Agronomically important thrips: development of species-specific primers in multiplex PCR and microarray assay using internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences for identification

Thrips, the sole vector of plant Tospovirus, are major pests of many agricultural crops throughout the world. Molecular approaches have been applied in recent decades to identify these minute and morphologically difficult to distinguish insects. In this study, sequences of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region of 15 agronomically important thrips, including several virus transmission species, have been analyzed in order to design species-specific primers for multiplex PCR and probes for microarray assay. That the ITS1 sequence distances within species were smaller than those among species suggests that the ITS1 fragment can be used for thrips species identification. The specificity and stability of these primers, combined with universal paired primers, were tested and verified in multiplex PCR. Using these specific primers as probes, microarray assay showed that PCR products of all thrips species hybridized consistently to their corresponding probes, though some signals were weak. We have demonstrated that multiplex PCR using specific primers based on ITS1 sequences is a simple, reliable, and cost-effective diagnostic tool for thrips species identification. Moreover, the DNA microarray assay is expected to extend into a reliable high-throughput screening tool for the vast numbers of thrips.

An Electronic Nursing Patient Care Plan Helps in Clinical Decision Support

Information technology can help to improve health care delivery. The utilisation of informatics principle enhances the quality of nursing practices through improved communication, documentation and efficiency. The Nursing Profession constitutes 34% of the total workforce in the Hong Kong Hospital Authority (HA) and includes 21,000 nurses in 2012. To enhance the quality of care and patient safety in both hospitals and community care setting, it is essential that an integrated electronic decision support system for nurses is designed to track documentation and support care or service including observations, decisions, actions and outcomes throughout the care process at each point-of-care. The Patient Care Plan project was set up to achieve these objectives. The Project adheres to strict documentation information architecture to ensure data sharing is freely available. Preliminary results showed very promising improvement in clinical care.

Development of Species-Specific Primers for Agronomical Thrips and Multiplex Assay for Quarantine Identification of Western Flower Thrips

While morphological identification of thrips species has been difficult because of their minute size and a lack of easily recognizable characteristics, molecular identification based on the development of specific molecular markers can be easily and reliably carried out. Among the known molecular markers, the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) exhibits distinguishable variations among thrips species. In this study, sequences of ITS2 region of 10 agriculturally important thrips were established to design species-specific primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ITS2 sequence variations within these species were far less than those among species, indicating the suitability of this marker for species-specific primers design. These primers, though with one or two sporadically variable positions, showed a good efficacy within species. The specificity of these primers, examined on thrips species belonging to 15 genera, proved satisfactory. Furthermore, a multiplex PCR was used successfully for identifying Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), an insect pest monitored for quarantine purpose, and three additional thrips also commonly found in imported agricultural products and field samples, i.e., Thrips tabaci Lindeman, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan), and Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom). This study has demonstrated that specific primers and multiplex PCR based on ITS2 are reliable, convenient, and diagnostic tool to discriminate thrips species of quarantine and agricultural importance.

Accelerated healing by composites containing herb epimedium for osteoinductive regeneration

Porous composites composed of hydroxyapatite (HA), herb epimedium (EP), and chitosan (CS) were used to improve the repair of rabbit bone defects. The in vivo implantation of the HA/CS-EP showed that homogeneous bone formation occurred after 12 weeks' implantation and possessed good osteogenesis. The osteogenic process of the HA/CS-EP group was different from that of the HA/CS group. Direct bone formation of osteoblasts with HA/CS-EP as the matrix could be observed. Compared with the group filled with HA/CS, the group filled with HA/CS-EP showed significant increases in the number of osteoblasts and the bone formation area, and the areas of new bone formation in the HA/CS-EP group after 4 or 12 weeks' implantation reached 33% and 87%, respectively. The novel repair system of HA/CS-EP can induce bone formation, increase osteoblast quantity and improve osteogenesis, for EP can significantly promote the proliferation and activity of osteoblasts in the early stage and accelerate bone remodeling in the later stage. Composites containing EP could be a promising material with multifunctions of osteoinduction, osteoconduction and medication for bone repair, and herb medicine EP could be used as an osteoinduction material for bone tissue engineering.

Initial stage of growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes: modeling and simulations

Because there are different pathways to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a common mechanism for the synthesis of CNTs does not likely exist. However, after carbon atoms are liberated from carbon-containing precursors by catalysts or from pure carbon systems, a common feature, the nucleation of CNTs by electron mediation, does appear. We studied this feature using the initial stage of growth of single wall CNTs (SWCNTs) by transition metal nano-particle catalysts as the working example. To circumvent the bottleneck due to the size and simulation time, we used a model in which the metal droplet is represented by a jellium, and the effect of collisions between the carbon atoms and atoms of the catalyst is captured by charge transfers between the jellium and the carbon. The simulations were performed using a transferable semi-empirical Hamiltonian to model the interactions between carbon atoms in jellium. We annealed different initial configurations of carbon clusters in jellium as well as in a vacuum. We found that in jellium, elongated open tubular structures, precursors to the growth of SWCNTs, are formed. Our model was also shown to be capable of mimicking the continued growth when more atoms were placed near the open end of the tubular structure.

Age is not a contraindication to home-based dialysis - Quality-of-Life outcomes favour older patients on peritoneal dialysis regimes relative to younger patients

AIM

To compare Quality of Life, anxiety and depression between older (≥65 years) and younger (<65 years) patients across automated peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

BACKGROUND

There is a lack of studies as to whether the different peritoneal dialysis modalities confer similar outcomes in older and younger patients.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional.

METHODS

A total of 201 patients completed the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short-Form, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, Short Form and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Comorbidity and biochemical values were abstracted from medical records.

RESULTS

Older patients reported significantly better quality of life than younger patients in the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short-Form effects of kidney disease and patient satisfaction and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument overall Quality-of-Life/health despite worse clinical profile. Quality of life outcomes were comparable between automated peritoneal dialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with the exception of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short-Form symptoms in favour of automated peritoneal dialysis. Levels of anxiety and depression were equivalent for older and younger patients across peritoneal dialysis modalities. The observed quality-of-life advantages for older patients persisted after case-mix adjustments and extended to more quality-of-life domains and depression and anxiety.

CONCLUSION

Our findings of superior quality of life in patients aged ≥ 65 support the expansion of peritoneal dialysis use in older patients. Patients across different age groups should be given non-biased information about both peritoneal dialysis modalities and individual preferences should be elicited and carefully considered by healthcare providers.

Green tea (Camelia sinensis) mediated suppression of IgE production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic asthmatic humans

Recent studies in our laboratory demonstrated the suppression of immunoglobulin E (IgE) production by green tea extract (GTE) in U266 cells. However, the effects of GTE or one of its components (EGCG) on IgE production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are unknown. PBMC (1.5 × 10⁶) obtained from serum IgE+, allergic asthmatic patients, were cultured ± GTE (1-100 ng/ml) or purified EGCG (0.5-50 ng/ml), and IgE levels were determined on day 10 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High levels of IgE were detected in supernatants of the PBMC cultures on day 10. When GTE was included in vitro, IgE production by PBMC was suppressed on day 10, compared with control. Purified EGCG included in vitro also suppressed IgE production, but at lower levels, compared with control. This study demonstrates that GTE and its major catechin, EGCG, have immunoregulatory effects on human IgE responses.

Overexpression of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (cyp71av1) and cytochrome P450 reductase (cpr) genes increased artemisinin content in Artemisia annua (Asteraceae)

Finding an efficient and affordable treatment against malaria is still a challenge for medicine. Artemisinin is an effective anti-malarial drug isolated from Artemisia annua. However, the artemisinin content of A. annua is very low. We used transgenic technology to increase the artemisinin content of A. annua by overexpressing cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (cyp71av1) and cytochrome P450 reductase (cpr) genes. CYP71AV1 is a key enzyme in the artemisinin biosynthesis pathway, while CPR is a redox partner for CYP71AV1. Eight independent transgenic A. annua plants were obtained through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, which was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analyses. The real-time qPCR results showed that the gene cyp71av1 was highly expressed at the transcriptional level in the transgenic A. annua plants. HPLC analysis showed that the artemisinin content was increased in a number of the transgenic plants, in which both cyp71av1 and cpr were overexpressed. In one of the transgenic A. annua plants, the artemisinin content was 38% higher than in the non-transgenic plants. We conclude that overexpressing key enzymes of the biosynthesis pathway is an effective means for increasing artemisinin content in plants.

Theoretical predictions of a bucky-diamond SiC cluster

A study of structural relaxations of Si(n)C(m) clusters corresponding to different compositions, different relative arrangements of Si/C atoms, and different types of initial structure, reveals that the Si(n)C(m) bucky-diamond structure can be obtained for an initial network structure constructed from a truncated bulk 3C-SiC for a magic composition corresponding to n = 68 and m = 79. This study was performed using a semi-empirical Hamiltonian (SCED-LCAO) since it allowed an extensive search of different types of initial structures. However, the bucky-diamond structure predicted by this method was also confirmed by a more accurate density functional theory (DFT) based method. The bucky-diamond structure exhibited by a SiC-based system represents an interesting paradigm where a Si atom can form three-coordinated as well as four-coordinated networks with carbon atoms and vice versa and with both types of network co-existing in the same structure. Specifically, the bucky-diamond structure of the Si(68)C(79) cluster consists of a 35-atom diamond-like inner core (four-atom coordinations) suspended inside a 112-atom fullerene-like shell (three-atom coordinations).

Phase sensitive SPR sensor for wide dynamic range detection

Phase detection has been utilized to enhance the sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors for a long time. However, an inherent drawback for phase sensitive SPR sensors are their limited dynamic range, which has greatly hindered wide applications of such sensors. In this Letter, a design combining phase detection and angular interrogation has been proposed to provide an SPR sensor with both high sensitivity and wide dynamic range. As a result, a resolution of 2.2×10^-7 RIU with a dynamic range of over 0.06 RIU has been achieved simultaneously. An added advantage of this design is the flexibility for sensitivity and dynamic range adjustment.

The pesticide deltamethrin increases free radical production and promotes nuclear translocation of the stress response transcription factor Nrf2 in rat brain

The transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a critical role in the mammalian response to chemical and oxidative stress through induction of phase II detoxification enzymes and oxidative stress response proteins. We reported that Nrf2 expression was activated by deltamethrin (DM), a prototype of the widely used Parathyroid pesticides, in PC12 cells. However, no study has examined Nrf2 nuclear translocation and free radical production, two hallmarks of oxidative stress, in the mammalian brain in vivo. To this end, we examined translocation of Nrf2 and production of free radicals in rat brain exposed to DM. Indeed, DM initiated nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Nrf2 translocation was accompanied by the expression of heme oxygenase-1 gene, an Nrf2-regulated gene linked to free radical production. Deltamethrin exposure promoted free radical formation in rat brain and reactive oxygen species generation in PC12 cells. Translocation of Nrf2 may be a response to DM-dependent induction of free radicals and DM may act as a mammalian neurotoxin by initiating oxidative stress.

Systemic delivery of E6/7 siRNA using novel lipidic particles and its application with cisplatin in cervical cancer mouse models

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) shows great promise in cancer therapy, but its effectiveness in vivo still remains a crucial issue for its transition into the clinics. Although the successful use of polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated lipidic delivery systems have already been reported, most of the formulation procedures used are labour intensive and also result in unstable end products. We have previously developed a simple yet efficient hydration-of-freeze-dried-matrix (HFDM) method to entrap siRNA within lipid particles, in which the products exhibited superior stability. Here, we show that these HFDM-formulated particles are stable in the presence of serum and can deliver siRNA efficiently to tumours after intravenous administration. Using these particles, around 50% knockdown of the target gene expression was observed in tumours. With the use of siRNA targeting the E6/7 oncogenes expressed in cervical cancer, we showed a 50% reduction in tumour size. This level of tumour growth suppression was comparable to that achieved from cisplatin at the clinically used dose. Overall, our results demonstrate the feasibility of using HFDM-formulated particles to systematically administer E6/7-targeted siRNA for cervical cancer treatment. The simplicity of preparation procedure along with superior product stability obtained from our method offers an innovative approach for the in vivo delivery of siRNA.

Spin-phonon coupling effects in antiferromagnetic Cr2O3 nanoparticles

In the present work we use Raman microscopy to investigate the size effect of spin-phonon coupling in antiferromagnetic Cr2O3 nanoparticles. The peculiarities of the dependency of the phonon wave number on temperature (with a relatively weak peak at 293 cm(-1)) can be attributed to the spin-phonon coupling. The variation with temperature of the spin-phonon mode develops when the antiferromagnetic state is near the ordering temperature of the Cr spins. The observations can be reasonably well interpreted by describing the order parameter. A shift in frequency is caused by a strong spin-phonon interaction in Cr2O3. The obtained s-ph coefficients are found to be consistent with the strain, where raising the strain results in weakening of the s-ph coupling.

Size-effect induced short-range magnetic ordering in germanium nanostructures

Formation of ordered magnetic states in germanium nanostructures embedded in SiO2 has been investigated. Samples with the nanostructures were prepared by sputtering deposition on Si(100) substrates, followed by thermal annealing in vacuum. Transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and Raman spectroscopy have been used to characterize the samples. Magnetic measurements were performed using a superconducting quantum interference device. Size-effect induced magnetic orderings in the germanium nanostructures were found to be present at room temperatures and below. Superparamagnetic behavior was observed at temperatures above 230 K, whereas thermal excitation of spin reorientation and magnetic coupling has been revealed at temperatures below 60 K. Inverted hysteresis loops with negative remanences and multiple plateaus revealed the ferri- or antiferromagnetic nature of the coupling. Inter-domain coupling and effect of magnetic anisotropy will be discussed based on the experimental results and simulations with a spin reorientation model.

Meconium aspiration syndrome: experiences in Taiwan

Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is still one of the most challenged diseases for the neonatologists. We reviewed our earlier studies of MAS in an attempt to provide some idea for more understanding of MAS. This study is a retrospective review and summarization of our earlier studies in MAS at two tertiary neonatal centers in Taiwan. Incidence of MAS was decreased sharply in Taiwan. MAS infants who required resuscitation in the birth room being out-born, birth asphyxia and infants who developed persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) and pneumothrax were associated with increasing mortality. In MAS infants who neither required mechanical ventilation nor had a history suggestive of perinatal infection, antibiotic treatments would not affect the outcome of MAS. Dexamethasone did reduce inflammation response and improve cardiopulmonary perfusion. However, steroids did not prevent the development of PPHN. Our review provided the risk factors of mortality for MAS. Antibiotic treatments should not be a routine for every infant with MAS. Although steroids reduce pulmonary inflammation, their role in the prevention of PPHN remains to be further studied.

YC-1 induces apoptosis of human renal carcinoma A498 cells in vitro and in vivo through activation of the JNK pathway

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of YC-1{3-(5'-hydroxy methyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole}-induced human renal carcinoma cells apoptosis and to evaluate the potency of YC-1 in models of tumour growth in mice.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

YC-1-mediated apoptosis was assessed by analysis of MTT, SRB, DAPI staining and flow cytometry analysis. Knockdown of JNK protein was achieved by transient transfection using siRNA. The mechanisms of action of YC-1 on different signalling pathways involved were studied using western blot. Fas clustering was analysed by confocal microscopy and in vivo efficacy was examined in a A498 xenograft model.

KEY RESULTS

YC-1 displayed cytotoxicity in renal carcinoma cells at 10(-7)-10(-8) M. Increased condensation of chromatin was observed and an increase in the cell population in subG1 phase. Moreover, YC-1 triggered mitochondria-mediated and caspase-dependent pathways. YC-1 significantly induced Fas ligand expression, but did not modify either the protein levels of death receptors or ligands. In addition, Fas clustering in cells responsive to YC-1 was observed, suggesting involvement of a Fas-mediated pathway. Furthermore, YC-1 markedly induced phosphorylation of JNK and a JNK inhibitor, SP600125, and siRNA JNK1/2 significantly reversed YC-1-induced cytotoxicity and protein expression. We suggest that YC-1 induced JNK phosphorylation, the upregulation of FasL and Fas receptor clustering to promote the activation of caspases 8 and 3, resulting in apoptosis. Finally, we demonstrated the antitumour effect of YC-1 in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These data suggest that YC-1 is a good candidate for development as an anticancer drug.

Incident open-angle glaucoma and intraocular pressure

PURPOSE

To evaluate the role of baseline intraocular pressure (b-IOP) as a risk factor for incident open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in participants of African origin from the Barbados Eye Studies.

DESIGN

Population-based 9-year cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS

Three thousand two hundred twenty-two persons examined during the study period who were free of glaucoma at baseline and at risk of developing OAG during the 9-year follow-up.

METHODS

Study protocols were standardized and included ophthalmic and other measurements, automated perimetry, applanation tonometry, fundus photography, and comprehensive ophthalmologic examination for those referred. The product-limit approach was used to estimate incidence. Relationships between b-IOP and incidence were evaluated by adjusted relative risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), based on Cox regression models.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

The 9-year incidence of OAG was based on both visual field and optic disc abnormalities, with ophthalmologic evaluations to exclude other possible causes.

RESULTS

The overall 9-year incidence of OAG was 4.4% (95% CI, 3.7%-5.2%), and the mean (standard deviation) b-IOP among persons at risk was 18.0 mmHg (4.1). Among the 125 incident OAG cases, the mean b-IOP was 21.9 mmHg and 46% had b-IOP of >21 mmHg. In contrast, the nonincident group had a mean b-IOP of 17.8 mmHg and only 12% had b-IOP of >21 mmHg. Overall, OAG risk increased by 12% with each 1-mmHg increase in IOP (RR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.08-1.16). Incidence steadily increased from 1.8% (95% CI, 1.2%-2.7%) for persons with b-IOP of < or =17 mmHg (referent group) to 22.3% (95% CI, 15.8%-31.1%) for those with b-IOP > 25 mmHg, resulting in an adjusted RR of 13.1 (95% CI, 7.1-24.1) among the latter group. The attributable risk for IOP of >25 mmHg was 19%. Using 21 mmHg as a cutoff, the RR was 7.9 (95% CI, 3.8-16.2) and the attributable risk was 37%.

CONCLUSIONS

After 9 years' follow-up, the risk of OAG was positively related to IOP levels at baseline. Although persons with b-IOP of >25 mmHg had a 13-fold RR of developing OAG, most cases arose with lower b-IOP. This study thus confirms the role of IOP as an influential risk factor, yet at the same time underscores its limitations in predicting OAG.

Nine-Year Incidence of Open-Angle Glaucoma in the Barbados Eye Studies

PURPOSE

To determine the 9-year incidence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in African-descent participants of the Barbados Eye Studies.

DESIGN

Nine-year cohort study with 81% to 85% participation.

PARTICIPANTS

Three thousand two hundred twenty-two persons without definite OAG at baseline, at risk of developing OAG at follow-up.

METHODS

The standardized protocol included automated perimetry and various ophthalmic measurements, with a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination for those referred. Fundus photographs were evaluated independently by masked graders. Incidence was estimated by the product-limit approach. Relative risk (RR) ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were based on Cox regression models with discrete time.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

Nine-year incidence of definite OAG, based on the development of visual field defects and glaucomatous optic neuropathy, with ophthalmologic confirmation.

RESULTS

The 9-year incidence of definite OAG was 4.4% (95% CI, 3.7%-5.2%), or an average of 0.5%/year, based on 125 new cases. Incidence increased greatly with age, from 2.2% at ages 40 to 49 years to 7.9% at ages 70 years or older, and tended to be higher in men than women (4.9% vs. 4.1%; RR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.9-1.8). More than half (53%) of new cases were undetected, and of these, one third had intraocular pressure of 21 mmHg or less. When 141 persons developing suspected/probable OAG were considered, the total incidence was 9.4% (8.4%-10.6%), averaging approximately 1%/year, also increasing with age, and significantly higher in men than women (10.7% vs. 8.6%; RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02-1.67).

CONCLUSIONS

These new data provide a measure of the long-term risk of OAG in an African-descent population, which is markedly higher than in persons of European ancestry. Results confirm the increased risk with age and in men. The incidence data fill a gap in our understanding of OAG risk and have implications for public health policy and planning; they also will allow the study of factors related to the risk of OAG development.

Managerial attitudes on the development of health promoting hospitals in Beijing

In 2002, the Beijing Committee for Disease Prevention launched guidelines based on the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion on health promoting hospitals (HPHs). HPH pilot projects were then initiated, on a voluntary basis, in 44 Beijing hospitals. Evaluations have been undertaken to assess the impacts of the pilot project. This article outlines this HPH project, its development and evaluation and reports on the attitudes and contribution of hospital management as determined by questionnaires and interviews from 281 managerial employees from 106 Beijing hospitals (93 from pilot hospitals and 188 from control). The results of the evaluation indicate that long-term health promotion planning and health promotion specialized funds have been better established in pilot hospitals than in the control group and also that the concept of HPH is better understood by managerial staff in pilot hospitals than by those in control hospitals. The main perceived barriers faced in the development of HPH are shortages of funds, personnel, time management and professional skills. To further develop HPHs in China, effort needs to be made to ensure that hospital leaders and management are considered first. If managerial staff have an appropriate understanding of the concept and principles of HPH, then it is more likely that health promotion activities can be introduced into the daily workings of hospitals, and the necessary funds, personnel and training on health promotion skills be provided.

Two-dimensional biosensor arrays based on surface plasmon resonance phase imaging

We present a biosensor design based on capturing the two-dimensional (2D) phase image of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). This 2D SPR imaging technique may enable parallel label-free detection of multiple analytes and is compatible with the microarray chip platform. This system uses our previously reported differential phase measurement approach, in which 2D phase maps obtained from the signal (P) and reference (S) polarizations are compared pixel by pixel. This technique greatly improves detection resolution as the subtraction step can eliminate measurement fluctuations caused by external disturbances as they essentially appear in both channels. Unlike conventional angular SPR systems, in which illumination from a range of angles must be used, phase measurement requires illumination from only one angle, thus making it well suited for 2D measurement. Also, phase-stepping introduced from a moving mirror provides the necessary modulation for accurate detection of the phase. In light of the rapidly increasing need for fast real-time detection, quantification, and identification of a range of proteins for various biomedical applications, our 2D SPR phase imaging technique should hold a promising future in the medical device market.

A high yield robotic synthesis of 9-(4-[18F]-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([18F]FHBG) and 9-[3-[18F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine([18F] FHPG) for gene expression imaging

The aim of this study was to develop an automated synthesis of 9-(4-[(18)F]-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([(18)F]FHBG) and 9-[(3-[(18)F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine ([(18)F]FHPG) using a Scanditronix Anatech RB III robotic system. [(18)F]HF was produced via (18)O(p, n)(18)F using a Scanditronix MC17F cyclotron. On average, a typical run produced [(18)F]FHBG and [(18)F]FHPG with an uncorrected radiochemical yield of 19% and 16%, respectively, at end of synthesis (EOS) from irradiation of 95% enriched [(18)O]water. The total synthesis time was 80 min. The retention time of [(18)F]FHBG and [(18)F]FHPG (the radio-peak) was 3.9 and 4.0 min, respectively, which was consistent with the [(19)F]FHBG and [(19)F]FHPG ultraviolet peak. The radiochemical purity was greater than 97%. A robotic, automated method for [(18)F]FHBG and [(18)F]FHPG radiosynthesis is therefore feasible. The radiation burden for the operator can be reduced as much as possible. Sufficient radioactivities of [(18)F]FHBG and [(18)F]FHPG could be obtained for non-invasive monitoring the expression of transfected gene in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET).

Application of two-dimensional spectral surface plasmon resonance to imaging of pressure distribution in elastohydrodynamic lubricant films

What we believe to be a novel two-dimensional spectral surface plasmon resonance imaging technique determining pressure distribution in elastohydrodynamic lubricant films is presented. This technique makes use of the spectral characteristics associated with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect, and it provides more spectral information in refractive index mapping than conventional contrast SPR imaging. Two-dimensional imaging is demonstrated and applied to a highly pressurized liquid lubricant trapped inside an elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) dimple. The hydrostatic pressure inside the EHL dimple causes a localized change of the refractive index of the lubrication oil. This also results in a shift in the spectral SPR absorption dip. By monitoring the color changes within the SPR image and calibrating with lubricants of known refractive index profiles, we can obtain a direct measurement of the refractive index distribution within the EHL dimple. PB 2400 lubricant dimples were studied in our experiments. The proposed SPR imaging approach is irrespective of the absolute lubricant film thickness h, therefore overcoming the major limitations of a conventional optical interference technique. With further development of the two-dimensional refractive index mapping technique, widespread applications in various fields are possible, including high-throughput sensors and the detection of bioaffinity interactions.

Thallium-201 scan in evaluating thyroid nodules following equivocal fine-needle aspiration cytology

The AIM of this prospective study was to evaluate the usefulness of the thallium-201 ( (201) Tl) thyroid scan in the detection of malignancy in cold thyroid nodules whose status was equivocal following palpation fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).

PATIENTS, METHODS

Fifty-one patients with clinically palpable solitary cold thyroid nodules classified as non-diagnostic or suspicious following biopsy underwent (201) Tl thyroid scans. Each scan was performed 15 min (early scan) and 3 h (delayed scan) after an intravenous administration of 74 MBq (201) Tl. Thallium uptake in the nodules was visually assessed and scored on a three point scale, with a grade of three defining malignancy. All patients underwent surgery and the histopathology of nodule tissues were compared with results of the scans.

RESULTS

Fifty-one nodules were examined. Forty were benign and 11 were malignant. For early scans, the diagnostically relevant parameters were: sensitivity (100%), specificity (75%), and accuracy (80%). Corresponding findings for the delayed scan were: 91%, 98%, and 96%.

CONCLUSION

The (201) Tl scan is useful for detecting malignancy in cold thyroid nodules classified as nondiagnostic or suspicious lesions by FNAC.

Real-time optical biosensor based on differential phase measurement of surface plasmon resonance

We report a real-time differential phase measurement technique which can be implemented in optical surface plasmon resonance biosensors. The important feature of our design is that sensitivity has been greatly improved by measuring the differential phase change between the s and p-polarizations. Real-time measurement capability is achieved by using a phase extracting routine which continuously monitors the waveforms captured by two photo-detectors. Measurement capability of our setup is demonstrated through real-time monitoring of bovine serum albumin (BSA)/anti-BSA binding reaction. The estimated sensitivity of our current setup is 7.4 ng/ml.

Highly sensitive differential phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on the Mach-Zehnder configuration

A high-sensitivity surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer design is presented. The novel feature of the new design is the use of a Wollaston prism through which the phase quantities of the p and s polarizations are interrogated simultaneously. Since SPR affects only the p polarization, the signal due to the s polarization can be used as the reference. Consequently, the differential phase between the two polarizations allows us to eliminate all common-path phase noise while keeping the phase change caused by the SPR effect. Experimental results obtained from glycerin-water mixtures indicate that the sensitivity limit of our scheme is 5.5 x 10(-8) refractive-index units per 0.01 degrees phase change. To our knowledge, this is a significant improvement over previously obtained results when gold was used as the sensor surface. Such an improvement in the sensitivity limit should allow SPR biosensors to become a possible replacement for conventional biosensing techniques based on fluorescence. Monitoring of the bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding reaction with BSA antibodies is also demonstrated.

Phonon spectromicroscopy of carbon nanostructures with atomic resolution

The vibrational properties of single-wall carbon nanotubes have been probed locally with atomic-scale resolution by inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. The high spatial resolution has allowed the unraveling of changes in the local phonon spectrum related to topological defects. We demonstrated that the radial breathing mode is suppressed within tube segments of lengths below approximately 3 nm, and that in the cap region phonon modes characteristic of the fullerene hemisphere are emerging. Phonon spectromicroscopy should lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms that limit the transport of heat or electrical charge inside nanostructured carbon materials.

Human fetal and cord serum thyroid hormones: developmental trends and interrelationships

Thyroid hormone is essential for fetal and neonatal development in particular of the brain, but little is known about regulation of fetal thyroid hormone levels throughout human gestation. The purpose of this study was to clarify developmental trends and interrelationships among T(4), free T(4) (FT4), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), TSH, T(3), rT(3), and T(4) sulfate (T4S) levels in cord and fetal blood sera (n = 639, 15-42 wk gestation) and correlate infant levels (23-42 wk gestation) to maternal values (n = 428, 16-45 yr) and those of nonpregnant women (n = 233, 16-46 yr). In cord and fetal serum, T(4), T(3), and TBG levels increase with gestation until term; TSH, FT4, T4S, and rT(3) levels increase and peak in the late second/early third trimester and then decline to term; T(4)/TBG ratios increase until late second trimester and plateau to term. Term cord sera TSH, TBG, and all iodothyronine levels, except T(3), are higher than nonpregnant women. In the third trimester, cord serum FT4, TSH, rT(3), and T4S levels are also higher than corresponding maternal levels, but T(4), T(3), and TBG levels are lower than maternal values. The late second/early third trimester is a critical transition period in fetal thyroid hormone metabolism, which may be interrupted by preterm birth and contribute to postnatal thyroid dysfunction.

The role of adrenomedullin and its receptor system in cardiovascular calcification of rat induced by Vitamin D(3) plus nicotine

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a potent vasodilatory peptide which regulates blood pressure, cell growth and bone formation. Our work was aimed to explore the production of ADM, changes and pathophysiological significance of ADM mRNA and ADM receptor components--calcitonin receptor like receptor (CRLR) and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) mRNA in calcified myocardium and aorta of rats induced by Vitamin D3 plus nicotine. Contents of ADM in plasma, myocardium and aorta were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The amount of ADM, CRLR and RAMPs mRNA was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity in myocardium and aorta of rats were measured. The results showed that the contents of calcium in calcified myocardium and aorta were increased by 3.5- and 6-fold (all P < 0.01), respectively, and alkaline phosphatases activity in calcified myocardium and aorta were increased by 66.5 and 82.7% (all P < 0.01 ), respectively, compared with control. Contents of ADM in plasma, myocardium and aorta were increased by 58% (P < 0.01), 14.3% (P < 0.01) and 27.8% P < 0.05). Furthermore, it was found that the amount of ADM, CRLR and RAMP2 mRNA in calcified myocardium was elevated by 90.6, 157.5 and 119.6% (all P < 0.01), RAMP3 mRNA was decreased by 14.1% (P < 0.01), respectively, compared with control. The amount of ADM, CRLR, RAMP2 and RAMP3 mRNA in calcified aorta was elevated by 37.7% (P < 0.01), 41.4% (P < 0.01), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 13% P < 0.01), respectively, compared with control. The elevated level of CRLR and RAMP2 mRNA were in positive correlation with that of ADM mRNA (r = 0.992 and 0.882, respectively, P < 0.01) in calcified myocardium. The elevated level of CRLR and RAMP3 mRNA were also in positive correlation with that of ADM mRNA (r = 0.727, P < 0.05 and 0.816, P < 0.01, respectively) in calcified aorta. These results demonstrated that calcified myocardium and aorta generated an increased amount of ADM, up-regulated gene expressions of ADM, CRLR and RAMP2 mRNA. While the alteration of RAMP3 mRNA in calcified myocardium and aorta was different. These suggested that ADM and its receptor system might involve in the regulation of calcification in heart and aorta.

Thermal contraction of au nanoparticles

A fine Au powder, with a mean particle diameter of 4 nm, has been successfully fabricated. The crystalline structure of the 4 nm Au nanoparticles remains in fcc symmetry. No structural changes were found between 15 and 450 K. A crossover from a positive thermal expansion at low temperatures to a negative thermal expansion at high temperatures was observed in the fcc cell parameter at about 125 K. Anomalies associated with the crossover were also observed in the magnetic response and the heat capacity measurements. The observations can be reasonably well interpreted by accounting for the effects of the valence electron potential on the equilibrium lattice separations, with a weakly temperature dependent level spacing.

Colossal paramagnetic moments in metallic carbon nanotori

Carbon nanostructures with unusually large paramagnetic moments have been discovered in a theoretical study of the electronic and magnetic properties of carbon nanotubes bent into toroids. Specifically, nanotori formed from metallic nanotubes with lambda(F) = 3T, where lambda(F) is the Fermi wavelength and T the translation vector of the nanotube, exhibit giant paramagnetic moments at selected radii ("magic radii"), while the ones with lambda(F) = T are paramagnetic at any radius. The large paramagnetic moment is due to the interplay between the toroidal geometry and the ballistic motion of the pi electrons in the metallic nanotube.

[Primary analysis and sequencing the hemolytic relative gene of Edwardsiella tarda]

Hemolysin is an important pathogenic agent of Edwardsiella tarda (ET). A fragment containing hemolytic gene, of which sequence is 4,264 bp, was cloned from ET-12 chromosome by shutgun method. It has no similarity to the hemolysin genes reported, of which 424 bp of open read frame (ORF) 3 has 68% similarity to the hemolysin regulatory gene of S. typhi (slyA). The subclone which has complete ORF3 was hemolytic, and the other of which Kanamycin gene was inserted in Pvu I of ORF3 was no hemolytic. It proved the gene was in chromosomes of ET-12 and the other ET strains by hybridization in situ and Southern blot. As recombination plasmid with the gene entered nonhemolytic ET by electroporation, no hemolytic phenomenon was observed. Conclusion was that the gene wasn't the hemolysin gene and was hemolytic relative gene.

Frequency and risk factors for pterygium in the Barbados Eye Study

OBJECTIVE

To describe the distribution and risk factors for pterygium in the predominantly black population of the Barbados Eye Study, which was based on a random sample of Barbadian-born citizens between the ages of 40 and 84 years.

METHODS

The standardized protocol included ophthalmic and other measurements, automated perimetry, lens gradings, fundus photography, and a detailed interview. A 10% systematic sample of participants and those meeting specific criteria also received a comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluation.

RESULTS

The Barbados Eye Study included 4709 participants, of whom 2978 were referred for an ophthalmologic evaluation and 2781 (93%) completed the examination. Cases of pterygium were found among 23.4% of 2617 black, 23.7% of 97 mixed (black and white), and 10.2% of 59 white participants examined. In addition to African ancestry, logistic regression analyses indicated a positive association between pterygium and age (odds ratio [OR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.02), fewer years of education (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.01-2.03), and an outdoor job location (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.52-2.29). Having a darker skin complexion (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.52-0.83), always using sunglasses outdoors (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06-0.59), and the use of prescription glasses (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.60-0.93) were protective factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Approximately one quarter of the black participants examined had pterygia, a frequency that was 2.5 to 3 times higher than among whites in the Barbados Eye Study and elsewhere. Pterygium was almost twice as frequent among persons who worked outdoors but was only one fifth as likely among those who always used sunglasses outdoors. Educational interventions to modify these potential exposures may assist in preventing pterygium.

Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in The Barbados Eye Study

OBJECTIVE

To determine the prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in a predominantly black population.

DESIGN

Population-based prevalence study of a simple random sample of Barbados-born citizens aged 40 to 84 years.

PARTICIPANTS

Four thousand seven hundred nine persons (84% participation).

METHODS

The standardized protocol included best-corrected visual acuity (with a Ferris-Bailey chart), automated perimetry, lens gradings (LOCS II), and an interview. Participants with visual acuity of worse than 20/30, other positive findings, and a 10% sample also had an ophthalmologic examination that evaluated the cause and extent of vision loss (resulting from that cause), if any.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Low vision and blindness were defined as visual acuity in the better eye between 6/18 and 6/120 and visual acuity worse than 6/120, respectively (World Health Organization [WHO] criteria).

RESULTS

Of the 4631 participants with complete examinations, 4314 (93%) reported their race as black, 184 (4%) reported their race as mixed (black and white), and 133 (3%) reported their race as white or other. Low vision was found in 5.9% of the black, 2.7% of the mixed, and 3.0% of white or other participants. Bilateral blindness was similar for black and mixed race participants (1.7% and 1.6%, respectively) and was not found in whites. Among black and mixed participants, the prevalence of low vision increased with age (from 0.3% at 40-49 years to 26.8% at 80 years or older). The prevalence of blindness was higher (P < 0.001) for men than women at each age group (0.5% versus 0.3% at ages 40-49 and 10.9% versus 7.3% at 80 years or more). Sixty percent of blindness was due to open-angle glaucoma and age-related cataract, each accounting for more than one fourth of cases. Other major causes were optic atrophy or neuropathy and macular and other retinal diseases. Few cases of blindness were due to diabetic retinopathy (1.4%), and none were due to age-related macular degeneration.

CONCLUSIONS

Using the WHO criteria, prevalence of visual impairment was high in this African-origin population, particularly at older ages. Most blindness was due to open-angle glaucoma and cataract, with open-angle glaucoma causing a higher proportion of blindness than previously reported. The increased prevalence of blindness in men may be due to the increased male prevalence of glaucoma in this population and warrants further investigation. Results underline the need for blindness prevention programs, with emphasis on effective treatment of age-related cataract and enhancing strategies for early detection and treatment of open-angle glaucoma.

Inheritance of open-angle glaucoma in the Barbados family study

The majority of genetic studies on open-angle glaucoma (OAG) have been conducted in primarily white populations, with investigations of inheritance patterns largely based on self-reported information. The Barbados Family Study of Open-Angle Glaucoma (BFSG) is the first study to investigate the transmission pattern(s) for OAG in a predominantly black population, based on standardized examinations. Each BFSG participant received a comprehensive examination including anthropometric and other measurements, best-corrected visual acuity, perimetry, tonometry, lens gradings, fundus photography, venipuncture, an extensive interview including ocular, medical and family history information and a comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluation. Conservative criteria were used to define glaucoma status, including the presence of both visual field defects and optic disc damage. The study included 207 OAG-affected probands (median age: 68 years) and 1,056 of their relatives (median age: 47 years). Among the relatives examined 10% (n = 106) had OAG and 13% (n = 141) had probable OAG. Segregation analyses were performed to determine the mode of inheritance for glaucoma in these families. The results indicate that transmission of OAG or probable OAG is most likely due to a major codominant gene. Both age and gender are shown to be significant factors as well; with an increase in risk being associated with each year of age over 54 years and an increase in risk for all ages and genotypes observed in males. These analyses do not, however, preclude the possible existence of an environmental component or other genetic determinants in OAG. Further evidence for the existence of a major gene may be obtained by additional follow-up of the relatively young cohort of relatives, as well as ongoing linkage analyses.

TATA-binding protein-associated factors enhance the recruitment of RNA polymerase II by transcriptional activators

Transcription factor (TF) IID, comprised of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), is a general transcription factor required for RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcription on most eukaryotic genes. Recent findings that TAFs may not be globally required for activator-dependent transcription in vivo and in vitro and that both TAF-dependent and TAF-independent promoters are found in yeast suggest that transcriptional activation can occur through at least two different pathways, depending on the presence or absence of TAFs. Using order-of-addition and template challenge assays performed in a human cell-free transcription system reconstituted with recombinant general transcription factors (TFIIB, TBP, TFIIE, TFIIF), a recombinant general cofactor (PC4), and highly purified epitope-tagged multiprotein complexes (TFIID, TFIIH, pol II), we demonstrate that when TBP is used as the TATA-binding factor transcriptional activators such as Gal4-VP16 and human papillomavirus E2 mainly function by facilitating pol II entry to the promoter region. In contrast, when TFIID is used as the TATA-binding factor, promoter recognition by TFIID appears to be the rate-limiting step facilitated by transcriptional activators during preinitiation complex assembly. Using protein-protein pull-down and far-Western analyses, we further show that the presence of TAFs in TFIID facilitates the recruitment of pol II by transcriptional activators, thereby switching the rate-limiting step from pol II entry to promoter recognition. Our findings thus provide distinct molecular mechanisms for TAF-independent and TAF-dependent activation.

Quantum interference and ballistic transmission in nanotube electron waveguides

The electron transport properties of well-contacted individual single-walled carbon nanotubes are investigated in the ballistic regime. Phase coherent transport and electron interference manifest as conductance fluctuations as a function of Fermi energy. Resonance with standing waves in finite-length tubes and localized states due to imperfections are observed for various Fermi energies. Two units of quantum conductance 2G(0) = 4e(2)/h are measured for the first time, corresponding to the maximum conductance limit for ballistic transport in two channels of a nanotube.

Hepatitis A virus infection in Taipei in 1999

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Hepatitis A is a disease that is heavily affected by sanitation status. Hepatitis A is much less prevalent compared with decades ago in Taiwan, as in many rapidly developing regions. Hepatitis A vaccine is still self-paid under the National Health Insurance program and is still not widely utilized by the general public in Taiwan. This seroepidemiologic study evaluated the prevalence of antihepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) seropositivity in Taipei in 1999.

METHODS

A total of 1017 serum samples from healthy inhabitants in Taipei were examined for anti-HAV antibody by qualitative enzyme immunoassay.

RESULTS

The overall seroprevalence rate was 25.2% (255/1013) in the nonvaccinated population. The seropositivity rate for anti-HAV antibody among children younger than 12 months old was 23.3%. The rates dropped to between 1% and 4.8% among subjects between 1 and 20 years of age. A markedly higher rate of 40% was observed in subjects aged between 20 and 30 years. The seropositivity rate in subjects aged 31 to 50 was 80%. More than 90% of subjects older than 50 years were seropositive. The vaccination rate was low (0.5%).

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that Taipei is an area of intermediate endemicity for hepatitis A virus. To achieve better herd immunity, a more active approach to the adoption of hepatitis A vaccine is warranted.

3,3'-Diiodothyronine sulfate excretion in maternal urine reflects fetal thyroid function in sheep

We have shown that there is significant fetal-to-maternal transfer of sulfated metabolites of thyroid hormone after fetal infusion of a pharmacologic amount of 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T(3)) or sulfated T(3) in late pregnancy in sheep (Am J Physiol 277:E915, 1999). The transferred iodothyronine sulfoconjugate, i.e. 3,3'-diiodothyronine sulfate (T(2)S), of fetal origin appears in maternal sheep urine. The present study was carried out to assess the contribution of T(2)S of fetal origin to the urinary pool in ewes. Eighteen date-bred ewes (mean gestational age of 115 d) and their twin fetuses were divided into four groups. In group I (control, n = 5), both ewes (M) and their fetuses (F) were sham operated for thyroidectomy (Tx). In group II, the ewes (MTx, n = 4) and, in group III, the fetuses (FTx, n = 4) were subjected to Tx. In group IV (MTx.FTx, n = 5), both the ewe and fetus had Tx. After 10-12 d, fetal and/or maternal hypothyroidism were confirmed by serum thyroxine (<15 nmol/L) measurements. In addition, we infused radioactive T(3) without disturbing the T(3) pool in three singleton near-term fetuses and assessed the amount of radioactive iodothyronine that appeared in maternal urine (MU). After infusing [(125)I-3'],3,5-T(3) via fetal vein to the near-term normal fetuses, radioactive T(2)S was identified as the major metabolite in MU by HPLC and T(2)S-specific antibody. MU T(2)S excretion (pmol/mmol creatinine) was significantly reduced by FTx and MTx.FTx but not by MTx. In addition, positive correlations (p < 0.01) were found between MU T(2)S excretion and fetal serum thyroxine and T(3) concentrations but not with maternal serum thyroxine or T(3) levels. T(2)S of fetal origin contributes significantly to the MU pool.

Potent antimutagenic activity of white tea in comparison with green tea in the Salmonella assay

There is growing interest in the potential health benefits of tea, including the antimutagenic properties. Four varieties of white tea, which represent the least processed form of tea, were shown to have marked antimutagenic activity in the Salmonella assay, particularly in the presence of S9. The most active of these teas, Exotica China white tea, was significantly more effective than Premium green tea (Dragonwell special grade) against 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and four other heterocyclic amine mutagens, namely 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2). Mechanism studies were performed using rat liver S9 in assays for methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD), a marker for the enzyme cytochrome P4501A2 that activates heterocyclic amines, as well as Salmonella assays with the direct-acting mutagen 2-hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (N-hydroxy-IQ). White tea at low concentrations in the assay inhibited MROD activity, and attenuated the mutagenic activity of N-hydroxy-IQ in the absence of S9. Nine of the major constituents found in green tea also were detected in white tea, including high levels of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and several other polyphenols. When these major constituents were mixed to produce "artificial" teas, according to their relative levels in white and green teas, the complete tea exhibited higher antimutagenic potency compared with the corresponding artificial tea. The results suggest that the greater inhibitory potency of white versus green tea in the Salmonella assay might be related to the relative levels of the nine major constituents, perhaps acting synergistically with other (minor) constituents, to inhibit mutagen activation as well as "scavenging" the reactive intermediate(s).

Reconstitution of recombinant TFIIH that can mediate activator-dependent transcription

BACKGROUND

TFIIH is one of the general transcription factors required for accurate transcription of protein-coding genes by RNA polymerase II. TFIIH has helicase and kinase activities, plays a role in promoter opening and promoter escape, and is also implicated in efficient activator-dependent transcription.

RESULTS

We have established a reconstitution system of recombinant TFIIH using a three-virus baculovirus expression system. The recombinant TFIIH was active in CTD kinase and DNA helicase assays, and showed both basal and activator-dependent transcriptional activities that were indistinguishable from those of HeLa cell-derived TFIIH. Further analyses using recombinant TFIIH confirmed a critical role of TFIIH in activator-dependent transcription. The dose response of TFIIH in activator-dependent transcription suggested that mere recruitment of TFIIH is not sufficient for transcriptional activation. The sensitivity of activator-dependent transcription to nonhydrolysable ATP analogues indicated the importance of the enzymatic activities of TFIIH in transcriptional activation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results raise a possibility that transcriptional activation by GAL4-VP16 requires enzymatic activities. Recombinant TFIIH reconstituted from this baculovirus system should be useful for analysis of the mechanisms of activation by GAL4-VP16.

Quality of life and stimulation of weight gain after treatment with megestrol acetate: correlation between cytokine levels and nutritional status, appetite in geriatric patients with wasting syndrome

BACKGROUND

The geriatric wasting syndrome (GWS) has been associated with proinflammatory cytokines, depression and progressive decline in quality of life (QOL). The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the changes in cytokine levels and appetite, nutritional markers, and QOL in geriatric patients with GWS following a randomized clinical trial of megestrol acetate (MA) versus placebo.

METHODS

This was a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. We evaluated 69 predominantly male (3 females) nursing home residents with weight loss of > or =5% of their usual body weight over the past three months or body weight 20% below their ideal body weight. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or megestrol acetate (MA) oral suspension (O.S.) 800 mg/day for 12 weeks and were then followed for 13 weeks off treatment. Data on appetite, weight, nutritional status, QOL and cytokine levels were collected at baseline and week 12. The correlation between appetite, weight, nutritional status, sense of well being and cytokine level changes in response to MA treatment was examined at week 12.

RESULTS

Appetite, sense of well being, and QOL assessed by an "enjoyment list" significantly improved in the MA arm. Rising prealbumin showed a negative correlation with decreasing IL-6 (r = -0.51), TNFR-p 55 (r = -0.49) and sIL-2R (r = -0.38). There was also an improvement in prealbumin and a decrease in IL-6 and TNFR-p55 in the MA-arm (p < 0.01). A correlation between a decrease in the IL-6 levels and improvement in depression (r = 0.50) was seen in the MA arm as well. Improvement in appetite positively correlated with increased enjoyment of life (r = -0.41), less depression (r = -0.34), improved sense of well being (r = 0.36), prealbumin gain (r = 0.30), and weight gain (r = 0.38) by 12 weeks. Also, improvement in appetite positively correlated with improvement in nutritional parameters such as prealbumin, albumin, fat free mass and weight in the MA arm.

CONCLUSIONS

In a geriatric nursing home population with weight loss, reduction in cytokine levels after MA treatment correlates with improvement in appetite, prealbumin, albumin, and improvement in quality of life.

Patterns of open-angle glaucoma in the Barbados Family Study

OBJECTIVE

To describe the Barbados Family Study of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and present risk factors for OAG in siblings of study probands.

DESIGN

Observational study of families of probands with OAG.

PARTICIPANTS

Two hundred thirty probands and 1056 relatives (from 207 families).

METHODS

Probands and their family members underwent standardized examinations, including automated perimetry, applanation tonometry, ophthalmologic evaluation, fundus photography, blood pressure, interview, and genotyping. Generalized estimation equation methods were used to evaluate risk factors.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Presence of OAG in the relatives, as defined by both visual field and optic disc findings, after ophthalmologic exclusion of other causes.

RESULTS

The median ages of probands and relatives were 68 and 47 years, respectively. In the 207 families, 29% of the probands had one relative with OAG and 10% had two or more relatives affected. Of the 1056 family members, 10% had OAG, 13% had suspect OAG, and 6% had ocular hypertension. One fifth of the 338 siblings had OAG (n = 67); they tended to be older and more often were male. Multivariate comparisons between siblings with and without OAG found that age, higher intraocular pressure (IOP), myopia, and lower diastolic blood pressure-IOP differences were related to OAG, whereas hypertension and diabetes were not.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on standardized protocols and examinations, approximately one quarter of the relatives had OAG or suspected OAG, despite their relatively young age. Risk factors for OAG in siblings were similar to risk factors in unrelated individuals. Analyses are ongoing to determine OAG inheritance and to localize potential gene(s) involved.

Lens opacities and mortality : the Barbados Eye Studies

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association between cataract and mortality in a black population by type of opacity, which has not been documented previously.

DESIGN

Population-based cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS

The Barbados Incidence Study of Eye Diseases reexamined the Barbados Eye Study cohort, identified through a simple random sample of predominantly black Barbadian-born citizens, aged 40 to 84 years. Of those eligible, 85% (3427 participants) had a 4-year follow-up visit.

METHODS

Baseline and follow-up visits included an interview, blood pressure and other measurements, and a detailed ophthalmologic examination with slit-lamp lens gradings (Lens Opacities Classification System [LOCS] II protocol). Mortality at follow-up was verified from Ministry of Health records.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Lens opacities were defined by a LOCS II score of 2 or more. Opacity types were classified in two ways: (1) single (cortical-only, nuclear-only, and posterior subcapsular-only) and mixed opacities; and (2) any cortical, any nuclear, or any posterior subcapsular opacities. Information on dates and causes of death was obtained from death certificates.

RESULTS

Cardiovascular disease was the principal cause of death in black participants (3.6%), followed by malignant neoplasms (1.4%). The cumulative 4-year mortality varied with lens types, increasing from 3.2% for those without cataract to 6.0% for cortical-only, 8.8% for nuclear-only, and 20.9% for mixed opacities. Persons with mixed opacities had a 1.6-fold increase in mortality, while controlling for other factors (age, male gender, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and family history of diabetes) in Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses. Persons with any nuclear opacities also had increased mortality (death rate ratio, 1.5). The death rate ratios increased with age, but peaked at age 60 to 69 years. Coexisting diabetes further increased mortality: people with mixed opacities and diabetes had a 2.7-fold increased risk of death. A trend toward increased mortality from neoplasms was observed for individuals with mixed opacities or with any nuclear opacities.

CONCLUSIONS

Participants with mixed opacities or any nuclear opacities had increased 4-year mortality rates, with diabetes acting as an effect modifier. This study is the first to identify a relationship between type of cataract and mortality in an African-descent population.

Patterns of adherence to diabetes vision care guidelines: baseline findings from the Diabetic Retinopathy Awareness Program

OBJECTIVES

(1) To describe baseline patterns of adherence to American Diabetes Association and American Academy of Ophthalmology vision care guidelines for diabetes in the Diabetic Retinopathy Awareness Program, and (2) to evaluate factors associated with nonadherence. This paper describes the baseline characteristics of a population enrolled in a prospective, randomized clinical trial.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

PARTICIPANTS

Between October 1993 and May 1994, the study identified 2308 persons with diabetes, 18 years of age or older, who were residents of Suffolk County, New York, via a multimedia community-wide recruitment campaign.

INTERVENTION AND METHODS

Eligibility for the trial was determined during a 20-minute phone interview, which included questions about vision care practices; diabetes management; and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about diabetes, vision, and diabetic retinopathy. This paper describes these patient characteristics at baseline. Eligible patients would be randomized subsequently to a 2-year diabetes educational intervention arm, which included mailed packets and newsletters focused on vision care, or to a control nonintervention arm.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

Nonadherence to guidelines at baseline was defined as the absence of a dilated eye examination during the year before recruitment into the study.

RESULTS

Of the 2308 persons interviewed, 813 (35%) did not follow the vision care guidelines; two thirds of this group reported no eye examination in the year before the interview, and one third had an undilated examination. Ophthalmologists performed 49% of the examinations in the nonadherent group, versus 86% in the adherent group. In logistic regression analyses, factors related to nonadherence were: younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.97), type 2 diabetes with or without insulin use (OR = 1.62 and 1.99, respectively), shorter diabetes duration (OR = 0.97), last eye examination performed by an optometrist (OR = 5.32) or other nonophthalmologist (OR = 4.29), less practical knowledge about diabetes (OR = 1.57), and no prior formal diabetes education (OR = 1.30).

CONCLUSIONS

Within this population, more than one third of participants had not been following vision care guidelines. Nonadherence was linked to several potentially modifiable factors; changes in these factors could enhance the early detection of diabetic retinopathy.

Observed versus indirect estimates of incidence of open-angle glaucoma

Incidence data on open-angle glaucoma (OAG) are limited and difficult to obtain. To date, few studies have reported incidence directly measured from population-based cohorts. Other reported estimates have been derived indirectly from age-specific prevalence by using several assumptions, and their validity is unknown. To the authors' knowledge, this report presents the first comparison of observed versus indirect estimates of OAG incidence based on data from the population-based Barbados Incidence Study of Eye Diseases (1992-1997) (n = 3,427; 85% participation). The observed 4-year incidence of OAG was 1.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.6, 2.1%) at ages 40-49 years, 1.5% (95% CI: 0.8, 2.5%) at ages 50-59 years, 3.2% (95% CI: 2.0, 4.8%) at ages 60-69 years, and 4.2% (95% CI: 2.6, 6.3%) in persons at ages 70 or more years. When incidence was calculated from the prevalence data, power function fitting achieved a closer approximation to observed incidence than did logistic curve fitting. Calculated incidence rates for each group were similar when assuming mortality that was equal (incidence rate = 0.7, 1.3, 2.3, and 4.8%) or differential (incidence rate = 0.7, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8%). Other nonlogistic approaches also increased the resemblance of observed and calculated estimates. In the absence of longitudinal data, reasonably valid incidence estimates of OAG were obtained from available prevalence data. These estimation techniques can be useful when OAG incidence estimates are required for research or public health purposes.

The correlation of cytokine levels with body weight after megestrol acetate treatment in geriatric patients

BACKGROUND

Cachexia is associated with elevated levels of cytokines in cancer and human immunodeficiency virus patients. Studies in cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients showed that treatment with megestrol acetate (MA) is associated with improvement in appetite and weight gain. Reduction in the levels of cytokines is associated with weight gain in laboratory animals with cancer. This study evaluates the correlation between changes in cytokine (or their receptor) levels and weight following MA treatment in geriatric weight-loss patients.

METHODS

Veterans Administration Medical Center nursing home patients (N = 69) with a weight loss of > or =5% of usual body weight over the past 3 months or body weight 20% below their ideal body weight participated in a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, with an additional 13-week follow-up period. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a placebo or MA oral suspension of 800 mg/d for 12 weeks. Levels of the following cytokines (or their receptors) were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment: tumor necrosis factor soluble receptor (TNFR) subunits. TNFR-p55 and TNFR-p75: interleukin 6 (IL-6); and the soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R). The subjects' weight and body composition were measured at the start of the study. Weight and mortality were followed up for another 13 weeks after discontinuing the MA study drug.

RESULTS

Elevated levels of IL-6 in almost all geriatric cachexic patients, compared with normal volunteers (mean, <4.6 pg/ml). were noted at baseline. At 12 weeks after the study drug treatment, there was a decrease in cytokine levels (or their receptors) in the MA group (mean change in IL-6, 3.63+/-6.62 pg/ml; TNFR-p55, -0.06+/-0.11 ng/ml; TNFR-p75. -0.01+/-0.29 ng/ml; and sIL-2R, 0.08+/-0.07 ng/ml) and the placebo group (mean change in IL-6, -2.08+/-3.92 pg/ml; TNFR-p55, -0.02+/-0.08 ng/ml; TNFR-p75, -0.20+/-0.18 ng/ml; and sIL-2R, 0.02+/-0.03 ng/ml). Although the change in cytokine levels was not statistically significant between the two groups, significant negative correlation (p < .05) was found. For example, increased weight correlated with decreased sIL-2R levels (r = .36) and TNFR-p75 (r = -.31; fat-free mass (FFM) gain and reduction of sIL-2R (r = -.39), TNFR-p75 (r = -.30). There was a significant correlation between weight gain and reduction of TNFR-p75 (r = .54), TNFR-p55 (r- = .47), and sIL-2R (r = -.53); FFM gain and reduction of sIL-2R (r = -.59), TNFR-p75 (r = -.41), TNFR-p55 (r = -.42); and fat gain and reduction of TNFR-p75 (r = -.41) in the MA group (p < .05), but not in the placebo group.

CONCLUSIONS

Although there was no significant change in cytokine levels between the two groups, the reduction in cytokine levels after MA treatment correlated with improvement in weight, fat mass, and FFM at 12 weeks.