451
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452
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Cooper JA. The academic medical center and the world of commerce and industry. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 1982; 57:25-27. [PMID: 7054505 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-198201000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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453
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Pollard TD, Aebi U, Cooper JA, Fowler WE, Tseng P. Actin structure, polymerization, and gelation. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 1982; 46 Pt 2:513-24. [PMID: 6955097 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1982.046.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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454
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455
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456
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Cooper JA. Research budget 'set-asides' for small business: an unwise public policy. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 1981; 56:1027. [PMID: 7310839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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457
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Cooper JA, Hunter T. Similarities and differences between the effects of epidermal growth factor and Rous sarcoma virus. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1981; 91:878-83. [PMID: 6173387 PMCID: PMC2112805 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.91.3.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have derived a line of A431 human tumor cells infected with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). The infected cells contain the RSV-transforming protein, pp60src, which has characteristic tyrosine specific protein kinase activity. As in other RSV-transformed cells, a 36,000-dalton protein is phosphorylated in RSV-infected A431 cells. Addition of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the cells induces further phosphorylation of this protein. In contrast, this phosphoprotein is not detected in uninfected A431 cells, except when treated with EGF. Increased phosphorylation of the EGF receptor protein and of an 81,000-dalton cellular protein is dependent upon addition of EGF to the culture fluids, in both control and RSV-infected A431 cells. The results are discussed with reference to the similarities and differences between the tyrosine-specific protein kinases induced by RSV and activated by EGF.
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458
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Moss B, Winters E, Cooper JA. Deletion of a 9,000-base-pair segment of the vaccinia virus genome that encodes nonessential polypeptides. J Virol 1981; 40:387-95. [PMID: 6275095 PMCID: PMC256639 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.40.2.387-395.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletions contained within the genomes of unstable and stable variants of vaccinia virus (strain WR) were analyzed. Restriction endonuclease mapping and hybridization to specific 32P-labeled DNA probes indicated that more than 6 X 10(6) daltons of DNA were deleted from the variants. In each case, the deletion occurred on the left side of the genome and started very close to the junction of the inverted terminal repetition and unique sequence. Both variants also contained a new SstI side on the right side of the genome. Hybridization selection and cell-free translation experiments indicated that these variants lost the ability to synthesize at least eight early mRNA's mapping within the deleted region. Although the deleted DNA was not essential for replication of the WR strain of vaccinia virus under laboratory conditions of infection, it presumably has a defined role under other circumstances. This conclusion was based on the conservation within the Elstree strain of vaccinia, the Utrecht strain of rabbitpox, and the Brighton strain of cowpox virus of sequences homologous to the deleted DNA. Moreover, mRNA's that hybridized to the deleted vaccinia virus DNA segment and encoded similar size polypeptides were made in cells infected with rabbitpox and cowpox viruses.
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459
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Cooper JA, Weinbaum DL, Aldrich TK, Mandell GL. Invasive aspergillosis of the lung and pericardium in a nonimmunocompromised 33 year old man. Am J Med 1981; 71:903-7. [PMID: 7304664 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In a 33 year old man with no discernible immunologic defect, invasive aspergillosis developed in both the pericardium and lung with marked granulomatous reaction. The patient received 2 g of intravenous amphotericin B over eight weeks, with partial regression of the pulmonary infiltrate and disappearance of symptoms. However, five months later, he returned with marked progression of his disease. Evaluation of host defense, including granulocyte and lymphocyte function, was normal. The patient was given an additional 3g of amphotericin B over nine weeks with marked improvement in symptoms and chest roentgenogram. At six-month follow-up, he was asymptomatic with a stable radiographic appearance. A recurrence in symptoms and the pulmonary infiltrate was noted two months later. He was treated with an additional course of amphotericin and currently is receiving ketoconazole in hopes of suppressing the infection. We could find no immune impairment to explain the severe pulmonary and pericardial disease due to Aspergillus flavus in this young man.
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460
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Cooper JA, Wittek R, Moss B. Extension of the transcriptional and translational map of the left end of the vaccinia virus genome to 21 kilobase pairs. J Virol 1981; 39:733-45. [PMID: 6270348 PMCID: PMC171307 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.39.3.733-745.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical, transcriptional, and translational maps of an EcoRI fragment located between 15,800 and 20,600 base pairs from the left end of the vaccinia virus genome were prepared. Major polypeptides with molecular weights of 14,000 (14K polypeptide), 32,000 and 38,000 were synthesized in a reticulocyte cell-free system programmed with immediate early RNA made in the presence of cycloheximide and selected by hybridization to lambda recombinant DNA containing the EcoRI fragment. With early RNA made in the presence of cytosine arabinoside, an inhibitor of DNA replication, the polypeptide pattern was similar except for quantitative differences in which less 38K polypeptide was detected as a translation product. With late RNA, isolated 6 h after infection without inhibitors, only traces of the early translation products were found and a new 40K polypeptide was detected. The size of the mRNA's for the 14K, 32K, and 38K polypeptides were determined to be approximately 760,880, and 1,150 nucleotides, respectively, by several independent procedures. Several large early RNAs not shown to code for any additional translation products were also detected. The size of the late message for the 40K polypeptide varied from 920 to 3,100 nucleotides. This heterogeneity appeared to be a general property of vaccinia virus late mRNA's. No evidence of RNA splicing was obtained by analysis of RNA-DNA hybrids after nuclease S1 treatment. Further analyses using separated recombinant DNA strands and restriction fragments indicated that all mRNA's were encoded by the leftward-reading DNA strand and at least two were overlapping. Since early and late mRNA's were encoded by the same DNA strand, the possibility of temporal regulation by transcriptional strand switching was eliminated. In conjunction with previous studies, a transcriptional map of the left 20,600 base pairs of the vaccinia virus genome was derived.
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461
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Wittek R, Cooper JA, Moss B. Transcriptional and translational mapping of a 6.6-kilobase-pair DNA fragment containing the junction of the terminal repetition and unique sequence at the left end of the vaccinia virus genome. J Virol 1981; 39:722-32. [PMID: 6270347 PMCID: PMC171306 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.39.3.722-732.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The penultimate EcoRI fragments from the left and right ends of the vaccinia virus genomes were cloned in phage lambda. Heteroduplex analysis and comparison of restriction fragments indicated that the inverted terminal repetition extended 780 base pairs (bp) beyond the EcoRI site or about 9,800 bp from each end of the genome. Detailed physical, transcriptional, and translational maps of the 6,600-bp left penultimate EcoRI fragment were prepared so as to extend previous maps of the 9,000-bp terminal EcoRI fragment. Polypeptides with molecular weights of 6,000 (6K polypeptide), 13,000, 19,000, 21,000, and 60,000 were synthesized in a reticulocyte cell-free system programmed with immediate early RNA (made in the presence of cycloheximide) or early RNA (made in the presence of cytosine arabinoside) and selected by hybridization to immobilized recombinant DNA. A 22K polypeptide was detected as a translation product of late RNA that hybridized to this DNA fragment. A variety of biochemical procedures were used to size and map the mRNA's. Of the five messages that hybridized to this 6,600-bp EcoRI fragment, only the one for the 21K polypeptide was encoded within the inverted terminal repetition and hybridized to the rightward-reading DNA strand. (Three additional early polypeptides were encoded within the first 9,000 bp of the inverted terminal repetition.) The remaining early polypeptides were encoded within the unique portion of the penultimate EcoRI fragment and were transcribed from the leftward-reading strand. Additional high-molecular-weight early RNAs of unknown function were also detected; however, there was no evidence indicating that mature mRNA's were spliced.
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462
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Cooper JA, Currie LA, Klouda GA. Assessment of contemporary carbon combustion source contributions to urban air particulate levels using carbon-14 measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1981; 15:1045-1050. [PMID: 22284107 DOI: 10.1021/es00091a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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463
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Hunter T, Cooper JA. Epidermal growth factor induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in A431 human tumor cells. Cell 1981; 24:741-52. [PMID: 6166387 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Addition of EGF to A431 cells at physiological concentrations causes a rapid three- to four-fold increase in the abundance of phosphotyrosine in cellular protein. The increase is essentially complete within 1 min and is maintained for several hours. No change in phosphotyrosine levels is found with fibroblast growth factor or insulin. Two phosphoproteins (molecular weights of 39 and 81 kd) containing phosphotyrosine appear de novo upon administration of EGF to A431 cells. The EGF receptor itself is a phosphoprotein containing phosphotyrosine as well as phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Changes in the phosphorylation pattern of the EGF receptor are seen upon treatment of A431 cells with EGF. Increased phosphorylation of tyrosine is the most rapid response of cells to EGF known, and may play an important role in the biological effects of EGF.
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464
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Cooper JA, Hunter T. Four different classes of retroviruses induce phosphorylation of tyrosines present in similar cellular proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1981; 1:394-407. [PMID: 6086011 PMCID: PMC369335 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.1.5.394-407.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken embryo cells transformed by the related avian sarcoma viruses PRC II and Fujinami sarcoma virus, or by the unrelated virus Y73, contain three phosphoproteins not observed in untransformed cells and increased levels of up to four other phosphoproteins. These same phosphoproteins are present in increased levels in cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus, a virus which is apparently unrelated to the three aforementioned viruses. In all cases, the phosphoproteins contain phosphotyrosine and thus may be substrates for the tyrosine-specific protein kinases encoded by these viruses. In one case, the site(s) of tyrosine phosphorylation within the protein is the same for all four viruses. A homologous protein is also phosphorylated, at the same major site, in mouse 3T3 cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus or by the further unrelated virus Abelson murine leukemia virus. A second phosphotyrosine-containing protein has been detected in both Rous sarcoma virus and Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed 3T3 cells, but was absent from normal 3T3 cells and 3T3 cells transformed by various other viruses. We conclude that representatives of four apparently unrelated classes of transforming retroviruses all induce the phosphorylation of tyrosines present in the same set of cellular proteins.
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465
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Cooper JA. The practical application of government-supported research. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 1981; 56:207-210. [PMID: 7205926 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-198103000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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466
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Cooper JA, Hunter T. Changes in protein phosphorylation in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo cells. Mol Cell Biol 1981; 1:165-78. [PMID: 6100962 PMCID: PMC369656 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.1.2.165-178.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rous sarcoma virus encodes a tyrosine-specific protein kinase (p60src) which is necessary for cell transformation. To identify substrates for this kinase, we set out to detect phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in Rous sarcoma virus-transformed chicken embryo cells, making use of the known alkali stability of phosphotyrosine. 32P-labeled phosphoproteins were separated by isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The gels were then incubated in alkali. Using this procedure with normal cells, we detected a total of about 190 alkali-resistant phosphoproteins. In Rous sarcoma virus-transformed cells, five phosphoproteins were found which were not detectable in normal cells. Two of these are probably structural proteins of the virus. The other three transformation-dependent phosphoproteins, and four other phosphoproteins which were elevated by transformation, all contained phosphotyrosine. Increased phosphorylation of these proteins did not occur with cells infected with a mutant Rous sarcoma virus, temperature sensitive for transformation, grown at the restrictive temperature. We conclude that these seven proteins are probably substrates of p60src, although they may be substrates for other tyrosine-specific protein kinases activated by p60src.
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467
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Siemiatycki J, Day NE, Fabry J, Cooper JA. Discovering carcinogens in the occupational environment: a novel epidemiologic approach. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981; 66:217-25. [PMID: 6935472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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468
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Cooper JA. GAO report on U.S. citizens studying medicine abroad. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 1981; 56:149-150. [PMID: 7463454 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-198102000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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469
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Cooper JA, Wittek R, Moss B. Hybridization selection and cell-free translation of mRNA's encoded within the inverted terminal repetition of the vaccinia virus genome. J Virol 1981; 37:284-94. [PMID: 6452531 PMCID: PMC171006 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.37.1.284-294.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Early polypeptides encoded within the 10,000-base pair terminally repeated region of the vaccinia virus genome were mapped by cell-free translation of mRNA that was selected by hybridization to restriction fragments and to separated strands of a recombinant lambda phage. The results, which were confirmed by hybrid arrest of translation, indicated that polypeptides of 7,500 (7.5K), 19,000 (19K), and 42,000 (42K) daltons mapped at approximately 3.2 to 4.3, 6.5 to 7.2, and 7.2 to 8.3 kilobase pairs from the end of the genome, respectively. mRNA's for the 42K and 7.5K polypeptides were transcribed towards the end of the genome, whereas mRNA for the 19K polypeptide was transcribed in the opposite direction. Including polyadenylic acid tails, the lengths of the mRNA's for the 7.5K, 19K, and 42K polypeptides, determined by gel electrophoresis of denatured RNA, hybridization selection, and cell-free translation, were approximately 1,200, 680, and 1,280 nucleotides, respectively. mRNA's for the 42K and 19K polypeptides were only about 100 nucleotides longer than the minimums required to code for their respective polypeptides, whereas mRNA for the 7.5K polypeptide contained 900 nucleotides of untranslated sequence. This long untranslated portion of the latter mRNA was probably located near the 3' end, because this gene was only inactivated by high doses of UV irradiation. This small target size also excluded certain models for RNA processing involving formation of the mRNA's for the 42K and 7.5K polypeptides from a common promoter. Rabbitpox virus, which has an inverted terminal repetition approximately half that of vaccinia virus, was also shown to encode mRNA's that hybridized to the cloned terminal segment of vaccinia virus DNA.
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470
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Cooper JA. The use of medical records in health studies. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 1981; 56:67. [PMID: 7463439 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-198101000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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471
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Cooper JA. Antipathy toward science. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 1980; 55:968-970. [PMID: 7441686 DOI: 10.1097/00001888-198011000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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472
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Frieden J, Cooper JA. The intermediate cardiac care unit--its role and its value. RESIDENT AND STAFF PHYSICIAN 1980; 26:23s-26s, 31s. [PMID: 10309321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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473
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474
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Cooper JA. The move toward competition: impact on academic medical centers. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 1980; 55:801. [PMID: 7441704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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475
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Wittek R, Cooper JA, Barbosa E, Moss B. Expression of the vaccinia virus genome: analysis and mapping of mRNAs encoded within the inverted terminal repetition. Cell 1980; 21:487-93. [PMID: 7407921 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the organization of transcriptional units within a 9000 bp segment of the terminally repeated region of the DNA genome of vaccinia virus, which uses its own enzyme system to synthesize mRNA within the cytoplasm of infected cells. RNA splicing, which has been demonstrated for DNA viruses that replicate within the nucleus of infected cells, does not appear to be involved in the formation of these first vaccinia virus mRNAs to be examined. Three immediate early mRNAs, approximately 1050, 600 and 1100 nucleotides long, were mapped between 3.21 and 4.24, 6.54 and 7.16, and 7.20 and 8.23 kb from the end of the genome, respectively. The direction of transcription was toward the end of the genome for the two larger mRNAs and in the opposite direction for the smallest one. Additional minor RNAs, which were larger in size, were mapped between and to the same DNA strand as the mRNAs of 1050 and 1100 nucleotides. No evidence for interrupted genes was obtained by nuclease S1 analysis after hybridization of RNA to labeled DNA. In addition, the 5' ends of the mRNAs, which were specifically labeled by in vitro capping, hybridized to DNA adjacent to the body of the message.
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