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Zhu Y, Liu W, Zhang C. G-Quadruplexes Formation at the Upstream Region of Replication Origin (OriL) of the Pseudorabies Virus: Implications for Antiviral Targets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112219. [PMID: 34835025 PMCID: PMC8623188 DOI: 10.3390/v13112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease, which still causes large economic losses for the swine industry. Therefore, it is urgent to find a new strategy to prevent and control PRV infection. Previous studies have proven that guanine (G)-rich DNA or RNA sequences in some other viruses' genomes have the potential to form G-quadruplex (G4), which serve as promising antivirus targets. In this study, we identified two novel G4-forming sequences, OriL-A and OriL-S, which are located at the upstream origin of replication (OriL) in the PRV genome and conserved across 32 PRV strains. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and a gel electrophoresis assay showed that the two G-rich sequences can fold into parallel G4 structures in vitro. Moreover, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) melting and a Taq polymerase stop assay indicated that the G4 ligand PhenDC3 has the capacity to bind and stabilize the G4. Notably, the treatment of PRV-infected cells with G4-stabilizer PhenDC3 significantly inhibited PRV DNA replication in host cells but did not affect PRV's attachment and entry. These results not only expand our knowledge about the G4 characteristics in the PRV genome but also suggest that G4 may serve as an innovative therapeutic target against PRV.
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Condezo GN, San Martín C. Bromodeoxyuridine Labelling to Determine Viral DNA Localization in Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy: The Case of Adenovirus. Viruses 2021; 13:1863. [PMID: 34578444 PMCID: PMC8472859 DOI: 10.3390/v13091863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The localization of viral nucleic acids in the cell is essential for understanding the infectious cycle. One of the strategies developed for this purpose is the use of nucleotide analogs such as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU, analog to thymine) or bromouridine (BrU, analog of uridine), which are incorporated into the nucleic acids during replication or transcription. In adenovirus infections, BrdU has been used to localize newly synthesized viral genomes in the nucleus, where it is key to distinguish between host and viral DNA. Here, we describe our experience with methodological variations of BrdU labeling to localize adenovirus genomes in fluorescence and electron microscopy. We illustrate the need to define conditions in which most of the newly synthesized DNA corresponds to the virus and not the host, and the amount of BrdU provided is enough to incorporate to the new DNA molecules without hampering the cell metabolism. We hope that our discussion of problems encountered and solutions implemented will help other researches interested in viral genome localization in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N. Condezo
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen San Martín
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Brendle S, Li JJ, Cladel NM, Shearer DA, Budgeon LR, Balogh KK, Atkins H, Costa-Fujishima M, Lopez P, Christensen ND, Doorbar J, Murooka TT, Hu J. Mouse Papillomavirus L1 and L2 Are Dispensable for Viral Infection and Persistence at Both Cutaneous and Mucosal Tissues. Viruses 2021; 13:1824. [PMID: 34578405 PMCID: PMC8473024 DOI: 10.3390/v13091824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillomavirus L1 and L2, the major and minor capsid proteins, play significant roles in viral assembly, entry, and propagation. In the current study, we investigate the impact of L1 and L2 on viral life cycle and tumor growth with a newly established mouse papillomavirus (MmuPV1) infection model. MmuPV1 L1 knockout, L2 knockout, and L1 plus L2 knockout mutant genomes (designated as L1ATGko-4m, L2ATGko, and L1-L2ATGko respectively) were generated. The mutants were examined for their ability to generate lesions in athymic nude mice. Viral activities were examined by qPCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. We demonstrated that viral DNA replication and tumor growth occurred at both cutaneous and mucosal sites infected with each of the mutants. Infections involving L1ATGko-4m, L2ATGko, and L1-L2ATGko mutant genomes generally resulted in smaller tumor sizes compared to infection with the wild type. The L1 protein was absent in L1ATGko-4m and L1-L2ATGko mutant-treated tissues, even though viral transcripts and E4 protein expression were robust. Therefore, L1 is not essential for MmuPV1-induced tumor growth, and this finding parallels our previous observations in the rabbit papillomavirus model. Very few viral particles were detected in L2ATGko mutant-infected tissues. Interestingly, the localization of L1 in lesions induced by L2ATGko was primarily cytoplasmic rather than nuclear. The findings support the hypothesis that the L2 gene influences the expression, location, transport, and assembly of the L1 protein in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brendle
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jingwei J. Li
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nancy M. Cladel
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Debra A. Shearer
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Lynn R. Budgeon
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Karla K. Balogh
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Marina Costa-Fujishima
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (M.C.-F.); (P.L.); (T.T.M.)
| | - Paul Lopez
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (M.C.-F.); (P.L.); (T.T.M.)
| | - Neil D. Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB21 QP, UK;
| | - Thomas T. Murooka
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada; (M.C.-F.); (P.L.); (T.T.M.)
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (S.B.); (J.J.L.); (N.M.C.); (D.A.S.); (L.R.B.); (K.K.B.); (N.D.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Labarde A, Jakutyte L, Billaudeau C, Fauler B, López-Sanz M, Ponien P, Jacquet E, Mielke T, Ayora S, Carballido-López R, Tavares P. Temporal compartmentalization of viral infection in bacterial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2018297118. [PMID: 34244425 PMCID: PMC8285916 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018297118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection causes major rearrangements in the subcellular architecture of eukaryotes, but its impact in prokaryotic cells was much less characterized. Here, we show that infection of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis by bacteriophage SPP1 leads to a hijacking of host replication proteins to assemble hybrid viral-bacterial replisomes for SPP1 genome replication. Their biosynthetic activity doubles the cell total DNA content within 15 min. Replisomes operate at several independent locations within a single viral DNA focus positioned asymmetrically in the cell. This large nucleoprotein complex is a self-contained compartment whose boundaries are delimited neither by a membrane nor by a protein cage. Later during infection, SPP1 procapsids localize at the periphery of the viral DNA compartment for genome packaging. The resulting DNA-filled capsids do not remain associated to the DNA transactions compartment. They bind to phage tails to build infectious particles that are stored in warehouse compartments spatially independent from the viral DNA. Free SPP1 structural proteins are recruited to the dynamic phage-induced compartments following an order that recapitulates the viral particle assembly pathway. These findings show that bacteriophages restructure the crowded host cytoplasm to confine at different cellular locations the sequential processes that are essential for their multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Labarde
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lina Jakutyte
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, CNRS Unité Propre de Recherche 3296 and Institut Fédératif de Recherche 115, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cyrille Billaudeau
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Beatrix Fauler
- Microscopy and Cryo-electron Microscopy Service Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria López-Sanz
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Prishila Ponien
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Jacquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Thorsten Mielke
- Microscopy and Cryo-electron Microscopy Service Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Ayora
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rut Carballido-López
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Paulo Tavares
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
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5
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Bao CY, Hung HC, Chen YW, Fan CY, Huang CJ, Huang W. Requirement of cyclin-dependent kinase function for hepatitis B virus cccDNA synthesis as measured by digital PCR. Ann Hepatol 2021; 19:280-286. [PMID: 31964596 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES HBV covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA is the key player in viral persistence and an important predictive biomarker for hepatitis relapse. Precise quantification of intracellular cccDNA is challenging because cccDNA is present in very low levels in hepatocytes, where it also co-exists with a large excess amount of relaxed circular (rc) DNA. We aimed to develop a highly sensitive cccDNA detection method for cccDNA quantification by digital PCR (dPCR). PATIENTS OR MATERIALS AND METHODS A standard plasmid containing the whole HBV genome in the closed circular conformation was employed to characterize the performance of dPCR. rcDNA in the growth medium of HBV-producing HepAD38 cells was used as a matrix for cccDNA detection. Intrahepatic cccDNA measurement by dPCR and qPCR was performed to determine the correlation of the analysis results for the two methods. RESULTS The limit of detection (LOD) of the cccDNA dPCR was 1.05copy/μl, and the linear range of detection was 1.02×104copies/μl, achieving a dynamic detection range of 104-fold. cccDNA measurement using excess rcDNA as the matrix did not reveal false-positive detection, indicating that dPCR was highly specific. In the HepAD38 cells, the cccDNA levels measured by dPCR were highly correlated with those measured by qPCR but had a higher sensitivity. The CDK inhibitor AZD-5438 was found to block intracellular cccDNA synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Dpcr greatly improved the sensitivity and specificity of cccDNA detection. Host CDK activities are likely required for cccDNA synthesis. dPCR can potentially be applied for drug screening for effective cccDNA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yu Bao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chin Hung
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Cold Spring Biotech Corp, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Chien-Jung Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
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6
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Wu M, Wei H, Tan H, Pan S, Liu Q, Bejarano ER, Lozano-Durán R. Plant DNA polymerases α and δ mediate replication of geminiviruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2780. [PMID: 33986276 PMCID: PMC8119979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are causal agents of devastating diseases in crops. Geminiviruses have circular single-stranded (ss) DNA genomes that are replicated in the nucleus of the infected plant cell through double-stranded (ds) DNA intermediates by the plant DNA replication machinery. Which host DNA polymerase mediates geminiviral multiplication, however, has so far remained elusive. Here, we show that subunits of the nuclear replicative DNA polymerases α and δ physically interact with the geminivirus-encoded replication enhancer protein, C3, and that these polymerases are required for viral replication. Our results suggest that, while DNA polymerase α is essential to generate the viral dsDNA intermediate, DNA polymerase δ mediates the synthesis of new copies of the geminiviral ssDNA genome, and that the virus-encoded C3 may act selectively, recruiting DNA polymerase δ over ε to favour productive replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Wu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Bioinformatics Department, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojun Pan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Bioinformatics Department, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eduardo R Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Area de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.
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Renner N, Mallery DL, Faysal KMR, Peng W, Jacques DA, Böcking T, James LC. A lysine ring in HIV capsid pores coordinates IP6 to drive mature capsid assembly. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009164. [PMID: 33524070 PMCID: PMC7850482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV capsid self-assembles a protective conical shell that simultaneously prevents host sensing whilst permitting the import of nucleotides to drive DNA synthesis. This is accomplished through the construction of dynamic, highly charged pores at the centre of each capsid multimer. The clustering of charges required for dNTP import is strongly destabilising and it is proposed that HIV uses the metabolite IP6 to coordinate the pore during assembly. Here we have investigated the role of inositol phosphates in coordinating a ring of positively charged lysine residues (K25) that forms at the base of the capsid pore. We show that whilst IP5, which can functionally replace IP6, engages an arginine ring (R18) at the top of the pore, the lysine ring simultaneously binds a second IP5 molecule. Dose dependent removal of K25 from the pore severely inhibits HIV infection and concomitantly prevents DNA synthesis. Cryo-tomography reveals that K25A virions have a severe assembly defect that inhibits the formation of mature capsid cones. Monitoring both the kinetics and morphology of capsids assembled in vitro reveals that while mutation K25A can still form tubes, the ability of IP6 to drive assembly of capsid cones has been lost. Finally, in single molecule TIRF microscopy experiments, capsid lattices in permeabilised K25 mutant virions are rapidly lost and cannot be stabilised by IP6. These results suggest that the coordination of IP6 by a second charged ring in mature hexamers drives the assembly of conical capsids capable of reverse transcription and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Renner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - K. M. Rifat Faysal
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Wang Peng
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - David A. Jacques
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Till Böcking
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Leo C. James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Wu Z, Jia J, Xu X, Xu M, Peng G, Ma J, Jiang X, Yao J, Yao K, Li L, Tang H. Human herpesvirus 6A promotes glycolysis in infected T cells by activation of mTOR signaling. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008568. [PMID: 32516328 PMCID: PMC7282626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is an important immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory virus worldwide. However, whether and how HHV-6 infection influences the metabolic machinery of the host cell to provide the energy and biosynthetic resources for virus propagation remains unknown. In this study, we identified that HHV-6A infection promotes glucose metabolism in infected T cells, resulting in elevated glycolytic activity with an increase of glucose uptake, glucose consumption and lactate secretion. Furthermore, we explored the mechanisms involved in HHV-6A-mediated glycolytic activation in the infected T cells. We found increased expressions of the key glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes in HHV-6A-infected T cells. In addition, HHV-6A infection dramatically activated AKT-mTORC1 signaling in the infected T cells and pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 blocked HHV-6A-mediated glycolytic activation. We also found that direct inhibition of glycolysis by 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) or inhibition of mTORC1 activity in HHV-6A-infected T cells effectively reduced HHV-6 DNA replication, protein synthesis and virion production. These results not only reveal the mechanism of how HHV-6 infection affects host cell metabolism, but also suggest that targeting the metabolic pathway could be a new avenue for HHV-6 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Wu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Junli Jia
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xianyi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Mengyuan Xu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Yao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LL); (HT)
| | - Huamin Tang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LL); (HT)
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9
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Berke JM, Dehertogh P, Vergauwen K, Mostmans W, Vandyck K, Raboisson P, Pauwels F. Antiviral Properties and Mechanism of Action Studies of the Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulator JNJ-56136379. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e02439-19. [PMID: 32094138 PMCID: PMC7179615 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02439-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsid assembly is a critical step in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle, mediated by the core protein. Core is a potential target for new antiviral therapies, the capsid assembly modulators (CAMs). JNJ-56136379 (JNJ-6379) is a novel and potent CAM currently in phase II trials. We evaluated the mechanisms of action (MOAs) and antiviral properties of JNJ-6379 in vitro Size exclusion chromatography and electron microscopy studies demonstrated that JNJ-6379 induced the formation of morphologically intact viral capsids devoid of genomic material (primary MOA). JNJ-6379 accelerated the rate and extent of HBV capsid assembly in vitro JNJ-6379 specifically and potently inhibited HBV replication; its median 50% effective concentration (EC50) was 54 nM (HepG2.117 cells). In HBV-infected primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), JNJ-6379, when added with the viral inoculum, dose-dependently reduced extracellular HBV DNA levels (median EC50 of 93 nM) and prevented covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) formation, leading to a dose-dependent reduction of intracellular HBV RNA levels (median EC50 of 876 nM) and reduced antigen levels (secondary MOA). Adding JNJ-6379 to PHHs 4 or 5 days postinfection reduced extracellular HBV DNA and did not prevent cccDNA formation. Time-of-addition PHH studies revealed that JNJ-6379 most likely interfered with postentry processes. Collectively, these data demonstrate that JNJ-6379 has dual MOAs in the early and late steps of the HBV life cycle, which is different from the MOA of nucleos(t)ide analogues. JNJ-6379 is in development for chronic hepatitis B treatment and may translate into higher HBV functional cure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Koen Vandyck
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
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10
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Ravina, Dalal A, Mohan H, Prasad M, Pundir C. Detection methods for influenza A H1N1 virus with special reference to biosensors: a review. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20193852. [PMID: 32016385 PMCID: PMC7000365 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
H1N1 (Swine flu) is caused by influenza A virus, which is a member of Orthomyxoviridae family. Transmission of H1N1 occurs from human to human through air or sometimes from pigs to humans. The influenza virus has different RNA segments, which can reassert to make new virus strain with the possibility to create an outbreak in unimmunized people. Gene reassortment is a process through which new strains are emerging in pigs, as it has specific receptors for both human influenza and avian influenza viruses. H1N1 binds specifically with an α-2,6 glycosidic bond, which is present in human respiratory tract cells as well as in pigs. Considering the fact of fast multiplication of viruses inside the living cells, rapid detection methods need an hour. Currently, WHO recommended methods for the detection of swine flu include real-time PCR in specific testing centres that take 3-4 h. More recently, a number of methods such as Antigen-Antibody or RT-LAMP and DNA biosensors have also been developed that are rapid and more sensitive. This review describes the various challenges in the diagnosis of H1N1, and merits and demerits of conventional vis-à-vis latest methods with special emphasis on biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravina
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Anita Dalal
- DCR University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana 131039, India
| | - Hari Mohan
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - C.S. Pundir
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
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11
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Kieser Q, Noyce RS, Shenouda M, Lin YCJ, Evans DH. Cytoplasmic factories, virus assembly, and DNA replication kinetics collectively constrain the formation of poxvirus recombinants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228028. [PMID: 31945138 PMCID: PMC6964908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses replicate in cytoplasmic structures called factories and each factory begins as a single infecting particle. Sixty-years ago Cairns predicted that this might have effects on vaccinia virus (VACV) recombination because the factories would have to collide and mix their contents to permit recombination. We've since shown that factories collide irregularly and that even then the viroplasm mixes poorly. We’ve also observed that while intragenic recombination occurs frequently early in infection, intergenic recombination is less efficient and happens late in infection. Something inhibits factory fusion and viroplasm mixing but what is unclear. To study this, we’ve used optical and electron microscopy to track factory movement in co-infected cells and correlate these observations with virus development and recombinant formation. While the technical complexity of the experiments limited the number of cells that are amenable to extensive statistical analysis, these studies do show that intergenic recombination coincides with virion assembly and when VACV replication has declined to ≤10% of earlier levels. Along the boundaries between colliding factories, one sees ER membrane remnants and other cell constituents like mitochondria. These collisions don't always cause factory fusion, but when factories do fuse, they still entrain cell constituents like mitochondria and ER-wrapped microtubules. However, these materials wouldn’t seem to pose much of a further barrier to DNA mixing and so it’s likely that the viroplasm also presents an omnipresent impediment to DNA mixing. Late packaging reactions might help to disrupt the viroplasm, but packaging would sequester the DNA just as the replication and recombination machinery goes into decline and further reduce recombinant yields. Many factors thus appear to conspire to limit recombination between co-infecting poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinten Kieser
- The Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan S. Noyce
- The Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mira Shenouda
- The Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Y.-C. James Lin
- The Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David H. Evans
- The Dept. of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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12
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Bloom K, Kaldine H, Cathomen T, Mussolino C, Ely A, Arbuthnot P. Inhibition of replication of hepatitis B virus using transcriptional repressors that target the viral DNA. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:802. [PMID: 31510934 PMCID: PMC6739920 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a serious global health problem. Persistence of the virus occurs as a result of stability of the replication intermediate comprising covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Development of drugs that are capable of disabling this cccDNA is vital. METHODS To investigate an epigenetic approach to inactivating viral DNA, we engineered transcriptional repressors that comprise an HBV DNA-binding domain of transcription activator like effectors (TALEs) and a fused Krüppel Associated Box (KRAB). These repressor TALEs (rTALEs) targeted the viral surface open reading frame and were placed under transcription control of constitutively active or liver-specific promoters. RESULTS Evaluation in cultured cells and following hydrodynamic injection of mice revealed that the rTALEs significantly inhibited production of markers of HBV replication without evidence of hepatotoxicity. Increased methylation of HBV DNA at CpG island II showed that the rTALEs caused intended epigenetic modification. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic modification of HBV DNA is a new and effective means of inactivating the virus in vivo. The approach has therapeutic potential and avoids potentially problematic unintended mutagenesis of gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Bloom
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Mussolino
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Abdullah Ely
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
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13
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Chaikeeratisak V, Khanna K, Nguyen KT, Sugie J, Egan ME, Erb ML, Vavilina A, Nonejuie P, Nieweglowska E, Pogliano K, Agard DA, Villa E, Pogliano J. Viral Capsid Trafficking along Treadmilling Tubulin Filaments in Bacteria. Cell 2019; 177:1771-1780.e12. [PMID: 31199917 PMCID: PMC7301877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cargo trafficking along microtubules is exploited by eukaryotic viruses, but no such examples have been reported in bacteria. Several large Pseudomonas phages assemble a dynamic, tubulin-based (PhuZ) spindle that centers replicating phage DNA sequestered within a nucleus-like structure. Here, we show that capsids assemble on the membrane and then move rapidly along PhuZ filaments toward the phage nucleus for DNA packaging. The spindle rotates the phage nucleus, distributing capsids around its surface. PhuZ filaments treadmill toward the nucleus at a constant rate similar to the rate of capsid movement and the linear velocity of nucleus rotation. Capsids become trapped along mutant static PhuZ filaments that are defective in GTP hydrolysis. Our results suggest a transport and distribution mechanism in which capsids attached to the sides of filaments are trafficked to the nucleus by PhuZ polymerization at the poles, demonstrating that the phage cytoskeleton evolved cargo-trafficking capabilities in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vorrapon Chaikeeratisak
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kanika Khanna
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Katrina T Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Sugie
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - MacKennon E Egan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marcella L Erb
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anastasia Vavilina
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Poochit Nonejuie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Eliza Nieweglowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kit Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Agard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elizabeth Villa
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Joe Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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14
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Chakravorty A, Sugden B, Johannsen EC. An Epigenetic Journey: Epstein-Barr Virus Transcribes Chromatinized and Subsequently Unchromatinized Templates during Its Lytic Cycle. J Virol 2019; 93:e02247-18. [PMID: 30700606 PMCID: PMC6450099 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02247-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic phase, like those of all herpesviruses, proceeds via an orderly cascade that integrates DNA replication and gene expression. EBV early genes are expressed independently of viral DNA amplification, and several early gene products facilitate DNA amplification. On the other hand, EBV late genes are defined by their dependence on viral DNA replication for expression. Recently, a set of orthologous genes found in beta- and gammaherpesviruses have been determined to encode a viral preinitiation complex (vPIC) that mediates late gene expression. The EBV vPIC requires an origin of lytic replication in cis, implying that the vPIC mediates transcription from newly replicated DNA. In agreement with this implication, EBV late gene mRNAs localize to replication factories. Notably, these factories exclude canonical histones. In this review, we compare and contrast the mechanisms and epigenetics of EBV early and late gene expression. We summarize recent findings, propose a model explaining the dependence of EBV late gene expression on lytic DNA amplification, and suggest some directions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adityarup Chakravorty
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bill Sugden
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric C Johannsen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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15
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Dezhbord M, Lee S, Kim W, Seong BL, Ryu WS. Characterization of the molecular events of covalently closed circular DNA synthesis in de novo Hepatitis B virus infection of human hepatoma cells. Antiviral Res 2019; 163:11-18. [PMID: 30639437 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the utmost importance of cccDNA in HBV biology, the mechanism by which cccDNA synthesis is regulated is not completely understood. Here we explored HepG2-NTCP cell line and performed a time-course HBV infection experiment (up to 30 days) to follow the conversion of the input viral DNA into cccDNA. We found that a protein-free RC DNA (PF-RC DNA) become detectable as early as 12 h post infection (hpi) prior to the detection of cccDNA, which become evident only at 2-3 dpi. Intriguingly, the PF-RC DNA detected at 12 hpi was abundantly located in the cytoplasm, implicating that the protein-removal from the input viral DNA takes place in the cytoplasm, perhaps inside the nucleocapsid. Notably, during the early time points of HBV infection, the PF-RC DNA accumulated at significantly higher levels and appeared in a peak followed by a plateau at late time points with dramatically lower levels, implicating the presence of two distinct populations of the PF-RC DNA. Importantly, the PF-RC DNA at earlier peak is entecavir (ETV)-resistant, whereas the PF-RC DNA at posterior days is ETV-sensitive. An interpretation is that the PF-RC DNA at earlier peak represents "input viral DNA" derived from HBV inoculum, whereas the PF-RC DNA at late time points represents the de novo product of the viral reverse transcription. The existence of two populations of the PF-RC DNA having a distinct kinetic profile and ETV-sensitivity implicated that intracellular amplification via the viral reverse transcription greatly contributes to the maintenance of cccDNA pool during HBV infection. As such, we concluded that the cccDNA level is stably maintained by continuing replenishment of cccDNA primarily through intracellular amplification in the HepG2-NTCP cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrangiz Dezhbord
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sooyoung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woohyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Wang-Shick Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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16
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Tan L, Sato N, Shiraki A, Yanagita M, Yoshida Y, Takemura Y, Shiraki K. Everolimus delayed and suppressed cytomegalovirus DNA synthesis, spread of the infection, and alleviated cytomegalovirus infection. Antiviral Res 2018; 162:30-38. [PMID: 30543830 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Everolimus is an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and reduces the risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in transplant recipients. Everolimus inhibits mTOR complex 1, which regulates factors involved in several crucial cellular functions and is required for CMV replication. However, it is not clear how everolimus regulates CMV replication and prevents and alleviates CMV infection. Effects of everolimus on CMV infection, spread, and DNA synthesis and release from infected cells were assessed by plaque formation, infectious centre assay, real-time PCR of infected cells, and culture supernatant in CMV-infected cultures with and without everolimus. Everolimus enhanced plaque formation by 3.6 times, but the size of the plaques was reduced to 36.4% of untreated cultures in the absence of a pretreatment period. Everolimus reduced viral adsorption but enhanced the replication efficiency of inoculated virus, resulting in an increase in plaque number in the early phase of infection. Preinfection treatment of cells with everolimus efficiently exhibited its antiviral efficacy, and everolimus delayed and suppressed viral DNA synthesis and release from infected cells. Everolimus had suppressed the spread of infection and reduced the number of total infected cells to 40% of untreated cells on day 9, indicating reduction of the size of CMV lesions to one-sixth in 2-3 replication cycles. Preinfection treatment of the cells with everolimus augmented its suppressive effect on CMV infection and replication. Everolimus reduced the total number of infected cells and limited the CMV lesions, and this reduction in the spread of CMV infection would alleviate CMV infection in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Tan
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sato
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shiraki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoshida
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takemura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kimiyasu Shiraki
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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17
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Yin L, Hu S, Mei S, Sun H, Xu F, Li J, Zhu W, Liu X, Zhao F, Zhang D, Cen S, Liang C, Guo F. CRISPR/Cas9 Inhibits Multiple Steps of HIV-1 Infection. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:1264-1276. [PMID: 29644868 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 is an adaptive immune system where bacteria and archaea have evolved to resist the invading viruses and plasmid DNA by creating site-specific double-strand breaks in DNA. This study tested this gene editing system in inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by targeting the viral long terminal repeat and the gene coding sequences. Strong inhibition of HIV-1 infection by Cas9/gRNA was observed, which resulted not only from insertions and deletions (indels) that were introduced into viral DNA due to Cas9 cleavage, but also from the marked decrease in the levels of the late viral DNA products and the integrated viral DNA. This latter defect might have reflected the degradation of viral DNA that has not been immediately repaired after Cas9 cleavage. It was further observed that Cas9, when solely located in the cytoplasm, inhibits HIV-1 as strongly as the nuclear Cas9, except that the cytoplasmic Cas9 does not act on the integrated HIV-1 DNA and thus cannot be used to excise the latent provirus. Together, the results suggest that Cas9/gRNA is able to target and edit HIV-1 DNA both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. The inhibitory effect of Cas9 on HIV-1 is attributed to both the indels in viral DNA and the reduction in the levels of viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yin
- 1 MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Siqi Hu
- 1 MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shan Mei
- 1 MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hong Sun
- 1 MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fengwen Xu
- 1 MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- 1 MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Zhu
- 1 MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- 1 MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fei Zhao
- 1 MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- 1 MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shan Cen
- 2 Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chen Liang
- 3 McGill University AIDS Centre , Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fei Guo
- 1 MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P.R. China
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18
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Abstract
Viral DNA genomes have limited coding capacity and therefore harness cellular factors to facilitate replication of their genomes and generate progeny virions. Studies of viruses and how they interact with cellular processes have historically provided seminal insights into basic biology and disease mechanisms. The replicative life cycles of many DNA viruses have been shown to engage components of the host DNA damage and repair machinery. Viruses have evolved numerous strategies to navigate the cellular DNA damage response. By hijacking and manipulating cellular replication and repair processes, DNA viruses can selectively harness or abrogate distinct components of the cellular machinery to complete their life cycles. Here, we highlight consequences for viral replication and host genome integrity during the dynamic interactions between virus and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Weitzman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Amélie Fradet-Turcotte
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada;
- CHU de Québec Research Center-Université Laval (L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec), Cancer Research Center, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada
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19
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On KF, Jaremko M, Stillman B, Joshua-Tor L. A structural view of the initiators for chromosome replication. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 53:131-139. [PMID: 30218786 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Fan On
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, United States; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Matt Jaremko
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, United States; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Bruce Stillman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States.
| | - Leemor Joshua-Tor
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, United States; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States.
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20
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Lyu C, Wang S, Sun M, Tang Y, Peng J, Tian Z, Cai X. Deletion of pseudorabies virus US2 gene enhances viral titers in a porcine cerebral cortex primary culture system. Virus Genes 2018. [PMID: 29541931 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a neurotropic virus with the ability to infect peripheral sensory ganglia. The transport of PRV from the peripheral to the central nervous system can cause lethal encephalitis in young piglets. However, the pathogenicity of PRV in the cerebral cortex remains poorly understood. In the present study, we developed a porcine cerebral cortex primary culture system (PCCS) using cerebral cortex tissue dissected from a 3-day-old piglet to investigate the pathogenicity of wild-type (WT) and US2 deleted (ΔUS2) PRV in the CNS in vitro. Immunofluorescence assays revealed cell bodies and neurites as the cellular locations infected by PRV. Growth kinetic analysis showed a persistent increase in WT and ΔUS2 viral titers in PCCS from 4 to 24 h post infection (hpi), thus indicating that US2 deletion did not disrupt viral growth. However, the mean plaque size was significantly higher in ΔUS2 PRV than in WT PRV in infected Vero cells. The viral titers and DNA levels of ΔUS2 PRV were significantly higher at 8 hpi than at 4 hpi, whereas those of WT showed no significant difference between the two time points in PCCS. Morphological investigation revealed induction of massive amounts of bouton-like swellings (varicosities) along the axon shaft in both WT and ΔUS2 PRV-infected neurons in the PCCS. Our data suggest that PRV US2 gene deletion enhances viral titers in PCCS but does not affect the varicosities induced by the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yandong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Road No. 678, Xiang Fang District, Harbin, 150069, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Long Q, Yan R, Hu J, Cai D, Mitra B, Kim ES, Marchetti A, Zhang H, Wang S, Liu Y, Huang A, Guo H. The role of host DNA ligases in hepadnavirus covalently closed circular DNA formation. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006784. [PMID: 29287110 PMCID: PMC5747486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepadnavirus covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA is the bona fide viral transcription template, which plays a pivotal role in viral infection and persistence. Upon infection, the non-replicative cccDNA is converted from the incoming and de novo synthesized viral genomic relaxed circular (rc) DNA, presumably through employment of the host cell’s DNA repair mechanisms in the nucleus. The conversion of rcDNA into cccDNA requires preparation of the extremities at the nick/gap regions of rcDNA for strand ligation. After screening 107 cellular DNA repair genes, we herein report that the cellular DNA ligase (LIG) 1 and 3 play a critical role in cccDNA formation. Ligase inhibitors or functional knock down/out of LIG1/3 significantly reduced cccDNA production in an in vitro cccDNA formation assay, and in cccDNA-producing cells without direct effect on viral core DNA replication. In addition, transcomplementation of LIG1/3 in the corresponding knock-out or knock-down cells was able to restore cccDNA formation. Furthermore, LIG4, a component in non-homologous end joining DNA repair apparatus, was found to be responsible for cccDNA formation from the viral double stranded linear (dsl) DNA, but not rcDNA. In conclusion, we demonstrate that hepadnaviruses utilize the whole spectrum of host DNA ligases for cccDNA formation, which sheds light on a coherent molecular pathway of cccDNA biosynthesis, as well as the development of novel antiviral strategies for treatment of hepatitis B. Hepadnavirus cccDNA is the persistent form of viral genome, and in terms of human hepatitis B virus (HBV), cccDNA is the basis for viral rebound after the cessation of therapy, as well as the elusiveness of a cure with current medications. Therefore, the elucidation of molecular mechanism of cccDNA formation will aid HBV research at both basic and medical levels. In this study, we screened a total of 107 cellular DNA repair genes and identified DNA ligase 1 and 3 as key factors for cccDNA formation from viral relaxed (open) circular DNA. In addition, we found that the cellular DNA ligase 4 is responsible for converting viral double-stranded linear DNA into cccDNA. Our study further confirmed the involvement of host DNA repair machinery in cccDNA formation, and may reveal new antiviral targets for treatment of hepatitis B in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxin Long
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jieli Hu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dawei Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bidisha Mitra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elena S. Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexander Marchetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Soujuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Yuanjie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ailong Huang
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Zhao N, Wang G, Das AT, Berkhout B. Combinatorial CRISPR-Cas9 and RNA Interference Attack on HIV-1 DNA and RNA Can Lead to Cross-Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e01486-17. [PMID: 28893790 PMCID: PMC5700367 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01486-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many potent antiviral drugs have been developed against HIV-1, and their combined action is usually successful in achieving durable virus suppression in infected individuals. This success is based on two effects: additive or even synergistic virus inhibition and an increase in the genetic threshold for development of drug resistance. More recently, several genetic approaches have been developed to attack the HIV-1 genome in a gene therapy setting. We set out to test the combinatorial possibilities for a therapy based on the CRISPR-Cas9 and RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms that attack the viral DNA and RNA, respectively. When two different sites in the HIV-1 genome were targeted, either with dual CRISPR-Cas9 antivirals or with a combination of CRISPR-Cas9 and RNAi antivirals, we observed additive inhibition, much like what was reported for antiviral drugs. However, when the same or overlapping viral sequence was attacked by the antivirals, rapid escape from a CRISPR-Cas9 antiviral, assisted by the error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair machinery, accelerated the development of cross-resistance to the other CRISPR-Cas9 or RNAi antiviral. Thus, genetic antiviral approaches can be combined, but overlap should be avoided.
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MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Antiviral Agents/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- CRISPR-Associated Protein 9
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Line, Transformed
- DNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics
- Endonucleases/genetics
- Endonucleases/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genome, Viral
- HIV Core Protein p24/antagonists & inhibitors
- HIV Core Protein p24/biosynthesis
- HIV Core Protein p24/genetics
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gang Wang
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Atze T Das
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Righi E, Carnelutti A, Muser D, Zaja F, Lucchini E, Pea F, Di Gregorio F, Alavi A, Bassetti M. Successful treatment and FDG-PET/CT monitoring of HHV-6 encephalitis in a non-neutropenic patient: case report and literature review. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:908-912. [PMID: 28822107 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 reactivation is associated with severe forms of encephalitis among patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cases in non-neutropenic patients are uncommon. The efficacy of ganciclovir and other compounds that are used for the treatment of HHV-6 encephalitis remains suboptimal and linked to toxicity. Valganciclovir, the oral prodrug of ganciclovir, could be practical to treat outpatients, but it is not commonly used for severe cases. We report a case of HHV-6 encephalitis in a non-neutropenic patient successfully treated with valganciclovir and undergoing therapeutic drug monitoring in plasma and in the cerebrospinal fluid. Resolution of infectious foci was documented by cerebral MRI and F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). A review of the literature on HHV-6 encephalitis is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Righi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 50, Colugna Street, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Alessia Carnelutti
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 50, Colugna Street, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Daniele Muser
- Department of Cardiology, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Zaja
- Department of Hematology, DISM, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Lucchini
- Department of Hematology, DISM, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Federico Pea
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Fernando Di Gregorio
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Abass Alavi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 50, Colugna Street, 33100, Udine, Italy
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24
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Chaikeeratisak V, Nguyen K, Khanna K, Brilot AF, Erb ML, Coker JKC, Vavilina A, Newton GL, Buschauer R, Pogliano K, Villa E, Agard DA, Pogliano J. Assembly of a nucleus-like structure during viral replication in bacteria. Science 2017; 355:194-197. [PMID: 28082593 PMCID: PMC6028185 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We observed the assembly of a nucleus-like structure in bacteria during viral infection. Using fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron tomography, we showed that Pseudomonas chlororaphis phage 201φ2-1 assembled a compartment that separated viral DNA from the cytoplasm. The phage compartment was centered by a bipolar tubulin-based spindle, and it segregated phage and bacterial proteins according to function. Proteins involved in DNA replication and transcription localized inside the compartment, whereas proteins involved in translation and nucleotide synthesis localized outside. Later during infection, viral capsids assembled on the cytoplasmic membrane and moved to the surface of the compartment for DNA packaging. Ultimately, viral particles were released from the compartment and the cell lysed. These results demonstrate that phages have evolved a specialized structure to compartmentalize viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vorrapon Chaikeeratisak
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Katrina Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kanika Khanna
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Axel F Brilot
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marcella L Erb
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joanna K C Coker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anastasia Vavilina
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gerald L Newton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert Buschauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kit Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth Villa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Agard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joe Pogliano
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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25
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Torchetti EM, Pegoraro M, Navarro B, Catoni M, Di Serio F, Noris E. A nuclear-replicating viroid antagonizes infectivity and accumulation of a geminivirus by upregulating methylation-related genes and inducing hypermethylation of viral DNA. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35101. [PMID: 27739453 PMCID: PMC5064398 DOI: 10.1038/srep35101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation and post-transcriptional gene silencing play critical roles in controlling infection of single-stranded (ss) DNA geminiviruses and ssRNA viroids, respectively, but both pathogens can counteract these host defense mechanisms and promote their infectivity. Moreover, a specific role of DNA methylation in viroid-host interactions is not yet confirmed. Here, using an experimental system where two nuclear-replicating agents, the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) and potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), co-infect their common host tomato, we observed that PSTVd severely interferes with TYLCSV infectivity and accumulation, most likely as a consequence of strong activation of host DNA methylation pathways. In fact, PSTVd alone or in co-infection with TYLCSV significantly upregulates the expression of key genes governing DNA methylation in plants. Using methylation-sensitive restriction and bisulfite conversion assays, we further showed that PSTVd infection promotes a strong hypermethylation of TYLCSV DNA, thus supporting a mechanistic link with the antagonism of the viroid on the virus in co-infected tomato plants. These results describe the interaction between two nuclear-replicating pathogens and show that they differentially interfere with DNA methylation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Maria Torchetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Mattia Pegoraro
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Beatriz Navarro
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Marco Catoni
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Di Serio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Torino, 10135, Italy
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26
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Abstract
The life cycle of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), also called long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, begins with transcription by RNA polymerase II followed by reverse transcription and re-integration into the host genome. While most ERVs are relics of ancient integration events, "young" proviruses competent for retrotransposition-found in many mammals, but not humans-represent an ongoing threat to host fitness. As a consequence, several restriction pathways have evolved to suppress their activity at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional stages of the viral life cycle. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence has revealed that LTR sequences derived from distantly related ERVs have been exapted as regulatory sequences for many host genes in a wide range of cell types throughout mammalian evolution. Here, we focus on emerging themes from recent studies cataloging the diversity of ERV LTRs acting as important transcriptional regulatory elements in mammals and explore the molecular features that likely account for LTR exaptation in developmental and tissue-specific gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Thompson
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Todd S Macfarlan
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Matthew C Lorincz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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27
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McManus M, Mick E, Hudson R, Mofenson LM, Sullivan JL, Somasundaran M, Luzuriaga K. Early Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Limits Exposure to HIV-1 Replication and Cell-Associated HIV-1 DNA Levels in Infants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154391. [PMID: 27104621 PMCID: PMC4841514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to measure HIV-1 persistence following combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in infants and children. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) HIV-1 DNA was quantified prior to and after 1 year of cART in 30 children, stratified by time of initiation (early, age <3 months, ET; late, age >3 months-2 years, LT). Pre-therapy PBMC HIV-1 DNA levels correlated with pre-therapy plasma HIV-1 levels (r = 0.59, p<0.001), remaining statistically significant (p = 0.002) after adjustment for prior perinatal antiretroviral exposure and age at cART initiation. PBMC HIV-1 DNA declined significantly after 1 year of cART (Overall: -0.91±0.08 log10 copies per million PBMC, p<0.001; ET: -1.04±0.11 log10 DNA copies per million PBMC, p<0.001; LT: -0.74 ±0.13 log10 DNA copies per million PBMC, p<0.001) but rates of decline did not differ significantly between ET and LT. HIV-1 replication exposure over the first 12 months of cART, estimated as area-under-the-curve (AUC) of circulating plasma HIV-1 RNA levels, was significantly associated with PBMC HIV-1 DNA at one year (r = 0.51, p = 0.004). In 21 children with sustained virologic suppression after 1 year of cART, PBMC HIV-1 DNA levels continued to decline between years 1 and 4 (slope -0.21 log10 DNA copies per million PBMC per year); decline slopes did not differ significantly between ET and LT. PBMC HIV-1 DNA levels at 1 year and 4 years of cART correlated with age at cART initiation (1 year: p = 0.04; 4 years: p = 0.03) and age at virologic control (1 and 4 years, p = 0.02). Altogether, these data indicate that reducing exposure to HIV-1 replication and younger age at cART initiation are associated with lower HIV-1 DNA levels at and after one year of age, supporting the concept that HIV-1 diagnosis and cART initiation in infants should occur as early as possible.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Retroviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
- Child, Preschool
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- DNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- HIV Infections/diagnosis
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/drug effects
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Infant
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- RNA, Viral/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Time-to-Treatment
- Treatment Outcome
- Viral Load/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret McManus
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric Mick
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard Hudson
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lynne M. Mofenson
- The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - John L. Sullivan
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine Luzuriaga
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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28
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Ma M, Zhu Y, Wang D, Hou Z, Huang J, Zhang D, Xie Q, Wan L, Zhao L, Wei L, Li L, Huang T. Research on the Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis C Gene from Father-to-child via Human Sperm. Clin Lab 2016; 62:1-6. [PMID: 27012027 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2015.150706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to develop a better experimental model which could facilitate further studies assessing the vertical HCV gene transmission via human spermatozoa, and verify the possibility of father-to-child transmission of the HCV gene. METHODS The recombinant plasmid pIRES2-EGFP-HCV C was constructed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed to detect the integration of the HCV C gene in human sperm genome and in zygote's pronucleus. RESULTS Successful construction of recombinant plasmid pIRES2-EGFP-HCV C was confirmed by restriction mapping, PCR, and sequencing. Positive HCV C DNA signals were observed in sperm heads, human sperm chromosomes and two-cell embryos in transfected samples. No positive signal was found in normal control and HCV infected groups. CONCLUSIONS The recombinant plasmid pIRES2-EGFP-HCV C was successfully constructed. The HCV C gene was able to pass through the sperm membrane and integrate into the sperm genome. Human sperm carrying the HCV C gene was able to achieve normal fertilization. The replication of the sperm-mediated HCV C gene was synchronized with that of the host genome. Our results provide direct evidence for vertical transmission of the HCV C gene from father-to-child via human sperm.
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29
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Krupovic M, Koonin EV. Self-synthesizing transposons: unexpected key players in the evolution of viruses and defense systems. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 31:25-33. [PMID: 26836982 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Self-synthesizing transposons are the largest known transposable elements that encode their own DNA polymerases (DNAP). The Polinton/Maverick family of self-synthesizing transposons is widespread in eukaryotes and abundant in the genomes of some protists. In addition to the DNAP and a retrovirus-like integrase, most of the polintons encode homologs of the major and minor jelly-roll capsid proteins, DNA-packaging ATPase and capsid maturation protease. Therefore, polintons are predicted to alternate between the transposon and viral lifestyles although virion formation remains to be demonstrated. Polintons are related to a group of eukaryotic viruses known as virophages that parasitize on giant viruses of the family Mimiviridae and another recently identified putative family of polinton-like viruses (PLV) predicted to lead a similar, dual life style. Comparative genomic analysis of polintons, virophages, PLV and the other viruses with double-stranded (ds)DNA genomes infecting eukaryotes and prokaryotes suggests that the polintons evolved from bacterial tectiviruses and could have been the ancestors of a broad range of eukaryotic viruses including adenoviruses and members of the proposed order 'Megavirales' as well as linear cytoplasmic plasmids. Recently, a group of predicted self-synthesizing transposons was discovered also in prokaryotes. These elements, denoted casposons, encode a DNAP and a homolog of the CRISPR-associated Cas1 endonuclease that has an integrase activity but no capsid proteins. Thus, unlike polintons, casposons appear to be limited to the transposon life style although they could have evolved from viruses. The casposons are thought to have played a pivotal role in the origin of the prokaryotic adaptive immunity, giving rise to the adaptation module of the CRISPR-Cas systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Krupovic
- Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Ruxolitinib is a useful treatment option for myelofibrosis since it effectively resolves splenomegaly and constitutional symptoms. After the widespread use of ruxolitinib outside of clinical trials, a series of case reports indicated a potential risk of ruxolitinib-associated opportunistic infections, including the reactivation of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). We herein report the case of a polycythemia vera patient who showed an elevation of HBV-DNA viral DNA with an elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) after the initiation of ruxolitinib. Anti-viral therapy with entecavir was immediately started and the HBV viral load thereafter decreased with an improvement of the liver function. Physicians should thus be aware of the potential risk of ruxolitinib-associated HBV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kirito
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Yamanashi, Japan
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31
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Abstract
The elimination of viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) from the nucleus of infected hepatocytes is an obstacle to achieving sustained viral clearance during antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of our study was to determine whether treatment with siRNA is able to suppress viral cccDNA amplification using a HBV-transgenic mice model. The experimental results revealed that siRNAs can serve as efficient alternative anti-HBV agents, because they showed better inhibitory effect on viral replication and antigen expression in transgenic mice. More importantly, the siRNA markedly inhibited HBV cccDNA amplification.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA, Circular/biosynthesis
- DNA, Circular/genetics
- DNA, Circular/metabolism
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/metabolism
- Hepatitis B e Antigens/metabolism
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
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32
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major world-wide health problem. The major obstacles for current anti-HBV therapy are the low efficacy and the occurrence of drug resistant HBV mutations. Recent studies have demonstrated that combination therapy can enhance antiviral efficacy and overcome shortcomings of established drugs. In this study, the inhibitory effect mediated by combination of siRNAs targeting different sites of HBV in transgenic mice was analyzed. HBsAg and HBeAg in the sera of the mice were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, HBV DNA by real-time PCR and HBV mRNA by RT-PCR. Our data demonstrated that all the three siRNAs employed showed marked anti-HBV effects. The expression of HBsAg and the replication of HBV DNA could be specifically inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by siRNAs. Furthermore, combination of siRNAs compared with individual use of each siRNA, exerted a stronger inhibition on antigen expression and viral replication, even though the final concentration of siRNA used for therapy was the same. Secreted HBsAg and HBeAg in the serum of mice treated with siRNA combination were reduced by 96.7 and 96.6 %, respectively. Immunohistochemical detection of liver tissue revealed 91 % reduction of HBsAg-positive cells in the combination therapy group. The combination of siRNAs caused a greater inhibition in the levels of viral mRNA and DNA (90 and 87.7 %) relative to the control group. It was noted that the siRNA3 showed stronger inhibition of cccDNA (78.6 %). Our results revealed that combination of siRNAs mediated a stronger inhibition of viral replication and antigen expression in transgenic mice than single siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated First Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
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Zagorodnya SD, Baranova GV, Nesterova NV. [INFLUENCE OF DOXORUBICIN AND ETOPOSIDE ON THE CD 95 MEDIATED APOPTOSIS IN EBV INFECTED LYMPHOMA CELLS BL-41 AND DG-75]. Mikrobiol Z 2015; 77:69-74. [PMID: 26422926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of work was to study the effect of anticancer drugs on the process of CD 95 mediated apoptosis in BL-41 and DG-75 infected with Epstein-Barr virus. Studies of the effect of anticancer drugs "Doxorubicin" "Ebewe" and "Vepesid" (Etoposide) on the apoptosis in EBV infected cells using cytomorphological methods, spectrophotometry and PCR carried out. The influence of the tested drugs in cell culture was assessed by calculating the CC50. It was shown that it was 20 μg ml both for Etoposide and for Doxorubicin in the case of cell line DG-75. BL-41 cells were more sensitive to the tested drugs. CC50 was 5 μg/mI. PCR method showed that in the studied cell lines active accumulation of EBV DNA took place. In 24 hours after infection in the DG 75 + EBV system 20 μg/ml Doxorubicin provoked apoptosis in 89% of cells, and Etoposide-induced apoptosis was 35%. Cell culture BL-41 was equally sensitive to both drugs. At the same time, in the EBV super infected cells + Doxorubicin only 10% of apoptotic cells were detected. The obtained data prove the impact of viral infection on the sensitivity of lymphoma cells BL-41 and DG-75 to tested anticancer drugs.
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Nelson-Rees WA, Scher CD. Chromosomes of viral-transformed BALB-c-3T3 cells. Bibl Haematol 2015; 39:524-35. [PMID: 4360182 DOI: 10.1159/000427883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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35
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Bishop JM, Deng CT, Faras AJ, Goodman HM, Guntaka RR, Levinson WE, Cordell-Stewart B, Taylor JM, Varmus HE. Transcription of the Rous sarcoma virus genome in vitro and in vivo. Bibl Haematol 2015:517-23. [PMID: 51635 DOI: 10.1159/000397569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA-directed DNA synthesis by detergent-disrupted virions of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) initiates by the covalent attachment of pdA to the 3'-terminal rA of a 4S RNA hydrogen-bonded to the 70S RNA template. This 4S "primer" has structural features of tRNA and can be aminoacylated with methionine. Synthesis and integration of provirus DNA can be monitored in both permissive (duck) and nonpermissive (mouse) cells acutely infected with RSV. The results of these studies, as well as data obtained with RSV-infected mammalian cells which have reverted from a transformed to a pheno-typically normal state, indicate that integration of viral genes into the host chromosome is not sufficient cause for transformation. Pertinent features of virus-specific RNA-directed DNA synthesis in vitro and in vivo are reviewed and compared.
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36
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Gallo RC, Saxinger WC, Gallagher RE, Miller N, Gillespie D. Evolutionary nature of human reverse transcriptase and of viral-related DNA synthesized in vitro by human leukemic cells. Bibl Haematol 2015:569-76. [PMID: 51636 DOI: 10.1159/000397574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The reverse transcriptase and endogenous DNA product synthesized by virus-like particles in the cytoplasm of human leukemic cells have been studied for their genetic relatedness to homologous components obtained from several animal RNA tumor viruses. The human reverse transcriptase activity was inhibited by antibodies prepared against reverse transcriptase from some animal RNA tumor viruses. The DNA molecules synthesized endogenously by the human cytoplasmic particle in the presence of actinomycin D, using the reverse transcriptase enzyme and RNA template residing in the particle, hybridized to 70S RNA purified from certain animal RNA tumor viruses. Both the human reverse transcriptase and DNA product are closely related to homologues from primate type-C viruses, more distantly related to those from murine type-C viruses, and essentially unrelated to similar structures from feline or avian type-C viruses. They are not related to type-B RNA tumor viruses. The results demonstrate that the components from the human leukemic cells are viral (type-C) and primate in nature.
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37
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Strohl WA. Alterations in hamster cell regulatory mechanisms resulting from abortive infection with an oncogenic adenovirus. Prog Exp Tumor Res 2015; 18:199-239. [PMID: 4571263 DOI: 10.1159/000393168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hughes DJ, Wood JJ, Jackson BR, Baquero-Pérez B, Whitehouse A. NEDDylation is essential for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency and lytic reactivation and represents a novel anti-KSHV target. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004771. [PMID: 25794275 PMCID: PMC4368050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), which are aggressive malignancies associated with immunocompromised patients. For many non-viral malignancies, therapeutically targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has been successful. Likewise, laboratory studies have demonstrated that inhibition of the UPS might provide a promising avenue for the treatment of KSHV-associated diseases. The largest class of E3 ubiquitin ligases are the cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) that are activated by an additional ubiquitin-like protein, NEDD8. We show that pharmacological inhibition of NEDDylation (using the small molecule inhibitor MLN4924) is cytotoxic to PEL cells by inhibiting NF-κB. We also show that CRL4B is a novel regulator of latency as its inhibition reactivated lytic gene expression. Furthermore, we uncovered a requirement for NEDDylation during the reactivation of the KSHV lytic cycle. Intriguingly, inhibition prevented viral DNA replication but not lytic cycle-associated gene expression, highlighting a novel mechanism that uncouples these two features of KSHV biology. Mechanistically, we show that MLN4924 treatment precluded the recruitment of the viral pre-replication complex to the origin of lytic DNA replication (OriLyt). These new findings have revealed novel mechanisms that regulate KSHV latency and reactivation. Moreover, they demonstrate that inhibition of NEDDylation represents a novel approach for the treatment of KSHV-associated malignancies. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) causes Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), often fatal malignancies afflicting HIV-infected patients. Previous research has shown that blockade of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS, a normal quality control pathway that degrades cellular proteins) is able to kill KSHV-infected lymphoma cells. A large component of the UPS is made up by the protein family known as the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), which are activated by NEDD8 (a process known as NEDDylation). Recently, an inhibitor of NEDDylation (MLN4924) was developed and is currently in clinical trials as an anti-cancer drug. As NEDDylation has not been investigated for many viruses, we used this to compound examine its importance in KSHV biology. Firstly we show that NEDDylation is essential for the viability of KSHV-infected lymphoma cells, and MLN4924 treatment killed these cells by blocking NF-κB activity (required for KSHV latency gene expression and KSHV-associated cancer). Furthermore, we show that NEDDylation is required for KSHV to replicate its genome, a critical step in the production of new virus particles. Therefore, this research has identified a novel molecular mechanism that governs KSHV replication. Furthermore, it demonstrates that NEDDylation is a viable target for the treatment of KSHV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hughes
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DJH); (AW)
| | - Jennifer J. Wood
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R. Jackson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Baquero-Pérez
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Whitehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DJH); (AW)
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Gan F, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Hesketh J, Xue H, Chen X, Hao S, Huang Y, Cole Ezea P, Parveen F, Huang K. Ochratoxin A promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication in vitro and in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 80:33-47. [PMID: 25542137 PMCID: PMC7126689 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a worldwide mycotoxin found in food and feeds, is a potent nephrotoxin in animals and humans. Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, is a worldwide swine disease. To date, little is known concerning the relationship between OTA and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the primary causative agent of PCVAD. The effects of OTA on PCV2 replication and their mechanisms were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results in vitro showed that low doses of OTA significantly increased PCV2 DNA copies and the number of infected cells. Maximum effects were observed at 0.05 μg/ml OTA. The results in vivo showed that PCV2 replication was significantly increased in serum and tissues of pigs fed 75 μg/kg OTA compared with the control group and pigs fed 150 μg/kg OTA. In addition, low doses of OTA significantly depleted reduced glutathione and mRNA expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase; increased reactive oxygen species, oxidants, and malondialdehyde; and induced p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in PK15 cells. Adding N-acetyl-L-cysteine reversed the changes induced by OTA. Knockdown of p38 and ERK1/2 by their respective specific siRNAs or inhibition of p38 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by their respective inhibitors (SB203580 and U0126) eliminated the increase in PCV2 replication induced by OTA. These data indicate that low doses of OTA promoted PCV2 replication in vitro and in vivo via the oxidative stress-mediated p38/ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway. This suggests that low doses of OTA are potentially harmful to animals, as they enhance virus replication, and partly explains why the morbidity and severity of PCVAD vary significantly in different pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheqian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhihua Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - John Hesketh
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Hongxia Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shu Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Patience Cole Ezea
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fahmida Parveen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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41
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Xu L, Tu Z, Xu G, Hu JL, Cai XF, Zhan XX, Wang YW, Huang Y, Chen J, Huang AL. S-phase arrest after vincristine treatment may promote hepatitis B virus replication. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:1498-1509. [PMID: 25663769 PMCID: PMC4316092 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To observe the effect of vincristine on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in vitro and to study its possible mechanisms.
METHODS: Vincristine was added to the cultures of two cell lines stably expressing HBV. Then, the levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) in the supernatants or cytoplasm were examined using by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. The HBV pregenome RNA (pgRNA) was detected using reverse transcription-PCR and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and viral DNA was detected using Southern blot and RT-qPCR. Cell proliferation after drug treatment was detected using the BrdU incorporation test and the trypan blue exclusion assay. Cell cycle and cell apoptosis were examined using flow cytometry and Western blot.
RESULTS: Vincristine up-regulated HBV replication directly in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, and 24-h exposure to 0.1 μmol/L vincristine induced more than 4-fold and 3-fold increases in intracellular HBV DNA and the secretion of viral DNA, respectively. The expression of HBV pgRNA, intracellular HBsAg and HBcAg, and the secretion of HBeAg were also increased significantly after drug treatment. Most importantly, vincristine promoted the cell excretion of HBV nucleocapsids instead of HBV Dane particles, and the nucleocapsids are closely related to the HBV pathogenesis. Furthermore, vincristine inhibited the proliferation of cells stably expressing HBV. The higher the concentration of the drug, the more significant the inhibition of the cell proliferation and the stronger the HBV replication ability in cells. Flow cytometry indicated that cell cycle arrest at S-phase was responsible for the cell proliferation inhibition.
CONCLUSION: Vincristine has a strong stimulatory effect on HBV replication and induces cell cycle arrest, and cell proliferation inhibition may be conducive to viral replication.
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Chamontin C, Rassam P, Ferrer M, Racine PJ, Neyret A, Lainé S, Milhiet PE, Mougel M. HIV-1 nucleocapsid and ESCRT-component Tsg101 interplay prevents HIV from turning into a DNA-containing virus. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:336-47. [PMID: 25488808 PMCID: PMC4288153 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1, the agent of the AIDS pandemic, is an RNA virus that reverse transcribes its RNA genome (gRNA) into DNA, shortly after its entry into cells. Within cells, retroviral assembly requires thousands of structural Gag proteins and two copies of gRNA as well as cellular factors, which converge to the plasma membrane in a finely regulated timeline. In this process, the nucleocapsid domain of Gag (GagNC) ensures gRNA selection and packaging into virions. Subsequent budding and virus release require the recruitment of the cellular ESCRT machinery. Interestingly, mutating GagNC results into the release of DNA-containing viruses, by promo-ting reverse transcription (RTion) prior to virus release, through an unknown mechanism. Therefore, we explored the biogenesis of these DNA-containing particles, combining live-cell total internal-reflection fluorescent microscopy, electron microscopy, trans-complementation assays and biochemical characterization of viral particles. Our results reveal that DNA virus production is the consequence of budding defects associated with Gag aggregation at the plasma membrane and deficiency in the recruitment of Tsg101, a key ESCRT-I component. Indeed, targeting Tsg101 to virus assembly sites restores budding, restricts RTion and favors RNA packaging into viruses. Altogether, our results highlight the role of GagNC in the spatiotemporal control of RTion, via an ESCRT-I-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Chamontin
- CPBS, UMR5236 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Rassam
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, UMR5048 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Mireia Ferrer
- CPBS, UMR5236 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Racine
- CPBS, UMR5236 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Aymeric Neyret
- CPBS, UMR5236 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Lainé
- CPBS, UMR5236 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Milhiet
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, UMR5048 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France U1054 INSERM, 30090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marylène Mougel
- CPBS, UMR5236 CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Sowd GA, Mody D, Eggold J, Cortez D, Friedman KL, Fanning E. SV40 utilizes ATM kinase activity to prevent non-homologous end joining of broken viral DNA replication products. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004536. [PMID: 25474690 PMCID: PMC4256475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) and cellular DNA replication rely on host ATM and ATR DNA damage signaling kinases to facilitate DNA repair and elicit cell cycle arrest following DNA damage. During SV40 DNA replication, ATM kinase activity prevents concatemerization of the viral genome whereas ATR activity prevents accumulation of aberrant genomes resulting from breakage of a moving replication fork as it converges with a stalled fork. However, the repair pathways that ATM and ATR orchestrate to prevent these aberrant SV40 DNA replication products are unclear. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting, we show that ATR kinase activity, but not DNA-PKcs kinase activity, facilitates some aspects of double strand break (DSB) repair when ATM is inhibited during SV40 infection. To clarify which repair factors associate with viral DNA replication centers, we examined the localization of DSB repair proteins in response to SV40 infection. Under normal conditions, viral replication centers exclusively associate with homology-directed repair (HDR) and do not colocalize with non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) factors. Following ATM inhibition, but not ATR inhibition, activated DNA-PKcs and KU70/80 accumulate at the viral replication centers while CtIP and BLM, proteins that initiate 5′ to 3′ end resection during HDR, become undetectable. Similar to what has been observed during cellular DSB repair in S phase, these data suggest that ATM kinase influences DSB repair pathway choice by preventing the recruitment of NHEJ factors to replicating viral DNA. These data may explain how ATM prevents concatemerization of the viral genome and promotes viral propagation. We suggest that inhibitors of DNA damage signaling and DNA repair could be used during infection to disrupt productive viral DNA replication. Viruses from both Polyomaviridae and Papillomaviridae families share several characteristics. These include common modes of DNA replication and an accumulation of DNA damage signaling and repair proteins at replicating viral DNA. Several DNA repair proteins, with unknown functions during viral DNA replication, associate with the viral replication centers of the polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40). In this study we examined the mechanisms that regulate and recruit DNA repair machinery to replicating viral DNA during permissive SV40 infection. We found that the virus deploys DNA repair to broken viral DNA using cellular DNA damage signaling pathways. Our results shed light on why both Polyomaviridae and Papillomaviridae DNA replication elicits DNA damage signaling and repair. As no effective treatments currently exist for the Polyomaviridae family, our data identify pathways that might be therapeutically targeted to inhibit productive viral replication. Additionally, we categorize distinct functions for DNA repair and damage signaling pathways during viral replication. The results provide insights into how viruses exploit cellular processes to overwhelm the cell and propagate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Sowd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GAS); (KLF)
| | - Dviti Mody
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Joshua Eggold
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Cortez
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Katherine L. Friedman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GAS); (KLF)
| | - Ellen Fanning
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Huang CR, Lo SJ. Hepatitis D virus infection, replication and cross-talk with the hepatitis B virus. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:14589-14597. [PMID: 25356023 PMCID: PMC4209526 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis remains a worldwide public health problem. The hepatitis D virus (HDV) must either coinfect or superinfect with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HDV contains a small RNA genome (approximately 1.7 kb) with a single open reading frame (ORF) and requires HBV supplying surface antigens (HBsAgs) to assemble a new HDV virion. During HDV replication, two isoforms of a delta antigen, a small delta antigen (SDAg) and a large delta antigen (LDAg), are produced from the same ORF of the HDV genome. The SDAg is required for HDV replication, whereas the interaction of LDAg with HBsAgs is crucial for packaging of HDV RNA. Various clinical outcomes of HBV/HDV dual infection have been reported, but the molecular interaction between HBV and HDV is poorly understood, especially regarding how HBV and HDV compete with HBsAgs for assembling virions. In this paper, we review the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by HBsAgs and the molecular pathway involved in their promotion of LDAg nuclear export. Because the nuclear sublocalization and export of LDAg is regulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including acetylation, phosphorylation, and isoprenylation, we also summarize the relationship among HBsAg-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling, LDAg PTMs, and nuclear export mechanisms in this review.
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45
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Azizi A, Ghorbani M, Kryworuchko M, Aucoin S, Diaz-Mitoma F. Potency of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Different Combined HIV-1 Immunogens in a Humanized Murine Model. Human Vaccines 2014; 1:170-6. [PMID: 17012859 DOI: 10.4161/hv.1.4.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated in HLA-A2.1 mice that received polycistronic vector expressing HIV-1 gp120, gag and pol or single vectors expressing gp120 + gag/pol as well as recombinant structural proteins and adjuvants. Mice primed with the polycistronic DNA/CpG and boosted with the same regimen plus proteins induced a higher T-cell proliferative response to gp120. However, a very high frequency of IFN-gamma was detected in mice receiving the mixture of gp120 + gag/pol DNA constructs, recombinant proteins and CpG. We also measured specific CD8+T cells in PBMCs by intracellular cytokine and HLA-A2.1-peptide dimer staining in response to HLA-A2.1-restricted HIV-1 epitopes (gp120, gag and pol). The group that received single gp120 + gag/pol DNA constructs, recombinant proteins and CpG had a higher CD8+T cell response to the combination of peptides compared to the other groups that received the polycistronic construct. The present study reveals an optimal combination of immunogens to enhance immune responses against HIV-1.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Products, pol/immunology
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Core Protein p24/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV-1/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunization Schedule
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Peptides/immunology
- Plasmids/genetics
- Transfection
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azizi
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Liu F, Jiang Z, Zhou Q, Yu Y, Meng H, Shi Y. [Effects of amantadine and biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate on hepatitis B virus in hepatitis B virus replication mice]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2014; 31:400-404. [PMID: 25039150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the in vivo antiviral effect of amantadine (AM) and biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB) on hepatitis B virus (HBV) in HBV replication mice. HBV replication-competent plasmid was transferred into male BALB/c mice by using hydrodynamics-based in vivo transfection procedure to develop HBV replication mouse model. The model mice were matched by body weigh, age and serum levels of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and were divided into four groups: AM group, DDB group, AM+DDB group and NS group, with the last one as control, and the mice of each group were administered corresponding agent orally twice a day, in a medication course lasting 3 d. On the third day, the mice were sacrificed 4-6 h after the last oral intake. HBV DNA replication intermediates in liver were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization. The serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBeAg were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Compared to the animals in the control group, HBV DNA replication intermediates in liver and HBsAg and HBeAg in serum from the AM and AM plus DDB group of mice decreased, and there was no difference between these two groups of mice. The levels of HBV DNA intermediate from liver and the serum HBsAg and HBeAg between the control and DDB group, however, were not obviously different. In conclusion, the inhibition effect of AM on HBV was detected, but treatment with DDB for 3 days did not influence the viral replication and expression of HBV in the HBV replication mice.
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Chen H, Ma YB, Huang XY, Geng CA, Zhao Y, Wang LJ, Guo RH, Liang WJ, Zhang XM, Chen JJ. Synthesis, structure-activity relationships and biological evaluation of dehydroandrographolide and andrographolide derivatives as novel anti-hepatitis B virus agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2353-9. [PMID: 24731274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroandrographolide and andrographolide, two natural diterpenoids isolated from Andrographis paniculata possessed activity against HBV DNA replication with IC50 values of 22.58 and 54.07μM and low SI values of 8.7 and 3.7 in our random assay. Consequently, 48 derivatives of dehydroandrographolide and andrographolide were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HBV properties to yield a series of active derivatives with lower cytotoxicity, including 14 derivatives against HBsAg secretion, 19 derivatives against HBeAg secretion and 38 derivatives against HBV DNA replication. Interestingly, compound 4e could inhibit not only HBsAg and HBeAg secretions but also HBV DNA replication with SI values of 20.3, 125.0 and 104.9. Furthermore, the most active compound 2c with SI value higher than 165.1 inhibiting HBV DNA replication was revealed with the optimal logP value of 1.78 and logD values. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the derivatives were disclosed for guiding the future research toward the discovery of new anti-HBV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yun-Bao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Chang-An Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Rui-Hua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Wen-Juan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Ji-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, PR China.
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Qiao B, Gao YQ, Li M, Wu SF, Zheng C, Jin SG, Wu HC, Yu Z, Sun XH. [Research on HBV DNA inhibition of plasmid acute infection mouse with betulinic acid]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2014; 39:1097-1100. [PMID: 24956858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Betulinic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid, which has antiretroviral, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the HBV DNA replication inhibition in the mouse model with betulinic acid. Hydrodynamic injection method via the tail vein with the Paywl. 3 plasmid was used to establish the animal mode (n = 15), and the mice were randomly divided into the PBS control group (n = 5), Betulinic acid treatment group (n = 5) and lamivudine control group (n = 5). The day after successful modeling , the mice would have taken Betulinic acid (100 mg x kg(-1)), lamivudine (50 mg x kg(-1)), PBS drugs orally, once daily for 7 days, blood samples were acquired from the orbital venous blood at 3, 5, 7 days after the administering, HBsAg and HBeAg in serum concentration were measured by ELISA and the mice were sacrificed after 7 days, HBV DNA southern detections were used with part of mice livers. The results showed that betulinic acid significantly inhibited the expression of HbsAg in the mice model at the fifth day compared with the control group, and there was no significant differences between the effects of lamivudine and the PBS control group; both the betulinic acid and lamivudine groups had no significant inhibition for the HBeAg expression; the HBV DNA expressions of the liver tissue from the betulinic acid and lamivudine groups were inhibited compared with the control group. Taken together, these results reveal betulinic acid can inhibit the HBsAg expression and replication of the liver HBV DNA in the mouse model.
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Takahashi H, Yamazaki H, Akanuma S, Kanahara H, Saito T, Chimuro T, Kobayashi T, Ohtani T, Yamamoto K, Sugiyama S, Kobori T. Preparation of Phi29 DNA polymerase free of amplifiable DNA using ethidium monoazide, an ultraviolet-free light-emitting diode lamp and trehalose. PLoS One 2014; 9:e82624. [PMID: 24505243 PMCID: PMC3915000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that multiply-primed rolling circle amplification (MRPCA) using modified random RNA primers can amplify tiny amounts of circular DNA without producing any byproducts. However, contaminating DNA in recombinant Phi29 DNA polymerase adversely affects the outcome of MPRCA, especially for negative controls such as non-template controls. The amplified DNA in negative control casts doubt on the result of DNA amplification. Since Phi29 DNA polymerase has high affinity for both single-strand and double-stranded DNA, some amount of host DNA will always remain in the recombinant polymerase. Here we describe a procedure for preparing Phi29 DNA polymerase which is essentially free of amplifiable DNA. This procedure is realized by a combination of host DNA removal using appropriate salt concentrations, inactivation of amplifiable DNA using ethidium monoazide, and irradiation with visible light from a light-emitting diode lamp. Any remaining DNA, which likely exists as oligonucleotides captured by the Phi29 DNA polymerase, is degraded by the 3'-5' exonuclease activity of the polymerase itself in the presence of trehalose, used as an anti-aggregation reagent. Phi29 DNA polymerase purified by this procedure has little amplifiable DNA, resulting in reproducible amplification of at least ten copies of plasmid DNA without any byproducts and reducing reaction volume. This procedure could aid the amplification of tiny amounts DNA, thereby providing clear evidence of contamination from laboratory environments, tools and reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Food Engineering Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamazaki
- Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology & Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Akanuma
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Food Engineering Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kanahara
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Food Engineering Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Saito
- Transcriptome Profiling Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Chimuro
- Isehara Research Laboratory, Technology & Development Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Kobayashi
- Bio-Chemical Department, Reagent Division, Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohtani
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Food Engineering Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamamoto
- Insect Genome Laboratory, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sugiyama
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Food Engineering Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshiro Kobori
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Food Engineering Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Quarleri J. Core promoter: A critical region where the hepatitis B virus makes decisions. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:425-435. [PMID: 24574711 PMCID: PMC3923017 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i2.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The core promoter (CP) of the viral genome plays an important role for hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication as it directs initiation of transcription for the synthesis of both the precore and pregenomic (pg) RNAs. The CP consists of the upper regulatory region and the basal core promoter (BCP). The CP overlaps with the 3’-end of the X open reading frames and the 5’-end of the precore region, and contains cis-acting elements that can independently direct transcription of the precore mRNA and pgRNA. Its transcription regulation is under strict control of viral and cellular factors. Even though this regulatory region exhibits high sequence conservation, when variations appear, they may contribute to the persistence of HBV within the host, leading to chronic infection and cirrhosis, and eventually, hepatocellular carcinoma. Among CP sequence variations, those occurring at BCP may dysregulate viral gene expression with emphasis in the hepatitis B e antigen, and contribute to disease progression. In this review these molecular aspects and pathologic topics of core promoter are deeply evaluated.
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