [PMID: 203343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several writers, notably Montague Ullman and Frederick Snyder, conceive of REM sleep and the associated state of vivid dreaming as periods of vigilance. In Ullman's conceptualization, the emphasis is on dreaming in humans, whereas Snyder is concerned with REM sleep (activated sleep) in subhuman organisms. In this paper several objections to the sentinel and vigilance theories are raised, and a modified concept of vigilance, linking it with learning and memory, is put forward.
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