451
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Jiang PH, Liu HJ, Fan DD, Cheng L, Wei J, Zhang J, Liang JH, Shi J. Enhanced thermoelectric performance of carbon nanotubes at elevated temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:27558-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04282h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High thermoelectric performance can be realized in single-walled carbon nanotubes by isotopic substitution and chemisorptions of hydrogen.
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452
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Mostafavi S, Battle A, Zhu X, Potash JB, Weissman MM, Shi J, Beckman K, Haudenschild C, McCormick C, Mei R, Gameroff MJ, Gindes H, Adams P, Goes FS, Mondimore FM, MacKinnon DF, Notes L, Schweizer B, Furman D, Montgomery SB, Urban AE, Koller D, Levinson DF. Type I interferon signaling genes in recurrent major depression: increased expression detected by whole-blood RNA sequencing. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1267-74. [PMID: 24296977 PMCID: PMC5404932 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A study of genome-wide gene expression in major depressive disorder (MDD) was undertaken in a large population-based sample to determine whether altered expression levels of genes and pathways could provide insights into biological mechanisms that are relevant to this disorder. Gene expression studies have the potential to detect changes that may be because of differences in common or rare genomic sequence variation, environmental factors or their interaction. We recruited a European ancestry sample of 463 individuals with recurrent MDD and 459 controls, obtained self-report and semi-structured interview data about psychiatric and medical history and other environmental variables, sequenced RNA from whole blood and genotyped a genome-wide panel of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We used analytical methods to identify MDD-related genes and pathways using all of these sources of information. In analyses of association between MDD and expression levels of 13 857 single autosomal genes, accounting for multiple technical, physiological and environmental covariates, a significant excess of low P-values was observed, but there was no significant single-gene association after genome-wide correction. Pathway-based analyses of expression data detected significant association of MDD with increased expression of genes in the interferon α/β signaling pathway. This finding could not be explained by potentially confounding diseases and medications (including antidepressants) or by computationally estimated proportions of white blood cell types. Although cause-effect relationships cannot be determined from these data, the results support the hypothesis that altered immune signaling has a role in the pathogenesis, manifestation, and/or the persistence and progression of MDD.
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453
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Chen L, Wu P, Guo XH, Hu Y, Li YL, Shi J, Wang KZ, Chu WY, Zhang JS. miR-143: a novel regulator of MyoD expression in fast and slow muscles of Siniperca chuatsi. Curr Mol Med 2014; 14:370-5. [PMID: 24588768 DOI: 10.2174/1566524014666140228100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers in fish are separated to a much greater degree than in mammals. MyoD is required for the maintenance of normal fiber type balance in muscles. So far, the upstream regulatory factors of MyoD in terms of controlling muscle phenotype are poorly understood. In the present study, we used Siniperca chuatsi as a model system and demonstrated that miR-143 expression was negatively correlated with MyoD expression in the fast and slow muscles of S. chuatsi. The luciferase reporter assay further verified the direct interaction between the miR-143 and MyoD. The miR-143 suppression also led to the significant increase in MyoD and fast myosin heavy chain gene expression in vivo. Taken together, our studies indicated that miRNA participates in controlling the performance of different muscle fiber types in vertebrates.
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454
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Bahamón B, Gao F, Stringer B, Yang Y, Shi J, Burke K, Huck J, Traore T, Bowman D, Danaee H, Millhollen M, Hyer M, Bence N, Ishii Y. 231 Clinical pharmacodynamic assay development for the first in class investigational ubiquitin activating enzyme (UAE) inhibitor MLN7243. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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455
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Li Y, Aggen S, Shi S, Gao J, Li Y, Tao M, Zhang K, Wang X, Gao C, Yang L, Liu Y, Li K, Shi J, Wang G, Liu L, Zhang J, Du B, Jiang G, Shen J, Zhang Z, Liang W, Sun J, Hu J, Liu T, Wang X, Miao G, Meng H, Li Y, Hu C, Li Y, Huang G, Li G, Ha B, Deng H, Mei Q, Zhong H, Gao S, Sang H, Zhang Y, Fang X, Yu F, Yang D, Liu T, Chen Y, Hong X, Wu W, Chen G, Cai M, Song Y, Pan J, Dong J, Pan R, Zhang W, Shen Z, Liu Z, Gu D, Wang X, Liu X, Zhang Q, Flint J, Kendler KS. Subtypes of major depression: latent class analysis in depressed Han Chinese women. Psychol Med 2014; 44:3275-3288. [PMID: 25065911 PMCID: PMC4180813 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite substantial research, uncertainty remains about the clinical and etiological heterogeneity of major depression (MD). Can meaningful and valid subtypes be identified and would they be stable cross-culturally? METHOD Symptoms at their lifetime worst depressive episode were assessed at structured psychiatric interview in 6008 women of Han Chinese descent, age ⩾ 30 years, with recurrent DSM-IV MD. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed in Mplus. RESULTS; Using the nine DSM-IV MD symptomatic A criteria, the 14 disaggregated DSM-IV criteria and all independently assessed depressive symptoms (n = 27), the best LCA model identified respectively three, four and six classes. A severe and non-suicidal class was seen in all solutions, as was a mild/moderate subtype. An atypical class emerged once bidirectional neurovegetative symptoms were included. The non-suicidal class demonstrated low levels of worthlessness/guilt and hopelessness. Patterns of co-morbidity, family history, personality, environmental precipitants, recurrence and body mass index (BMI) differed meaningfully across subtypes, with the atypical class standing out as particularly distinct. CONCLUSIONS MD is a clinically complex syndrome with several detectable subtypes with distinct clinical and demographic correlates. Three subtypes were most consistently identified in our analyses: severe, atypical and non-suicidal. Severe and atypical MD have been identified in multiple prior studies in samples of European ethnicity. Our non-suicidal subtype, with low levels of guilt and hopelessness, may represent a pathoplastic variant reflecting Chinese cultural influences.
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456
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Milhollen M, Hyer M, Ciavarri J, Traore T, Sappal D, Huck J, Shi J, Duffy J, Gavin J, Brownell J, Yang Y, Stringer B, Ishii Y, Koenig E, Lublinsky A, Griffin R, Xia C, Powe J, Fleming P, Bence N. 561 Nonclinical characterization of the first in class investigational ubiquitin activating enzyme inhibitor MLN7243 in cellular and in vivo models of cancer in support of a phase I study. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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457
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Xia B, Wang B, Shi J, Zhang W, Xiao SJ. Engineering near-infrared fluorescent styrene-terminated porous silicon nanocomposites with bovine serum albumin encapsulation for in vivo imaging. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8314-8320. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01209g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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458
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Wei J, Liu HJ, Tan XJ, Cheng L, Zhang J, Fan DD, Shi J, Tang XF. Theoretical study of the thermoelectric properties of SiGe nanotubes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07320g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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459
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Tao YK, Gu CD, Shi J, Yang P, Zhang HB, Zhen JG, Zhang GQ. Organophosphate poisoning with coronary artery vasospasm confirmed by angiography. Intern Med J 2014; 44:1043-6. [PMID: 25302727 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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460
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Shi J, Zhuang Y, Liu XK, Zhang YX, Zhang Y. TGF-beta induced RBL2 expression in renal cancer cells by down-regulating miR-93. Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 16:986-92. [PMID: 25183046 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE TGF-beta can induce G1 arrest via many mechanisms including up-regulating p21, p27, and Rb. However, as the member of Rb family, whether RBL2 is induced by TGF-beta treatment remains exclusive. METHODS The expression of RBL2 and miR-93 after TGF-beta treatment was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. The growth of renal cancer cells was determined by CCK-8 assays and cell cycle was determined by PI staining. The binding of miR-93 on RBL2 3'-UTR was determined by double luciferase system. RESULTS In renal cancer cells, TGF-beta treatment induced expression of RBL2 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and RBL2 mediated TGF-beta induced growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest in renal cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that miR-93 directly targeted RBL2 by binding to its 3'-UTR in renal cancer cells. Over-expression of miR-93 significantly reduced the expression of RBL2, whereas knock down of miR-93 up-regulated the expression of RBL2. More importantly, TGF-beta treatment inhibited miR-93 expression, which resulted in up-regulation of RBL2 after TGF-beta treatment. CONCLUSION TGF-beta induced RBL2 expression through down-regulating miR-93 in renal cancer cells. The newly identified TGF-beta/miR-93/RBL2 signal pathway reveals a new mechanism of TGF-beta induced growth arrest in renal cancer.
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461
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Jin Y, Shi J, Phipps A, Nakamura M, Ohtomo T, Lee R, Chen Y. &Agr;-Fetoprotein (Afp) Response By Gc33 Correlates to Progression Free Survival (Pfs) in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hcc). Ann Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdu326.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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462
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Xu S, Mao N, Zhu Z, Shi J, Huang G, Liu C, Bo F, Feng D, Lu P, Liu Y, Wang Y, Lei Y, Chen M, Chen H, Wang C, Fu H, Li C, He J, Gao H, Gu S, Wang S, Ling H, Liu Y, Ding Z, Ba Z, Feng Y, Zheng H, Tang X, Lei Y, Xiong Y, Bellini W, Rota P, Jee Y, Xu W. Monitoring progress toward measles elimination by genetic diversity analysis of measles viruses in China 2009–2010. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O566-77. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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463
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Kuang S, Shi J, Wang Y, Zhang T. Optimal integration of retinal and extra-retinal signals for heading perception. J Vis 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/14.10.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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464
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Ouyang Z, Ouyang Y, Zhu M, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Shi J, Li X, Ren G. Diffusion-weighted imaging with fat suppression using short-tau inversion recovery: Clinical utility for diagnosis of breast lesions. Clin Radiol 2014; 69:e337-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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465
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Yang YC, Liu Y, Wei JH, Pan CX, Xiong R, Shi J. Electrospun nanofibers of p-type BiFeO3/n-type TiO2hetero-junctions with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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466
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Chen F, Bu W, Cai W, Shi J. Functionalized upconversion nanoparticles: versatile nanoplatforms for translational research. Curr Mol Med 2014; 13:1613-32. [PMID: 24206131 DOI: 10.2174/1566524013666131111122133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The design, application, and translation of targeted multimodality molecular imaging probes based on nanotechnology have attracted increasing attentions during the last decade and will continue to play vital roles in cancer diagnosis and personalized medicine. With the growing awareness of drawbacks of traditional organic dyes and quantum dots, biocompatible lanthanide ion doped upconversion nanoparticles have emerged as promising candidates for clinically translatable imaging probes, owing to their unique features that are suitable for future targeted multimodal imaging in living subjects. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in the field of functionalized upconversion nanoparticles (f-UCNP) for biological imaging and therapy in vivo, and discussed the future research directions, obstacles ahead, and the potential use of f-UCNP in translational research.
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467
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Wang Y, Wang N, Hao H, Guo Y, Zhen Y, Shi J, Wu R. A computational algorithm for functional clustering of proteome dynamics during development. Curr Genomics 2014; 15:237-43. [PMID: 24955031 PMCID: PMC4064563 DOI: 10.2174/1389202915666140407212147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic traits, such as seed development, are a consequence of complex biochemical interactions among genes, proteins and metabolites, but the underlying mechanisms that operate in a coordinated and sequential manner remain elusive. Here, we address this issue by developing a computational algorithm to monitor proteome changes during the course of trait development. The algorithm is built within the mixture-model framework in which each mixture component is modeled by a specific group of proteins that display a similar temporal pattern of expression in trait development. A nonparametric approach based on Legendre orthogonal polynomials was used to fit dynamic changes of protein expression, increasing the power and flexibility of protein clustering. By analyzing a dataset of proteomic dynamics during early embryogenesis of the Chinese fir, the algorithm has successfully identified several distinct types of proteins that coordinate with each other to determine seed development in this forest tree commercially and environmentally important to China. The algorithm will find its immediate applications for the characterization of mechanistic underpinnings for any other biological processes in which protein abundance plays a key role.
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468
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Xia B, Zhang W, Shi J, Xiao SJ. A novel strategy to fabricate doxorubicin/bovine serum albumin/porous silicon nanocomposites with pH-triggered drug delivery for cancer therapy in vitro. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5280-5286. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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469
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Shi J, van de Stadt L, Levarht N, Huizinga T, Hamann D, van Schaardenburg D, Toes R, Trouw L. FRI0013 Anti-Carbamylated Protein Antibodies (ANTI-CARP) Precede the Onset of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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470
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Xia L, Zhang H, Yang A, Shen Y, Wang W, Wen L, Zhang K, Shi J, Zhang L, Deng J. Note: Design and initial results of a multi-pulsed intense electron beam source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:066108. [PMID: 24985872 DOI: 10.1063/1.4884342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A multi-pulsed intense electron beam source is introduced, including the design and the initial experimental results. The source can generate a burst of three pulses of intense electron beams with energy of 2-3 MeV and beam intensities of around 2.5 kA. An inductive adder is chosen to generate the pulsed diode voltages and a dispenser cathode is chosen to emit electron beams. The test results indicate that the design of the source is reliable. The multi-pulsed diode voltage is up to 2.5 MV and the beam intensities are more than 2 kA at the exit of the source with small variation.
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471
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Jiang X, Trouw L, van Wesemael T, Shi J, Bengtsson C, Kallberg H, Malmstrom V, Israelsson L, Hreggvidsdottir H, Verduyn W, Klareskog L, Alfredsson L, Huizinga T, Toes R, Lundberg K, Van Der Woude D. FRI0341 Anti-Carp Antibodies in Two Large Cohorts of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and their Relationship to Genetic Risk Factors, Cigarette Smoking and Other Autoantibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.4653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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472
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Scherer H, Rombouts Y, Willemze A, van Beers J, Shi J, Kerkman P, Janssen G, van Veelen P, Zaldumbide A, Hoeben R, Pruijn G, Deelder A, Wolbink GJ, Rispens T, Huizinga T, Wuhrer M, Trouw L, Toes R. OP0177 A High Frequency of N-Glycans in the Acpa-Igg Variable Domain Modulates Reactivity to Citrullinated Antigens. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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473
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Liu T, Du X, Su L, Gao Y, Ji W, Zhang D, Shi J, Liu B, Kalra M, Xu X. MO-E-17A-03: Monte Carlo CT Dose Calculation: A Comparison Between Experiment and Simulation Using ARCHER-CT. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4889155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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474
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Shi J, Niu L, Huang Z, Mu F, Chen J, Li J, Xu K. P0071 Diagnosis and treatment of coagulopathy following percutaneous cryoablation of liver tumours: Experience in 372 patients. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.03.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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475
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Li Y, Aggen S, Shi S, Gao J, Li Y, Tao M, Zhang K, Wang X, Gao C, Yang L, Liu Y, Li K, Shi J, Wang G, Liu L, Zhang J, Du B, Jiang G, Shen J, Zhang Z, Liang W, Sun J, Hu J, Liu T, Wang X, Miao G, Meng H, Li Y, Hu C, Li Y, Huang G, Li G, Ha B, Deng H, Mei Q, Zhong H, Gao S, Sang H, Zhang Y, Fang X, Yu F, Yang D, Liu T, Chen Y, Hong X, Wu W, Chen G, Cai M, Song Y, Pan J, Dong J, Pan R, Zhang W, Shen Z, Liu Z, Gu D, Wang X, Liu X, Zhang Q, Flint J, Kendler KS. The structure of the symptoms of major depression: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in depressed Han Chinese women. Psychol Med 2014; 44:1391-1401. [PMID: 23920138 PMCID: PMC3967839 DOI: 10.1017/s003329171300192x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The symptoms of major depression (MD) are clinically diverse. Do they form coherent factors that might clarify the underlying nature of this important psychiatric syndrome? METHOD Symptoms at lifetime worst depressive episode were assessed at structured psychiatric interview in 6008 women of Han Chinese descent, age ⩾30 years with recurrent DSM-IV MD. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatoryfactor analysis (CFA) were performed in Mplus in random split-half samples. RESULTS The preliminary EFA results were consistently supported by the findings from CFA. Analyses of the nine DSM-IV MD symptomatic A criteria revealed two factors loading on: (i) general depressive symptoms; and (ii) guilt/suicidal ideation. Examining 14 disaggregated DSM-IV criteria revealed three factors reflecting: (i) weight/appetite disturbance; (ii) general depressive symptoms; and (iii) sleep disturbance. Using all symptoms (n = 27), we identified five factors that reflected: (i) weight/appetite symptoms; (ii) general retarded depressive symptoms; (iii) atypical vegetative symptoms; (iv) suicidality/hopelessness; and (v) symptoms of agitation and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS MD is a clinically complex syndrome with several underlying correlated symptom dimensions. In addition to a general depressive symptom factor, a complete picture must include factors reflecting typical/atypical vegetative symptoms, cognitive symptoms (hopelessness/suicidal ideation), and an agitated symptom factor characterized by anxiety, guilt, helplessness and irritability. Prior cross-cultural studies, factor analyses of MD in Western populations and empirical findings in this sample showing risk factor profiles similar to those seen in Western populations suggest that our results are likely to be broadly representative of the human depressive syndrome.
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