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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Working memory impairments represent a core cognitive deficit in schizophrenia, predictive of patients' daily functioning, and one that is unaffected by current treatments. To address this, working memory is included in the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), a standardized cognitive battery designed to facilitate drug development targeting cognitive symptoms. However, the neurobiology underlying these deficits in MCCB working memory is currently unknown, mirroring the poor understanding in general of working memory deficits in schizophrenia. METHODS Twenty-eight participants with schizophrenia were administered working memory tests from the MCCB and examined with resting-state functional MRI. Intrinsic connectivity networks were estimated with independent component analysis. Each voxel's time series was correlated with each network time series, creating a feature vector for voxel-level connectivity analysis. This feature vector was associated with working memory by using the distance covariance statistic. RESULTS The neurobiology of MCCB working memory tests largely followed the multicomponent model of working memory but revealed unexpected differences. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was not associated with working memory. The central executive system was instead associated with delocalized right and left executive control networks. The phonologic loop within the multicomponent model, a subsystem involved in storing linguistic information, was associated with connectivity to the left temporoparietal junction and inferior frontal gyrus. However, connections to the language network did not predict working memory test performance. CONCLUSIONS These results provide supporting evidence for the multicomponent model of working memory in terms of the biology underlying MCCB findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korey P. Wylie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Bldg. 500, Mail Stop F546, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,Corresponding author: Korey P. Wylie, Anschutz Medical Campus Bldg. 500, Mail Stop F546, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, telephone: 303-724-5537, Fax: 303-724-4956,
| | - Josette G. Harris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Bldg. 500, Mail Stop F546, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Mail Stop B119, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Bldg. 500, Mail Stop F546, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jason R. Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Bldg. 500, Mail Stop F546, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,Research Service, Denver VA Medical Center, Research Service (151), Eastern Colorado Health System, 1055 Clermont St., Denver, CO, 80220, USA
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de Ridder M, Klein K, Yang J, Yang P, Lagopoulos J, Hickie I, Bennett M, Kim J. An Uncertainty Visual Analytics Framework for fMRI Functional Connectivity. Neuroinformatics 2019; 17:211-23. [PMID: 30099703 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-018-9395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis and interpretation of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to characterise many neuronal diseases, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and Alzheimer's disease. Functional connectivity networks (FCNs) are widely used because they greatly reduce the amount of data that needs to be interpreted and they provide a common network structure that can be directly compared. However, FCNs contain a range of data uncertainties stemming from inherent limitations, e.g. during acquisition, as well as the loss of voxel-level data, and the use of thresholding in data abstraction. Additionally, human uncertainties arise during interpretation due to the complexity in understanding the data. While existing FCN visual analytics tools have begun to mitigate the human ambiguities, reducing the impact of data limitations is an open problem. In this paper, we propose a novel visual analytics framework with three linked, purpose-designed components to evoke deeper interpretation of the fMRI data: (i) an enhanced FCN abstraction; (ii) a temporal signal viewer; and (iii) the anatomical context. Each component has been specifically designed with novel visual cues and interaction to expose the impact of uncertainties on the data. We augment this with two methods designed for comparing subjects, by using a small multiples and a marker approach. We demonstrate the enhancements enabled by our framework on three case studies of common research scenarios, using clinical schizophrenia data, which highlight the value in interpreting fMRI FCN data with an awareness of the uncertainties. Finally, we discuss our framework in the context of fMRI visual analytics and the extensibility of our approach.
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Aerts H, Schirner M, Jeurissen B, Van Roost D, Achten E, Ritter P, Marinazzo D. Modeling Brain Dynamics in Brain Tumor Patients Using the Virtual Brain. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO. [PMID: 29911173 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0083-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Presurgical planning for brain tumor resection aims at delineating eloquent tissue in the vicinity of the lesion to spare during surgery. To this end, noninvasive neuroimaging techniques such as functional MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging fiber tracking are currently employed. However, taking into account this information is often still insufficient, as the complex nonlinear dynamics of the brain impede straightforward prediction of functional outcome after surgical intervention. Large-scale brain network modeling carries the potential to bridge this gap by integrating neuroimaging data with biophysically based models to predict collective brain dynamics. As a first step in this direction, an appropriate computational model has to be selected, after which suitable model parameter values have to be determined. To this end, we simulated large-scale brain dynamics in 25 human brain tumor patients and 11 human control participants using The Virtual Brain, an open-source neuroinformatics platform. Local and global model parameters of the Reduced Wong–Wang model were individually optimized and compared between brain tumor patients and control subjects. In addition, the relationship between model parameters and structural network topology and cognitive performance was assessed. Results showed (1) significantly improved prediction accuracy of individual functional connectivity when using individually optimized model parameters; (2) local model parameters that can differentiate between regions directly affected by a tumor, regions distant from a tumor, and regions in a healthy brain; and (3) interesting associations between individually optimized model parameters and structural network topology and cognitive performance.
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Turnbull L, Hütt MT, Ioannides AA, Kininmonth S, Poeppl R, Tockner K, Bracken LJ, Keesstra S, Liu L, Masselink R, Parsons AJ. Connectivity and complex systems: learning from a multi-disciplinary perspective. Appl Netw Sci 2018; 3:11. [PMID: 30839779 PMCID: PMC6214298 DOI: 10.1007/s41109-018-0067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, parallel developments in disparate disciplines have focused on what has come to be termed connectivity; a concept used in understanding and describing complex systems. Conceptualisations and operationalisations of connectivity have evolved largely within their disciplinary boundaries, yet similarities in this concept and its application among disciplines are evident. However, any implementation of the concept of connectivity carries with it both ontological and epistemological constraints, which leads us to ask if there is one type or set of approach(es) to connectivity that might be applied to all disciplines. In this review we explore four ontological and epistemological challenges in using connectivity to understand complex systems from the standpoint of widely different disciplines. These are: (i) defining the fundamental unit for the study of connectivity; (ii) separating structural connectivity from functional connectivity; (iii) understanding emergent behaviour; and (iv) measuring connectivity. We draw upon discipline-specific insights from Computational Neuroscience, Ecology, Geomorphology, Neuroscience, Social Network Science and Systems Biology to explore the use of connectivity among these disciplines. We evaluate how a connectivity-based approach has generated new understanding of structural-functional relationships that characterise complex systems and propose a 'common toolbox' underpinned by network-based approaches that can advance connectivity studies by overcoming existing constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stuart Kininmonth
- Stockholm Resilience Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- The University of South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Klement Tockner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Austrian Science Funds, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Lichan Liu
- Laboratory for Human Brain Dynamics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Zhou Y, Bai B. Tau and Pet/Mri Imaging Biomarkers for Detecting and Diagnosing Early Dementia. Jacobs J Med Diagn Med Imaging 2017; 2:017. [PMID: 29026896 PMCID: PMC5634528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Specific objective of this project is to quantify the neuropathological tau depositions in brain regions and to investigate primary age-related tau pathology and associations with amyloid and glucose-metabolism, neurocognitive tests and MRI metrics. Preliminary results demonstrated higher temporal deposition especially in the hippocampus and the inferior temporal regions compared to mean cortical deposition. Quantitative Braak stage-based regional analyses found highest tau deposition in the Braak stage II in the preclinical samples. There was significant age related higher tau deposition in temporal cortex, while non-significant correlation in mean cortical region. Significant correlations were found between tau deposition and memory as well as executive function scores, especially from middle and inferior temporal cortex; and significant correlations between tau and MRI metrics including diffusion, perfusion, functional and structural connectivities. Our results confirm current notion of this new tau tracer for reliably and consistently labeling and quantifying in vivo human taupathy in early dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Zhou
- Department of Radiology/Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Cantor JM, Lafaille SJ, Hannah J, Kucyi A, Soh DW, Girard TA, Mikulis DJ. Independent Component Analysis of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Pedophiles. J Sex Med 2017; 13:1546-54. [PMID: 27641922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroimaging and other studies have changed the common view that pedophilia is a result of childhood sexual abuse and instead is a neurologic phenomenon with prenatal origins. Previous research has identified differences in the structural connectivity of the brain in pedophilia. AIM To identify analogous differences in functional connectivity. METHODS Functional magnetic resonance images were recorded from three groups of participants while they were at rest: pedophilic men with a history of sexual offenses against children (n = 37) and two control groups: non-pedophilic men who committed non-sexual offenses (n = 28) and non-pedophilic men with no criminal history (n = 39). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were subjected to independent component analysis to identify known functional networks of the brain, and groups were compared to identify differences in connectivity with those networks (or "components"). RESULTS The pedophilic group demonstrated wide-ranging increases in functional connectivity with the default mode network compared with controls and regional differences (increases and decreases) with the frontoparietal network. Of these brain regions (total = 23), 20 have been identified by meta-analytic studies to respond to sexually relevant stimuli. Conversely, of the brain areas known to be those that respond to sexual stimuli, nearly all emerged in the present data as significantly different in pedophiles. CONCLUSION This study confirms the presence of significant differences in the functional connectivity of the brain in pedophilia consistent with previously reported differences in structural connectivity. The connectivity differences detected here and elsewhere are opposite in direction from those associated with anti-sociality, arguing against anti-sociality and for pedophilia as the source of the neuroanatomic differences detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cantor
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Complex Mental Illness Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - S J Lafaille
- Complex Mental Illness Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Hannah
- Complex Mental Illness Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Kucyi
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D W Soh
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - T A Girard
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D J Mikulis
- Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Korponay C, Pujara M, Deming P, Philippi C, Decety J, Kosson DS, Kiehl KA, Koenigs M. Impulsive-antisocial dimension of psychopathy linked to enlargement and abnormal functional connectivity of the striatum. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2017; 2:149-157. [PMID: 28367514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathy is a mental health disorder characterized by callous and impulsive antisocial behavior, and is associated with a high incidence of violent crime, substance abuse, and recidivism. Recent studies suggest that the striatum may be a key component of the neurobiological basis for the disorder, though structural findings have been mixed and functional connectivity of the striatum in psychopathy has yet to be fully examined. METHODS We performed a multimodal neuroimaging study of striatum volume and functional connectivity in psychopathy, using a large sample of adult male prison inmates (N=124). We conducted volumetric analyses in striatal subnuclei, and subsequently assessed resting-state functional connectivity in areas where volume was related to psychopathy severity. RESULTS Total PCL-R and Factor 2 scores (which index the impulsive/antisocial traits of psychopathy) were associated with larger striatal subnuclei volumes and increased volume in focal areas throughout the striatum, particularly in the nucleus accumbens and putamen bilaterally. Furthermore, at many of the striatal areas where volume was positively associated with Factor 2 scores, psychopathy severity was also associated with abnormal functional connectivity with other brain regions, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventral midbrain and other areas of the striatum. The results were not attributable to age, race, IQ, substance use history, or intracranial volume. CONCLUSION These findings associate the impulsive/antisocial dimension of psychopathy with enlarged striatal subnuclei and aberrant functional connectivity between the striatum and other brain regions. Furthermore, the co-localization of volumetric and functional connectivity findings suggests that these neural abnormalities may be pathophysiologically linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Korponay
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Maia Pujara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Philip Deming
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA
| | - Carissa Philippi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1 University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, 5848 South University Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - David S Kosson
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Kent A Kiehl
- The non-profit MIND Research Network, an affiliate of Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, 1101 Yale C NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA; Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Law, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico MSC03 2220, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Michael Koenigs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, 53719, USA
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García-Prieto J, Bajo R, Pereda E. Efficient Computation of Functional Brain Networks: toward Real-Time Functional Connectivity. Front Neuroinform 2017; 11:8. [PMID: 28220071 PMCID: PMC5292573 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2017.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional Connectivity has demonstrated to be a key concept for unraveling how the brain balances functional segregation and integration properties while processing information. This work presents a set of open-source tools that significantly increase computational efficiency of some well-known connectivity indices and Graph-Theory measures. PLV, PLI, ImC, and wPLI as Phase Synchronization measures, Mutual Information as an information theory based measure, and Generalized Synchronization indices are computed much more efficiently than prior open-source available implementations. Furthermore, network theory related measures like Strength, Shortest Path Length, Clustering Coefficient, and Betweenness Centrality are also implemented showing computational times up to thousands of times faster than most well-known implementations. Altogether, this work significantly expands what can be computed in feasible times, even enabling whole-head real-time network analysis of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Prieto
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Bioengineering, Universidad de La LagunaTenerife, Spain; Laboratory of Computational and Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre of Biomedical Technology, UPMMadrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Bajo
- Laboratory of Computational and Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre of Biomedical Technology, UPMMadrid, Spain; Department of Statistics and Operative Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Pereda
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Laboratory of Electrical Engineering and Bioengineering, Universidad de La LagunaTenerife, Spain; Laboratory of Computational and Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre of Biomedical Technology, UPMMadrid, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Technology (CIBICAN), Universidad de La LagunaTenerife, Spain
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Du X, Mao Y, Ran Q, Zhang Q, Luo Q, Qiu J. Short-term group cognitive behavior therapy contributes to recovery from mild depression: Evidence from functional and structural MRI. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 251:53-59. [PMID: 27124424 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We used the functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging to explore the neural correlates of response to group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in mild depression. College students with mild depressive symptoms participated in our 4-week group CBT training. The behavioral results showed that depression symptoms decreased after participation in group CBT. After the training, the gray matter volume (GMV) in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) increased and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) decreased. In addition, GMV in the left postcentral gyrus decreased after the group CBT. Moreover, the increase of percentage change in the right MFG was positively correlated with the decrease of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score, while less decrease in percentage change in the left postcentral gyrus was significantly correlated with greater decrease of BDI score. Finally, after the training, functional connectivity between the right MFG and the insula decreased, while the connectivity between the left postcentral gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus increased. These findings suggested that short-term participation in group CBT had an effective impact on mild depression. It contributed to decreasing negative bias (salience detection for negative stimuli).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Du
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qian Ran
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - QingHua Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China; School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Kortekaas R, Nanetti L, Overgoor MLE, de Jong BM, Georgiadis JR. Central Somatosensory Networks Respond to a De Novo Innervated Penis: A Proof of Concept in Three Spina Bifida Patients. J Sex Med 2015; 12:1865-77. [PMID: 26293889 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spina bifida (SB) causes low spinal lesions, and patients often have absent genital sensation and a highly impaired sex life. TOMAX (TO MAX-imize sensation, sexuality and quality of life) is a surgical procedure whereby the penis is newly innervated using a sensory nerve originally targeting the inguinal area. Most TOMAX-treated SB patients initially experience penile stimulation as inguinal sensation, but eventually, the perception shifts to penis sensation with erotic feelings. The brain mechanisms mediating this perceptual shift, which are completely unknown, could hold relevance for understanding the brain's role in sexual development. AIM The aim of this study was to study how a newly perceived penis would be mapped onto the brain after a lifelong disconnection. METHODS Three TOMAX-treated SB patients participated in a functional magnetic resonance imagery experiment while glans penis, inguinal area, and index finger were stimulated with a paint brush. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Brush stimulation-induced activation of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and functional connectivity between SI and remote cerebral regions. RESULTS Stimulation of the re-innervated side of the glans penis and the intact contralateral inguinal area activated a very similar location on SI. Yet, connectivity analysis identified distinct SI functional networks. In all three subjects, the middle cingulate cortex (MCC) and the parietal operculum-insular cortex (OIC) were functionally connected to SI activity during glans penis stimulation, but not to SI activity induced by inguinal stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Investigating central somatosensory network activity to a de novo innervated penis in SB patients is feasible and informative. The consistent involvement of MCC and OIC above and beyond the brain network expected on the basis of inguinal stimulation suggests that these areas mediate the novel penis sensation in these patients. The potential role of MCC and OIC in this process is discussed, along with recommendations for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudie Kortekaas
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Nanetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Max L E Overgoor
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Isala Klinieken, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke M de Jong
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janniko R Georgiadis
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (ts) is a developmental neuropsychiatric disorder of the central nervous system defined by the presence of chronic tics. While investigations of the underlying brain mechanisms have provided valuable information, a complete understanding of the pathophysiology of ts remains elusive. Neuroimaging methods provide remarkable tools for examining the human brain, and have been used to study brain structure and function in ts. In this article, we review ts neuroimaging studies published in 2014-2015. We highlight a number of noteworthy studies due to their innovative methods and interesting findings. Yet, we note that many of the recent studies share common concerns, specifically susceptibility to motion artifacts and modest sample sizes. Thus, we encourage future work to carefully address potential methodological confounds and to study larger samples to increase the potential for replicable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine ; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine ; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine ; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine ; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine ; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Kevin J Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine ; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine ; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine ; Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine
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Weiland BJ, Sabbineni A, Calhoun VD, Welsh RC, Bryan AD, Jung RE, Mayer AR, Hutchison KE. Reduced left executive control network functional connectivity is associated with alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 38:2445-53. [PMID: 25257293 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered functional connectivity in critical networks has been associated with chronic alcohol abuse. In turn, changes in connectivity in executive control networks (ECNs) may undermine the ability to control alcohol consumption. It was hypothesized that network connectivity would be reduced in individuals with problematic alcohol use (ALC) compared with controls and that diminished network connectivity would be associated with greater failure to control drinking. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was analyzed to identify 14 previously identified intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) using a priori regions of interest in cases ranging from binge drinkers to those with severe alcohol use disorder, as well as control subjects. Analyses tested for differences in network connectivity strength between 255 ALC cases and 87 age- and gender-matched controls. Further, structural equation analysis, using 383 ALC cases, tested whether functional connectivity strength mediated the relationship between years of regular drinking and alcohol problems. RESULTS The age- and gender-matched analysis showed that ALC had significantly lower network connectivity strength than controls in the left executive control (LECN), basal ganglia, and primary visual networks. For all ALC, LECN connectivity strength is negatively correlated with failed control and alcohol disorder severity. Edges connecting parietal regions with dorsolateral prefrontal, middle frontal, and temporal regions within the LECN drove these relationships. A positive association between years of drinking and severity of alcohol problems was mediated by reduced ECN connectivity. CONCLUSIONS This study reports relationships between network strength and problematic alcohol use, suggesting that chronic drinking negatively impacts brain connectivity, specifically in the LECN. Altered functional connectivity, related to chronic alcohol abuse, may contribute to the etiology of alcohol dependence and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Weiland
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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Tadayonnejad R, Yang S, Kumar A, Ajilore O. Clinical, cognitive, and functional connectivity correlations of resting-state intrinsic brain activity alterations in unmedicated depression. J Affect Disord 2015; 172:241-50. [PMID: 25451423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The pervasive and persistent nature of depressive symptoms has made resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) an appropriate approach for understanding the underlying mechanisms of major depressive disorder. The majority of rs-fMRI research has focused on depression-related alterations in the interregional coordination of brain baseline low frequency oscillations (LFOs). However, alteration of the regional amplitude of LFOs in depression, particularly its clinical, cognitive and network implications, has not been examined comprehensively yet. rs-fMRI amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF/fALFF) mediated by two LFO bands of 0.01-0.08 Hz (LF-ALFF/fALFF) and 0.1-0.25 Hz (HF-ALFF/fALFF) were measured in unmedicated subjects with major depressive disorder (n=20) and a healthy control group (n=25). A novel method of "ALFF-based functional connectivity" analysis was developed to test regional/network interaction abnormalities in depression. Our results revealed abnormal alterations in ALFF for both lower and higher frequency bands of LFOs in regions that participate in affective networks, corticostriatal circuits and motor/somatosensory networks. A strong positive correlation was detected between depressive symptom severity and fALFF in the anterior cingulate cortex. Functional connectivity of the thalamus and postcentral area with altered ALFF were found to be decreased with other interacting regions of their involved networks. Major depressive disorder relates to the alterations of regional properties of intrinsic neural activity with meaningful clinical and cognitive correlations. This study also proposes an integrating regional/network dysfunction in MDD.
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Kärgel C, Massau C, Weiß S, Walter M, Kruger THC, Schiffer B. Diminished functional connectivity on the road to child sexual abuse in pedophilia. J Sex Med 2015; 12:783-95. [PMID: 25615561 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pedophilia is a disorder recognized for its impairment to the individual and for the harm it may cause to others. However, the neurobiology of pedophilia and a possible propensity to sexually abuse children are not well understood. In this study, we thus aimed at providing new insights in how functional integration of brain regions may relate to pedophilia or child sexual abuse (CSA). METHOD By using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique, we compared functional connectivity at rest (RSFC) between pedophiles who engaged (P+CSA; N = 12) or did not engage (P-CSA; N = 14) in CSA and healthy controls (HCs; N = 14) within two networks: (i) the default mode network and (ii) the limbic network that has been linked to pedophilia before. RESULTS Pedophiles who engaged in CSA show diminished RSFC in both networks compared with HC and P-CSA. Most importantly, they showed diminished RSFC between the left amygdala and orbitofrontal as well as anterior prefrontal regions. Though significant age differences between groups could not be avoided, correlation control analysis did not provide evidence for the assumption that the RSFC effects were related to age differences. CONCLUSION We found significantly diminished RSFC in brain networks critically involved in widespread motivational and socio-emotional processes. These results extend existing models of the functional neuroanatomy of pedophilia and CSA as altered RSFC between these regions were related to CSA rather than pedophilia and thus may account for an increased propensity to engage in CSA in people suffering from pedophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kärgel
- Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, LVR-Clinics Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Gelinas JN, Fitzpatrick KPV, Kim HC, Bjornson BH. Cerebellar language mapping and cerebral language dominance in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 6:296-306. [PMID: 25379442 PMCID: PMC4215475 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Objective Children with epilepsy often have reorganization of language networks and abnormal brain anatomy, making determination of language lateralization difficult. We characterized the proportion and distribution of language task activation in the cerebellum to determine the relationship to cerebral language lateralization. Methods Forty-six pediatric epilepsy surgery candidates (aged 7–19 years) completed an fMRI auditory semantic decision language task. Distribution of activated voxels and language laterality indices were computed using: (a) Broca's and Wernicke's areas and their right cerebral homologues; and (b) left and right cerebellar hemispheres. Language task activation was anatomically localized in the cerebellum. Results Lateralized language task activation in either cerebral hemisphere was highly correlated with lateralized language task activation in the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere (Broca vs. cerebellar: ρ = −0.54, p < 0.01). Cerebellar language activation was located within Crus I/II, areas previously implicated in non-motor functional networks. Conclusions Cerebellar language activation occurs in homologous regions of Crus I/II contralateral to cerebral language activation in patients with both right and left cerebral language dominance. Cerebellar language laterality could contribute to comprehensive pre-operative evaluation of language lateralization in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. Our data suggest that patients with atypical cerebellar language activation are at risk for having atypical cerebral language organization. We examine fMRI cerebellar language activation in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. A semantic decision task is employed to lateralize cerebral and cerebellar language. Cerebral and contralateral cerebellar language activations are highly correlated. Cerebellar language activation is located in right or left Crus I/II. Cerebellar language laterality may aid pre-operative cerebral language localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Gelinas
- Neurosciences and Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 450 East 29th St, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kevin P V Fitzpatrick
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Hong Cheol Kim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Bruce H Bjornson
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver V6H 3V4, Canada ; Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 W. 28th Ave, Vancouver V6H 3V4, Canada
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Schwedt TJ, Larson-Prior L, Coalson RS, Nolan T, Mar S, Ances BM, Benzinger T, Schlaggar BL. Allodynia and descending pain modulation in migraine: a resting state functional connectivity analysis. Pain Med 2013; 15:154-65. [PMID: 24165094 DOI: 10.1111/pme.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most migraineurs develop cutaneous allodynia during migraines, and many have cutaneous sensitization between attacks. Atypical pain modulation via the descending pain system may contribute to this sensitization and allodynia. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that compared with non-allodynic migraineurs, allodynic migraineurs have atypical periaqueductal gray (PAG) and nucleus cuneiformis (NCF) resting-state functional connectivity (rs-fc) with other pain processing regions. DESIGN Ten minutes resting-state blood-oxygen-level-dependent data were collected from 38 adult migraineurs and 20 controls. Seed-based analyses compared whole-brain rs-fc with PAG and with NCF in migraineurs with severe ictal allodynia (N = 8) to migraineurs with no ictal allodynia (N = 8). Correlations between the strength of functional connections that differed between severely allodynic and non-allodynic migraineurs with allodynia severity were determined for all migraineurs (N = 38). PAG and NCF rs-fc in all migraineurs was compared with rs-fc in controls. RESULTS Migraineurs with severe allodynia had stronger PAG and NCF rs-fc to other brainstem, thalamic, insula and cerebellar regions that participate in discriminative pain processing, as well as to frontal and temporal regions implicated in higher order pain modulation. Evidence that these rs-fc differences were specific for allodynia included: 1) strong correlations between some rs-fc strengths and allodynia severity among all migraineurs; and 2) absence of overlap when comparing rs-fc differences in severely allodynic vs non-allodynic migraineurs with those in all migraineurs vs controls. CONCLUSION Atypical rs-fc of brainstem descending modulatory pain regions with other brainstem and higher order pain-modulating regions is associated with migraine-related allodynia.
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Ray LA, Courtney KE, Hutchison KE, Mackillop J, Galvan A, Ghahremani DG. Initial evidence that OPRM1 genotype moderates ventral and dorsal striatum functional connectivity during alcohol cues. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:78-89. [PMID: 23876228 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous opioids and striatal dopamine have been implicated in cue-induced alcohol craving and have been hypothesized to play a role in goal-directed, as opposed to habitual, alcohol use. This initial study examines dorsal and ventral striatal functional connectivity during alcohol-cue processing as a function of the A118G single-nucleotide polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene. METHODS Seventeen individuals with alcohol dependence (6 females; 90% Caucasian; mean age = 29.4) underwent blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging, while performing an alcohol taste-cues task. Psychophysiological interaction analyses investigated associations of the OPRM1 genotype with ventral and dorsal striatum functional connectivity, using the ventral striatum and the caudate as the seed region, respectively. RESULTS Compared to A-allele homozygotes, G-allele carriers of the OPRM1 gene showed (i) greater activation of the insula and orbitofrontal cortex and (ii) stronger negative fronto-striatal functional connectivity for both ventral and dorsal striatal seed regions during processing of alcohol versus water cues. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that, relative to A-allele homozygotes, G-allele carriers show unstable frontal regulation over reward and/or habit-driven inputs from the striatum resulting from greater reward sensitivity combined with limited self-control resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology , University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences , University of California, Los Angeles, California
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