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Yu D, Sul JH, Tsetsos F, Nawaz MS, Huang AY, Zelaya I, Illmann C, Osiecki L, Darrow SM, Hirschtritt ME, Greenberg E, Muller-Vahl KR, Stuhrmann M, Dion Y, Rouleau G, Aschauer H, Stamenkovic M, Schlögelhofer M, Sandor P, Barr CL, Grados M, Singer HS, Nöthen MM, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, King RA, Fernandez TV, Barta C, Tarnok Z, Nagy P, Depienne C, Worbe Y, Hartmann A, Budman CL, Rizzo R, Lyon GJ, McMahon WM, Batterson JR, Cath DC, Malaty IA, Okun MS, Berlin C, Woods DW, Lee PC, Jankovic J, Robertson MM, Gilbert DL, Brown LW, Coffey BJ, Dietrich A, Hoekstra PJ, Kuperman S, Zinner SH, Luðvigsson P, Sæmundsen E, Thorarensen Ó, Atzmon G, Barzilai N, Wagner M, Moessner R, Ophoff R, Pato CN, Pato MT, Knowles JA, Roffman JL, Smoller JW, Buckner RL, Willsey JA, Tischfield JA, Heiman GA, Stefansson H, Stefansson K, Posthuma D, Cox NJ, Pauls DL, Freimer NB, Neale BM, Davis LK, Paschou P, Coppola G, Mathews CA, Scharf JM. Interrogating the Genetic Determinants of Tourette's Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders Through Genome-Wide Association Studies. Am J Psychiatry 2019; 176:217-227. [PMID: 30818990 PMCID: PMC6677250 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18070857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tourette's syndrome is polygenic and highly heritable. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches are useful for interrogating the genetic architecture and determinants of Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders. The authors conducted a GWAS meta-analysis and probed aggregated Tourette's syndrome polygenic risk to test whether Tourette's and related tic disorders have an underlying shared genetic etiology and whether Tourette's polygenic risk scores correlate with worst-ever tic severity and may represent a potential predictor of disease severity. METHODS GWAS meta-analysis, gene-based association, and genetic enrichment analyses were conducted in 4,819 Tourette's syndrome case subjects and 9,488 control subjects. Replication of top loci was conducted in an independent population-based sample (706 case subjects, 6,068 control subjects). Relationships between Tourette's polygenic risk scores (PRSs), other tic disorders, ascertainment, and tic severity were examined. RESULTS GWAS and gene-based analyses identified one genome-wide significant locus within FLT3 on chromosome 13, rs2504235, although this association was not replicated in the population-based sample. Genetic variants spanning evolutionarily conserved regions significantly explained 92.4% of Tourette's syndrome heritability. Tourette's-associated genes were significantly preferentially expressed in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Tourette's PRS significantly predicted both Tourette's syndrome and tic spectrum disorders status in the population-based sample. Tourette's PRS also significantly correlated with worst-ever tic severity and was higher in case subjects with a family history of tics than in simplex case subjects. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of gene expression through noncoding variants, particularly within cortico-striatal circuits, is implicated as a fundamental mechanism in Tourette's syndrome pathogenesis. At a genetic level, tic disorders represent a continuous spectrum of disease, supporting the unification of Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders in future diagnostic schemata. Tourette's PRSs derived from sufficiently large samples may be useful in the future for predicting conversion of transient tics to chronic tic disorders, as well as tic persistence and lifetime tic severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yu
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center
for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of
MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jae Hoon Sul
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fotis Tsetsos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus
University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Alden Y. Huang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of
California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ivette Zelaya
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of
California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cornelia Illmann
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center
for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lisa Osiecki
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center
for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sabrina M. Darrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew E. Hirschtritt
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for
Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California,
USA
| | - Erica Greenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kirsten R. Muller-Vahl
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and
Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Stuhrmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School,
Hannover, Germany
| | - Yves Dion
- McGill University Health Center (MUHC), University of
Montréal, Centre Universitaire de Santé de Montréal (CHUM),
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology
and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Harald Aschauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical
University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Biopsychosocial Corporation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mara Stamenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical
University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Paul Sandor
- University Health Network and Youthdale Treatment Centres
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cathy L. Barr
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network,
Hospital for Sick Children, and The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada
| | - Marco Grados
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Maryland, USA
| | - Harvey S. Singer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Maryland, USA
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn,
University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of
Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of
Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert A. King
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Thomas V. Fernandez
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Csaba Barta
- Institute of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and
Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsanett Tarnok
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital,
Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Nagy
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital,
Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Essen,
University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris
06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris
06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
- French Reference Centre for Gilles de la Tourette
Syndrome, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris,
France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department
of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris,
France
| | - Andreas Hartmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris
06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France
- French Reference Centre for Gilles de la Tourette
Syndrome, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris,
France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department
of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris,
France
| | - Cathy L. Budman
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell,
Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Neuropsichiatria Infantile. Dipartimento di Medicina
Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gholson J. Lyon
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Danielle C. Cath
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center
Groningen & Rijksuniversity Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Drenthe Mental Health Center, Groningen, the
Netherlands
| | - Irene A. Malaty
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Center for Neurological
Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida,
USA
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Center for Neurological
Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida,
USA
| | - Cheston Berlin
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine,
Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas W. Woods
- Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
USA
| | - Paul C. Lee
- Tripler Army Medical Center, University of Hawai’i
John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders
Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,
USA
| | - Mary M. Robertson
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry,
University College London, London, UK
| | - Donald L. Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s
Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lawrence W. Brown
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barbara J. Coffey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center
Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center
Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City,
Iowa, USA
| | - Samuel H Zinner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pétur Luðvigsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Landspitalinn University
Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Evald Sæmundsen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland,
Reykjavík, Iceland
- The State Diagnostic and Counselling Centre,
Kópavogur, Iceland
| | - Ólafur Thorarensen
- Department of Pediatrics, Landspitalinn University
Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Human Biology, Haifa University, Haifa,
Israel
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of
Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainald Moessner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of
Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Roel Ophoff
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joshua L. Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Research,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts,
USA
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center
for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of
Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randy L. Buckner
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Research,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts,
USA
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremy A. Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF Weill Institute for
Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California,
USA
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF Weill
Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco,
California, USA
| | - Jay A. Tischfield
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute
of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey,
USA
| | - Gary A. Heiman
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute
of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey,
USA
| | | | - Kári Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland,
Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Danielle Posthuma
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics Center for
Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the
Netherlands
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics
Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David L. Pauls
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center
for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center
for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of
MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of
Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lea K. Davis
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics
Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peristera Paschou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David
Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol A. Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, Genetics Institute, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jeremiah M. Scharf
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center
for Genomic Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of
MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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