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Kar M, Vijayakumar PS, Prasad BLV, Sen Gupta S. Synthesis and characterization of poly-L-lysine-grafted silica nanoparticles synthesized via NCA polymerization and click chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:5772-5781. [PMID: 20337478 DOI: 10.1021/la903595x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polypeptide polymer-grafted silica nanoparticles are of considerable interest because the ordered secondary structure of the polypeptide grafts imparts novel functional properties onto the nanoparticle composite. The synthesis of poly-L-lysine-grafted silica nanoparticles would be of particular interest because the high density of cationic charges on the surface could lead to many applications such as gene delivery and antimicrobial agents. In this work, we have developed a "grafting-to" approach using a combination of NCA polymerization and "click chemistry" to synthesize poly-L-lysine-grafted silica nanoparticles with a high graft density of 1 chain/nm(2). The covalent attachment of poly-L-lysine to silica nanoparticles (PLL-silica) was confirmed using a variety of techniques such as (13)C CP MAS NMR, TGA, and IR. This methodology was then extended to graft poly-L-lysine-b-poly-L-leucine copolymer (PLL-b-PLLeu-silica) and poly-L-benzylglutamate (PLBG-silica) onto silica nanoparticles. All of these polypeptide-grafted nanoparticles show interesting aggregation properties in solution. The efficacy of PLL-silica and PLL-b-PLLeu-silica as antimicrobial agents was tested on both gram-negative E. coli and gram-positive Bacillus subtilis.
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Vijayakumar PS, Selvakumar S, Gholap RS, Singh AP, Prasad BLV. Vice to virtue: intracellular biogenic nanoparticles for the generation of carbon supported catalysts. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 10:905-911. [PMID: 20352735 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2010.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular biogenic nanoparticles are considered disadvantageous as the separation of the nanoparticles from the biomass becomes intricate. However realizing the importance of carbon supported catalyst for many important organic reactions we envisaged these nanoparticles as a source for carbon supported catalyst. Herein we demonstrate the heat treatment of intracellular biogenic nanoparticles under inert atmosphere as an efficient method for the preparation of carbon supported metal oxide catalysts. Aspergillus ochraceus, a fungus isolated from foundries, on incubation with K2TiF6 led to the synthesis of intracellular titanium oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles embedded biomass upon heat treatment at 600 degrees C in a nitrogen environment gave titanium oxide nanoparticles implanted in a carbonaceous matrix. The material thus formed was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, HRTEM and X-ray diffraction. Appreciable benzaldehyde selectivity was observed when styrene oxidation was carried out over such immobilized catalysts. The conversion rate was determined to be 76% and the benzaldehyde selectivity was greater than 80%.
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Ganai AK, Bhardwaj R, Hotha S, Gupta SS, Prasad BLV. ‘Clicking’ molecular hooks on silica nanoparticles to immobilize catalytically important metal complexes: the case of gold catalyst immobilization. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Singh S, D’Britto V, Prabhune AA, Ramana CV, Dhawan A, Prasad BLV. Cytotoxic and genotoxic assessment of glycolipid-reduced and -capped gold and silver nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00277d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vijayakumar PS, Prasad BLV. Intracellular biogenic silver nanoparticles for the generation of carbon supported antiviral and sustained bactericidal agents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11741-11747. [PMID: 19746940 DOI: 10.1021/la901024p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular silver nanoparticles produced by exposing silver ions to the fungus Aspergillus ochraceus were heat-treated in nitrogen environment to yield silver nanoparticles embedded in carbonaceous supports. This carbonaceous matrix embedded silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial properties against both bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and virus (M 13 phage virus). The bactericidal effects were noticed even after washing and repeated exposure of these carbon supported silver nanoparticles to fresh bacterial cultures, revealing their sustained activity.
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Pokharkar V, Dhar S, Bhumkar D, Mali V, Bodhankar S, Prasad BLV. Acute and Subacute Toxicity Studies of Chitosan Reduced Gold Nanoparticles: A Novel Carrier for Therapeutic Agents. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2009; 5:233-9. [DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2009.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Halimani M, Chandran SP, Kashyap S, Jadhav VM, Prasad BLV, Hotha S, Maiti S. Dendritic effect of ligand-coated nanoparticles: enhanced apoptotic activity of silica-berberine nanoconjugates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:2339-2347. [PMID: 19146398 DOI: 10.1021/la802761b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and biological characterization of a novel prototype, namely, silica nanoconjugates bearing a covalently linked berberine, a plant alkaloid known to have antiproliferative activity. The effect of synthesized nanoconjugates on cell proliferation, the cell cycle profile, and apoptosis in the human cervical carcinoma cell line (HeLa), human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2), and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cell line has been studied and compared with the results obtained for free berberine. Our results show that all the nanoconjugates display higher antiproliferative activity than free berberine. The ability of these nanoconjugates to inhibit cellular proliferation is mediated by the cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Moreover, silica nanoconugates caused selective apoptotic arrest with a higher efficiency than free berberine followed by apoptotic cell death as shown by quantitative fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses. Efficiency of the nanoconjugates increases upon an increase in the linker chain length, demonstrating the distinct role of the spacer chain that conjugates nanoparticles and ligands. The actual reason to show enhanced efficiency by the nanoconjugates has not been elucidated in the present study; however, we hypothesize that an increase in local concentration due to the confinement of a ligand on the nanosurface ("dendritic" effect) might have led to the observed effect.
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Kasture MB, Patel P, Prabhune AA, Ramana CV, Kulkarni AA, Prasad BLV. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by sophorolipids: Effect of temperature and sophorolipid structure on the size of particles. J CHEM SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-008-0080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Singh S, Patel P, Jaiswal S, Prabhune AA, Ramana CV, Prasad BLV. A direct method for the preparation of glycolipid–metal nanoparticle conjugates: sophorolipids as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of water re-dispersible silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b811829a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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D'Britto V, Tiwari S, Purohit V, Wadgaonkar PP, Bhoraskar SV, Bhonde RR, Prasad BLV. Composites of plasma treated poly(etherimide) films with gold nanoparticles and lysine through layer by layer assembly: a “friendly-rough” surface for cell adhesion and proliferation for tissue engineering applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b817231e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Srinath S, Poddar P, Sidhaye DS, Prasad BLV, Gass J, Srikanth H. Static and dynamic magnetic properties of Co nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 8:4086-4091. [PMID: 19049180 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2008.an06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Co nanoparticles have been synthesized using wet-chemical methods. As-synthesized particles show a sharp low temperature peak in zero-field cooled (ZFC) magnetization well below the blocking transition temperature and this feature is associated with surface spin disorder. We have investigated the dynamic magnetic properties of Co using ac susceptibility and resonant RF transverse susceptibility (TS). We also studied the memory and relaxation effects in these nanoparticle systems. From these measurements we show a typical blocking behavior of an assembly of superparamagnetic nanoparticles with a wide distribution of blocking temperatures. The transverse susceptibility measurements on these particles show the presence of anisotropy even above the blocking temperature. The role of surface anisotropy and the size distribution of the particles on the observed memory and magnetic relaxation effects are discussed.
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Parikh RY, Singh S, Prasad BLV, Patole MS, Sastry M, Shouche YS. Extracellular Synthesis of Crystalline Silver Nanoparticles and Molecular Evidence of Silver Resistance fromMorganellasp.: Towards Understanding Biochemical Synthesis Mechanism. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1415-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bharde AA, Parikh RY, Baidakova M, Jouen S, Hannoyer B, Enoki T, Prasad BLV, Shouche YS, Ogale S, Sastry M. Bacteria-mediated precursor-dependent biosynthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide and iron sulfide nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:5787-94. [PMID: 18454562 DOI: 10.1021/la704019p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Actinobacter sp. has been shown to be capable of extracellularly synthesizing iron based magnetic nanoparticles, namely maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3) and greigite (Fe3S4) under ambient conditions depending on the nature of precursors used. More precisely, the bacterium synthesized maghemite when reacted with ferric chloride and iron sulfide when exposed to the aqueous solution of ferric chloride-ferrous sulfate. Challenging the bacterium with different metal ions resulted in induction of different proteins, which bring about the specific biochemical transformations in each case leading to the observed products. Maghemite and iron sulfide nanoparticles show superparamagnetic characteristics as expected. Compared to the earlier reports of magnetite and greigite synthesis by magnetotactic bacteria and iron reducing bacteria, which take place strictly under anaerobic conditions, the present procedure offers significant advancement since the reaction occurs under aerobic condition. Moreover, reaction end products can be tuned by the choice of precursors used.
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Hasan SS, Singh S, Parikh RY, Dharne MS, Patole MS, Prasad BLV, Shouche YS. Bacterial synthesis of copper/copper oxide nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 8:3191-3196. [PMID: 18681067 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2008.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial mediated synthesis of copper/copper oxide nanoparticle composite is reported. A Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Serratia was isolated from the midgut of Stibara sp., an insect of the Cerambycidae family of beetles found in the Northwestern Ghats of India. This is a unique bacterium that is quite specific for the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles as several other strains isolated from the same insect and common Indian mosquitoes did not result in nanoparticle formation. By following the reaction systematically, we could delineate that the nanoparticle formation occurs intracellularly. However, the process results in the killing of bacterial cells. Subsequently the nanoparticles leak out as the cell wall disintegrates. The nanoparticles formed are thoroughly characterized by UV-Vis, TEM, XRD, XPS and FTIR studies.
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Jadhav AD, Ogale SB, Prasad BLV. Carbon nano horn and bovine serum albumin hierarchical composite: towards bio-friendly superhydrophobic protein film surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b806777e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Singh S, Bhatta UM, Satyam PV, Dhawan A, Sastry M, Prasad BLV. Bacterial synthesis of silicon/silica nanocomposites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b719528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kasture M, Singh S, Patel P, Joy PA, Prabhune AA, Ramana CV, Prasad BLV. Multiutility sophorolipids as nanoparticle capping agents: synthesis of stable and water dispersible Co nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11409-11412. [PMID: 17935370 DOI: 10.1021/la702931j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sophorolipids are a class of glycolipids that can be obtained from fatty acids by simply treating them with yeast cells (Candida bombicola, ATCC 22214) and glucose. In this letter, we demonstrate the application of sophorolipids obtained from oleic acid as a capping agent for Co nanoparticles. Upon capping the nanoparticle surface, the sugar moiety of these sophorolipids is exposed to the solvent environment, making the nanoparticles stable and water-redispersible.
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Bala T, Enoki T, Prasad BLV. Ferromagnetic resonance in nanomagnetic metal core and noble metal shell systems. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 7:3134-3139. [PMID: 18019139 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2007.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The change in the line widths in the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra of Co and Ni nanoparticles upon shell formation with noble metals like gold or silver are described. The Ni(core)Ag(shell), Co(core)Ag(shell), and CO(core)Au(shell) nanoparticles were prepared by a simple transmetallation reaction between the Co and Ni nanoparticles and the Ag+ or AuCl4- ions. It is revealed that the FMR line width decreases upon Ag shell formation whereas it increases upon core-shell composite formation with Au. Several probable explanations such as the differences in size distributions before and after the reaction or the changes occurring in shape anisotropy of the particles due to the shell formation or the different extents of electronic interaction between the core and shell materials have been offered for this observation.
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Tamang S, Hotha S, Prasad BLV. Controlled aggregation of gold nanoparticle networks induced by alkali metal ions. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 7:2683-9. [PMID: 17685284 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2007.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle networks were obtained by linking them with cysteine modified triethyleneglycols. The oligo-ether linker molecule initially having a linear structure probably adopts a crown ether type structure upon complexation with alkali metal ions that leads to a controlled aggregation of the network. The extent of aggregation depends on the degree of conformational change in the molecule upon complexation with the metal ion, which in turn is governed by the metal ion radius leading to a dependence of red shift of the surface plasmon resonance on the metal ion radius. Since this network is present in the organic solvent they also act as phase transferring agent for the alkali metal ions from aqueous to organic media.
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Bala T, Prasad BLV, Sastry M, Kahaly MU, Waghmare UV. Interaction of Different Metal Ions with Carboxylic Acid Group: A Quantitative Study. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:6183-90. [PMID: 17585841 DOI: 10.1021/jp067906x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The binding strength of the carboxylic acid group (-COOH) with different divalent metal ions displays considerable variation in arachidic acid (AA) thin films. It is considered that in AA thin films the metal ions straddle the hydrophilic regions of the stacked bilayers of AA molecules via formation of carboxylates. In this study first the uptake of different divalent cations in films of AA is estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Through the amount of cation uptake, it is found that the strength of binding of different cations varies as Ca2+>Co2+>Pb2+>Cd2+. Variation in the binding strength of different ions is also manifested in experiments where AA thin films are exposed to metal ion mixtures. The higher binding strength of AA with certain metal ions when exposed individually, as well as the preference over the other metal ions when exposed to mixtures, reveal some interesting deviation from the expected behavior based on considerations of ionic radii. For example, Pb2+ is always found to bind to AA much more strongly than Cd2+ even though the latter has smaller ionic radius, indicating that other factors also play an important role in governing the binding strength trends apart from the effects of ionic radii. Then, to get a more meaningful knowledge regarding the binding capability, first-principles calculations based on density functional theory have been applied to study the interaction of different cations with the simplest carboxylic acid, acetic acid, that can result in formation of metal diacetates. Their electronic and molecular structures, cohesive energies, and stiffness of the local potential energy well at the cation (M) site are determined and attempts are made to understand the diversity in geometry and the properties of binding of different metal ions with -COOH group. We find that the calculated M-O bond energies depend sensitively on the chemistry of M atom and follow the experimentally observed trends quite accurately. The trends in M-O bond energies and hence the total M-acetate binding energy trends can actually be related to their molecular structures that fall into different categories: Ca and Cd have tetrahedral coordination; Fe, Ni, and Co exhibit planar 4-fold coordination; and Pb is off-centered from the planar structure (forming pyramidal structure) due to its stereochemically active lone pair of electrons.
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Singh S, Pasricha R, Bhatta UM, Satyam PV, Sastry M, Prasad BLV. Effect of halogen addition to monolayer protected gold nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b614934k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bala T, Joshi B, Iyer N, Sastry M, Prasad BLV. Assembly of phase transferred nickel nanoparticles at air-water interface using Langmuir-Blodgett technique. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 6:3736-45. [PMID: 17256323 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2006.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of simple and efficient protocol for the synthesis of Ni nanoparticles in aqueous media and their subsequent phase transfer to organic media is reported. The synthesis of nickel nanoparticles in aqueous medium is accomplished by reducing the nickel nitrate with sodium borohydride in presence of oleic acid. It results in the formation of nickel nanoparticles capped with oleic acid. The pristine oleic acid capped nickel nanoparticles were then phase transferred to nonpolar solvents such as toluene using stearic acid. The phase transfer was effective probably due to the space exchange between the oleic acid moiety and stearic acid molecules. The hydrophobized Ni thus obtained was organized at the air-water interface and it was observed that by controlling the pressure and concentration of hydrophobized Ni nanoparticles at air-water interface, linear ribbon like assemblies could be obtained. The organization process was followed by surface pressure-area isotherm measurement and Brewster Angle Microscopy.
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Bala T, Sankar CR, Baidakova M, Osipov V, Enoki T, Joy PA, Prasad BLV, Sastry M. Cobalt and magnesium ferrite nanoparticles: preparation using liquid foams as templates and their magnetic characteristics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:10638-43. [PMID: 16262331 DOI: 10.1021/la051595k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An easy and convenient method for the synthesis of cobalt and magnesium ferrite nanoparticles is demonstrated using liquid foams as templates. The foam is formed from an aqueous mixture of an anionic surfactant and the desired metal ions, where the metal ions are electrostatically entrapped by the surfactant at the thin borders between the foam bubbles and their junctions. The hydrolysis is carried out using alkali resulting in the formation of desired nanoparticles, with the foam playing the role of a template. However, in the formation of ferrites with the formula MFe(2)O(4), where the metal ion and iron possess oxidation states of +2 and +3, respectively, forming a foam from a 1:2 mixture of the desired ionic solutions would lead to a foam composition at variance with the original solution mixture because of greater electrostatic binding of ions possessing a greater charge with the surfactant. In our procedure, we circumvent this problem by preparing the foam from a 1:2 mixture of M(2+) and Fe(2+) ions and then utilizing the in situ conversion of Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) under basic conditions inside the foam matrix to get the desired composition of the metal ions with the required oxidation states. The fact that we could prepare both CoFe(2)O(4) and MgFe(2)O(4) particles shows the vast scope of this method for making even multicomponent oxides. The magnetic nanoparticles thus obtained exhibit a good crystalline nature and are characterized by superparamagnetic properties. The magnetic features observed for CoFe(2)O(4) and MgFe(2)O(4) nanoparticles are well in accordance with the expected behaviors, with CoFe(2)O(4) particles showing higher blocking temperatures and larger coercivities. These features can easily be explained by the contribution of Co(2+) sites to the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the absence of the same from the Mg(2+) ions.
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Stoeva SI, Zaikovski V, Prasad BLV, Stoimenov PK, Sorensen CM, Klabunde KJ. Reversible transformations of gold nanoparticle morphology. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:10280-3. [PMID: 16262276 DOI: 10.1021/la051699v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein is reported a metamorphosis taking place in a gold nanosized system. The observed phenomenon of shape and size transformations was found to be completely reversible. Unlike most procedures in the literature where shape and size control occur in the synthetic step by adding growth- and shape-controlling agents such as surfactants or polymers, in this system postsynthetic changes in shape and size can be carried out simply by changing the ratio of reactive, competing reagents, more specifically, alkylthiols versus tetralkylammonium salts. Interestingly, the transfer of gold metal occurs (large prismatic particles to small particles and vice versa) under the influence of reagents that do not cause such interactions with bulk gold. All intermediate steps of the morphology change were observed using HRTEM and electron diffraction. The processes of breaking down and "welding back" solid metal nanoparticles occur under mild conditions and are remarkable examples of the unique chemical properties of nanomaterials. The described process is expected to be relevant to other nanoscale systems where similar structural circumstances could occur.
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