Combined angular and energy dispersive diffraction: optimized data acquisition, normalization and reduction

Combined angular and energy dispersive diffraction is particularly well suited to experiments at high pressures in large-volume presses, and to the study of liquid or amorphous systems. This work describes the data acquisition, correction and reduction approach developed at the PSICHE beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron. The measured data were normalized for both the scattering volume and the effective incident energy spectrum. By optimizing the acquisition strategy, the measurement time and radiation dose are greatly reduced. The correction and reduction protocol outputs normalized scattering profiles that are suitable for pair distribution function or liquid structure analysis. These processes are demostrated with examples from a number of real experimental data sets.

Complex gastroschisis: a new indication for fetal surgery?

Gastroschisis (GS) is a congenital abdominal wall defect, in which the bowel eviscerates from the abdominal cavity. It is a non-lethal isolated anomaly and its pathogenesis is hypothesized to occur as a result of two hits: primary rupture of the 'physiological' umbilical hernia (congenital anomaly) followed by progressive damage of the eviscerated bowel (secondary injury). The second hit is thought to be caused by a combination of mesenteric ischemia from constriction in the abdominal wall defect and prolonged amniotic fluid exposure with resultant inflammatory damage, which eventually leads to bowel dysfunction and complications. GS can be classified as either simple or complex, with the latter being complicated by a combination of intestinal atresia, stenosis, perforation, volvulus and/or necrosis. Complex GS requires multiple neonatal surgeries and is associated with significantly greater postnatal morbidity and mortality than is simple GS. The intrauterine reduction of the eviscerated bowel before irreversible damage occurs and subsequent defect closure may diminish or potentially prevent the bowel damage and other fetal and neonatal complications associated with this condition. Serial prenatal amnioexchange has been studied in cases with GS as a potential intervention but never adopted because of its unproven benefit in terms of survival and bowel and lung function. We believe that recent advances in prenatal diagnosis and fetoscopic surgery justify reconsideration of the antenatal management of complex GS under the rubric of the criteria for fetal surgery established by the International Fetal Medicine and Surgery Society (IFMSS). Herein, we discuss how conditions for fetoscopic repair of complex GS might be favorable according to the IFMSS criteria, including an established natural history, an accurate prenatal diagnosis, absence of fully effective perinatal treatment due to prolonged need for neonatal intensive care, experimental evidence for fetoscopic repair and maternal and fetal safety of fetoscopy in expert fetal centers. Finally, we propose a research agenda that will help overcome barriers to progress and provide a pathway toward clinical implementation. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

601 The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hip Fracture Mortality in The South West of England

Aim

High perioperative mortality rates in surgical patients suffering concomitant COVID-19 infection have contributed to a fall in elective and urgent surgery. However, data and debate have centred around post hoc infected cases, without the context of the rest of the surgical cohort, and without comparable historical control groups. We aimed to address this by studying patients with a neck of femur fracture. This common condition has a stable incidence with good prospective data collected routinely for the National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD).

Method

We analysed NHFD data for all hospitals within our region over a 3-month period, covering the height of the first outbreak and compared this with the same months in 2019.

Results

The incidence of hip fracture was stable (463 in 2019, 448 in 2020). 30-day mortality was 6.26% in 2019 and 7.14% in 2020 (p = 0.595). In the second cohort, 14 patients tested positive for COVID-19 perioperatively. Of these, 3 died (21%) compared to 29 who tested negative (p < 0.001). Mean time to operation reduced by 1.90 hours, with a significant drop in patients waiting over 36 hours (190 to 85, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between gender, ASA grade or pre-operative AMTS.

Conclusions

We have confirmed high perioperative mortality for those with COVID-19 infection but have not shown a statistically significant difference in overall mortality from hip fracture during the initial phase of the pandemic. We argue from this data set that the hypothetical risk of surgery during this pandemic may have been overestimated.

Large-scale, multi-vendor, multi-protocol, quality-controlled analysis of clinical cine CMR using artificial intelligence

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Advancing Impact Award scheme of the EPSRC Impact Acceleration Account at King’s College London

Background

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to facilitate the automation of CMR analysis for biomarker extraction. However, most AI algorithms are trained on a specific input domain (e.g., scanner vendor or hospital-tailored imaging protocol) and lack the robustness to perform optimally when applied to CMR data from other input domains.

Purpose

To develop and validate a robust CMR analysis tool for automatic segmentation and cardiac function analysis which achieves state-of-the-art performance for multi-vendor short-axis cine CMR images. 

Methods

The current work is an extension of our previously published quality-controlled AI-based tool for cine CMR analysis [1]. We deployed an AI algorithm that is equipped to handle different image sizes and domains automatically - the ‘nnU-Net’ framework [2] - and retrained our tool using the UK Biobank (UKBB) cohort population (n = 4,872) and a large database of clinical CMR studies obtained from two NHS hospitals (n = 3,406). The NHS hospital data came from three different scanner types: Siemens Aera 1.5T (n = 1,419), Philips Achieva 1.5T and 3T (n = 1,160), and Philips Ingenia 1.5T (n = 827). The ‘nnU-net’ was used to segment both ventricles and the myocardium. The proposed method was evaluated on randomly selected test sets from UKBB (n = 488) and NHS (n = 331) and on two external publicly available databases of clinical CMRs acquired on Philips, Siemens, General Electric (GE), and Canon CMR scanners – ACDC (n = 100) [3] and M&Ms (n = 321) [4]. We calculated the Dice scores - which measure the overlap between manual and automatic segmentations - and compared manual vs AI-based measures of biventricular volumes and function. 

Results

 Table 1 shows that the Dice scores for the NHS, ACDC, and M&Ms scans are similar to those obtained in the highly controlled, single vendor and single field strength UKBB scans. Although our AI-based tool was only trained on CMR scans from two vendors (Philips and Siemens), it performs similarly in unseen vendors (GE and Canon). Furthermore, it achieves state-of-the-art performance in online segmentation challenges, without being specifically trained on these databases. Table 1 also shows good agreement between manual and automated clinical measures of ejection fraction and ventricular volume and mass.

Conclusions

We show that our proposed AI-based tool, which combines training on a large-scale multi-domain CMR database with a state-of-the-art AI algorithm, allows us to robustly deal with routine clinical data from multiple centres, vendors, and field strengths. This is a fundamental step for the clinical translation of AI algorithms. Moreover, our method yields a range of additional metrics of cardiac function (filling and ejection rates, regional wall motion, and strain) at no extra computational cost.

Are schools drivers of COVID-19 infections-an analysis of outbreaks in Colorado, USA in 2020

BACKGROUND

The impact of school closures/reopening on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the wider community remains contested.

METHODS

Outbreak data from Colorado, USA (2020), alongside data on implemented public health measures were analyzed.

RESULTS

There were three waves (n = 3169 outbreaks; 61 650 individuals). The first was led by healthcare settings, the second leisure/entertainment and the third workplaces followed by other settings where the trajectory was equally distributed amongst essential workplaces, non-essential workplaces, schools and non-essential healthcare.Non-acute healthcare, essential and non-essential workplace experienced more outbreaks compared to education, entertainment, large-group-living and social gatherings.Schools experienced 11% of identified outbreaks, yet involved just 4% of total cases. Conversely, adult-education outbreaks (2%) had disproportionately more cases (9%).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest schools were not the key driver of the latest wave in infections. School re-opening coinciding with returning to work may have accounted for the parallel rise in outbreaks in those settings suggesting contact-points outside school being more likely to seed in-school outbreaks than contact points within school as the wave of outbreaks in all other settings occurred either prior to or simultaneously with the schools wave.School re-opening is a priority but requires mitigation measures to do so safely including staggering opening of different settings whilst maintaining low levels of community transmission.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of laparotomy compared with laparoscopic management of interstitial pregnancy

BACKGROUND

Interstitial pregnancy is a rare but life-threatening condition accounting for 1-4% of all types of tubal ectopic pregnancies. It can be managed by open and minimally invasive surgical techniques. Our goal was to compare laparoscopic and open surgery for managing interstitial pregnancy.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane up to May 2020.

SELECTION CRITERIA

1) Women with interstitial pregnancy, 2) Intervention: laparoscopic surgery, 3) Comparator: open surgery, 4) Outcomes: Hospital stay, operation time, pain scale, blood loss. Secondary outcomes: any other reported 5) Study designs: interventional and observational.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data was extracted from the relevant articles and was pooled as mean difference (MD) or relative risk (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

MAIN RESULTS

We included six studies, three of which provided eligible data. The duration of hospital stay was lower in the laparoscopic surgery group (MD = -1.42, 95% CI [-1.72, -0.76], P < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in operative time (MD = 5.90, 95% CI [-11.30, 23.09], P = 0.50, blood loss (MD = -9.43, 95% CI [-214.18, 195.32], P = 0.93), complications (RR = 1.54, 95% CI [0.20, 11.85], P = 0.68), or blood transfusions (RR = 0.77, 95% CI [0.50, 1.25], P = 0.30).

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopic surgery is associated with shorter hospital stay, with no difference in terms of blood loss, post-, and intraoperative complications, and need for blood transfusion compared with laparotomy.

Evaluation of the Assurance GDS® for Salmonella Method in Foods and Environmental Surfaces: Multilaboratory Collaborative Study

A multilaboratory collaborative study was conducted to compare the detection of Salmonella by the Assurance GDS® for Salmonella method and the Reference culture methods. Six foods, representing a variety of low microbial and high microbial load foods were analyzed. Seventeen laboratories in the United States and Canada participated in this study. No statistical differences (P &lt; 0.05) were observed between the Assurance GDS for Salmonella and the Reference culture methods for any inoculation level of any food type or naturally contaminated food, except for pasta, for which the Assurance GDS method had a higher number of confirmed test portions for Salmonella compared to the Reference method.

Neurodevelopmental multimorbidity and educational outcomes of 766,244 Scottish schoolchildren

Background

Neurodevelopmental conditions commonly co-exist in children but, in comparison with adults, childhood multimorbidity has attracted less attention in research and clinical practice.

Methods

Record linkage of five Scotland-wide databases produced a cohort of 766,244 children attending Scottish schools between 2009 and 2013. Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disabilities were ascertained from records of special educational need in the annual Pupil Census and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression through relevant encashed prescriptions.

Results

Neurodevelopmental multimorbidity (≥2 conditions) was identified in 4,789 (0·6%) children; with ASD and ADHD the most common combination. Multimorbidity was associated with significantly increased risk of school absenteeism (adjusted IRR 1·23, 95% CI 1·20-1·28), school exclusion (adjusted IRR 3·04, 95% CI 2·74-3·38), low attainment (adjusted OR 12·07, 95% CI 9·15-15·94) and unemployment (adjusted OR 2·11, 95% CI 1·83-2·45) with clear dose relationships evident between number of conditions (0, 1, ≥2) and the last three outcomes. The associations with multimorbidity were stronger in girls than boys. Co-existence of depression was the strongest driver of absenteeism and co-existence of ADHD the strongest driver of exclusion. Low attainment and unemployment were, in part, mediated by absence and attainment respectively, and were not driven by specific conditions but rather multimorbidity from any cause.

Conclusions

Structuring clinical practice and training around single conditions may disadvantage children with multimorbidity who are at significantly increased risk of adverse outcomes if their complex needs are not recognised and managed.

Key messages

Neurodevelopmental multimorbidity can have significant impacts on children’s education. A holistic healthcare approach is needed to reduce the address their needs and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes.

Current status of scoliosis school screening: targeted screening of underserved populations may be the solution

OBJECTIVES

The growing body of evidence documenting the effectiveness of brace treatment for scoliosis has renewed interest in potential benefits of early detection through school screening. We aimed to assess the prevalence and identify barriers of screening. We hypothesized that school screening is more frequent in schools that have a nurse on staff compared to schools without nurse on staff.

STUDY DESIGN

A questionnaire survey.

METHODS

All schools located in four counties in Louisiana, United States of America comprising the New Orleans metropolitan area between September 2015 and January 2016 were contacted by phone to assess rates of scoliosis screening, report the availability of a school nurse, and specify barriers if screening was not performed.

RESULTS

Two hundred and ninety-one schools responded to the survey including 152 public, 30 charter, and 109 private schools (101 had religious affiliation). A staff nurse was available in 180 schools (61.8%). Only 21 schools (7.2%) performed scoliosis screening. The majority were charter schools (11 schools), while six were private and four were public (P < 0.0001). Of these 21 schools, 16 (76.2%) had a nurse on staff while five schools did not (P = 0.16). Lack of a referral pathway in the event of a positive screen was the most common barrier to performing scoliosis screening.

CONCLUSION

Scoliosis screening is infrequent in the examined school districts. Efforts to support school screening can facilitate clear referral pathways for schools in the event of a positive screen. These findings suggest a potential need for different pathway of scoliosis screening. Pediatricians and family physicians can assist with scoliosis screening during the annual visit. While universal screening is overburdensome and likely unnecessary, targeted screening of underserved populations may prove to be beneficial. Further investigation should include assessment of the economic viability of targeted screening programs.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.