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Wreghitt TG, Gray JJ, Ward KN, Salt A, Taylor DL, Alp NJ, Tyms AS. Disseminated adenovirus infection after liver transplantation and its possible treatment with ganciclovir. J Infect 1989; 19:88-9. [PMID: 2550558 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(89)95214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Bax CM, Ryder TA, Mobberley MA, Tyms AS, Taylor DL, Bloxam DL. Ultrastructural changes and immunocytochemical analysis of human placental trophoblast during short-term culture. Placenta 1989; 10:179-94. [PMID: 2660124 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4004(89)90039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Trophoblastic cells, of at least 95 per cent purity by immunofluorescence and morphological criteria, were obtained from human term placenta by a simple trypsinisation method without the additional purification steps or complex culture conditions used by others. The differentiation of these cells was followed over four days in culture by fluorescence immunocytochemistry, by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and by light microscopy. The results support the idea that the isolated cells are cytotrophoblast and that these differentiate during this time into cells with characteristics of villous syncytiotrophoblast. This process involved first the formation of a multicellular layer of mononucleated cells, then the development of a syncytium of multinucleated cells and, not necessarily concurrently, functional differentiation. This may be a useful model for the study of syncytiotrophoblast function.
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Estridge JK, Kemp LM, La Thangue NB, Mann BS, Tyms AS, Latchman DS. The herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein ICP27 is obligately required for the accumulation of a cellular protein during viral infection. Virology 1989; 168:67-72. [PMID: 2535908 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lytic infection with herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes the accumulation of a 40-kDa cellular protein (p40) which is also overexpressed in cultured cells transformed by HSV or other agents and in human cervical tumors. Accumulation of p40 is dependent upon viral protein synthesis but not viral DNA replication in the infected cell and occurs in the HSV-1 mutants tsK and tsLB2 in which only a defective ICP4 protein and the four other immediate-early proteins are synthesized. By using a panel of HSV-1 strains, each defective in one of these four proteins, we show that only a mutation in the gene encoding ICP27 abolishes p40 accumulation. The defect in this mutant virus can be rescued by a plasmid encoding ICP27 alone indicating that ICP27 is obligately required for p40 accumulation. The significance of this effect as one aspect of the interaction of viral control proteins with cellular genes is discussed.
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Tyms AS, Taylor DL, Parkin JM. Cytomegalovirus and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Antimicrob Chemother 1989; 23 Suppl A:89-105. [PMID: 2541127 DOI: 10.1093/jac/23.suppl_a.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is complex in nature with one major aetiological factor but with numerous other agents exploiting the immune incompetence. Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) form a little-defined group of viruses which naturally persist in man and respond readily to the relaxation in immune surveillance. A role for CMV and other herpesviruses in potentiating the underlying infection with human immune deficiency virus (HIV) cannot be totally excluded but CMV is well established as a major opportunist in AIDS. They are considered responsible for a range of diseases in AIDS patients including retinitis, gastrointestinal disease, pneumonitis and, less frequently, encephalitis. The pyrophosphate analogue foscarnet (phosphonoformate) and the deoxyguanosine analogue ganciclovir have both been used to treat CMV infections in AIDS patients. Results of uncontrolled studies have indicated efficacy with both drugs but the work with ganciclovir is particularly encouraging. This communication provides a review of CMV infections in AIDS patients with special reference to the experiences to-date in the use of ganciclovir and foscarnet.
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Taylor DL, Taylor-Robinson D, Jeffries DJ, Tyms AS. Characterization of cytomegalovirus isolates from patients with AIDS by DNA restriction analysis. Epidemiol Infect 1988; 101:483-94. [PMID: 2850934 PMCID: PMC2249406 DOI: 10.1017/s095026880002937x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-seven isolates of cytomegalovirus (CMV) were obtained from a group of 20 promiscuous homosexual men, either suffering from the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the time of CMV isolation, or who developed AIDS subsequently. The isolates of CMV were characterized by the method of DNA restriction analysis. All epidemiologically unrelated strains of CMV exhibited different fragment migration patterns and no one strain appeared to be associated with AIDS or any particular disease pattern in these patients. Sequential isolates of CMV were obtained from nine patients in the study group either from different sites at the same time or from the same site on different dates. In the case of seven of the men, viruses with minor differences in restriction profile were obtained, possibly representing sub-populations of an endogenous strain of CMV. In two of the patients, reinfection with different strains was apparent. We conclude that reinfections with CMV in AIDS patients can occur, but the isolation of strains exhibiting major differences in genome structure seen by restriction enzyme analysis was uncommon.
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Taylor DL, Fellows LE, Farrar GH, Nash RJ, Taylor-Robinson D, Mobberley MA, Ryder TA, Jeffries DJ, Tyms AS. Loss of cytomegalovirus infectivity after treatment with castanospermine or related plant alkaloids correlates with aberrant glycoprotein synthesis. Antiviral Res 1988; 10:11-26. [PMID: 2852915 PMCID: PMC7134106 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(88)90011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many plants contain polyhydroxyalkaloids which are potent inhibitors of glucosidases, enzymes involved in oligosaccharide trimming. These are important in determining the final configuration of specific glycoproteins. Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) encodes a number of glycoproteins, some of which ultimately reside in the outer envelope of the mature virion and are important for virus infectivity. Treatment with three polyhydroxyalkaloids, castanospermine (CAST), deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and 2R,5R-dihydroxymethyl-3R,4R-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP) blocked the growth of infectious virus, as determined by yield reduction and plaque reduction assays. However, in the presence of CAST, CMV infected cells continued to shed virions into the extracellular medium, as determined by electron microscopy. Envelope glycoproteins of virions produced after treatment with CAST (2.5 mM) were immunoprecipitated with a monoclonal antibody (F5) specific for the gcI family of glycoproteins. Analysis by PAGE-SDS showed an absence of gcI complex 2 (gp52 disulphide-linked to gp130) with a proportional increase in gcI complex 1 (gp52 disulphide-linked to gp95). The results indicated that gp130 alone, or linked to gp52, was important for CMV infectivity. As well as being potential targets for antiviral agents against CMV, inhibitors of glycoprotein trimming reactions may define components of the virion surface important for infectivity.
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Tyms AS, Williamson JD, Bacchi CJ. Polyamine inhibitors in antimicrobial chemotherapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1988; 22:403-27. [PMID: 3144522 DOI: 10.1093/jac/22.4.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Davis JM, La Thangue NB, Taylor DL, Latchman DS, Anderson M, Tyms AS. Cellular polypeptides overexpressed after herpes simplex infection permit virus subtyping and may help diagnose cervical cancer. Genitourin Med 1988; 64:321-6. [PMID: 2849592 PMCID: PMC1194252 DOI: 10.1136/sti.64.5.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of cellular macromolecules is inhibited after infection with herpes simplex viruses (HSV) although certain host proteins accumulate to high concentrations as identified by monoclonal antibody TG7A. By western blotting, a polypeptide with a relative molecular weight of 90 kilodaltons was identified in cells infected with type 2 viruses and a polypeptide of 40 kilodaltons relative molecular weight in type 1 infected cells, and virus typing was confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA. Thirty seven clinical isolates from the genital region were subtyped as HSV type 2 and 18 from the orofacial region as type 1 by the different intracellular location of the 90 kilodalton and 40 kilodalton proteins seen on immunofluorescent staining of cells infected with HSV. Expression of these proteins has been associated with cellular transformation due to gene products of HSV or other viruses. Overexpression of the cellular proteins identified by TG7A reactivity was shown to be a marker for cells in cervical smears from patients with CIN III that appeared to be dyskaryotic. Little or no reaction was observed in squamous epithelial cells found in normal or abnormal smears.
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Fleet GW, Karpas A, Dwek RA, Fellows LE, Tyms AS, Petursson S, Namgoong SK, Ramsden NG, Smith PW, Son JC. Inhibition of HIV replication by amino-sugar derivatives. FEBS Lett 1988; 237:128-32. [PMID: 3169233 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The plant alkaloids castanospermine, dihydroxymethyldihydroxypyrrolidine and deoxynojirimycin have recently been shown to have potential anti-HIV activity [(1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 8120-8124; (1987) Nature 330, 74-77; (1987) Lancet i, 1025-1026]. They are thought to act by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase I, an enzyme involved in the processing of N-linked oligosaccharides on glycoproteins. We report here the relative efficacy of a spectrum of amino-sugar derivatives as inhibition of HIV cytopathicity. Several alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and alpha-fucosidase inhibitors were found to be active at concentrations which were non-cytotoxic.
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Tyms AS, Berrie EM, Ryder TA, Nash RJ, Hegarty MP, Taylor DL, Mobberley MA, Davis JM, Bell EA, Jeffries DJ. Castanospermine and other plant alkaloid inhibitors of glucosidase activity block the growth of HIV. Lancet 1987; 2:1025-6. [PMID: 2889932 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tyms AS, Davis JM, Clarke JR, Jeffries DJ. Synthesis of cytomegalovirus DNA is an antiviral target late in virus growth. J Gen Virol 1987; 68 ( Pt 6):1563-73. [PMID: 3035060 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-6-1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of action of 9-(1,3-dihydroxypropoxymethyl)guanine (DHPG) and phosphonoformic acid (PFA) but not 5-fluorouridinedeoxyribose (FUdR), provides selective action against cytomegalovirus (CMV)-coded events and this was used to demonstrate that the synthesis of viral DNA was continuous during the extended phase of virus growth. The synthesis de novo of viral DNA was measured by restriction enzyme analysis after exposure to [32P]orthophosphate and its interruption by DHPG or PFA resulted in a cessation in the extrusion of infective virus from treated cells. The rate of decline in infectivity appeared to correspond to the failure of cells to maintain the synthesis of late proteins once DNA synthesis was blocked. Thus, regulation of late protein synthesis appeared to be linked to synthesis de novo of viral DNA even at late stages in CMV growth. The synthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine, considered obligatory for CMV growth, was unaffected by early or late inhibition of viral DNA and this showed that some virus-induced events were unaffected by the restriction on virus growth by DHPG. This provided evidence that polyamine biosynthesis was a target independent of viral DNA synthesis per se, which may be important in future considerations of combined drug therapies.
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Mobberley MA, Ryder TA, Hart H, Tyms AS. Fine structure of cells infected with human cytomegalovirus after treatment with 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine. J Gen Virol 1987; 68 ( Pt 6):1553-62. [PMID: 3035059 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-6-1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is characterized by cytological changes which are readily visualized by electron microscopy using ultrathin sections of infected cells. Treatment of such cells with 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine (DHPG), a potent inhibitor of CMV, is effective when initiated at early or late times after infection and the response to such treatment has been studied by fine structural analysis. Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis by DHPG treatment (50 microM) late in virus infection resulted in a cessation of virus growth accompanied by a lack of development and possible regression in skein-like intranuclear inclusions together with a depletion in cytoplasmic dense bodies. Such changes were accompanied by the appearance of nuclear dense bodies. These were also present when virus growth was reduced (5 microM-DHPG) rather than completely inhibited (50 microM-DHPG) by treatment initiated from the time of infection. The nuclear bodies were predominantly of a reticular type structure after the early treatment but mainly of a homogeneous form when virus growth was interrupted at late times. Their presence appeared to be connected with the ability of infected cells to initiate the synthesis of late proteins and their morphology may relate to the extent of such protein synthesis. Unlike cytoplasmic dense bodies, provisional findings on the characterization of the nuclear bodies suggested that the 69K matrix protein was not present in abundance.
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Barton SE, Davis JM, Moss VW, Tyms AS, Munday PE. Asymptomatic shedding and subsequent transmission of genital herpes simplex virus. Genitourin Med 1987; 63:102-5. [PMID: 3034759 PMCID: PMC1194027 DOI: 10.1136/sti.63.2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the transmission of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection from an asymptomatic woman shedding virus from the cervix to two male sexual partners and further transmission from these two men while their infection was in the prodromal phase. The value of the restriction enzyme analysis of viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is presented. Guidelines regarding the management of patients who are found to be asymptomatic shedders of HSV are discussed.
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Davis JM, Jeffries DJ, Tyms AS, Walker D. Molecular biology in viral diagnosis: restriction enzyme analysis of viruses from recurrent genital herpes infections. Analyst 1985; 110:605-9. [PMID: 2994523 DOI: 10.1039/an9851000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tyms AS, Stevens RJ, Mobberley MA, Ryder TA, Jeffries DJ. Human cytomegalovirus infections in vitro after treatment with arildone. J Gen Virol 1984; 65 ( Pt 12):2129-39. [PMID: 6096491 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-65-12-2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Arildone (WIN 38020), a broad spectrum antiviral, aryl-beta-diketone (4-[6-(2-chloro-4-methoxy)phenoxyl]hexyl-3,5-heptanedione), blocks the replication of human cytomegalovirus at a stage prior to the synthesis of virus-specific DNA. Inhibitory action was demonstrated against a number of virus isolates from neonates and immune-compromised patients. Intranuclear sites of virus replication, highlighted by DNA-staining methods or immunofluorescence, were absent after Arildone treatment and corresponded with the lack of ultrastructural changes associated with productive infection. The abundance of early antigens in cells treated with Arildone was evidence for expression of the viral genome and this was confirmed by detection of immediate-early viral proteins in the presence of the drug. The results suggest that Arildone prevents the replication of human cytomegalovirus at a stage after virion uncoating but prior to viral DNA synthesis.
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46
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48
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49
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Tyms AS. Genome characterization of clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus by restriction enzyme analysis. MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1983; 40:81-3. [PMID: 6306379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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50
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Tyms AS. Diseases of the fetus and neonate due to human cytomegalovirus: a laboratory perspective. MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCES 1982; 39:275-86. [PMID: 6290825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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