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Wilson R, Dowling RB, Jackson AD. The effects of bacterial products on airway cells and their function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:S197-201. [PMID: 8876542 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/154.4_pt_2.s197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Jenich J, Feder HM, Jackson AD. Evaluation of self-reported quality indicators provides useful feedback for New York MCOs. QRC ADVISOR 1996; 12:6-7; suppl 1 p.. [PMID: 10158549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Wilson R, Dowling RB, Jackson AD. The biology of bacterial colonization and invasion of the respiratory mucosa. Eur Respir J 1996; 9:1523-30. [PMID: 8836669 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.96.09071523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite being regularly exposed to particulate matter during breathing, which contains bacteria from the commensal flora in the nasopharynx and from the environment, the healthy lung is kept sterile by efficient defence mechanisms. Bacterial infections of the respiratory mucosa represent a dynamic interaction, to which both host and bacterial factors contribute. The abnormal host defences associated with chronic respiratory infections (e.g. cystic fibrosis and other forms of bronchiectasis) serve to emphasize their permissive role. The bacteria that cause bronchial infections possess a wide array of potential virulence factors that contribute to their pathogenicity. Many of these factors influence the mucociliary system, an important first-line defence mechanism. The multiplication, spread and persistence of bacteria within the bronchial lumen, and consequent damage to the epithelium, stimulates a chronic inflammatory response, which also impairs mucociliary clearance and damages lung tissue. A greater understanding of host-bacterial interactions during mucosal infections should in the future lead to the development of new therapies and treatment strategies.
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Jackson AD, Verbaarschot JJ. Random matrix model for chiral symmetry breaking. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1996; 53:7223-7230. [PMID: 10020010 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.53.7223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Chatterjee R, Jackson AD, Balazs NL. Rigid-body motion, interacting billiards, and billiards on curved manifolds. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 53:5670-5679. [PMID: 9964924 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.53.5670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Jackson AD, Cole PJ, Wilson R. Comparison of haemophilus influenzae type b interaction with respiratory mucosa organ cultures maintained with an air interface or immersed in medium. Infect Immun 1996; 64:2353-5. [PMID: 8675350 PMCID: PMC174079 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.6.2353-2355.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae type b infection of immersed and air interface organ cultures for 24 h caused significant epithelial damage. Bacterial association with mucus, damaged epithelium, and unciliated cells was significantly higher in air interface than immersed organ cultures, and total bacterial association was 55.8 times greater. Bacteria exhibited tropism for mucus only on explants maintained with an air interface. We conclude that immersion of nasopharyngeal tissue in medium may influence bacterial interaction with the mucosal surface.
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Jackson AD, Rayner CF, Dewar A, Cole PJ, Wilson R. A human respiratory-tissue organ culture incorporating an air interface. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:1130-5. [PMID: 8630556 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.3.8630556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immersion of respiratory tissue in organ cultures is unphysiologic and may influence the interactions of the tissue with experimental agents. We have assessed an organ culture of human nasal turbinate tissue with an air interface by light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), with and without replacement of culture medium. Without replacement of medium, ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was normal (11.3 +/- 0.5 Hz) at 5 d, but fell significantly (p<0.05) to 7.9 +/- 0.8 Hz at 10 d. The degree of ciliation decreased significantly (p<0.05) at 4 and 10 d. Nuclear heterochromatin in all cell types was significantly (p<0.05) reduced at 5 d. Significant (p<0.05) mitochondrial abnormalities occurred in ciliated cells at 5 d and in both ciliated and unciliated cells at 10 d. With daily replacement of medium, CBF fell significantly (p<0.05) from 11.6 +/- 0.2 Hz at Time 0 to 10.6 +/- 0.3 Hz after 20 d. The proportions of ciliated and nonciliated cells did not change after 20 d, but the proportion of mucus cells was higher at 20 d (26.3 +/- 5.4%) than at Time 0 (9.8 +/- 2.7%). No mitochondrial abnormalities, changes in nuclear heterochromatin levels, or reduction in cilial density on ciliated cells were present. The amount of damaged epithelium was less at 20d (7.2 +/- 3.8%) than at Time 0 (19.0 +/- 5.8%). This model more closely reproduces physiologic conditions in vitro than do models involving the immersion of respiratory tissue in media. Its long viability will permit studies of virus and bacterial infections, and of the effects of pharmacologic agents and environmental factors.
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Wettig T, Jackson AD. Diagrammatic derivation of Bose condensate fractions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:818-827. [PMID: 9983038 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Balazs NL, Chatterjee R, Jackson AD. Coin tossing as a billiard problem. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:3608-3613. [PMID: 9963839 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.3608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Jackson AD, Butler CJ. Fabrication of a new crown and provisional to an existing removable partial denture. J Prosthodont 1995; 4:200-4. [PMID: 8603212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-849x.1995.tb00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A method of fabricating a new crown to an existing removable partial denture is described. A press-form plastic shell made from the diagnostic cast provides the outer contours for the abutment tooth, while an acrylic resin coping is fabricated on a die to provide accurate internal adaptation. The acrylic resin coping is seated on the prepared abutment. Autopolymerizing acrylic resin is mixed and placed in the plastic shell that is then placed in the mouth over the coping, forming the acrylic resin crown pattern. The removable partial prosthesis is fitted over the crown pattern intraorally. The pattern is transferred back to the die, the margins are refined, and the casting is completed and finished, avoiding reduction of the established contours. The same plastic shell is used with tooth-shaded acrylic resin to construct a provisional crown directly in the mouth. This technique allows the patient to wear the removable partial denture while the laboratory procedures are completed.
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Jackson AD, Wettig T. Criticality in simple models of evolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 51:1059-1074. [PMID: 9962750 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.51.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Rayner CF, Jackson AD, Rutman A, Dewar A, Mitchell TJ, Andrew PW, Cole PJ, Wilson R. Interaction of pneumolysin-sufficient and -deficient isogenic variants of Streptococcus pneumoniae with human respiratory mucosa. Infect Immun 1995; 63:442-7. [PMID: 7822008 PMCID: PMC173015 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.2.442-447.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, and pneumolysin, a hemolytic toxin, is thought to be an important virulence factor. We have studied the interaction of a pneumolysin-sufficient type II S. pneumoniae strain (PL+) and an otherwise identical pneumolysin-deficient derivative (PL-) with human respiratory mucosa in an organ culture with an air interface for up to 48 h. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was measured by a photometric technique, and adherence to and invasion of the epithelium were assessed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. PL+ and PL- caused a progressive fall in CBF compared with the control which became significant (P < 0.01) at 24 h for PL+ and at 48 h for PL-. At 24 h, there was a significant increase in the percentage of the mucosa of the organ culture that was damaged for PL+ compared with the control (P < 0.01) and PL- (P < 0.02). At 48 h, there was a significant increase in mucosal damage for both PL+ (P < 0.005) and PL- (P < 0.05) compared with the control. At 24 and 48 h, PL+ and PL- adhered predominantly to mucus and damaged cells. PL+ infection alone caused separation of tight junctions between epithelial cells, and at 48 h PL+ cells were adherent to the separated edges of otherwise healthy unciliated cells. PL+ and PL- both caused damage to the epithelial cell ultrastructure. S. pneumoniae infection caused patchy damage to the respiratory mucosa and a lowered CBF. These changes were more severe and occurred earlier with the pneumolysin-sufficient variant.
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Derrida B, Flyvbjerg H, Jackson AD, Wettig T. Simple model of self-organized biological evolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1994; 73:906-909. [PMID: 10057569 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.73.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Wettig T, Jackson AD. Factorial moments in a generalized lattice gas model. Int J Clin Exp Med 1994; 49:157-169. [PMID: 10016751 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.49.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jackson AD, Lang BR, Wang RF. The influence of teeth on denture base processing accuracy. INT J PROSTHODONT 1993; 6:333-40. [PMID: 8240644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Michigan Computer Graphics Coordinate Measuring System was used to determine the influence of denture teeth on the accuracy of processed denture bases. Three different processing methods--compression molding, injection pressing, and vacuum-assisted resin pouring--were used. The presence of denture teeth was determined to affect the accuracy of the processed denture bases of all three techniques. For denture bases without teeth, the compression-molding technique demonstrated significant differences in accuracy; however, no significant differences were found in the injection-pressed or resin-poured denture bases.
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Dodge JA, Morison S, Lewis PA, Colest EC, Geddes D, Russell G, Jackson AD, Bentley B. Cystic fibrosis in the United Kingdom, 1968-1988: incidence, population and survival. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1993; 7:157-66. [PMID: 8516189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1993.tb00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A thorough survey was conducted of patients with cystic fibrosis living in the UK from 1977 onwards. This was supplemented with death certificate data back to 1968. There was one case identified for each 2475 births. The total number of cases in the UK rose linearly from 4086 in 1977 to 5426 in 1988 and is estimated to be 6000 in 1992. The probability of survival improved in the period under study for all age groups and in both sexes. It was worst in the first year of life, dropped sharply thereafter but then increased steadily with age. There has been a very marked improvement over the years in survival in the first year of life, but a lesser one in older age groups. Male mortality was greater than that in females in the first year of life, but less in subsequent years giving, overall, worse survival for females. A set of cohort and 'current' survival graphs for the two sexes are given.
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Jackson AD, Smith VJ, Peddie CM. In vitro phenoloxidase activity in the blood of Ciona intestinalis and other ascidians. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 1993; 17:97-108. [PMID: 8500645 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(93)90020-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The presence and activation of phenoloxidase in the blood of Ciona intestinalis and other ascidians was investigated in vitro. In C. intestinalis, phenoloxidase was found to exist in the cells as a proenzyme and to be activated by proteases. The microbial carbohydrates, LPS or laminarin, also enhanced enzyme activity but a similar effect was not achieved with other sugars. Calcium was not essential for enzyme activity and no enzyme suppression was seen at high calcium concentrations. Prophenoloxidase activation by LPS was further found to be dose related and inhibited by PTU and tropolone. Since benzamidine and STI reduced phenoloxidase activity in cell lysate supernatants, activation may involve other factors, possibly a serine protease. Lastly, as phenoloxidase activity was detected in the blood cells (usually the morula cells) of eight other ascidian species, it appears that it is widely distributed in the blood of this group of invertebrates.
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Koch V, Shuryak EV, Brown GE, Jackson AD. Erratum: Propagation of quarks in the spatial direction in hot QCD. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1993; 47:2157. [PMID: 10015806 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.47.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Koch V, Shuryak EV, Brown GE, Jackson AD. Propagation of quarks in the spatial direction in hot QCD. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1992; 46:3169-3179. [PMID: 10015253 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.46.3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Jackson AD. GP--optometrist cooperation and referral in primary health care. Br J Gen Pract 1991; 41:518-9. [PMID: 1823554 PMCID: PMC1371869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Jackson AD. Curettage and cautery of skin conditions in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1991; 41:435-6. [PMID: 1777308 PMCID: PMC1371837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Jackson AD. Outcome measurements for child health. Arch Dis Child 1991; 66:1008. [PMID: 21032800 PMCID: PMC1793438 DOI: 10.1136/adc.66.8.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hopkins DM, Jackson AD, Oates K. The effect of aluminum coating on elemental standards in X-ray microanalysis. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1991; 18:176-82. [PMID: 1886001 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060180213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The standardisation of frozen hydrated bulk biological specimens using gelatin standards is described. The relationship between corrected elemental X-ray counts and ionic concentration was found to be linear, and minimum detectable limits for each element are stated. Variations in uncorrected standard curves were found to be due to changes in aluminium coating thickness. There was an inverse relationship between coating thickness and elemental X-ray counts. The factors causing this are discussed. To avoid errors arising from inconsistent aluminium thickness, experimental material should only be compared with standards of similar aluminium net counts. This can be achieved most easily by mounting and analysing specimen and standard together.
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Jackson AD. Treatment of skin cancers in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1991; 41:213. [PMID: 1878274 PMCID: PMC1371660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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