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Piva M, Velnoskey K, Jia R, Nair A, Levy I, Chang SW. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex computes task-invariant relative subjective value for self and other. eLife 2019; 8:44939. [PMID: 31192786 PMCID: PMC6565363 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have addressed the neural computations underlying decisions made for others despite the importance of this ubiquitous behavior. Using participant-specific behavioral modeling with univariate and multivariate fMRI approaches, we investigated the neural correlates of decision-making for self and other in two independent tasks, including intertemporal and risky choice. Modeling subjective valuation indicated that participants distinguished between themselves and others with dissimilar preferences. Activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) was consistently modulated by relative subjective value. Multi-voxel pattern analysis indicated that activity in the dmPFC uniquely encoded relative subjective value and generalized across self and other and across both tasks. Furthermore, agent cross-decoding accuracy between self and other in the dmPFC was related to self-reported social attitudes. These findings indicate that the dmPFC emerges as a medial prefrontal node that utilizes a task-invariant mechanism for computing relative subjective value for self and other.
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Chou B, Lamba H, Long G, Parikh V, Chatterjee S, George J, Cheema F, Civitello A, Delgado R, Nair A, Shafii A, Loor G, Rosengart T, Frazier O, Morgan J. Outcomes of LVAD Implantation in Ischemic versus Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Critsinelis A, Lamba H, Chatterjee S, Cheema F, Civitello A, Delgado R, Nair A, Shafii A, Loor G, Rosengart T, Frazier O, Morgan J. Prediction of GIB Using R2 CHA2DS2 VASc Risk Score. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Critsinelis A, Kraus J, Lamba H, Cheema F, Civitello A, Delgado R, Nair A, Shafii A, Loor G, Rosengart T, Frazier O, Morgan J. Gastrointestinal Bleeding Ceases after Heart Transplantation in Patients Bridged on Continuous-Flow LVAD Support. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Critsinelis A, Lamba H, Oberton S, Cheema F, Civitello A, Delgado R, Nair A, Shafii A, Loor G, Rosengart T, Frazier O, Morgan J. INTERMACS Profile Does Not Predict Required Flow Rate of CF-LVAD at Discharge. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Lamba H, Kim M, Hart L, Chou B, Rao C, Chatterjee S, Sattee S, Cheema F, Civitello A, Delgado R, Nair A, Shafii A, Loor G, Rosengart T, Frazier O, Morgan J. Different Risk Factors for Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke on Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Support. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Kim M, Lamba H, Miller R, George J, Sattee S, Cheema F, Civitello A, Delgado R, Nair A, Shafii A, Loor G, Rosengart T, Frazier O, Morgan J, Chatterjee S. Predictors and Impact of Vasoplegia after Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Horst C, Ruparel M, Dickson J, Quaife S, Hall H, Tisi S, Taylor M, Ahmed A, Shaw P, Burke S, Soo M, Nair A, Devaraj A, Duffy S, Waller J, Navani N, Bhowmik A, Baldwin D, Janes S. Optimising nodule management with data from the Lung Screen Uptake Trial. Lung Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(19)30099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bakewell F, Hodgkiss M, Nair A, Kennedy C, Szolin S, Perumpalath B, Baldwin D, Anwar S. Implementation of the National Optimal Lung Cancer Pathway: the Nottingham experience. Lung Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(19)30075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ruparel M, Dickson J, Quaife S, Sophie T, Hall H, Horst C, Taylor M, Ahmed A, Shaw P, Burke S, Soo M, Nair A, Devaraj A, Duffy S, Waller J, Navani N, Bhowmik A, Baldwin D, Janes S. Results from a prevalence round of LDCT screening for lung cancer in the Lung Screen Uptake Trial. Lung Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(19)30100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nair A, El-Boghdadly K, Ahmad I, Czech AJ. Surface anatomical landmarks or ultrasound for cricoid pressure application - a reply. Anaesthesia 2018; 74:122. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.14524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nair A. Does mannitol contribute to hypotension after parenteral paracetamol administration in critical care? Anaesthesia 2018; 72:130. [PMID: 27988955 DOI: 10.1111/anae.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nair S, Ramaswamy S, Nair A. CAN MOCA SCORES PREDICT AMYLOID PET SCAN POSITIVITY? SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY ANALYSES IN A MEMORY CLINIC SAMPLE. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nair A, Steinberg WJ, Habib T, Saeed H, Raubenheimer JE. Prevalence of healthcare-associated infection at a tertiary hospital in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2018. [DOI: 10.4102/safp.v60i5.4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are a well-known public health threat; however, published data on the endemic burden of HCAIs in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of primary bloodstream infection (PBSI), surgical site infection (SSI), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and urinary tract infection (UTI) at Kimberley Hospital Complex (KHC), Northern Cape.Methods: A one-day pointprevalence survey was conducted between February 2016 and March 2016 on all patients admitted to 15 selected wards at KHC. The Standardised Centers for Disease Control and National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Systems criteria were used.Results: A total of 326 patients were surveyed and the overall HCAI prevalence rate was 7.67%. This included 4.60% SSIs, 1.53% UTIs, 0.92% PBSIs and 0.92% LRTIs. Patients with HCAI stayed a mean of 20.8 days compared with 9.1 days for the remaining patients. Almost 75% (n = 240) of the surveyed patients had one or more recognised risk factors. The most isolated microorganism among the 11 microorganisms isolated was Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.4%). Half (54.5%) of the isolated organisms were resistant to penicillin. At the time of the survey, 42.0% of all the patients were on antimicrobials of which amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was most commonly prescribed (29.9%). Conclusion: The overall HCAI prevalence rate found in KHC is encouraging, but the prevalence of SSI is of concern. Further studies are needed to identify risk factors and target this as an area where preventative interventions can be implemented.
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Lun Y, Xu S, Soska R, Nair A, Frascella M, Garcia A, Ponery A, Feng J, Valle CD, Gotschall R, Do H, Valenzano K, Khanna R. METABOLIC MYOPATHIES II. Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.06.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nair A, Turner C, Heyman I, Mataix-Cols D, Lovell K, Krebs G, Lang K, Byford S, O’Kearney R. Moderators and predictors of outcomes in telephone delivered compared to face-to-face cognitive behaviour therapy for paediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder: preliminary evidence from a non-inferiority RCT. Cogn Behav Ther 2018; 48:353-368. [DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2018.1513555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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67
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Nair A, Steinberg WJ, Habib T, Saeed H, Raubenheimer JE. Prevalence of healthcare-associated infection at a tertiary hospital in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2018.1487211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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68
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Lee D, Czech AJ, Elriedy M, Nair A, El‐Boghdadly K, Ahmad I. A multicentre prospective cohort study of the accuracy of conventional landmark technique for cricoid localisation using ultrasound scanning. Anaesthesia 2018; 73:1229-1234. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.14399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Nair A, Dolan J, Tanner KE, Kerr CM, Jones B, Pollock PJ, Kellett CF. Ultrasound-guided adductor canal block: a cadaver study investigating the effect of a thigh tourniquet. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:890-898. [PMID: 30236251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placement of local anaesthetic within the adductor canal using ultrasonography is an alternative to femoral nerve blocks for postoperative pain relief after knee joint replacement surgery. However, the effect of an inflated thigh tourniquet on the distribution of local anaesthetic within the adductor canal is unknown. The aim of this cadaveric study was to compare the distribution of radio-opaque dye within the adductor canal in the presence or absence of an inflated thigh tourniquet. METHODS Bilateral ultrasound-guided adductor canal blocks were performed on the thawed lower limbs of five fresh frozen human cadavers. The left and right lower cadaver limbs were randomised to receive or not receive a thigh tourniquet inflated to 300 mm Hg for 1 h. X-rays with iohexol radio-opaque dye were obtained in four views, and fiducial markers inserted as reference points. Virtual editing technology was used to recreate outlines representing the distribution of the radio-opaque dye and superimpose these on anatomical images. RESULTS Radio-opaque dye was distributed on the medial aspect of the thighs with entire and well circumscribed margins. The majority of the radio-opaque dye was confined within the adductor canal. Superior-inferior dye distribution was 315 mm [95% confidence intervals (CI) 289-342] and 264 mm (95% CI 239-289) in the presence and absence of an inflated thigh tourniquet, respectively (diff 95% CI -80.46 to -22.22, P=0.0081). Image analysis using the recreated radio-opaque outlines suggested that the most proximal point of the radio-opaque dye was 100 mm (95% CI 82-117) or 117 mm (95% CI 62-171) below the inguinal ligament in the presence and absence of an inflated thigh tourniquet, respectively (diff 95% CI -38 to 72, P=0.456). CONCLUSIONS Application and inflation of thigh tourniquets significantly increased the combined superior-inferior dye distribution within the adductor canal of cadaveric limbs. There was insufficient evidence to suggest significant proximal spread of 25 ml of local anaesthetic to involve the motor branches of the femoral nerve. In some patients, the local anaesthetic may reach the popliteal fossa in close approximation to the sciatic nerve.
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Lamba H, Marcano J, Kurihara C, Kawabori M, Sugiura T, Santiago A, Cheema F, Alnajar A, Civatello A, Delgado R, Simpson L, Nair A, Letsou G, Ghanta R, Rosengart T, Frazier O, Morgan J, George J, Chatterjee. S. Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) as a Bridge to A Long-Term, Implantable Left Ventricular Assist Device. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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71
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Dilling D, Nair A, Gries C, Leard L, Fisher A, Johnson S, McCormack F. Use of Sirolimus in Patients with Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) on Waiting Lists for Lung Transplant (LTX). J Heart Lung Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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72
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Santiago A, Lamba H, Alnajar A, Cheema F, Hyak J, Conyer R, Kim M, Chou B, Nair A, Oberton S, Ghanta R, George J, Taimeh Z, Civatello A, Frazier O, Morgan J. Evaluation of the CHADS 2 , CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc, and R 2 CHADS 2 Risk Assessment Scores in Continuous Flow LVADs. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Lamba H, Cheema F, Kurihara C, Kawabori M, Sugiura T, Ono M, Loor G, Civitello A, Alnajar A, Delgado R, Simpson L, Nair A, Oberton S, George J, Rosengart T, Cohn W, Frazier O, Morgan J. Outcomes of Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices: A Single Institutional 18-Year Experience with Over 850 Devices. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Blum JL, Wong S, Pearson EJ, Nair A, Snipes GJ, Briones N, Baker A, Cropp CD, Carpten JD. Abstract P3-04-02: Molecular analysis of breast cancers from individuals with hereditary cancer syndromes secondary to mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p3-04-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Despite a growing understanding of the somatic landscape of breast tumors from BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, less is known about breast tumors from carriers of germline mutations in other homologous recombination and DNA repair pathway genes such as ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2.
Methods: We identified 44 clinically annotated breast cancer cases that included carriers of germline mutations in BRCA1 (n=9), BRCA2 (n=9), ATM (n=5), CHEK2 (n=7), and PALB2 (n=6) from the Hereditary Cancer Risk Program at BUMC. Sporadic breast cancers cases (n=8) were also collected. Genomic DNA and RNA were extracted from macro-dissected FFPE tumor sections, adjacent normal FFPE tissue, along with constitutional genomic DNA from blood. Expanded whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on normal/tumor pairs and RNA-seq from tumors for each case. Bioinformatics analysis was performed using industry standard methods for somatic characterization.
Results: All germline mutations were confirmed by WES. Somatic mutational analysis and copy number profiling from WES revealed the greatest similarities among BRCA1 and CHEK2 carriers. As expected, TP53 mutations were found in 8 of 9 BRCA1 carriers as all were triple negative subtype. We also detected somatic TP53 mutations in tumors from 4 of 7 CHEK2 carriers. Somatic TP53 mutations were found in only 1 of 7 BRCA2 tumors and 1 of 4 PALB2 tumors tested. Furthermore, BRCA1 and CHEK2 tumors showed trends of having higher mutation burden. Analysis of copy number BRCAness demonstrated stronger similarities between BRCA1, ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2 tumors. BRCA2 tumors were unique with fewer events and characterized by specific amplifications including 11q23 (CCND1) and 17q23 (BRIP1). Hierarchical clustering of RNA-seq data revealed strong clustering of BRCA1 tumors compared to all other tumors, predominantly attributed to breast cancer subtype. Furthermore, pathway analysis of genes that distinguish BRCA1 mutation positive versus non-BRCA mutated tumors showed strong correlation to pro-inflammatory and immune pathway signatures.
Conclusions: Molecular analysis of 44 breast cancers from individuals with inherited predisposition to breast cancer via BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2 germline mutations demonstrated strongest somatic similarities between BRCA1 and CHEK2 tumors although all BRCA1 were TNBC and all CHEK2 tumors were ER positive. Marked differential gene expression differences in RNA expression patterns were observed in BRCA1 mutation carriers compared with all other groups analyzed. Our study is among the first to interrogate the profile of non-BRCA mutated hereditary breast cancers.
Citation Format: Blum JL, Wong S, Pearson EJ, Nair A, Snipes GJ, Briones N, Baker A, Cropp CD, Carpten JD. Molecular analysis of breast cancers from individuals with hereditary cancer syndromes secondary to mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-04-02.
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Venugopal R, Sasidharan A, Nair A, Marigowda V, Kutty B. Exploring sleep stability in long term Vipassana meditators and controls using event related potentials and transcranial alternating current stimulation during sleep. Sleep Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Magare B, Nair A, Khairnar K. Isolation of bacteriophages from air using vacuum filtration technique: an improved and novel method. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:896-902. [PMID: 28766823 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Development of a simple and economical air sampler for isolation and enrichment of bacteriophages from air samples. METHODS AND RESULTS A vacuum filtration unit with simple modifications was used for isolation of bacteriophages from air sampled in the lavatory. Air was sampled at the rate of 62 l min-1 by bubbling into Mcllvaine buffer for 30 min, which was used as bacteriophage solution for enrichment and plaque assessment against individual hosts. Alternatively, the aforementioned phage solution was enriched using a host consortium before plaque assessment. Phages were isolated in the range of 1-12 PFU per ml by the first method, whereas enrichment with host consortium gave phages around 10- to 1000-folds higher in number. Combining with established enrichment method, an improvement of about 10 times in phage isolation efficiency was attained. CONCLUSIONS The method is very useful for studying the natural bacteriophages of air, requiring only a basic microbiological laboratory setup making it simple and economical. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study brings out a simple, economical air sampler for assessing air bacteriophages that can be employed by any microbial laboratory. Although various methods are available for studying bacteriophages in water and soil, very limited are available for air. To the best of our knowledge, the method developed in this study is unique in its design and concept for studying bacteriophages in air. The sampler is sterilizable by autoclaving and maintains a healthy rate of airflow provided by conventional vacuum pumps. The use of a nonspecific 'trapping solution' allows for the qualitative and quantitative study of air bacteriophages.
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Moser JB, Mak SM, McNulty WH, Padley S, Nair A, Shah PL, Devaraj A. The influence of inspiratory effort and emphysema on pulmonary nodule volumetry reproducibility. Clin Radiol 2017; 72:925-929. [PMID: 28784319 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the impact of inspiratory effort and emphysema on reproducibility of pulmonary nodule volumetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-eight nodules in 24 patients with emphysema were studied retrospectively. All patients had undergone volumetric inspiratory and end-expiratory thoracic computed tomography (CT) for consideration of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction. Inspiratory and expiratory nodule volumes were measured using commercially available software. Local emphysema extent was established by analysing a segmentation area extended circumferentially around each nodule (quantified as percent of lung with density of -950 HU or less). Lung volumes were established using the same software. Differences in inspiratory and expiratory nodule volumes were illustrated using the Bland-Altman test. The influences of percentage reduction in lung volume at expiration, local emphysema extent, and nodule size on nodule volume variability were tested with multiple linear regression. RESULTS The majority of nodules (59/88 [67%]) showed an increased volume at expiration. Mean difference in nodule volume between expiration and inspiration was +7.5% (95% confidence interval: -24.1, 39.1%). No relationships were demonstrated between nodule volume variability and emphysema extent, degree of expiration, or nodule size. CONCLUSION Expiration causes a modest increase in volumetry-derived nodule volumes; however, the effect is unpredictable. Local emphysema extent had no significant effect on volume variability in the present cohort.
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Segura A, Nair A, Kurihara C, Carranza S, Civitello A, Morgan J, Frazier O. Prolonged Circulatory Support (Five Years or Longer) with Left Ventricular Assist Devices for Patients with Advanced Heart Failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.01.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Fried J, Nair A, Topkara V, Masoumi A, Clerkin K, Colombo P, Yuzefpolskaya M, Takeda K, Takayama H, Naka Y, Garan A. Hemodynamic Effects and Clinical Response to Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump in Chronic Heart Failure Patients with Cardiogenic Shock. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.01.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Siddiqui M, Sanford T, Nair A, Zerbe C, Hughes M, Folio L, Agarwal PK, Brancato S. Chronic Colovesical Fistula Leading to Chronic Urinary Tract Infection Resulting in End-Stage Renal Disease in a Chronic Granulomatous Disease Patient. Urol Case Rep 2017; 11:37-38. [PMID: 28083485 PMCID: PMC5226852 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 46-year old man with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) being followed at the National Institute of Health with uncontrolled CGD colitis who developed chronic colovesical fistula, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Despite aggressive medical management of symptoms with immunomodulators and antibiotic prophylaxis, the chronic colovesical fistula led to chronic pyelonephritis, recurrent urinary tract infections, persistent air in the collecting system and bladder, and post-renal obstruction resulting in renal failure. Patient is now hemodialysis dependent and required diverting loop ileostomy placement. This report highlights multiple potential etiologies of rising serum creatinine in patients with CGD.
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Doost A, Wong L, Harding E, Robbie Y, Wright L, Smith F, Nair A, Tan R. 12-Lead ECG Transmission for STEMI Management for Regional Patients. Heart Lung Circ 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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82
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Ghugare GS, Nair A, Nimkande V, Sarode P, Rangari P, Khairnar K. Membrane filtration immobilization technique-a simple and novel method for primary isolation and enrichment of bacteriophages. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:531-539. [PMID: 27862682 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a method for the isolation and enrichment of bacteriophages selectively against specific bacteria coupled with a membrane filtration technique. METHODS AND RESULTS Rapid isolation and concentration of host-specific bacteriophages was achieved by exposure of the sample suspected to contain bacteriophages to a specific host immobilized on a 0·45 μm membrane in a membrane filtration unit. The principle behind this method is the exploitation of host-specific interaction of bacteriophages with their host and maximizing this interaction using a classic membrane filtration method. This provides a chance for each bacteriophage in the sample to interact with the specific host on the membrane filter fitted with a vacuum pump. Specific bacteriophages of the host are retained on the membrane along with its host cells due to the effect of adsorption and these adsorbed bacteriophages (along with their hosts) on the filter disc are then amplified and enriched in regular nutritive broth tryptose soya broth by incubation. With the help of the plaque assay method, host-specific phages of various bacterial species were isolated, segregated and enriched. CONCLUSIONS The phage concentration method coupled with membrane filtration immobilization of host bacteria was able to isolate and enrich the host-specific bacteriophages by several fold using a lower quantity of an environmental water sample, or other phage suspensions. Enrichment of phages from single plaques was also achieved. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The isolation and detection of host-specific bacteriophages from a low density bacteriophage water sample in a single step by the use of a simple and basic microbiological technique can be achieved. Enrichment of phages from low phage titre suspensions is also achieved very effectively.
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Nair A. The effect of patient warming during Caesarean delivery on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2016; 117:676. [PMID: 27799192 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Kent M, Ruygrok P, Sidhu K, Stewart J, Nair A, Ellis C, Webster M. Time to Reperfusion in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Presenting via Different and Distinct Logistic Pathways. Heart Lung Circ 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.06.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nair A, Dureja P, Pillai MK. Aldrin and Dieldrin Residues in Human Fat, Milk and Blood Serum Collected from Delhi. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 11:43-5. [PMID: 1354459 DOI: 10.1177/096032719201100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
1 Aldrin and dieldrin residues were monitored in the fat, breast milk and blood serum from female residents of Delhi. 2 The average aldrin and dieldrin contents were 0.048 and 0.099 ppb in adipose tissue, 0.003 and 0.060 ppb in breast milk and 0.004 and 0.002 ppb in blood serum, respectively. 3 The older donors contained higher levels of aldrin and dieldrin in their adipose tissue. 4 Primagravidae contained more of these chemicals in their breast milk. 5 A positive correlation was observed between the aldrin concentration in adipose tissue and breast milk, and that in adipose tissue and blood serum. Similarly, a significant correlation was found between dieldrin in adipose tissue and blood serum. 6 The levels of aldrin and dieldrin were low in samples from residents of Delhi when compared to those in developed countries.
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Gupta N, Doss J, Mohan H, Nair A, Sebastian T, Danda D. AB0149 Associations of Anti Nucleosome Antibody in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in India. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Nair A, Maldonaldo J, Miyazawa Y, Cuitiño A, Schaffner D, Karwe M. Numerical simulation of stress distribution in heterogeneous solids during high pressure processing. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gupta N, Mandal S, Mathew J, Pulukool S, Goel R, Mathew A, Nair A, Sebastian T, Danda D. AB0414 Mycophenolate Mofetil and Deflazacort in Neuropsychiatric Lupus: A Retrospective Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-eular.5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Owen DH, Agius PA, Nair A, Perriman DM, Smith PN, Roberts CJ. Factors predictive of patient outcome following total wrist arthrodesis. Bone Joint J 2016; 98-B:647-53. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.98b5.35638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aims Total wrist arthrodesis (TWA) produces a spectrum of outcomes. We investigated this by reviewing 77 consecutive TWA performed for inflammatory and post-traumatic arthropathies, wrist instability and as a salvage procedure. Patients and Methods All operations were performed by a single surgeon using a specifically designed pre-contoured dorsally applied non-locking wrist arthrodesis plate at a single centre. Results Median post-operative Buck-Gramcko Lohman (BGL), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand and Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation scores at six years (interquartile range (IQR) 3 to 11) were 9 (IQR = 6 to 10), 19 (IQR = 7 to 45) and 13 (IQR = 1 to 31) respectively. Polyarticular inflammatory arthritis and female gender were associated with poorer patient-reported outcomes, although the effect of gender was partly explained by higher rates of inflammatory disease among women. Return to work was negatively influenced by workers’ compensation and non-inflammatory wrist pathology. There was no difference in complication rates for inflammatory and non-inflammatory indications. Take home message: Polyarticular inflammatory arthritis is a risk factor for adverse patient-reported outcomes in TWA. Furthermore, when compared with patients without inflammatory arthritis, dorsally applied pre-contoured plates can be used for wrist arthrodesis in patients with inflammatory arthritis without an increased risk of complications. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:647–53.
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Nair A. Predictors of persistent pain after total knee arthroplasty. Br J Anaesth 2015; 116:149-50. [PMID: 26675970 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wang N, Nlend MC, Nair A, Sznajder JI, Sporn PH. 46 HYPERCAPNIA INDUCES MUCIN GENE EXPRESSION IN HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIAL CELLS. J Investig Med 2015. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Field JK, Duffy SW, Baldwin DR, Whynes DK, Devaraj A, Brain KE, Eisen T, Gosney J, Green BA, Holemans JA, Kavanagh T, Kerr KM, Ledson M, Lifford KJ, McRonald FE, Nair A, Page RD, Parmar MKB, Rassl DM, Rintoul RC, Screaton NJ, Wald NJ, Weller D, Williamson PR, Yadegarfar G, Hansell DM. UK Lung Cancer RCT Pilot Screening Trial: baseline findings from the screening arm provide evidence for the potential implementation of lung cancer screening. Thorax 2015; 71:161-70. [PMID: 26645413 PMCID: PMC4752629 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung cancer screening using low-dose CT (LDCT) was shown to reduce lung cancer mortality by 20% in the National Lung Screening Trial. Methods The pilot UK Lung Cancer Screening (UKLS) is a randomised controlled trial of LDCT screening for lung cancer versus usual care. A population-based questionnaire was used to identify high-risk individuals. CT screen-detected nodules were managed by a pre-specified protocol. Cost effectiveness was modelled with reference to the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial mortality reduction. Results 247 354 individuals aged 50–75 years were approached; 30.7% expressed an interest, 8729 (11.5%) were eligible and 4055 were randomised, 2028 into the CT arm (1994 underwent a CT). Forty-two participants (2.1%) had confirmed lung cancer, 34 (1.7%) at baseline and 8 (0.4%) at the 12-month scan. 28/42 (66.7%) had stage I disease, 36/42 (85.7%) had stage I or II disease. 35/42 (83.3%) had surgical resection. 536 subjects had nodules greater than 50 mm3 or 5 mm diameter and 41/536 were found to have lung cancer. One further cancer was detected by follow-up of nodules between 15 and 50 mm3 at 12 months. The baseline estimate for the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of once-only CT screening, under the UKLS protocol, was £8466 per quality adjusted life year gained (CI £5542 to £12 569). Conclusions The UKLS pilot trial demonstrated that it is possible to detect lung cancer at an early stage and deliver potentially curative treatment in over 80% of cases. Health economic analysis suggests that the intervention would be cost effective—this needs to be confirmed using data on observed lung cancer mortality reduction. Trial registration ISRCTN 78513845.
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Thibodeau SN, French AJ, McDonnell SK, Cheville J, Middha S, Tillmans L, Riska S, Baheti S, Larson MC, Fogarty Z, Zhang Y, Larson N, Nair A, O'Brien D, Wang L, Schaid DJ. Identification of candidate genes for prostate cancer-risk SNPs utilizing a normal prostate tissue eQTL data set. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8653. [PMID: 26611117 PMCID: PMC4663677 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have identified loci associated with the risk of developing prostate cancer but the associated genes are not well studied. Here we create a normal prostate tissue-specific eQTL data set and apply this data set to previously identified prostate cancer (PrCa)-risk SNPs in an effort to identify candidate target genes. The eQTL data set is constructed by the genotyping and RNA sequencing of 471 samples. We focus on 146 PrCa-risk SNPs, including all SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with each risk SNP, resulting in 100 unique risk intervals. We analyse cis-acting associations where the transcript is located within 2 Mb (±1 Mb) of the risk SNP interval. Of all SNP–gene combinations tested, 41.7% of SNPs demonstrate a significant eQTL signal after adjustment for sample histology and 14 expression principal component covariates. Of the 100 PrCa-risk intervals, 51 have a significant eQTL signal and these are associated with 88 genes. This study provides a rich resource to study biological mechanisms underlying genetic risk to PrCa. Single nucleotide polymorphisms—SNPs—have been identified for prostate cancer but whether these SNPs alter the expression of genes is largely unknown. In this study, the authors search for genes located within 2 Mb of the SNPs and identify SNPs that influence gene expression, so called expression quantitative trait loci.
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Nair A, Padhye M, Dabir A. Mandibular condylar fractures: to open or not? A treatment quandary. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.08.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Maniruzzaman M, Nair A, Scoutaris N, Bradley MSA, Snowden MJ, Douroumis D. One-step continuous extrusion process for the manufacturing of solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:42-51. [PMID: 26403386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of synthetic magnesium aluminometasilicate (MAS) as a novel inorganic carrier in hot melt extrusion (HME) processing of indomethacin (IND) for the development of solid dispersions. A continuous extrusion process at various IND/excipient blend ratios (20%, 30% and 40%) was performed using a twin-screw extruder. Physicochemical characterization carried out by SEM, DSC, and XRPD demonstrated the presence of IND in amorphous nature within the porous network of the inorganic material for all extruded formulations. Further, AFM and FTIR studies revealed a single-phase amorphous system and intermolecular H-bonding formation. The IND/MAS extrudates showed enhanced INM dissolution rates within 100% been released within 1h. Stability studies under accelerated conditions (40°C, RH 75%) showed that MAS retained the physical stability of the amorphous solid dispersions even at high drug loadings for 12 months.
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Nair A, Prithviraj DR, Regish KM, Prithvi S. Custom Milled Zirconia Implant Supporting an Ceramic Zirconia Restoration: A Clinical Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 11:328-31. [DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v11i4.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dental implants constitute a well-established approach for replacement of lost teeth with titanium being the most favored material for implantation. However, titanium has its limitations in esthetically demanding cases and neither the form nor material of such implants has changed much over the past 40 years. Today, there is scientific evidence that zirconia dental implants osseointegrate well and offer many advantages over titanium implants. This report demonstrates the successful clinical use of a custom milled root analogue zirconia implant for single tooth replacement. A left maxillary first molar was removed, allowed to heal for four months and a custom-made, root-analogue, roughened zirconia was fabricated and placed. Subsequently it was restored with zirconia all ceramic crown. No complications occurred during the healing period. This successful case warrants further clinical research on zirconia custom milled implants in well controlled trials.Kathmandu Univ Med J 2013; 11(4): 328-331
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Nair A, Ingram N, Verghese E, Wijetunga I, Markham A, Prasad K, Coletta P. 2391 Evaluation of the endothelial marker CD105 as a prognostic biomarker and target for molecular theragnostics in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(16)31307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ferraro PM, Robertson WG, Johri N, Nair A, Gambaro G, Shavit L, Moochhala SH, Unwin RJ. A London experience 1995-2012: demographic, dietary and biochemical characteristics of a large adult cohort of patients with renal stone disease. QJM 2015; 108:561-8. [PMID: 25524906 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcu251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney stone disease has an estimated prevalence of around 10%. Genetic as well as environmental factors are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of renal stones. AIM The aim of our study was to analyse and report the main characteristics of patients with kidney stones attending a large UK metabolic stone clinic in London between 1995 and 2012. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. METHODS Analysis of data from stone formers attending the University College and Royal Free Hospitals' metabolic stone clinic from 1995 to 2012. Demographic, clinical, dietary and biochemical characteristics have been summarized and analysed for men and women separately; trends over time have also been analysed. RESULTS Of the 2861 patients included in the analysis, 2016 (70%) were men with an average age of 47 years (range 18-87 years) and median duration of disease of 6 years (range 0-60 years). The prevalence of low urine volume, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria and hypocitraturia was 5.6%, 38%, 7.9%, 18% and 23%, respectively. The prevalence of several risk factors for stones increased over time. The majority of stones were mixed, with around 90% composed of calcium salts in varying proportion. CONCLUSION Our findings in a large cohort of patients attending a London-based stone clinic over the past 20 years show differences in distributions of risk factors for stones for men and women, as well as metabolic profiles and stone composition. The impact of most risk factors for stones appeared to change over time.
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Nair A, Kolet SP, Thulasiram HV, Bhargava S. Systemic jasmonic acid modulation in mycorrhizal tomato plants and its role in induced resistance against Alternaria alternata. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:625-31. [PMID: 25327848 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tomato plants colonised with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus fasciculatum show systemic induced resistance to the foliar pathogen Alternaria alternata, as observed in interactions of other AM-colonised plants with a range of pathogens. The role of jasmonic (JA) and salicylic (SA) acid in expression of this mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR) against A. alternata was studied by measuring: (i) activity of enzymes reported to be involved in their biosynthesis, namely lipoxygenase (LOX) and phenylammonia lyase (PAL); and (ii) levels of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and SA. Transcript abundance of some defence genes associated with JA and SA response pathways were also studied. Both LOX and PAL activity increased twofold in response to pathogen application to control plants. AM-colonised plants had three-fold higher LOX activity compared to control plants, but unlike controls, this did not increase further in response to pathogen application. Higher LOX activity in AM-colonised plants correlated with four-fold higher MeJA in leaves of AM-colonised plants compared to controls. Treatment of plants with the JA biosynthesis inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) led to 50% lower MeJA in both control and AM-colonised plants and correlated with increased susceptibility to A. alternata, suggesting a causal role for JA in expression of MIR against the pathogen. Genes involved in JA biosynthesis (OPR3) and response (COI1) showed six- and 42-fold higher expression, respectively, in leaves of AM-colonised plants compared to controls. AM-colonised plants also showed increased expression of the SA response gene PR1 and that of the wound-inducible polypeptide prosystemin. Our results suggest that the systemic increase in JA in response to AM colonisation plays a key role in expression of MIR against A. alternata.
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