26
|
Jones DM, Smallwood RH, Hose DR, Brown BH, Walker DC. Modelling of epithelial tissue impedance measured using three different designs of probe. Physiol Meas 2003; 24:605-23. [PMID: 12812442 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/24/2/369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Impedance measurement is a promising technique for detecting pre-malignant changes in epithelial tissue. This paper considers how the design of the impedance probe affects the ability to discriminate between tissue types. To do this, finite element models of the electrical properties of squamous and glandular columnar epithelia have been used. The glandular tissue model is described here for the first time. Glandular mucosa is found in many regions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the stomach and intestine, and has a large effective surface area. Firstly, the electrical properties of a small section of gland, with epithelial cells and supportive tissue, are determined. These properties are then used to build up a three-dimensional model of a whole section of mucosa containing many thousands of glands. Measurements using different types of impedance probe were simulated by applying different boundary conditions to the models. Transepithelial impedance, and tetrapolar measurement with a probe placed on the tissue surface have been modelled. In the latter case, the impedance can be affected by conductive fluid, such as mucus, on the tissue surface. This effect has been investigated, and a new design of probe, which uses a guard electrode to counteract this potential source of variability, is proposed.
Collapse
|
27
|
Walker DC, Brown BH, Blackett AD, Tidy J, Smallwood RH. A study of the morphological parameters of cervical squamous epithelium. Physiol Meas 2003; 24:121-35. [PMID: 12636191 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/24/1/309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance spectroscopy is a technique that has been investigated as a potential method for the diagnosis of epithelial carcinomas. Finite element modelling can provide an insight into the patterns of current flow in normal and pathological epithelium and hence aid in the process of probe design optimization. In order to develop a finite element model of the structure of normal and precancerous cervical squamous epithelium, it was first necessary to obtain the mean values and ranges of a number of morphological tissue parameters. The most important parameters in discriminating normal from neoplastic tissue were identified as being cell size and shape distribution, nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume ratio and volume of extracellular space. A survey of the literature revealed an absence of reliable quantitative data for these parameters. We therefore present the results of our own basic image analysis on normal and pathological tissue sections, which we hope will be of use to other workers wishing to model cervical squamous epithelium, or other similar tissue structures.
Collapse
|
28
|
Brown BH, Barber DC, Jossinet J. Electrical Impedance Tomography - Applied Potential Tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0143-0815/9/4a/301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
29
|
Brown BH, Perks R, Anthony M, Asbury J, Linkens DA. Closed-loop control of muscle relaxation during surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0143-0815/1/3/303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
30
|
Brown BH, Barber DC, Tarrasenko L. Electrical Impedance Tomography - Applied Potential Tomography (Preface). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0143-0815/8/4a/301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
31
|
Brown BH, Bygrave C, Robinson P, Henderson HP. A critique of the use of a thermal clearance probe for the measurement of skin blood flow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0143-0815/1/3/307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
32
|
Nebuya S, Noshiro M, Brown BH, Smallwood RH, Milnes P. Accuracy of an optically isolated tetra-polar impedance measurement system. Med Biol Eng Comput 2002; 40:647-9. [PMID: 12507315 DOI: 10.1007/bf02345303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate electrical transfer impedance measurement at the high frequencies (> 1 MHz) required to characterise blood and intracellular structures is very difficult, owing to stray capacitances between lead wires. To solve this problem, an optically isolated measurement system has been developed using a phase-locked-loop technique for synchronisation between current injection (drive) and voltage measurement (receive) circuits. The synchronisation error between drive and receive circuits was less than 1 ns. The accuracy and reproducibility of the developed system was examined using a tissue equivalent Cole model consisting of two resistors and one capacitor. The absolute value Z and phase shift theta in impedance of the Cole model was measured at 1.25 MHz by both an LCR meter and the isolated measurement system. The difference between the values measured by the isolated measurement system and those measured by the LCR meter was less than 0.27omega (2.9%) in Z and 0.79 degree in theta. The standard deviation was less than 0.09 omega in Z and 0.60 degree in theta.
Collapse
|
33
|
Brown BH, Primhak RA, Smallwood RH, Milnes P, Narracott AJ, Jackson MJ. Neonatal lungs: maturational changes in lung resistivity spectra. Med Biol Eng Comput 2002; 40:506-11. [PMID: 12452409 DOI: 10.1007/bf02345447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electrical resistivity of lung tissue can be related to the structure and composition of the tissue and also to the air content. Electrical impedance tomographic measurements have been used on 155 normal children over the first three years of life and 25 pre-term infants, to determine the absolute resistivity of lung tissue as a function of frequency. The results show consistent changes with increasing age in both lung tissue resistivity (5.8 ohm m at birth to 20.9 ohm m at 3 years of age) and in the changes of resistivity with frequency (Cole parameter ratio R/S=0.41 at birth and 0.84 at 3 years of age). Comparison with a lung model showed that the measurements are consistent with maturational changes in the number and size of alveoli, the extracapillary blood volume and the size of the extracapillary vessels. However, the results show that the process of maturation is not complete at the age of three years.
Collapse
|
34
|
Brown BH, Primhak RA, Smallwood RH, Milnes P, Narracott AJ, Jackson MJ. Neonatal lungs--can absolute lung resistivity be determined non-invasively? Med Biol Eng Comput 2002; 40:388-94. [PMID: 12227624 DOI: 10.1007/bf02345070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The electrical resistivity of lung tissue can be related to the structure and composition of the tissue and also to the air content. Conditions such as pulmonary oedema and emphysema have been shown to change lung resistivity. However, direct access to the lungs to enable resistivity to be measured is very difficult. We have developed a new method of using electrical impedance tomographic (EIT) measurements on a group of 142 normal neonates to determine the absolute resistivity of lung tissue. The methodology involves comparing the measured EIT data with that from a finite difference model of the thorax in which lung tissue resistivity can be changed. A mean value of 5.7 +/- 1.7 omega(m) was found over the frequency range 4 kHz to 813 kHz. This value is lower than that usually given for adult lung tissue but consistent with the literature on the composition of the neonatal lung and with structural modelling.
Collapse
|
35
|
González-Correa CA, Screaton G, Hose DR, Brown BH, Avis NJ, Kleinermann F. Resistivity changes in conductive silicone sheets under stretching. Physiol Meas 2002; 23:183-8. [PMID: 11876232 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/23/1/318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a preliminary finding associated with an investigation of how tissues respond to mechanical stress. The stress distribution within the tissue may be the result of normal function, for example, joint forces, or it may result from interventions such as tissue suturing during or after surgery. We sought to combine electrical and mechanical computational models in order to better understand the interaction between the two. For example, if mechanical stress is applied to tissue this may change the cell arrangements within the tissue matrix and hence change the electrical properties. If this interaction could be determined, then it should be possible to use electrical impedance tomography measurements to identify stress patterns in tissues. Measurements of resistivity changes have been made in conductive silicone rubber sheets when subject to a uniaxial stress of up to 10%. Relatively large changes in resistivity are produced (up to 200%). These changes are far larger than those predicted arising from topological changes alone. It is suggested that under stress the conductive islands of carbon within the silicone rubber sheet undergo a reversible disassociation from their neighbours and that the material's electrical properties change under load. If similar stress-resistivity relationships occur within biological materials it may be possible to recover the stress fields within tissues from transfer impedance measurements and thereby predict if actions such as inappropriate suture tension will compromise tissue viability.
Collapse
|
36
|
Walker DC, Brown BH, Smallwood RH, Hose DR, Jones DM. Modelled current distribution in cervical squamous tissue. Physiol Meas 2002; 23:159-68. [PMID: 11876229 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/23/1/315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The electrical properties of cervical squamous epithelium have been modelled in the frequency range 100 Hz to 10 MHz. The hierarchical modelling process comprises a cellular level stage, which includes detailed models of cells typical of different depths within the epithelium and a tissue model, which utilizes electrical properties obtained from the cellular models. The fit between the modelled and measured impedance spectra and the distribution of current with depth depends on the macroscopic model structure. Both the properties of the basement membrane and the presence of a surface mucus layer are shown to have a significant effect. The best fit with measured data is obtained when a 10 microm thick, high-conductivity surface layer is included in the tissue model.
Collapse
|
37
|
Stevens JC, Brown BH, Franks CI, Turner DJ. Detection of auditory evoked potentials by using a personal computer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0143-0815/1/4/005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
38
|
Abstract
The use of electromyography (EMG) is limited, particularly in the investigation of children, by the invasive nature of needle electrodes. Surface electrode techniques are an attractive alternative but the detected signals are greatly influenced by volume conductor effects, thus making their interpretation problematic. Using finite element analysis we investigated the relationship between surface potential distribution and motor unit depth, incorporating anisotropic conductivity to model muscle tissue and a range of subcutaneous fat thicknesses. The modeling results were used to analyze data recorded with a 16-channel surface electrode array, from 10 normals subjects and 12 patients with motor neuron disease. Differences in the motor units between the two groups were statistically significant (P < 0.01) and are consistent with reinnervation and increased motor unit territory in the patient group. This noninvasive technique shows promise as a more acceptable alternative to the use of conventional needle electrodes for neurophysiological investigations.
Collapse
|
39
|
Wilson AJ, Milnes P, Waterworth AR, Smallwood RH, Brown BH. Mk3.5: a modular, multi-frequency successor to the Mk3a EIS/EIT system. Physiol Meas 2001; 22:49-54. [PMID: 11236889 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/22/1/307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the Sheffield Mk3.5 EIT/EIS system which measures both the real and imaginary part of impedance at 30 frequencies between 2 kHz and 1.6 MHz. The system uses eight electrodes with an adjacent drive/receive electrode data acquisition protocol. The system is modular, containing eight identical data acquisition boards, which contain DSPs to generate the drive frequencies and to perform the FFT used for demodulation. The current drive is in three sequentially applied packets, where each packet contains ten summed sine waves. The data acquisition system is interfaced to a host PC through an optically isolated high speed serial link (RS485) running at 2 Mbaud (2 Mbits s(-1)). Measurements on a saline filled tank show that the average signal to noise performance of the system is 40 dB measured across all frequencies and that this figure is independent of frequency of measurement. These results suggest that the current system is 10 dB better in absolute terms than the previous Sheffield (Mk3a) system.
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
O'Connell MP, Tidy J, Wisher SJ, Avis NJ, Brown BH, Lindow SW. An in vivo comparative study of the pregnant and nonpregnant cervix using electrical impedance measurements. BJOG 2000; 107:1040-1. [PMID: 10955439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb10410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance may be measured using electrodes on the surface of the cervix and recording the potential that results when an electrical current is passed. Increased hydration of the cervix has been described throughout pregnancy and occurs most dramatically before labour. This study compared tissue impedance measurements of the pregnant and non-pregnant cervix and found a statistically significant lower value (P < 0.001) in pregnancy. Further work may show that such measurements alter in relation to labour onset.
Collapse
|
42
|
González-Correa CA, Brown BH, Smallwood RH, Kalia N, Stoddard CJ, Stephenson TJ, Haggie SJ, Slater DN, Bardhan KD. Assessing the conditions for in vivo electrical virtual biopsies in Barrett's oesophagus. Med Biol Eng Comput 2000; 38:373-6. [PMID: 10984933 DOI: 10.1007/bf02345004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that it is possible to differentiate between squamous and columnar epithelia in rat and resected human tissues using an impedance probe to make in vitro measurements. This probe can be passed down an endoscope allowing measurements to be made in patients. However, the probe emerges parallel to the oesophageal wall, with little room to manoeuvre. The conditions of control required to give reliable readings have been investigated. The importance of pressure applied and the angle of approach to the oesophagus was assessed. Pressures in the range 26.6 Pa to 46.3 kPa and angles in the range 15-90 degrees were considered. In in vitro studies it was observed that it was possible to obtain consistent readings with pressures greater than 2.9 kPa and with angles greater than 15 degrees between the probe and the oesophagus. These conditions can be achieved in vivo, and readings obtained from twelve patients are shown (45 readings on normal squamous, 34 on Barrett's oesophagus and 22 on stomach). At low frequencies (9.6-153.2 kHz), a Mann-Whitney test shows a significant difference (p < 0.001) when comparing the means from squamous and columnar, and also when readings from Barrett's and normal gastric epithelia are compared (p < 0.001).
Collapse
|
43
|
Brown BH, Tidy JA, Boston K, Blackett AD, Smallwood RH, Sharp F. Relation between tissue structure and imposed electrical current flow in cervical neoplasia. Lancet 2000; 355:892-5. [PMID: 10752706 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(99)09095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When an electrical potential is applied to human tissue, the pattern of the resulting current flow is determined by the shapes, arrangements, and internal structure of the tissue cells. By measurement of the electrical current patterns over a range of frequencies, and use of an inverse modelling procedure, electrical variables describing the tissue structure can be calculated. We used this method to develop a screening technique for the detection of cervical precancers. METHODS We used a pencil probe (diameter 5 mm) to measure electrical impedance spectra from eight points on the cervix in 124 women with abnormal cervical smears. Variables that should be sensitive to the expected tissue changes were calculated. These were compared with the colposcopic results. FINDINGS The measured electrical impedance changes were those predicted on the basis of the expected tissue structures. Measurements made on normal squamous tissues were well separated from those made on precancerous tissues. We constructed receiver-operating-characteristic curves, comparing measurements made on normal tissue and that showing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3; the area under the curve was 0.951. These groups of women could be separated with a sensitivity of 0.92 and a specificity of 0.92. INTERPRETATION Characteristics of the electrical impedance spectra of tissues can be explained by changes in cell arrangements (layering) and in the size of the nuclei. This relation opens the way to deriving tissue structure from electrical impedance spectral measurements. We show that this approach can be used to give good separation of normal and precancerous cervical tissues.
Collapse
|
44
|
Khambete ND, Brown BH, Smallwood RH. Movement artefact rejection in impedance pneumography using six strategically placed electrodes. Physiol Meas 2000; 21:79-88. [PMID: 10720002 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/21/1/310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we have proposed a technique for reducing movement artefacts in impedance pneumography by placing six electrodes at appropriate locations and suitably combining the measurements obtained. The strategy for electrode placement was based on the observation that the electrodes appeared to slide over the rib cage along with the skin, during movement. A volume conductor model of the thoracic cavity was developed and movement artefacts were simulated by shifting the electrodes to a different location on the surface. The impedance changes due to movement in one of the measurements of a 'symmetrical pair' were 180 degrees out of phase with respect to those observed in the other measurement of that pair. However, the impedance changes due to breathing were in phase in both these measurements. Thus, it was possible to reduce movement artefacts by taking a mean of these measurements without affecting the breathing related changes. The six electrodes could be configured into two such symmetrical pairs. The same observation was made in experimental data recorded from human subjects. This indicated that movement artefacts were caused by sliding of electrodes along with the skin and could be reduced by using the six-electrode configuration.
Collapse
|
45
|
Noble TJ, Harris ND, Morice AH, Milnes P, Brown BH. Diuretic induced change in lung water assessed by electrical impedance tomography. Physiol Meas 2000; 21:155-63. [PMID: 10720011 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/21/1/319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring patients with left ventricular failure can be difficult. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) produces cross-sectional images of changes in the impedance of the thorax. We measured changes in the electrical impedance of the lung in nine volunteers following a diuretic challenge. The hypothesis was that lung impedance would increase with diuretic induced fluid loss. Heart rate, blood pressure and urine output were also recorded. After diuretic the mean urine output was 1220 ml compared with 187 ml after placebo. Following diuretic administration, mean thoracic impedance increased by 13.6% (p < 0.01) and lung impedance increased by 7.8% (p < 0.05). Taken as a group there was a correlation between overall impedance change and total urine output. However, for each individual, the time course of change in impedance and urine output did not correlate significantly. Our findings show that EIT may offer a better guide to the response of the lung to diuretic treatment than simply measuring urine output. The urine output is neither specific nor sensitive in the assessment of lung water. Mean lung impedance, however, is largely determined by lung water. The study showed that lung impedance can be recorded at supra-normal values. EIT may help in the management of patients with excess lung water.
Collapse
|
46
|
Bertemes-Filho P, Brown BH, Wilson AJ. A comparison of modified Howland circuits as current generators with current mirror type circuits. Physiol Meas 2000; 21:1-6. [PMID: 10719993 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/21/1/301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (EIT) systems require stable voltage controlled current generators that will work over a wide frequency range and with a large variation in load impedance. In this paper we compare the performance of two commonly used designs: the first is a modified Howland circuit whilst the second is based on a current mirror. The output current and the output impedance of both circuits were determined through PSPICE simulation and through measurement. Both circuits were stable over the frequency ranges 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The maximum variation of output current with frequency for the modified Howland circuit was 2.0% and for the circuit based on a current mirror 1.6%. The output impedance for both circuits was greater than 100 kohms for frequencies up to 100 kHz. However, neither circuit achieved this output impedance at 1 MHz. Comparing the results from the two circuits suggests that there is little to choose between them in terms of a practical implementation.
Collapse
|
47
|
Waterworth AR, Milnes P, Smallwood RH, Brown BH. Cole equation modelling to measurements made using an impulse driven transfer impedance system. Physiol Meas 2000; 21:137-44. [PMID: 10720009 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/21/1/317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance measurements are used to obtain information about a subject, tissue sample or tissue model under test. There are several ways of obtaining these impedance data and thereafter analysing the data to obtain relevant parameters. This paper shows how a completely isolated drive and receive system using current pulses, as opposed to sine waves, achieves good fitted results with resistor-capacitor Cole phantoms.
Collapse
|
48
|
Noble TJ, Morice AH, Channer KS, Milnes P, Harris ND, Brown BH. Monitoring patients with left ventricular failure by electrical impedance tomography. Eur J Heart Fail 1999; 1:379-84. [PMID: 10937951 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-9842(99)00054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute left ventricular failure (LVF) is a common medical emergency but detection and monitoring of pulmonary oedema remains problematic. Fluid is an important determinant of tissue impedance. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive technique allowing localisation of impedance changes within tissue. We have investigated the relationship between LVF and the electrical impedance of lung tissue. Twenty patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute left ventricular failure were compared with 30 normal subjects. Patients were monitored using serial chest radiographs and electrical impedance tomography measurements of lung impedance during hospital admission. Radiographs were graded according to the severity of pulmonary oedema by two independent radiologists. Lung impedance was significantly (P<0.0001) lower than normal in patients with left ventricular failure. Values returned towards the normal range as LVF resolved. There was a similar improvement in the score of the chest radiographs. The electrical impedance of the lung is low in left ventricular failure and increases following treatment.
Collapse
|
49
|
Smallwood RH, Hampshire AR, Brown BH, Primhak RA, Marven S, Nopp P. A comparison of neonatal and adult lung impedances derived from EIT images. Physiol Meas 1999; 20:401-13. [PMID: 10593233 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/20/4/307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An objective method of extracting respiratory data from lung images is presented, together with a technique for automatically generating regions of interest delineating the anterior and posterior regions of the lungs. The method is used to extract data on the change in lung impedance with frequency, and on calculated Cole parameters, from 19 normal neonates (gestational age 32 to 42 weeks) and 8 normal adults (age 21 to 82 years). A comparison of the impedance properties of neonatal and adult lungs was made. The variation of lung impedance with frequency in neonates, as derived from EIT images, is significantly different from that found for adults. The implications for a model of the electrical impedance of lung tissue are discussed.
Collapse
|
50
|
Avis NJ, Briggs NM, Kleinermann F, Hose DR, Brown BH, Edwards MH. Anatomical and physiological models for surgical simulation. Stud Health Technol Inform 1999; 62:23-9. [PMID: 10538363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
A considerable amount of effort has been aimed towards developing real-time deformable objects for surgical simulation, but very little work has been aimed towards including physiology within the soft tissue models. A simulator that links the structural and functional aspects of the human body would allow the user to develop a better understanding of the intrinsic link between anatomy and physiology. This positional paper discusses the challenges facing the creation of and the development of an integrated physiological and anatomical soft tissue model for use in surgical simulators. It explores the artificial dichotomy between anatomy and physiology and the issues it raises, by considering a suturing simulator capable of modelling ischaemia.
Collapse
|