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Zhu Y, Liu W, Zhang C. G-Quadruplexes Formation at the Upstream Region of Replication Origin (OriL) of the Pseudorabies Virus: Implications for Antiviral Targets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112219. [PMID: 34835025 PMCID: PMC8623188 DOI: 10.3390/v13112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease, which still causes large economic losses for the swine industry. Therefore, it is urgent to find a new strategy to prevent and control PRV infection. Previous studies have proven that guanine (G)-rich DNA or RNA sequences in some other viruses' genomes have the potential to form G-quadruplex (G4), which serve as promising antivirus targets. In this study, we identified two novel G4-forming sequences, OriL-A and OriL-S, which are located at the upstream origin of replication (OriL) in the PRV genome and conserved across 32 PRV strains. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and a gel electrophoresis assay showed that the two G-rich sequences can fold into parallel G4 structures in vitro. Moreover, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) melting and a Taq polymerase stop assay indicated that the G4 ligand PhenDC3 has the capacity to bind and stabilize the G4. Notably, the treatment of PRV-infected cells with G4-stabilizer PhenDC3 significantly inhibited PRV DNA replication in host cells but did not affect PRV's attachment and entry. These results not only expand our knowledge about the G4 characteristics in the PRV genome but also suggest that G4 may serve as an innovative therapeutic target against PRV.
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Farcet J, Kindermann J, Karbiener M, Scheinecker R, Kostner O, Kreil TR. Synthesis of "Nereid," a new phenol-free detergent to replace Triton X-100 in virus inactivation. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3880-3889. [PMID: 33274764 PMCID: PMC8247325 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the 1980s, virus inactivation steps were implemented into the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals in response to earlier unforeseen virus transmissions. The most effective inactivation process for lipid-enveloped viruses is the treatment by a combination of detergents, often including Triton X-100 (TX-100). Based on recent environmental concerns, the use of TX-100 in Europe will be ultimately banned, which forces the pharmaceutical industry, among others, to switch to an environmentally friendly alternative detergent with fully equivalent virus inactivation performance such as TX-100. In this study, a structure-activity relationship study was conducted that ultimately led to the synthesis of several new detergents. One of them, named "Nereid," displayed inactivation activity fully equivalent to TX-100. The synthesis of this replacement candidate has been optimized to allow for the production of several kg of detergent at lab scale, to enable the required feasibility and comparison virus inactivation studies needed to support a potential future transition. The 3-step, chromatography-free synthesis process described herein uses inexpensive starting materials, has a robust and simple work-up, and allows production in a standard organic laboratory to deliver batches of several hundred grams with >99% purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Baptiste Farcet
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baxalta Innovations GmbH, now part of the Takeda Group of CompaniesViennaAustria
| | - Johanna Kindermann
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxter AG, now part of the Takeda Group of CompaniesVienaaAustria
| | - Michael Karbiener
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxter AG, now part of the Takeda Group of CompaniesVienaaAustria
| | - Richard Scheinecker
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baxalta Innovations GmbH, now part of the Takeda Group of CompaniesViennaAustria
| | - Otto Kostner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baxalta Innovations GmbH, now part of the Takeda Group of CompaniesViennaAustria
| | - Thomas R. Kreil
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxter AG, now part of the Takeda Group of CompaniesVienaaAustria
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Chou DL, Mao JY, Anand A, Lin HJ, Lin JHY, Tseng CP, Huang CC, Wang HY. Carbonized Lysine-Nanogels Protect against Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5415. [PMID: 34063782 PMCID: PMC8196573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of carbonized nanogels (CNGs) from an amino acid (lysine hydrochloride) using a simple pyrolysis method, resulting in effective viral inhibition properties against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The viral inhibition of CNGs was studied using both in vitro (bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV)) and in ovo (IBV) models, which indicated that the CNGs were able to prevent virus attachment on the cell membrane and penetration into the cell. A very low concentration of 30 μg mL-1 was found to be effective (>98% inhibition) in IBV-infected chicken embryos. The hatching rate and pathology of IBV-infected chicken embryos were greatly improved in the presence of CNGs. CNGs with distinctive virus-neutralizing activities show great potential as a virostatic agent to prevent the spread of avian viruses and to alleviate the pathology of infected avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Li Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (D.-L.C.); (C.-P.T.)
| | - Ju-Yi Mao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (J.-Y.M.); (A.A.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Anisha Anand
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (J.-Y.M.); (A.A.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Han-Jia Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (J.-Y.M.); (A.A.); (C.-C.H.)
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
| | - John Han-You Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Ping Tseng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan; (D.-L.C.); (C.-P.T.)
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (J.-Y.M.); (A.A.); (C.-C.H.)
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsian-Yu Wang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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Wang B, Yang Z, Gao D, Wang F, Liu M, Chen G, Ma L, Yu X. Design of fusion protein for efficient preparation of cyanovirin-n and rapid enrichment of pseudorabies virus. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1575-1583. [PMID: 33969451 PMCID: PMC8106970 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyanovirin-N (CVN) is a cyanobacterial protein with potent neutralizing activity against enveloped virus. To achieve the economic and functional production of CVN, the CVN N-terminally fused with CL7(A mutant of the Colicin E7 Dnase) was utilized to improve the solubility and stability of CVN fusion protein (CL7-CVN). Additionally, to improve the detection limit of existing PRV diagnostic assays, CL7-CVN was used for Pseudorabies virus (PRV) enrichment from larger sample volumes. RESULTS CVN fused with CL7 was efficiently expressed at a level of ~ 40% of the total soluble protein in E. coli by optimizing the induction conditions. Also, the stability of CVN fusion protein was enhanced, and 10 mg of CVN with a purity of ~ 99% were obtained from 1 g of cells by one-step affinity purification with the digestion of HRV 3C protease. Moreover, both purified CVN and CL7-CVN could effectively inhibit the infection of PRV to PK15 cells. Considering the bioactivity of CL7-CVN, we explored a strategy for PRV enrichment from larger samples. CONCLUSIONS CL7 effectively promoted the soluble expression of CVN fusion protein and improved its stability, which was meaningful for its purification and application. The design of CVN fusion protein provides an efficient approach for the economical and functional production of CVN and a new strategy for PRV enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Dan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
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Zhang T, Liu Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Feng H, Wei Q, Zhao S, Yang S, Ma H, Liu D, Zhang G. Antiviral activity of porcine interferon delta 8 against pesudorabies virus in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:10-18. [PMID: 33548323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, pseudorabies virus (PRV) was isolated from human cases, and infected patients presented with respiratory dysfunction and acute neurological symptoms. However, there was no available effective drug to prevent the progression of PRV infection. In the present study, we screened a stably Drosophila S2 cell line which can secretory express a novel type I IFNs-interferon delta 8 (IFN-δ8) and the yield was about 10 mg/L. After purification, recombinant IFN-δ8 was demonstrated to be acid-stable, heat-stable, and nontoxic to PK-15 and 3D4/21 cells. Antiviral effects of IFN-δ8 against PRV were tested in vitro. Our results showed both pre- and post-treatment, recombinant PoIFN-δ8 exerted a significant protective effect against PRV infection in PK-15 and 3D4/21 cells. In addition, PoIFN-δ8 remarkably increased the expression of eight IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including ISG15, OAS1, PKR, MX1, CH25H, IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3, to resist virus infection. These findings highlight the significance of IFN-δ8 that might serve as an antiviral agent for the prevention of PRV infection, and maybe expand the potential function of IFN antiviral drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jucai Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suzhen Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongfang Ma
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Wang J, Wang C, Xu N, Liu ZF, Pang DW, Zhang ZL. A virus-induced kidney disease model based on organ-on-a-chip: Pathogenesis exploration of virus-related renal dysfunctions. Biomaterials 2019; 219:119367. [PMID: 31344514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Renal dysfunctions usually happen in viral infections and many viruses specially infect distal renal tubules, however the pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, in order to explore the pathogenesis of virus-related renal dysfunctions, a Pseudorabies Virus (PrV) induced kidney disease model was built on a distal tubule-on-a-chip (DTC), for the first time. The barrier structure and Na reabsorption of distal renal tubules were successfully reconstituted in DTCs. After PrV infection, results showed electrolyte regulation dysfunction in Na reabsorption for the disordered Na transporters, the broken reabsorption barrier, and the transformed microvilli. And it would lead to virus induced serum electrolyte abnormalities. This work brought us a new cognition about the advantages of organ-on-a-chip (OOC) in virus research, for it had given us a better insight into the pathogenesis of virus induced dysfunctions, based on its unique ability in function reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zheng-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Tang YD, Liu JT, Wang TY, Sun MX, Tian ZJ, Cai XH. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated multiple single guide RNAs potently abrogate pseudorabies virus replication. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3881-3886. [PMID: 28900740 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a swine herpesvirus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in swine populations and has caused huge economic losses in the worldwide swine industry. Currently, there is no effective antiviral drug in clinical use for PRV infection; it is also difficult to eliminate PRV from infected swine. In our study, we set out to combat these swine herpesvirus infections by exploiting the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We designed 75 single guide RNAs (sgRNA) by targeting both essential and non-essential genes across the genome of PRV. We applied a firefly luciferase-tagged reporter PRV virus for high-throughput sgRNA screening and found that most of the sgRNAs significantly inhibited PRV replication. More importantly, using a transfection assay, we demonstrated that simultaneous targeting of PRV with multiple sgRNAs completely abolished the production of infectious viruses in cells. These data suggest that CRISPR/Cas9 could be a novel therapeutic agent against PRV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 HaPing Road, XiangFang, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Ji-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 HaPing Road, XiangFang, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 HaPing Road, XiangFang, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Ming-Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 HaPing Road, XiangFang, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 HaPing Road, XiangFang, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 HaPing Road, XiangFang, Harbin, 150069, China.
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Tang YD, Liu JT, Fang QQ, Wang TY, Sun MX, An TQ, Tian ZJ, Cai XH. Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) Expressing Firefly Luciferase Effectively Screened for CRISPR/Cas9 Single Guide RNAs and Antiviral Compounds. Viruses 2016; 8:90. [PMID: 27043610 PMCID: PMC4848585 DOI: 10.3390/v8040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variant has emerged in China since 2011 that is not protected by commercial vaccines, and has not been well studied. The PRV genome is large and difficult to manipulate, but it is feasible to use clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology. However, identification of single guide RNA (sgRNA) through screening is critical to the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and is traditionally time and labor intensive, and not suitable for rapid and high throughput screening of effective PRV sgRNAs. In this study, we developed a recombinant PRV strain expressing firefly luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a reporter virus for PRV-specific sgRNA screens and rapid evaluation of antiviral compounds. Luciferase activity was apparent as soon as 4 h after infection and was stably expressed through 10 passages. In a proof of the principle screen, we were able to identify several PRV specific sgRNAs and confirmed that they inhibited PRV replication using traditional methods. Using the reporter virus, we also identified PRV variants lacking US3, US2, and US9 gene function, and showed anti-PRV activity for chloroquine. Our results suggest that the reporter PRV strain will be a useful tool for basic virology studies, and for developing PRV control and prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Ji-Ting Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun 130018, China.
| | - Qiong-Qiong Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Tong-Yun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Ming-Xia Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Tong-Qing An
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China.
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Liang X, Sun L, Yu T, Pan Y, Wang D, Hu X, Fu Z, He Q, Cao G. A CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/Lox system-based express vaccine development strategy against re-emerging Pseudorabies virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19176. [PMID: 26777545 PMCID: PMC4726036 DOI: 10.1038/srep19176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus evolves rapidly to escape vaccine-induced immunity, posing a desperate demand for efficient vaccine development biotechnologies. Here we present an express vaccine development strategy based on CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/Lox system against re-emerging Pseudorabies virus, which caused the recent devastating swine pseudorabies outbreak in China. By CRISPR/Cas9 system, the virulent genes of the newly isolated strain were simultaneously substituted by marker genes, which were subsequently excised using Cre/Lox system for vaccine safety concern. Notably, single cell FACS technology was applied to further promote virus purification efficiency. The combination of these state-of-art technologies greatly accelerated vaccine development. Finally, vaccination and challenge experiments proved this vaccine candidate's protective efficacy in pigs and the promise to control current pseudorabies outbreak. This is, to our knowledge, the first successful vaccine development based on gene edit technologies, demonstrating these technologies leap from laboratory to industry. It may pave the way for future express antiviral vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Leqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Teng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongfei Pan
- Guangdong Wen’s Group Academy, Guangdong Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co.,Ltd., Yunfu, 527300, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Guangdong Wen’s Group Academy, Guangdong Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co.,Ltd., Yunfu, 527300, China
| | - Xueying Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- Departments of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Gang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Lisov A, Vrublevskaya V, Lisova Z, Leontievsky A, Morenkov O. A 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid-Gelatin Conjugate: The Synthesis, Antiviral Activity and Mechanism of Antiviral Action Against Two Alphaherpesviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:5343-60. [PMID: 26501311 PMCID: PMC4632386 DOI: 10.3390/v7102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various natural and synthetic polyanionic polymers with different chemical structures are known to exhibit potent antiviral activity in vitro toward a variety of enveloped viruses and may be considered as promising therapeutic agents. A water-soluble conjugate of 2,5-dihydroxybezoic acid (2,5-DHBA) with gelatin was synthesized by laccase-catalyzed oxidation of 2,5-DHBA in the presence of gelatin, and its antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus (PRV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), two members of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, was studied. The conjugate produced no direct cytotoxic effect on cells, and did not inhibit cell growth at concentrations up to 1000 µg/mL. It exhibited potent antiviral activity against PRV (IC50, 1.5-15 µg/mL for different virus strains) and BoHV-1 (IC50, 0.5-0.7 µg/mL). When present during virus adsorption, the conjugate strongly inhibited the attachment of PRV and BoHV-1 to cells. The 2,5-DHBA-gelatin conjugate had no direct virucidal effect on the viruses and did not influence their penetration into cells, cell-to-cell spread, production of infectious virus particles in cells, and expression of PRV glycoproteins E and B. The results indicated that the 2,5-DHBA-gelatin conjugate strongly inhibits the adsorption of alphaherpesviruses to cells and can be a promising synthetic polymer for the development of antiviral formulations against alphaherpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lisov
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Veronika Vrublevskaya
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Zoy Lisova
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Alexey Leontievsky
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
- Pushchino State Institute of Life Sciences, ProspektNauki 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
| | - Oleg Morenkov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
- Pushchino State Institute of Life Sciences, ProspektNauki 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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11
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Ye S, Shao K, Li Z, Guo N, Zuo Y, Li Q, Lu Z, Chen L, He Q, Han H. Antiviral Activity of Graphene Oxide: How Sharp Edged Structure and Charge Matter. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:21571-9. [PMID: 26370151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide and its derivatives have been widely explored for their antimicrobial properties due to their high surface-to-volume ratios and unique chemical and physical properties. However, little information is available on their effects on viruses. In this study, we report the broad-spectrum antiviral activity of GO against pseudorabies virus (PRV, a DNA virus) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV, an RNA virus). Our results showed that GO significantly suppressed the infection of PRV and PEDV for a 2 log reduction in virus titers at noncytotoxic concentrations. The potent antiviral activity of both GO and rGO can be attributed to the unique single-layer structure and negative charge. First, GO exhibited potent antiviral activity when conjugated with PVP, a nonionic polymer, but not when conjugated with PDDA, a cationic polymer. Additionally, the precursors Gt and GtO showed much weaker antiviral activity than monolayer GO and rGO, suggesting that the nanosheet structure is important for antiviral properties. Furthermore, GO inactivated both viruses by structural destruction prior to viral entry. The overall results suggest the potential of graphene oxide as a novel promising antiviral agent with a broad and potent antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Kang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Nan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhicheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Heyou Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science and ‡Division of Animal Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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12
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Lee G, Cho S, Hoang PM, Kim D, Lee Y, Kil EJ, Byun SJ, Lee TK, Kim DH, Kim S, Lee S. Therapeutic Strategy for the Prevention of Pseudorabies Virus Infection in C57BL/6 Mice by 3D8 scFv with Intrinsic Nuclease Activity. Mol Cells 2015; 38:773-80. [PMID: 26255831 PMCID: PMC4588720 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
3D8 single chain variable fragment (scFv) is a recombinant monoclonal antibody with nuclease activity that was originally isolated from autoimmune-prone MRL mice. In a previous study, we analyzed the nuclease activity of 3D8 scFv and determined that a HeLa cell line expressing 3D8 scFv conferred resistance to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV). In this study, we demonstrate that 3D8 scFv could be delivered to target tissues and cells where it exerted a therapeutic effect against PRV. PRV was inoculated via intramuscular injection, and 3D8 scFv was injected intraperitoneally. The observed therapeutic effect of 3D8 scFv against PRV was also supported by results from quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, southern hybridization, and immunohistochemical assays. Intraperitoneal injection of 5 and 10 μg 3D8 scFv resulted in no detectable toxicity. The survival rate in C57BL/6 mice was 9% after intramuscular injection of 10 LD50 PRV. In contrast, the 3D8 scFv-injected C57BL/6 mice showed survival rates of 57% (5 μg) and 47% (10 μg). The results indicate that 3D8 scFv could be utilized as an effective antiviral agent in several animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunsup Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
- Fruit Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 440-706,
Korea
| | - SeungChan Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
| | - Phuong Mai Hoang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
| | - Dongjun Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
| | - Yongjun Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
| | - Eui-Joon Kil
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
| | - Sung-June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-706,
Korea
| | - Taek-Kyun Lee
- South Sea Environment Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 656-834,
Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Fruit Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 440-706,
Korea
| | - Sunghan Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921,
Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746,
Korea
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13
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Abstract
CONTEXT Phosphonoformate sodium (PFS) has been used as an anti-herpesvirus drug; nevertheless, studies of the use of PFS for treatment of pseudorabies herpesvirus (PrV) infection in the veterinary setting have not been widely reported. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to analyze the inhibitory effect of PFS on cell infection and apoptosis induced by PrV. MATERIALS AND METHODS The infectivity of PrV was determined by plaque assays when PFS was applied to the virus, to the virus-infected cells, and to the cells prior to infection. PCR amplifying DNA polymerase, gE, gG, and gD genes of PrV was performed. PrV-induced cell apoptosis was analyzed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. RESULTS PFS inhibits cell infection by PrV. Addition of the drug decreased the number of apoptotic cells. Amplification of DNA polymerase and other viral structural genes detected in this study by PCR was reduced, because there were fewer viral DNA copies being made in the presence of the drug. The drug has an inhibitory effect on cell apoptosis induced by PrV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION PFS has inhibitory effects on cell infection by PrV, which may be used as an anti-PrV agent or combined with other anti-PrV agents. PrV-induced cell apoptotic cells and viral DNA copies decreased in the presence of the PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ren
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China. or
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Hsuan SL, Chang SC, Wang SY, Liao TL, Jong TT, Chien MS, Lee WC, Chen SS, Liao JW. The cytotoxicity to leukemia cells and antiviral effects of Isatis indigotica extracts on pseudorabies virus. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 123:61-7. [PMID: 19429341 PMCID: PMC7126793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Isatis indigotica (I. indigotica), Cruciferae, has been used in Chinese medicine for anti-leukemia and anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Isatis indigotica extracts on human leukemia cell line (HL-60) and the antiviral activity on swine pseudorabies virus (PrV) in in vitro assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts and derived fractions of Isatis indigotica were prepared from root (R) and leaf (L) using methanol (M), ethyl acetate (E) and distilled water (D). The cytotoxic effect of extracts on swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and HL-60 was assessed by MTT method. The cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction, plaque reduction and inhibition assays on viral replication, and virucidal activity were further conducted to investigate the anti-PrV activity. RESULTS Indirubin, one of the biological active compounds of Isatis indigotica, had the most significant cytotoxicity on HL-60 cells and inhibitory effect on PrV replication. Extracts from roots and leaves of Isatis indigotica also presented CPE inhibition either before or after infection of PrV on porcine kidney (PK-15) cells. Leaf extracts had better virucidal activity than roots, and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the highest efficacy among extracts tested. CONCLUSION Isatis indigotica posses a valuable virucidal effect in disease control of pseudorabies virus infection in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ling Hsuan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology and Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Chieh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology and Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tien-Ling Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology and Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ting-Ting Jong
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Maw-Sheng Chien
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology and Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology and Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Shiung Chen
- Department of Post Modern Agriculture, Ming Dao University, Changhua, 523, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology and Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, 250, Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 4 22840894x406; fax: +886 4 22862073.
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15
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Scheffler S, Trautmann S, Smith M, Kalus U, von Versen R, Pauli G, Pruss A. No influence of collagenous proteins of Achilles tendon, skin and cartilage on the virus-inactivating efficacy of peracetic acid–ethanol. Biologicals 2007; 35:355-9. [PMID: 17644408 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of transmitting human pathogenic viruses via allogeneic musculoskeletal tissue transplants is a problem requiring effective inactivation procedures. Virus safety of bone transplants was achieved using peracetic acid (PAA)-ethanol sterilisation. Proteins are known to have an adverse effect on the virus-inactivating capacity of PAA. Therefore we investigated virus inactivation by PAA in collagenous tissues. Achilles tendon, skin and cartilage were cut into small pieces, lyophilised and contaminated with pseudorabies virus (PRV) or porcine parvovirus (PPV). The inactivating capacity of PAA-ethanol was investigated by determining virus titres in the supernatant or the tissue pellet at different time-points. In all virus-contaminated tissue samples treatment for 10 min with PAA-ethanol resulted in titre reductions by a factor of >10(3). PRV was rapidly inactivated below the detection limit (< or =2.8 x 10(1) TCID(50)/ml). After 240 min a reduction by a factor of >10(4) was obtained for PPV in all samples, but a residual infectivity remained. Collagenous proteins of Achilles tendon, skin and cartilage had no adverse effect on the virus-inactivating capacity of PAA. PAA-ethanol used in the production process at the Charité tissue bank can therefore be recommended for treatment of non-osseous musculoskeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Scheffler
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Ono E, Tomioka Y, Watanabe Y, Amagai K, Morimatsu M, Shinya K, Cherel P. Comparison of the antiviral potentials among the pseudorabies-resistant transgenes encoding different soluble forms of porcine nectin-1 in transgenic mice. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2636-2641. [PMID: 17872513 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nectin-1 is an alphaherpesvirus receptor that binds to virion glycoprotein D by the first immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain. The possibility of making animals resistant to pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection has been investigated by generating transgenic mice expressing soluble forms of porcine nectin-1. Previously, transgenic mice were generated that expressed a fusion protein made of the entire ectodomain of nectin-1 fused to the Fc portion of human IgG, or the first Ig-like domain fused to the Fc portion of porcine IgG. Here, the contribution of the second and third Ig-like domains of nectin-1 was analysed by generating transgenic mice expressing the entire ectodomain of nectin-1 fused to the porcine Fc portion. Transgenic mice expressing each of three different fusion proteins were challenged with PRV for comparison of their resistance. Altogether, mice transgenic for a chimera that carried the entire ectodomain were more resistant than those transgenic for a chimera that carried the first Ig-like domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Ono
- Laboratory of Animal Experiment for Disease Model, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
- The Avian Zoonoses Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
- Laboratory of Biomedicine, Center of Biomedical Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Laboratory of Animal Experiment for Disease Model, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yuki Watanabe
- Sankyo Labo Service Corporation, Tokyo 132-0023, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Experiment for Disease Model, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Keiko Amagai
- Sankyo Labo Service Corporation, Tokyo 132-0023, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Experiment for Disease Model, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Masami Morimatsu
- Laboratory of Animal Experiment for Disease Model, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shinya
- The Avian Zoonoses Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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17
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Okazaki K. Proteolytic cleavage of glycoprotein B is dispensable for in vitro replication, but required for syncytium formation of pseudorabies virus. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1859-1865. [PMID: 17554016 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein B (gB) is the most conserved glycoprotein among herpesviruses and it plays important roles in virus infectivity. In most herpesviruses, including pseudorabies virus (PRV), gB is cleaved by a cellular protease into two disulfide-linked subunits. In the present study, I found that the PRV gB generated in human colon carcinoma LoVo cells, which lack the ubiquitous protease furin, remained in the uncleaved form and the virus replicated in these cells without cell fusion. The uncleaved gB was converted into its subunits after furin digestion. The virus also replicated in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells without cell fusion in the presence of a furin inhibitor, whereas distinct syncytia were formed in the absence of the inhibitor. LoVo cells constitutively expressing furin showed cell fusion when they were infected with the virus. Penetration kinetics assays revealed that the virus carrying uncleaved gB penetrated the cells at the same rate as the virus carrying cleaved gB. These results indicate that PRV gB is cleaved by furin and that the cleavage is dispensable for virus replication in vitro. Furthermore, gB cleavage is involved in syncytium formation but not in penetration kinetics, suggesting that different mechanisms operate between cell-cell fusion and virus-cell fusion by PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Okazaki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan
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18
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Cao RB, Zhou GD, Zhou HX, Bao JJ, Chen PY. [Secreted expression of porcine interferon beta in Pichia pastoris and its inhibition effect on the replication of Pseudorabies virus]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2006; 46:412-7. [PMID: 16933611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop recombinant porcine interferon beta with high bioactivity, the rare codes that encoded 3th, 7th and 164th amino acids of porcine interferon beta mature protein were mutant into bias codes of Pichia pastoris and then the modified gene was introduced to yeast secreted expression vector pPICZ alphaA which resulted in pPICZalphaA-PIB. The SacI linearized plasmid pPICZalphaA-PIB was transformed into Pichia pastoris X-33 by electroporation. The transformants were identified by PCR using PoIFN-beta and AOX1 specific primers. The expression of PoIFN-beta was induced with methanol. Several positive clones were obtained and the one namely B1 produced the highest level of PoIFN-beta. The B1 was further fermented in shake-flask in larger volume. The concentration of the secreted PoIFN-beta was about 60 microg/mL and its antiviral activity is about 2.5 x 10(5) U/mL, so the specific activity of porcine interferon beta produced by the Pichia pastoris is approximately 4.17 x 10(6) U/mg. The expressed supernatant was concentrated and identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. There are two major proteins with respective molecular mass of approximately 25 kDa and 28 kDa in the supernatant. The results of Western blot indicated that the two proteins were positively reacted and manifested well PoIFN-beta antigenicity. In contrast with the deduced theoretical molecular mass value of PoIFN-beta, the expressed two major proteins were larger which maybe due to the difference of glycosylation. The antiviral effect of recombinant porcine interferon beta (rPoIFN-beta) on Pseudorabies virus (PrV) was studied in the present experiment. The result indicated that rPoIFN-beta could effectively inhibit the replication of PrV in MDBK cells, especially during the early phage of the virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Bing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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19
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Wang HC, Kao YC, Chang TJ, Wong ML. Inhibition of lytic infection of pseudorabies virus by arginine depletion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:631-7. [PMID: 16009339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a member of Alphahepesviruses; it is an enveloped virus with a double-stranded DNA genome. Polyamines (such as spermine and spermidine) are ubiquitous in animal cells and participate in cellular proliferation and differentiation. Previous results of our laboratory showed that the PRV can accomplish lytic infection either in the presence of exogenous spermine (or spermidine) or depletion of cellular polyamines. The amino acid arginine is a precursor of polyamine biosynthesis. In this work, we investigated the role of arginine in PRV infection. It was found that the plaque formation of PRV was inhibited by arginase (enzyme catalyzing the conversion of arginine into ornithine and urea) treatment whereas this inhibition can be reversed by exogenous arginine, suggesting that arginine is essential for PRV proliferation. Western blotting was conducted to study the effect of arginine depletion on the levels of structural proteins of PRV in virus-infected cells. Four PRV structural proteins (gB, gE, UL47, and UL48) were chosen for examination, and results revealed that the levels of viral proteins were obviously reduced in long time arginase treatment. However, the overall protein synthesis machinery was apparently not influenced by arginase treatment either in mock or PRV-infected cells. Analyzing with native gel, we found that arginase treatment affected the mobility of PRV structural proteins, suggesting the conformational change of viral proteins by arginine depletion. Heat shock proteins, acting as molecular chaperons, participate in protein folding and translocation. Our results demonstrated that long time arginase treatment could reduce the expression of cellular heat shock proteins 70 (hsc70 and hsp70), and transcriptional suppression of heat shock protein 70 gene promoter was one of the mechanisms involved in this reduced expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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20
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Favoreel HW, Van Minnebruggen G, Adriaensen D, Nauwynck HJ. Cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell extensions induced by the US3 kinase of an alphaherpesvirus are associated with enhanced spread. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:8990-5. [PMID: 15951429 PMCID: PMC1157013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409099102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The US3 protein is a viral kinase that is conserved among the Alphaherpesvirinae. Here, we show that US3 of the swine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus causes dramatic alterations in the cytoskeleton, resulting in the formation of long actin- and microtubule-containing cell projections in infected and transfected cells. Analysis with a GFP-labeled virus showed that multiple virus particles move inside the projections toward the tip. GFP-labeled virus could also be found in the cytoplasm of neighboring cells that were in contact with the projections. In addition, projection formation could be inhibited by using the actin-stabilizing drug jasplakinolide and could be induced by using the Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632. Analyzing the effect of these drugs on intercellular virus spread indicated that the observed US3-induced alterations in the host cytoskeleton are associated with enhanced intercellular virus spread, thereby suggesting a previously undescribed aspect of alphaherpesvirus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman W Favoreel
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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21
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Dory D, Torché AM, Béven V, Blanchard P, Loizel C, Cariolet R, Jestin A. Effective protection of pigs against lethal Pseudorabies virus infection after a single injection of low-dose Sindbis-derived plasmids encoding PrV gB, gC and gD glycoproteins. Vaccine 2005; 23:3483-91. [PMID: 15837372 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study compared protection of pigs against lethal Pseudorabies virus (PrV) infection induced by a single injection of various quantities of Sindbis virus-derived plasmids encoding PrV glycoproteins gB, gC and gD. Pigs were injected with 340, 68 or 13 microg of each plasmid. Few immune differences were observed after DNA injection and more importantly the pigs of the three groups were equally protected against virulent PrV infection. Single-shot injection of 13 microg of each PrV glycoprotein encoding Sindbis virus-derived plasmid is able to effectively protect pigs from PrV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dory
- Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit, Afssa, BP-53, F-22440 Ploufragan, France.
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Małaczewska J, Rotkiewicz Z. Biological properties of Roakin strain of NDV and TK900 strain of ADV after serial passages in CECC in the presence of methisoprinol and KLP-602. Pol J Vet Sci 2005; 8:23-8. [PMID: 15794470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Twenty serial passages of the TK900 strain of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) and the Roakin strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were made in a chicken embryo cell culture (CECC), in the presence of two antiviral agents: Methisoprinol and KLP-602. The physicochemical properties of passaged viruses were determined. The results obtained suggest that Methisoprinol causes changes in the structure of viral proteins, whereas KLP-602 affects the envelope-dependent properties of the virus. It was also found that the alternations observed in passaged viruses were temporary phenotypic changes only, and not a consequence of permanent transformations of their genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Małaczewska
- Department of Infectious and Invasive Diseases, Chair of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Fedorov DG, Balysheva VI, Zhesterev VI, Tsybanov SZ, Zakutskiĭ NI, Slivko VV. [Inactivation of viruses of different taxonomic groups by cuprous sulphate]. Vopr Virusol 2004; 49:43-5. [PMID: 15293511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Study results of inactivated effects exerted by cuprous sulphate on viruses of different taxonomy groups are summarized in the paper. Cuprous sulphate is a simple and reliable agent in inactivation of viruses of classical porcine fever, Aujeszky's disease and bovine infectious rhinotracheitis. Its inactivation action is based on the ability to reduce the viral genome to low-molecular fragment. Apart from inactivation of the virus material, a decreased level of protective antibody determinants is observed when cuprous sulphate is used in case of sheep catarrhal fever.
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24
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Ono E, Amagai K, Yoshino S, Taharaguchi S, Inobe M, Uede T. Resistance to pseudorabies virus infection in transformed cell lines expressing a soluble form of porcine herpesvirus entry mediator C. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:173-178. [PMID: 14718632 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine herpesvirus entry mediator C (HveC) is an alphaherpesvirus receptor that binds to virion glycoprotein D (gD). Porcine HveC mediates entry of pseudorabies virus (PRV), herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1). In order to assess the antiviral potential of a soluble form of porcine HveC, Vero cells were transformed with the chimeric gene expressing a fusion protein (PHveCIg) consisting of an extracellular domain of porcine HveC and the Fc portion of human IgG1. The transformed cell lines expressing PHveCIg showed marked resistance to PRV infection. Resistance to infection by other alphaherpesviruses (HSV-1 and BHV-1) was also observed in the transformed cell line. The present results demonstrate that a soluble form of porcine HveC is able to exert a significant antiviral effect against pseudorabies virus and other alphaherpesvirus infection in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Suid/pathogenicity
- History, 20th Century
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin G/chemistry
- Pseudorabies/prevention & control
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Solubility
- Swine
- Vero Cells
- Viral Plaque Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Ono
- Laboratory of Animal Experiment for Disease Model, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Keiko Amagai
- Sankyo Labo Service Corporation, Tokyo 132-0023, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Experiment for Disease Model, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Saori Yoshino
- Gene Techno Science, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Experiment for Disease Model, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taharaguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Experiment for Disease Model, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Manabu Inobe
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Section of Molecular Pathogenesis, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Uede
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Section of Molecular Pathogenesis, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
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25
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Małaczewska J, Rotkiewicz Z. Effect of KLP-602 on virus replication in cell cultures. Pol J Vet Sci 2004; 7:103-8. [PMID: 15230540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of KLP-602 (active substance: lysozyme dimer) on the replication of two animal viruses: the TK900 strain of Aujeszky's disease virus and the Roakin strain of the Newcastle disease virus were investigated. The maximal tolerable dose of the drug was determined for two cell cultures (CECC and GMK) and the effect of the medicine on the titre range of infectious viruses and their adsorption was assayed. The direct impact of KLP-602 on the viral strains used was also determined. And finally the replication dynamics of viruses in the presence of KLP-602 preparation was estimated. KLP-602 showed no direct effect on either the viruses applied in the study or their adsorption. The drug, introduced into the culture 24 hours before its infection, did not affect the replication of the pseudorabies virus, but decreased the titre of the Newcastle disease virus. KLP-602 introduced simultaneously with the infection considerably lowered the final titres of both viruses. The medicine had the greatest inhibitory effect on the replication dynamics of both types of viruses in the CECC and of the pseudorabies virus in the GMK culture upon the maximal tolerable concentrations of drug and low infectious doses of viruses applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Małaczewska
- Department of Infectious and Invasive Diseases, Chair of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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26
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Małaczewska J, Rotkiewicz Z. Effect of methisoprinol on virus replication in cell cultures. Pol J Vet Sci 2004; 7:97-102. [PMID: 15230539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Methisoprinol (active substance: isoprinozine) on the replication of two animal viruses, the TK900 strain of Aujeszky's disease virus and the Roakin strain of the Newcastle disease virus was investigated. When the maximal tolerable doses of the drug were added to two cell cultures (CECC and GMK), its effect on the level of infectious titres of theviruses and their adsorption were assayed. Investigations were also performed to assess the direct effect of Methisoprinol on the viral strains used. The final stage of the experiment aimed at analysing of the replication dynamics of the viruses in the presence of Methisoprinol. Methisoprinol showed no direct effect on the viruses used in the study. Nor did it affect their adsorption. The preparation applied to the culture 24 hours before infection did not influence the replication of viruses, but administered simultaneously with the infection significantly lowered the final titres of viruses. The highest inhibitory effect of the drug was observed during the analysis of the replication dynamics of both viruses in CECC and of pseudorabies virus in GMK cell culture upon the application of the maximal tolerable doses of Methisoprinol and low infectious doses of the viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Małaczewska
- Department of Infectious and Invasive Diseases, Chair of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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27
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Abstract
The effects of polyamines (spermine or spermidine) and DFMO (an ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor) on the infection of LM (tk-) cells by pseudorabies virus (PRV) were investigated. Results from radioactive methionine labeling showed that the synthesis of viral proteins was not affected; however, the expression of a distinctive cellular protein ( approximately 27 kDa) was induced after the treatment of spermine or spermidine. Using plaque assay, we found that the plaque formation of PRV was not affected by these three reagents either. Furthermore, the effects of these drugs on the transcription of PRV immediate-early gene (IE) promoter were examined by CAT assay, and results showed weak stimulation of transcription by these drugs. Taken together, our results demonstrated that lytic infection of PRV was not influenced by addition of exogenous polyamines or depletion of endogenous polyamines; this conclusion was similar to earlier studies by using herpes simplex virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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28
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Besselink GAJ, van Engelenburg FAC, Ebbing IG, Hilarius PM, de Korte D, Verhoeven AJ. Additive effects of dipyridamole and Trolox in protecting human red cells during photodynamic treatment. Vox Sang 2003; 85:25-30. [PMID: 12823727 DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2003.00318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photodynamic treatment (PDT) of red blood cell (RBC) suspensions has been reported to result in virus inactivation, but also in deterioration of cell quality. Recently, we have demonstrated the potential usefulness of the reactive oxygen species scavenger dipyridamole in selectively protecting RBCs against the harmful side-effects of PDT. Unfortunately, dipyridamole-conferred protection against long-term photohaemolysis was incomplete. In the present study, dipyridamole was applied in combination with Trolox (a hydrophilic vitamin E analogue) in order to augment RBC protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Leucodepleted RBC suspensions (30% haematocrit) were treated with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) and red light, and the effect of inclusion of dipyridamole and Trolox was assessed on potassium leakage as well as on short-term and long-term photohaemolysis. Possible interference of the scavenger cocktail with virus inactivation was examined using extracellular pseudorabies virus (PRV). RESULTS Treatment of RBC with DMMB and red light resulted in enhanced potassium leakage and both short- and long-term haemolysis. Dipyridamole and Trolox showed additive protective effects against induction of potassium leakage and photohaemolysis, suggesting different protection mechanisms for the two scavengers. Combined inclusion of dipyridamole and Trolox did not interfere with efficacy of PRV inactivation. CONCLUSIONS Combined inclusion of dipyridamole and Trolox results in substantially improved selectivity of photodynamic treatment of RBC suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A J Besselink
- Department of Transfusion Technology, Sanquin Research at CLB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Schmidtke M, Karger A, Meerbach A, Egerer R, Stelzner A, Makarov V. Binding of a N,N'-bisheteryl derivative of dispirotripiperazine to heparan sulfate residues on the cell surface specifically prevents infection of viruses from different families. Virology 2003; 311:134-43. [PMID: 12832211 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
N,N'-bisheteryl derivatives of dispirotripiperazine (DSTP) are a novel class of antiviral compounds with some of their representatives very effectively inhibiting the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in cell culture. Using one representative of these compounds, the N,N'-bis(1-oxido[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-3,12-diaza-6,9-diazonia(5,2,5,2)dispirohexadecane dichloride (DSTP 27), we here further tried to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the antiviral activity. The results from plaque reduction assays under a variety of conditions suggest that inhibition of HSV-1 strain Kupka replication by DSTP 27 occurs at the level of viral attachment by blockade of heparan sulfate (HS) structures on the cell surface that are used as viral receptors. In contrast to heparin and pentosan polysulfate, pretreatment of cells with DSTP 27 resulted in efficient inhibition of viral adsorption and replication persisting several hours after removal of the inhibitor. Specific binding of DSTP 27 to heparin was demonstrated in vitro. Titrations of gC-positive and gC-negative pseudorabies virus (PrV) mutants on HS-positive and HS-negative cell lines confirmed that inhibitory action of DSTP 27 is strictly HS dependent. Aside from HSV-1 Kupka and PrV, DSTP 27 efficiently inhibits growth of several HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains, among them aciclovir/foscarnet-resistant strains, human cytomegalovirus, human respiratory syncytial virus, and human immunodeficiency viruses known to attach to the cell surface via HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schmidtke
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 10, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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30
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Seitz H, Blümel J, Schmidt I, Willkommen H, Löwer J. Comparable virus inactivation by bovine or vegetable derived Tween 80 during solvent/detergent treatment. Biologicals 2002; 30:197-205. [PMID: 12217344 DOI: 10.1006/biol.2002.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A mixture of Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP) and Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) is often used for virus inactivation during the manufacture of medicinal products derived from human plasma. This procedure, known as solvent/detergent treatment, is of high effectiveness for inactivation of enveloped viruses. Tween 80 can be manufactured from bovine tallow or from vegetable material. As the bovine-derived Tween 80 is normally used for the solvent/detergent treatment, the question has been raised whether vegetable-derived Tween 80 can be applied as an alternative substance for the solvent/detergent treatment. Comparable inactivation studies were therefore performed using Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), Pseudorabiesvirus (PRV), Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) and Bovine Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV). In principle, no differences were observed in the effectiveness of the solvent/detergent treatment when bovine or vegetable-derived Tween 80 was used. The comparability in the efficiency of both detergents for virus inactivation was shown to be independent of solvent/detergent concentration, of temperature (16 degrees C and 6 degrees C vs. 27 degrees C and 25 degrees C) and protein concentration (10% and 5% human albumin). In summary, vegetable-derived Tween 80 is of the same effectiveness as bovine-derived Tween 80, when used for virus inactivation by the solvent/detergent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Seitz
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen
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31
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Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a virus-inactivating process for use during the preparation of porcine-derived extracellular matrix biomaterials for human clinical implantation. Porcine small intestine, the source material for the tissue-engineered, small intestinal submucosa (SIS) biomaterial, was evaluated. Relevant enveloped, non-enveloped, and model viruses representative of different virus families were included in the investigation: porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine reovirus, murine leukemia retrovirus (LRV), and porcine pseudorabies (herpes) virus (PRV). Samples of small intestine were deliberately inoculated with approximately 1 x 10(7) plaque-forming units (PFU) of virus which were thereafter exposed to a 0.18% peracetic acid/4.8% aqueous ethanol mixture for time periods ranging from 5 minutes to 2 hours. Enveloped viruses were more easily inactivated than non-enveloped viruses, but material processed for 30 minutes or longer inactivated all of the viruses. D(10) values were calculated and used to extrapolate the extent of inactivation after 2 hours. Viral titers were reduced by more than 14.0 log(10) PPV, 21.0 log(10) reovirus, 40.0 log(10) PRV, and 27.0 log(10) LRV, meeting international standards for viral sterility. These results demonstrate that treatment of porcine small intestine with a peracetic acid/ethanol solution leads to a virus-free, non-crosslinked biomaterial safe for xenotransplantation into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Hodde
- Cook Biotech Incorporated, 3055 Kent Ave., West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) YS-81 strain latently infected in 6-week-old BALB/c mice was detectable by nasal swabbing, and serum antibody was shown to increase in titer after intraperitoneal injection for 3 days with acetylcholine or dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Tanaka
- Animal Laboratory Center, Oita Medical University, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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33
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Abstract
Inactivation of lipid enveloped viruses by treatment with octanoic acid has been investigated for three intravenous immunoglobulin preparations, using Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus, Sindbis Virus and Pseudorabies Virus as test viruses. At a concentration of 7.45 g octanoic acid per kg solution complete inactivation of lipid enveloped viruses to below detectable level (>5.36, >4.68, >6.25 and >5.55 log(10), respectively) was achieved within the first minutes of treatment. Octanoic acid treatment as described here, has been demonstrated as an effective and rapid virus inactivation procedure, which shows high robustness at the tested ranges of temperature, pH and protein content of the test material. However, pH must be considered as a critical parameter of treatment, as octanoic acid fails to inactivate lipid coated viruses at basic pH. At suitable conditions, e.g. pH<6.0 and a concentration of >3.7 g/kg, octanoic acid treatment gives reliable and highly effective inactivation of lipid enveloped viruses.
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Besselink GAJ, Van Engelenburg FAC, Korsten HG, Blokker DE, Lagerberg JWA, Brand A, De Korte D, Verhoeven AJ. The band III ligand dipyridamole protects human RBCs during photodynamic treatment while extracellular virus inactivation is not affected. Transfusion 2002; 42:728-33. [PMID: 12147025 DOI: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the potential usefulness of dipyridamole (DIP) in protecting RBCs against the harmful side effects of photodynamic sterilization was demonstrated. In the present study, the use of DIP for selective protection of RBCs was investigated under conditions more relevant for blood bank practice. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS WBC-reduced RBC suspensions (30% Hct) were treated with 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue and red light, and the influence of the inclusion of DIP on photohemolysis was assessed as a function of sensitizer concentration, light dose, and storage time. Furthermore, the possible interference of DIP with inactivation of extracellular virus by use of a panel of different viruses (HIV-1, pseudorabies virus [PRV], bovine viral diarrhea virus [BVDV], VSV, encephalomyocarditis, and canine parvovirus) was investigated. RESULTS In WBC-reduced RBC suspensions (30% Hct), DIP exerted a clear protective effect against photohemolysis. Part of this protection was achieved with concentrations near the dissociation constant for band III binding. Importantly, efficiency of inactivation of extracellular HIV-1, PRV, BVDV, and VSV was not significantly impaired by the inclusion of DIP. Phototreatment conditions, resulting in a 4 to 5 log inactivation of extracellular HIV-1 and PRV, resulted in a high level of hemolysis after 28 days of storage. This long-term hemolysis could be decreased, but not completely prevented, by the inclusion of DIP. CONCLUSION Photohemolysis in RBC concentrates can be reduced substantially by the application of DIP, while the efficacy of inactivation of HIV-1 and other viruses remains unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A J Besselink
- Department of Transfusion Technology, CLB, Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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35
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Abstract
This study examines the hypothesis that neuronal infectivity and the spreading of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) through the synapses in the central nervous system (CNS) are influenced by the oestrogen levels. The arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the subfornical organ (SFO) were chosen as models for analysis; the neurons in both structures possess oestrogen receptors and are mutually connected. A genetically engineered pseudorabies virus (Ba-DupLac) was used as a transneuronal tract tracer. This virus is taken up preferably by axon terminals, and transported very specifically through the synapses in a retrograde manner. Ba-DupLac was injected into the ARC of rats, followed by monitoring of the PRV-immunoreactivity (PRV-IR) in the SFO 72 h following inoculation. We found no PRV immunolabelling in the SFO of ovariectomized (OVX) rats, or in those OVX animals that received oestrogen shortly (4 h) before PRV infection (OVX + E 4 h). In contrast, in those OVX animals that received oestrogen 12 h before PRV infection (OVX + E 12 h), and also in intact control animals, PRV-IR was demonstrated in the SFO in all cases. Surprisingly, a reverse labelling was observed in the OVX rats; PRV-IR appeared in the pyriform cortex, whereas PRV-IR could not be detected in the control and OVX + E 12 h animals. As far as we are aware, this is the first study to demonstrate that transneuronal PRV labelling depends on the effects of oestrogen on certain CNS structures and connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szatmár Horváth
- Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, POB 533, Hungary
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36
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Zeenathul NA, Mohd-Azmi ML, Ali AS, Aini I, Sheik-Omar AR, Abdul-Rahim AM, Bahaman AR, Kamarudin AI. Genomic variations among wildtype and mutant strains of pseudorabies virus. Rev Argent Microbiol 2002; 34:7-14. [PMID: 11942085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Both wild-type virulent and mutant strains of pseudorabies virus (PrV) were used in this study. Mutants used were derived from the plaque purified strain PrVmAIP. A total of six drug resistant mutants, three bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) resistant and three iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) resistant, respectively, were isolated and passaged in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells. The DNA of these PrVs were compared with the wild-type isolates by means of the restriction fragment pattern (RFP) findings produced with Bam HI, Kpn I, Hind III and Bgl II restriction enzymes (RE). Compared to the wild-type PrVs (PrV-VBA1-parental strain of PrVmAIP; PrV-VBA2; PrV-VBA3), the RFP of PrVmAIP showed the presence of mutations within the RE sites studied. Both PrV-VBA1 and PrV-VBA2 appeared to be closely related but their RFPs differed from PrV-VBA3. Significant differences either in the number, size or migrations of the DNA fragments could also be detected in the BUdR resistant strains. Even though different features of cytopathic effect (GPE) were observed in the IUdR resistant PrVs, the RFP findings remained identical. The PrVs studied showed considerable differences from the reference PrV (PrV-CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Zeenathul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Primo V, Rovera M, Zanon S, Oliva M, Demo M, Daghero J, Sabini L. [Determination of the antibacterial and antiviral activity of the essential oil from Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2001; 33:113-7. [PMID: 11494754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antiviral activity of the essential oil from Minthostachys verticillata was investigated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PrV). The viral inhibition was assayed employing viral plaque reduction assay. The antiviral activity of the essential oil specifically affects PrV and HSV-1 multiplication, since it was found that non toxic effects on cells were observed at the concentrations assayed. The therapeutic index values were 10.0 and 9.5 for HSV-1 and PrV, respectively. The antibacterial activity was studied using a diffusion assay and the broth tube dilution method. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to inhibition by plant essential oil than the gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil of M. verticillata was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) technique. Of the six components identified in the volatile oil, pulegone (44.56%) and menthone (39.51%) were the major constituents. The antimicrobial activity can be explained to some extent by the presence of pulegone. Results suggest that further investigations concerning the isolation of the substance responsible for the antimicrobial activity and an effort to define the mechanisms of action are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Primo
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional No 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Pcia. de Córdoba, Argentina.
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38
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Ben-Hur E, Chan WS, Yim Z, Zuk MM, Dayal V, Roth N, Heldman E, Lazo A, Valeri CR, Horowitz B. Photochemical decontamination of red blood cell concentrates with the silicon phthalocyanine PC 4 and red light. Dev Biol (Basel) 2000; 102:149-55. [PMID: 10794102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Various approaches are being developed for virus inactivation of red blood cell concentrates (RBCC) in order to increase the safety of the blood supply. We have been studying the silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 for this purpose, a photosensitizer activated with red light. Pc 4 targets the envelope of pathogenic viruses such as HIV. To protect RBC during the process two main approaches are used: (i) inclusion of quenchers of reactive oxygen species produced during the treatment. Tocopherol succinate was found to be most effective for this purpose; (ii) formulation of Pc 4, a lipophilic compound, in liposomes that reduce its binding to RBC but not to viruses. As a light source we used a light emitting diode array emitting at 670-680 nm. An efficient mixing device ensures homogenous light exposure during treatment of intact RBCC. Treatment of 50 ml RBCC with 5 microM Pc 4 and 18 J/cm(2) light results in the inactivation of > or = 5.5 log(10) HIV, > or = 6.3 log(10), VSV and > or = 5 log(10) of PRV and BVDV. The relative sensitivities of these viruses based on the slope of virus kill versus light dose are 1.0, 1.25, 1.5 and 1.9 for HIV, VSV, PRV and BVDV, respectively. To achieve the same level of virus inactivation in 350 ml RBCC, the light dose needed is 40 J/cm(2). HIV actively replicating in CEM cells is as sensitive as cell-free and HIV in latently infected cells is 3-4 times more sensitive. Parasites that can be transmitted by blood transfusion (P. falciparum and T. cruzi) are even more sensitive than viruses. Following treatment, RBCC can be stored for 28 days at 4 degrees C with haemolysis below 1%. Previous studies under less favourable conditions showed that baboon RBC circulated with an acceptable 24 hr recovery and half-life. Genetic toxicological studies of Pc 4 with or without light exposure (mutagenicity in bacteria, mammalian cells in vitro and clastogenicity in vivo) were negative. We conclude that a process using Pc 4 and red light can potentially reduce the risk of transmitting pathogens in RBCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ben-Hur
- V.I. Technologies, Inc. (Vitex), New York, NY 10032, USA
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39
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Kracht M, Rokos H, Ozel M, Kowall M, Pauli G, Vater J. Antiviral and hemolytic activities of surfactin isoforms and their methyl ester derivatives. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1999; 52:613-9. [PMID: 10513840 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.52.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of enveloped viruses (VSV, SFV, and SHV-1) by surfactin lipopeptides was dependent on the hydrophobicity, i.e. the number of carbon atoms of the fatty acid, and on the charge of the peptide moiety as well as on the virus species. Surfactins with fatty acid chains of 13 carbon atoms showed very low antiviral activity in comparison to C14 and C15 isoforms. C15 surfactin monomethyl ester also inactivated SFV which was resistant to the mixture of surfactin isoforms as produced by Bacillus subtilis. In contrast, the dimethyl ester showed no virus-inactivation capacity. Disintegration of viral structures as determined by electron microscopy after inactivation of VSV and SFV was comparable to the titer reduction. The effect of the surfactin isoforms and methyl esters on erythrocyte hemolysis correlated with the virus-inactivation capacity. Surfactins with a fatty acid chain moiety of 15 carbon atoms and one negative charge showed the highest antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kracht
- Robert Koch-Institut, Retrovirologie, Nordufer 20, Berlin, Germany
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40
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Zanon SM, Ceriatti FS, Rovera M, Sabini LJ, Ramos BA. Search for antiviral activity of certain medicinal plants from Córdoba, Argentina. Rev Latinoam Microbiol 1999; 41:59-62. [PMID: 10932751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral activity of alcoholic extracts of several species belonging to the Asteraceae, Labiatae, Plantaginaceae, Schizaceae, Umbelliferae, Usneaceae and Verbenaceae families has been studied. The tests were carried out in Vero celís-pseudorabies virus strain RC/79 (herpes suis virus) system. Eight plant extracts (Achyrocline satureioides, Ambrossia tenuifolia, Baccharis articulata, Eupatorium buniifolium, Mynthostachys verticillata, Plantago brasiliensis, Plantago mayor L and Verbascum thapsus) were able to inhibit at least 2 log, the viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Zanon
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Química y Naturales, Universidad Nacional Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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41
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Stankova IG, Simeonov MF, Maximova V, Galabov AS, Golovinsky EV. Synthesis and anti-virus activity of some nucleosides analogues. Z NATURFORSCH C 1999; 54:75-83. [PMID: 10097408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
New 3'-, 5'-, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (3a-g) and 3'-, 5'-thymidine (4a-i) analogues with amino acid and peptide residues were synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity. The influence of long peptide chains, essential amino acids and the effect of this structural modification on the antiviral activity has been also reported. Three 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine derivatives containing glycyl-, glycyl-glycyl- and glycyl-glycyl-glycyl- residues (3a, 3b, 3c) showed a strong activity against the herpes virus PsRV and a moderate one vs. HSV-1. The corresponding thymidine analogues were considerably less effective, and only compounds 4d and 4h showed a borderline effect against PsRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Stankova
- Department of Chemistry, South-West University Neofit Rilski, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria.
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42
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Borovec S, Broumis C, Adcock W, Fang R, Uren E. Inactivation kinetics of model and relevant blood-borne viruses by treatment with sodium hydroxide and heat. Biologicals 1998; 26:237-44. [PMID: 10208725 DOI: 10.1006/biol.1998.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the efficacy of a clean-in-place system for the inactivation of viruses present in human plasma, the effect of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide at 60 degrees C on viral infectivity was investigated. Inactivation of the following model and relevant viruses were followed as a function of time: human hepatitis A virus (HAV), canine parvovirus (CPV; a model for human parvovirus B-19) pseudorabies virus (PRV, a model for hepatitis B virus), and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV, a model for hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus). Infectivity of CPV was determined by a novel in situ EIA method which will prove useful for studies to validate parvovirus inactivation or removal. Infectivity of BVDV, PRV and CPV were shown to be reproducibly inactivated below the limit of detection by 0.1 M NaOH at 60 degrees C within 30 s. HAV was inactivated to below the limit of detection within 2 min. Treatment with heat alone also resulted in some log reduction for all viruses tested except for CPV which remained unaffected after heating at 60 degrees C for 16 min. Treatment of HAV with hydroxide alone (up to 1.0 m) at 15 degrees C did not lead to rapid inactivation. Collectively, these data suggest that 0.1 M NaOH at 60 degrees C for two min should be sufficient to inactivate viruses present in process residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Borovec
- Virology Group, Research and Development, CSL Limited, Bioplasma Division, 189-209 Camp Road, Broadmeadows, 3047, Australia
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43
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Abstract
Pseudorabies virions were purified by sucrose gradient and virion-associated proteins were examined. Cytoskeleton actin was found to be a component of virion preparation. In addition, abundant virion-associated actin was detected even after the virion preparation was treated with trypsin digestion or the viral envelope was removed by Triton X-100. This finding indicated that the location of actin is inside the pseudorabies virion. Furthermore, the possible involvement of actin in the life cycle of pseudorabies virus was studied by using cytochalasin D, an F-actin binding drug, and the result showed that cytochalasin D reduced the number of plaques and the size of the plaque of pseudorabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Wong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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44
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Abstract
BACKGROUND All published reports have described methods for virus photoinactivation which significantly alter red cell (RBC) properties during storage. In order to improve virucidal activity and reduce damage to RBCs, a series of phenothiazine derivatives were either synthesized or purified and screened for bacteriophage inactivation and red cell potassium efflux. One compound, 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (dimethyl-methylene blue), had superior screening results and was chosen for further characterization. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS White cell reduced RBC suspensions (30% hematocrit) were deliberately inoculated with extracellular virus or virus-infected VERO cells, incubated with 4 microM dimethyl-methylene blue and illuminated with cool-white fluorescent light. Control and treated samples were titered for virus inactivation. In parallel studies, RBC suspensions were exposed to dimethylmethylene blue and light under identical conditions and assayed for in vitro RBC storage properties. RESULTS Phototreatment of RBC suspensions inactivated > 4.4 log10 of extracellular vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), > 3.0 log10 of intracellular VSV, > 5.0 log10 of extracellular pseudorabies virus (PRV), > 4.8 log10 of intracellular PRV, > 4.7 log10 of extra-cellular bovine virus diarrhea virus, 5.8 log10 of bacterio-phage phi 6 and > 7 log10 of bacteriophage R17. Encephalo-myocarditis virus, a nonenveloped picornavirus, was resistant to photoinactivation. Virucidal conditions resulted in no detectable IgG binding in 11 of 13 samples, unchanged RBC morphology, normal banding patterns of RBC membrane proteins on SDS PAGE, and unaltered characteristics of 12 of 13 RBC antigens during storage as measured by antibody titrations. In addition, minimal changes were observed in RBC osmotic fragility, lysis, potassium efflux, ATP and 2,3-DPG levels, and the strength of one RBC antigen during storage of phototreated samples compared with controls. CONCLUSION Dimethylmethylene blue photo-treatment can inactivate several intracellular and extracellular model viruses under conditions which minimally alter RBC properties during 42 days storage at 1-6 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wagner
- Jerome H. Holland Laboratory for the Biomedical Sciences, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Fages J, Poirier B, Barbier Y, Frayssinet P, Joffret ML, Majewski W, Bonel G, Larzul D. Viral inactivation of human bone tissue using supercritical fluid extraction. ASAIO J 1998; 44:289-93. [PMID: 9682954 DOI: 10.1097/00002480-199807000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new bone tissue process using supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE) has been evaluated for its ability to inactivate or eliminate viruses. Four viruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Sindbis virus, polio Sabin type I virus, and pseudorabies virus (PRV), were exposed to four different processing steps. In addition to supercritical CO2, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, and ethanol treatments were evaluated. The mean cumulated reduction factors (log10) for the four viruses exposed to these four steps were > 14.2 for HIV-1, > 18.2 for Sindbis virus, > 24.4 for poliovirus, and > 17.6 for PRV. The mean reduction factors obtained by the supercritical fluid extraction alone were > 4.0, > 4.3, > 6.6, and > 4.0, respectively. These results demonstrate that the SFE process is effective in inactivating viruses on human femoral heads, and provides a level of inactivation similar to that obtained by traditional cleaning methods. It is proposed that CO2 SFE be incorporated as a routine step in the processing of bone allografts for transplantation either to replace or supplement existing procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fages
- Ecole des Mines, Albi, France
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Semernikova LI, Tkachuk VV, Reshot'ko LM, Tkachuk LV, Eremenko T, Matsuka GK, Mikhailopulo IA. Antiviral effect of trimeric 2',5'-oligoadenylic acid and some of its analogues. New Microbiol 1998; 21:141-6. [PMID: 9579338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral effect of 2',5'-trioligoadenylate (2',5'-A3) and some of its analogues was studied using several model cell culture systems and viruses: mice L929 fibroblast cells inoculated with vaccine virus, testicular piglet cells inoculated with Aueszki disease virus (strain BUK-628), and the same culture inoculated with a reference strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus, strain Purdue-115. Our results suggest that both 2',5'-trioligoadenylate and its analogues are promising antiviral substances against DNA- and RNA-containing viruses.
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Ho TY, Hsiang CY, Hsiang CH, Chang TJ. DNA vaccination induces a long-term antibody response and protective immunity against pseudorabies virus in mice. Arch Virol 1998; 143:115-25. [PMID: 9505970 DOI: 10.1007/s007050050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the mechanism of long-term immunity and the effect of protective immunity induced by DNA vaccination, we constructed the expression plasmid containing a pseudorabies virus (PRV) gD gene encoding an envelope glycoprotein. Intramuscular vaccination of mice with the plasmid DNA induced a strong antibody response which lasted for one year after final vaccination. An IgM to IgG class switch occurred, indicating helper T-lymphocyte activity. We further analyzed the persistence and expression of gD gene by polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that gD gene was present and expressed in the muscle cell up to one year after final booster injection. Furthermore, mice vaccinated with the plasmid DNA were protected against a subsequent lethal challenge with PRV. Therefore, the DNA vaccination does induce a protective immunity and long-term antibody response against PRV, which could be maintained by persistent expression of gD gene in muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Ho
- Department of Pathobiology, Pig Research Institute, Taiwan, Miaoli, Republic of China
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Vollenbroich D, Ozel M, Vater J, Kamp RM, Pauli G. Mechanism of inactivation of enveloped viruses by the biosurfactant surfactin from Bacillus subtilis. Biologicals 1997; 25:289-97. [PMID: 9324997 DOI: 10.1006/biol.1997.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral activity of surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic and biosurfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis, was determined for a broad spectrum of different viruses, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, HSV-2), suid herpes virus (SHV-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), feline calicivirus (FCV), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). In vitro experiments showed biphasic virus inactivation kinetics for enveloped viruses during treatment. Inactivation of enveloped viruses, especially herpes- and retroviruses, was much more efficient than that of non-enveloped viruses. For those viruses susceptible to its action, surfactin was active at 25 microM in medium containing 5% fetal calf serum (FCS). Concentrations up to 80 microM of surfactin led to a titre reduction of >4.4 log10 CCID50/ml for HSV-1 in 15 min and for SIV and VSV in 60 min. The inactivation rate increased linearly with the incubation temperature by a factor 2.4/10 degrees C and logarithmically with the concentration. Serum components, probably proteins and/or lipids, influence the effective surfactin concentration. A disruption of the viral lipid membrane and partially of the capsid was observed by electron microscopy. These findings suggest that the antiviral action, postulated also in other investigations, seems to be due to a physicochemical interaction of the membrane-active surfactant with the virus lipid membrane. Surfactin may be useful for application in virus safety enhancement of biotechnological and pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vollenbroich
- Max-Volmer-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie und Biochemie, Fachgebiet Biochemie und Molekulare Biolopgie, Technische Universität Berlin, Franklinstrasse 29, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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Summerfield A, Keil GM, Mettenleiter TC, Rziha HJ, Saalmüller A. Antiviral activity of an extract from leaves of the tropical plant Acanthospermum hispidum. Antiviral Res 1997; 36:55-62. [PMID: 9330761 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(97)00035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of the alphaherpesviruses pseudorabiesvirus (PRV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 during infection of cell cultures with an extract prepared from the leaves of Acanthospermum hispidum impaired productive replication of these viruses in a concentration-dependent manner whereas propagation of classical swine fever virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus and vaccinia virus was not affected. The 50% inhibitory concentration for cell growth (IC50) was 107 +/- 5 microliters/ml, and the concentration reducing PRV yield by 1 log10 (90% effective concentration, EC90) was 8 +/- 3 microliters/ml. The selectivity index calculated as the IC50/EC90 ration was 13 +/- 4. Delineation of the mechanism of the antiviral activity demonstrated inhibition of alphaherpesvirus attachment to and, to a lesser extent, penetration into the cells. In contrast, viral gene expression was not inhibited by the extract when added after entry of virions into the target cells. Reduced antiviral activity of A.h. against PRV deletion mutants lacking glycoprotein C (gC) or glycoproteins gC, gE, gG and gI altogether indicated that gC alone and/or viral attachment complexes of which gC is a component constitute the target structures for A. hispidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The number of plaques formed by equine arteritis virus (EAV) and Aujesky's disease virus (ADV) was reduced to 14% and 5% of the untreated control (100%), respectively, by 10 U/ml of heparin, but could not be reduced below to 13 and 4%, respectively, by use of concentration up to 100 U/ml. An inhibitory effect of heparin, at concentration up to 100 U/ml, was not observed on parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV-3). Heparinase treatment of RK13 cells reduced the number of EAV-, as well as ADV-induced plaques. On the other hand, the number of PIV-3 induced plaques did not decrease after treatment of RK13 cells with heparinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Asagoe
- Department of Veterinary Epizootiology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
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