1
|
Zhu Z, Chen X, Chen S, Hu C, Guo R, Wu Y, Liu Z, Shu X, Jiang M. Examination of the mechanism of Piezo ion channel in 5-HT synthesis in the enterochromaffin cell and its association with gut motility. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1193556. [PMID: 38027192 PMCID: PMC10652390 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1193556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the gastrointestinal tract, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an important monoamine that regulates intestinal dynamics. QGP-1 cells are human-derived enterochromaffin cells that secrete 5-HT and functionally express Piezo ion channels associated with cellular mechanosensation. Piezo ion channels can be blocked by Grammostola spatulata mechanotoxin 4 (GsMTx4), a spider venom peptide that inhibits cationic mechanosensitive channels. The primary aim of this study was to explore the effects of GsMTx4 on 5-HT secretion in QGP-1 cells in vitro. We investigated the transcript and protein levels of the Piezo1/2 ion channel, tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. In addition, we observed that GsMTx4 affected mouse intestinal motility in vivo. Furthermore, GsMTx4 blocked the response of QGP-1 cells to ultrasound, a mechanical stimulus.The prolonged presence of GsMTx4 increased the 5-HT levels in the QGP-1 cell culture system, whereas Piezo1/2 expression decreased, and TPH1 expression increased. This effect was accompanied by the increased phosphorylation of the p38 protein. GsMTx4 increased the entire intestinal passage time of carmine without altering intestinal inflammation. Taken together, inhibition of Piezo1/2 can mediate an increase in 5-HT, which is associated with TPH1, a key enzyme for 5-HT synthesis. It is also accompanied by the activation of the p38 signaling pathway. Inhibitors of Piezo1/2 can modulate 5-HT secretion and influence intestinal motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Zhu
- Pediatric Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Pediatric Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Pediatric Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenmin Hu
- Pediatric Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- National Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Pediatric Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Pediatric Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Shu
- Pediatric Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Pediatric Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang P, Kljavin N, Nguyen TTT, Storm EE, Marsh B, Jiang J, Lin W, Menon H, Piskol R, de Sauvage FJ. Adrenergic nerves regulate intestinal regeneration through IL-22 signaling from type 3 innate lymphoid cells. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1166-1178.e8. [PMID: 37597516 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium has high intrinsic turnover rate, and the precise renewal of the epithelium is dependent on the microenvironment. The intestine is innervated by a dense network of peripheral nerves that controls various aspects of intestinal physiology. However, the role of neurons in regulating epithelial cell regeneration remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of gut-innervating adrenergic nerves on epithelial cell repair following irradiation (IR)-induced injury. We observed that adrenergic nerve density in the small intestine increased post IR, while chemical adrenergic denervation impaired epithelial regeneration. Single-cell RNA sequencing experiments revealed a decrease in IL-22 signaling post IR in denervated animals. Combining pharmacologic and genetic tools, we demonstrate that β-adrenergic receptor signaling drives IL-22 production from type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) post IR, which in turn promotes epithelial regeneration. These results define an adrenergic-ILC3 axis important for intestinal regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Putianqi Wang
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Noelyn Kljavin
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thi Thu Thao Nguyen
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Elaine E Storm
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bryan Marsh
- Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jian Jiang
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - William Lin
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hari Menon
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, Lipidomics and Next Generation Sequencing, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert Piskol
- Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arnesen H, Markussen T, Birchenough G, Birkeland S, Nyström EEL, Hansson GC, Carlsen H, Boysen P. Microbial experience through housing in a farmyard-type environment alters intestinal barrier properties in mouse colons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13701. [PMID: 37607995 PMCID: PMC10444815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To close the gap between ultra-hygienic research mouse models and the much more environmentally exposed conditions of humans, we have established a system where laboratory mice are raised under a full set of environmental factors present in a naturalistic, farmyard-type habitat-a process we have called feralization. In previous studies we have shown that feralized (Fer) mice were protected against colorectal cancer when compared to conventionally reared laboratory mice (Lab). However, the protective mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Disruption of the protective intestinal barrier is an acknowledged player in colorectal carcinogenesis, and in the current study we assessed colonic mucosal barrier properties in healthy, feralized C57BL/6JRj male mice. While we found no effect of feralization on mucus layer properties, higher expression of genes encoding the mucus components Fcgbp and Clca1 still suggested mucus enforcement due to feralization. Genes encoding other proteins known to be involved in bacterial defense (Itln1, Ang1, Retnlb) and inflammatory mechanisms (Zbp1, Gsdmc2) were also higher expressed in feralized mice, further suggesting that the Fer mice have an altered intestinal mucosal barrier. These findings demonstrate that microbial experience conferred by housing in a farmyard-type environment alters the intestinal barrier properties in mice possibly leading to a more robust protection against disease. Future studies to unravel regulatory roles of feralization on intestinal barrier should aim to conduct proteomic analyses and in vivo performance of the feralized mice intestinal barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Arnesen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Turhan Markussen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - George Birchenough
- Mucin Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Signe Birkeland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Elisabeth E L Nyström
- Mucin Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Mucin Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Harald Carlsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Preben Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qin Y, Wang S, Huang W, Li K, Wu M, Liu W, Han J. Chlorogenic acid improves intestinal morphology by enhancing intestinal stem-cell activity. J Sci Food Agric 2023; 103:3287-3294. [PMID: 36698257 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorogenic acid (CGA), as one of the most abundant naturally occurring phenolic acids, has been documented to be beneficial for intestinal health. However, the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood. The adult intestinal stem cell is the critical driver of epithelial homeostasis and regeneration. RESULTS This study hypothesized that CGA exerted intestinal health effects by modulating intestinal stem-cell functions. Lgr5-EGFP mice were treated for 14 days, and intestinal organoids derived from these mice were treated for 3 days, using CGA solution. In comparison with the control group, CGA treatment increased intestinal villous height and crypt depth in mice and augmented the area expansion and the number of budding intestinal organoids. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis revealed that CGA treatment significantly increased the expression of genes coding intestinal stem-cell markers in intestinal tissue and organoids, and upregulated the expression of genes coding secretory cell lineages and enterocytes, although not statistically significantly. Fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis further confirmed that CGA augmented the number of stem cells. 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation and Ki67 immunostaining results also demonstrated that CGA treatment enhanced intestinal stem-cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Altogether, our findings indicate that CGA could activate intestinal stem-cell and epithelial regeneration, which could contribute to the improvement of intestinal morphology or organoid growth of mice. This highlights a promising mechanism for CGA as an excellent candidate for the formulation of dietary supplements and functional foods for intestinal protection. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Qin
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Suqiang Wang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Huang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kejin Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Wu
- Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou Vocational and Technical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Liu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Han
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo H, Zhang J, Jiang Z, Zhu X, Yang J, Mu R, Du Y, Tian Y, Zhu P, Fan Z. Noncoding RNA circBtnl1 suppresses self-renewal of intestinal stem cells via disruption of Atf4 mRNA stability. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112039. [PMID: 36715460 PMCID: PMC10015366 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) at the crypt base are responsible for the regeneration of the intestinal epithelium. However, how ISC self-renewal is regulated still remains unclear. Here we identified a circular RNA, circBtnl1, that is highly expressed in ISCs. Loss of circBtnl1 in mice enhanced ISC self-renewal capacity and epithelial regeneration, without changes in mRNA and protein levels of its parental gene Btnl1. Mechanistically, circBtnl1 and Atf4 mRNA competitively bound the ATP-dependent RNA helicase Ddx3y to impair the stability of Atf4 mRNA in wild-type ISCs. Furthermore, ATF4 activated Sox9 transcription by binding to its promoter via a unique motif, to enhance the self-renewal capacity and epithelial regeneration of ISCs. In contrast, circBtnl1 knockout promoted Atf4 mRNA stability and enhanced ATF4 expression, which caused Sox9 transcription to potentiate ISC stemness. These data indicate that circBtnl1-mediated Atf4 mRNA decay suppresses Sox9 transcription that negatively modulates self-renewal maintenance of ISCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jiahang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of PhysiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Rui Mu
- Department of PhysiologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangChina
| | - Ying Du
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yong Tian
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Pingping Zhu
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Zusen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of CAS, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of BiophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schwarzer M, Gautam UK, Makki K, Lambert A, Brabec T, Joly A, Šrůtková D, Poinsot P, Novotná T, Geoffroy S, Courtin P, Hermanová PP, Matos RC, Landry JJM, Gérard C, Bulteau AL, Hudcovic T, Kozáková H, Filipp D, Chapot-Chartier MP, Šinkora M, Peretti N, Boneca IG, Chamaillard M, Vidal H, De Vadder F, Leulier F. Microbe-mediated intestinal NOD2 stimulation improves linear growth of undernourished infant mice. Science 2023; 379:826-833. [PMID: 36821686 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade9767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is known to influence postnatal growth. We previously found that a strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (strain LpWJL) buffers the adverse effects of chronic undernutrition on the growth of juvenile germ-free mice. Here, we report that LpWJL sustains the postnatal growth of malnourished conventional animals and supports both insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin production and activity. We have identified cell walls isolated from LpWJL, as well as muramyl dipeptide and mifamurtide, as sufficient cues to stimulate animal growth despite undernutrition. Further, we found that NOD2 is necessary in intestinal epithelial cells for LpWJL-mediated IGF-1 production and for postnatal growth promotion in malnourished conventional animals. These findings indicate that, coupled with renutrition, bacteria cell walls or purified NOD2 ligands have the potential to alleviate stunting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Umesh Kumar Gautam
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Kassem Makki
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Anne Lambert
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Tomáš Brabec
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Amélie Joly
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Dagmar Šrůtková
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Pierre Poinsot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Univ Lyon, Hospices Civil de Lyon, Gastro-enterology and Pediatric Nutrition, Hôpital Femme Mere Enfant, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Tereza Novotná
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Geoffroy
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Courtin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Petra Petr Hermanová
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Renata C Matos
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan J M Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Céline Gérard
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bulteau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Tomáš Hudcovic
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kozáková
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Filipp
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Marek Šinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 54922 Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Noël Peretti
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
- Univ Lyon, Hospices Civil de Lyon, Gastro-enterology and Pediatric Nutrition, Hôpital Femme Mere Enfant, F-69500 Bron, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Biology and Genetics of the Bacterial Cell Wall Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Hubert Vidal
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Filipe De Vadder
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - François Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR5242, UCBL Lyon-1, F-69007 Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miranda J, Brazil JC, Morris AH, Parkos CA, Quiros M, Nusrat A. Maresin-2 promotes mucosal repair and has therapeutic potential when encapsulated in thermostable nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218162120. [PMID: 36669099 PMCID: PMC9942869 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218162120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation and mucosal wound healing are crucial processes required to re-establish homeostasis following injury of mucosal tissues. Maresin-2 (MaR2), a lipid specialized pro-resolving mediator derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, has been reported to promote resolution of inflammation. However, a potential role for MaR2 in regulating mucosal repair remains undefined. Using lipidomic analyses, we demonstrate biosynthesis of MaR2 in healing intestinal mucosal wounds in vivo. Importantly, administration of exogenous MaR2 promoted mucosal repair following dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis or biopsy-induced colonic mucosal injury. Functional analyses revealed that MaR2 promotes mucosal wound repair by driving intestinal epithelial migration through activation of focal cell-matrix adhesion signaling in primary human intestinal epithelial cells. Because of its labile nature, MaR2 is easily degradable and requires ultracold storage to maintain functionality. Thus, we created thermostable polylactic acid MaR2 nanoparticles that retain biological activity following extended storage at 4 °C or above. Taken together, these results establish MaR2 as a potent pro-repair lipid mediator with broad therapeutic potential for use in promoting mucosal repair in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jael Miranda
- aDepartment of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | | | - Aaron H. Morris
- bDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Charles A. Parkos
- aDepartment of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Miguel Quiros
- aDepartment of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. or
| | - Asma Nusrat
- aDepartment of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. or
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dolisi C, Crenesse D, Ardisson JL. Practical Considerations and Recommendations for “A Revised Hippocratic Oath for the Era of Digital Health” (Preprint). J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e43383. [PMID: 36287 PMCID: PMC9647447 DOI: 10.2196/43383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippocratic Oath (the “Oath”) is a longstanding body of ethical tenets that have undergone several amendments to accommodate changes and evolutions in the practice of medicine. In their recent perspective entitled, “A Revised Hippocratic Oath for the Era of Digital Health,” Meskó and Spiegel offered proposed amendments to the Oath to address both challenges and needs that follow digital health implementation in clinical practice. In this commentary, we offer additional thoughts and considerations to Meskó and Spiegel’s proposed amendments to accomplish two goals: (1) reflect on the shared goals and values of all digital health stakeholders and (2) drive home the focus on affirming patient choice, autonomy, and respect.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cuddihey H, Cavin JB, Keenan CM, Wallace LE, Vemuri K, Makriyannis A, MacNaughton WK, Sharkey KA. Role of CB 1 receptors in the acute regulation of small intestinal permeability: effects of high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G219-G238. [PMID: 35787179 PMCID: PMC9394780 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00341.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system of the gastrointestinal tract is involved in the control of intestinal barrier function. Whether the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor is expressed on the intestinal epithelium and acutely regulates barrier function has not been determined. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ligands of the CB1 receptor acutely modulate small intestinal permeability and that this is associated with altered distribution of tight junction proteins. We examined the acute effects of CB1 receptor ligands on small intestinal permeability both in chow-fed and 2-wk high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice using Ussing chambers. We assessed the distribution of CB1 receptor and tight junction proteins using immunofluorescence and the expression of CB1 receptor using PCR. A low level of CB1 expression was found on the intestinal epithelium. CB1 receptor was highly expressed on enteric nerves in the lamina propria. Neither the CB1/CB2 agonist CP55,940 nor the CB1 neutral antagonist AM6545 altered the flux of 4kDa FITC dextran (FD4) across the jejunum or ileum of chow-fed mice. Remarkably, both CP55,940 and AM6545 reduced FD4 flux across the jejunum and ileum in HFD-fed mice that have elevated baseline intestinal permeability. These effects were absent in CB1 knockout mice. CP55,940 reduced the expression of claudin-2, whereas AM6545 had little effect on claudin-2 expression. Neither ligand altered the expression of ZO-1. Our data suggest that CB1 receptor on the intestinal epithelium regulates tight junction protein expression and restores barrier function when it is increased following exposure to a HFD for 2 wk.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The endocannabinoid system of the gastrointestinal tract regulates homeostasis by acting as brake on motility and secretion. Here we show that when exposed to a high fat diet, intestinal permeability is increased and activation of the CB1 receptor on the intestinal epithelium restores barrier function. This work further highlights the role of the endocannabinoid system in regulating intestinal homeostasis when it is perturbed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Cuddihey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Cavin
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine M Keenan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laurie E Wallace
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kiran Vemuri
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao J, Cao S, Xiao H, Hu S, Yao K, Huang K, Jiang Z, Wang L. Lactobacillus reuteri 1 Enhances Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function and Alleviates the Inflammatory Response Induced by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 via Suppressing the MLCK Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:897395. [PMID: 35911699 PMCID: PMC9331657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier injury disrupts immune homeostasis and leads to many intestinal disorders. Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) strains can influence immune system development and intestinal function. However, the underlying mechanisms of L. reuteri LR1 that regulate inflammatory response and intestinal integrity are still unknown. The present study aimed to determine the effects of LR1 on the ETEC K88-induced intestinal epithelial injury on the inflammatory response, intestinal epithelial barrier function, and the MLCK signal pathway and its underlying mechanism. Here, we showed that the 1 × 109 cfu/ml LR1 treatment for 4 h dramatically decreased interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6 expression. Then, the data indicated that the 1 × 108 cfu/ml ETEC K88 treatment for 4 h dramatically enhanced IL-8, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope (SEM) data indicated that pretreatment with LR1 inhibited the ETEC K88 that adhered on IPEC-J2 and alleviated the scratch injury of IPEC J2 cells. Moreover, LR1 pretreatment significantly reversed the declined transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and tight junction protein level, and enhanced the induction by ETEC K88 treatment. Additionally, LR1 pretreatment dramatically declined IL-8, IL-17A, IL-6, and TNF-α levels compared with the ETEC K88 group. Then, ETEC K88-treated IPEC-J2 cells had a higher level of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), higher MLC levels, and a lower Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) level than the control group, while LR1 pretreatment significantly declined the MLCK and MLC expression and enhanced ROCK level in the ETEC K88-challenged IPEC-J2 cells. Mechanistically, depletion of MLCK significantly declined MLC expression in IPEC-J2 challenged with ETEC K88 compared to the si NC+ETEC K88 group. On the other hand, the TER of the si MLCK+ETEC K88 group was higher and the FD4 flux in the si MLCK+ETEC K88 group was lower compared with the si NC+ETEC K88 group. In addition, depletion of MLCK significantly enhanced Claudin-1 level and declined IL-8 and TNF-α levels in IPEC-J2 pretreated with LR1 followed by challenging with ETEC K88. In conclusion, our work indicated that L. reuteri LR1 can decline inflammatory response and improve intestinal epithelial barrier function through suppressing the MLCK signal pathway in the ETEC K88-challenged IPEC-J2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenglan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Batra A, Bui TM, Rehring JF, Yalom LK, Muller WA, Sullivan DP, Sumagin R. Experimental Colitis Enhances Temporal Variations in CX3CR1 Cell Colonization of the Gut and Brain Following Irradiation. Am J Pathol 2022; 192:295-307. [PMID: 34767810 PMCID: PMC8908021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral monocyte-derived CX3C chemokine receptor 1 positive (CX3CR1+) cells play important roles in tissue homeostasis and gut repopulation. Increasing evidence also supports their role in immune repopulation of the brain parenchyma in response to systemic inflammation. Adoptive bone marrow transfer from CX3CR1 fluorescence reporter mice and high-resolution confocal microscopy was used to assess the time course of CX3CR1+ cell repopulation of steady-state and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-inflamed small intestine/colon and the brain over 4 weeks after irradiation. CX3CR1+ cell colonization and morphologic polarization into fully ramified cells occurred more rapidly in the small intestine than in the colon. For both organs, the crypt/mucosa was more densely populated than the serosa/muscularis layer, indicating preferential temporal and spatial occupancy. Repopulation of the brain was delayed compared with that of gut tissue, consistent with the immune privilege of this organ. However, DSS-induced colon injury accelerated the repopulation. Expression analyses confirmed increased chemokine levels and macrophage colonization within the small intestine/colon and the brain by DSS-induced injury. Early increases of transmembrane protein 119 and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 expression within the brain after colon injury suggest immune-priming effect of brain resident microglia in response to systemic inflammation. These findings identify temporal differences in immune repopulation of the gut and brain in response to inflammation and show that gut inflammation can impact immune responses within the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Batra
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Triet M Bui
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jacob F Rehring
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lenore K Yalom
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William A Muller
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David P Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ronen Sumagin
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dzanibe S, Lennard K, Kiravu A, Seabrook MSS, Alinde B, Holmes SP, Blish CA, Jaspan HB, Gray CM. Stereotypic Expansion of T Regulatory and Th17 Cells during Infancy Is Disrupted by HIV Exposure and Gut Epithelial Damage. J Immunol 2022; 208:27-37. [PMID: 34819390 PMCID: PMC8702481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have investigated immune cell ontogeny throughout the neonatal and early pediatric period, when there is often increased vulnerability to infections. In this study, we evaluated the dynamics of two critical T cell populations, T regulatory (Treg) cells and Th17 cells, over the first 36 wk of human life. First, we observed distinct CD4+ T cells phenotypes between cord blood and peripheral blood, collected within 12 h of birth, showing that cord blood is not a surrogate for newborn blood. Second, both Treg and Th17 cells expanded in a synchronous fashion over 36 wk of life. However, comparing infants exposed to HIV in utero, but remaining uninfected, with HIV-unexposed uninfected control infants, there was a lower frequency of peripheral blood Treg cells at birth, resulting in a delayed expansion, and then declining again at 36 wk. Focusing on birth events, we found that Treg cells coexpressing CCR4 and α4β7 inversely correlated with plasma concentrations of CCL17 (the ligand for CCR4) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein, IL-7, and CCL20. This was in contrast with Th17 cells, which showed a positive association with these plasma analytes. Thus, despite the stereotypic expansion of both cell subsets over the first few months of life, there was a disruption in the balance of Th17 to Treg cells at birth likely being a result of gut damage and homing of newborn Treg cells from the blood circulation to the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonwabile Dzanibe
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;
| | - Katie Lennard
- Division of Computational Biology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Agano Kiravu
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melanie S S Seabrook
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Berenice Alinde
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susan P Holmes
- Department of Statistic, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
| | - Heather B Jaspan
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Seattle Children's Research Institute and Departments of Paediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Clive M Gray
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rahman S, Ghiboub M, Donkers JM, van de Steeg E, van Tol EAF, Hakvoort TBM, de Jonge WJ. The Progress of Intestinal Epithelial Models from Cell Lines to Gut-On-Chip. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413472. [PMID: 34948271 PMCID: PMC8709104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, several preclinical in vitro and ex vivo models have been developed that helped to understand some of the critical aspects of intestinal functions in health and disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the translation to the human in vivo situation remains problematic. The main reason for this is that these approaches fail to fully reflect the multifactorial and complex in vivo environment (e.g., including microbiota, nutrition, and immune response) in the gut system. Although conventional models such as cell lines, Ussing chamber, and the everted sac are still used, increasingly more sophisticated intestinal models have been developed over the past years including organoids, InTESTine™ and microfluidic gut-on-chip. In this review, we gathered the most recent insights on the setup, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of most frequently used in vitro and ex vivo models to study intestinal physiology and functions in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shafaque Rahman
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
| | - Mohammed Ghiboub
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Emma Children’s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M. Donkers
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Evita van de Steeg
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Eric A. F. van Tol
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Theodorus B. M. Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
| | - Wouter J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ebbesen M, Kissow H, Hartmann B, Kielsen K, Sørensen K, Stinson SE, Frithioff-Bøjsøe C, Esmann Fonvig C, Holm JC, Hansen T, Holst JJ, Müller KG. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Is Associated With Systemic Inflammation in Pediatric Patients Treated With Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:793588. [PMID: 34956226 PMCID: PMC8692255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are challenged with severe side effects, which are propagated by mucosal barrier disruption, and the related microbial translocation and systemic inflammation. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a well-known incretin hormone, possesses anti-inflammatory properties and promotes regeneration of damaged intestinal epithelium in animal studies. We hypothesized that the immense inter-individual variation in the degree of mucosal damage and systemic inflammation, seen after HSCT is influenced by endogenous GLP-1 and could be related to acute post-transplant complications. In this prospective study we measured serial weekly fasting plasma GLP-1, along with C-reactive protein (CRP), and citrulline in 82 pediatric patients during allogeneic HSCT together with a fasting plasma GLP-1 in sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Overall, GLP-1 levels were increased in the patients during the course of HSCT compared with the controls, but tended to decrease post-transplant, most pronounced in patients receiving high-intensity conditioning regimen. The increase in CRP seen in the early post-transplant phase was significantly lower from day +8 to +13 in patients with GLP-1 above the upper quartile (>10 pmol/L) at day 0 (all P ≤ 0.03). Similar findings were seen for peak CRP levels after adjusting for type of conditioning (-47.0%; 95% CI, -8.1 - -69.4%, P = 0.02). Citrulline declined significantly following the transplantation illustrating a decrease in viable enterocytes, most evident in patients receiving high-intensity conditioning regimen. GLP-1 levels at day 0 associated with the recovery rate of citrulline from day 0 to +21 (34 percentage points (pp)/GLP-1 doubling; 95% CI, 10 - 58pp; P = 0. 008) and day 0 to day +90 (48 pp/GLP-1 doubling; 95% CI, 17 - 79pp; P = 0. 004), also after adjustment for type of conditioning. This translated into a reduced risk of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) in patients with highest day 0 GLP-1 levels (>10 pmol/L) (cause-specific HR: 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2 - 0.9, P = 0.02). In conclusion, this study strongly suggests that GLP-1 influences regeneration of injured epithelial barriers and ameliorates inflammatory responses in the early post-transplant phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ebbesen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Kielsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaspar Sørensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Elizabeth Stinson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Frithioff-Bøjsøe
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Accredited European Centre for Obesity Management, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Cilius Esmann Fonvig
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Accredited European Centre for Obesity Management, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Kolding Hospital a Part of Lillebælt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Children’s Obesity Clinic, Accredited European Centre for Obesity Management, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Gottlob Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee Y, Kamada N, Moon JJ. Oral nanomedicine for modulating immunity, intestinal barrier functions, and gut microbiome. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114021. [PMID: 34710529 PMCID: PMC8665886 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) affects not only local diseases in the GIT but also various systemic diseases. Factors that can affect the health and disease of both GIT and the human body include 1) the mucosal immune system composed of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues and the lamina propria, 2) the intestinal barrier composed of mucus and intestinal epithelium, and 3) the gut microbiota. Selective delivery of drugs, including antigens, immune-modulators, intestinal barrier enhancers, and gut-microbiome manipulators, has shown promising results for oral vaccines, immune tolerance, treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, and other systemic diseases, including cancer. However, physicochemical and biological barriers of the GIT present significant challenges for successful translation. With the advances of novel nanomaterials, oral nanomedicine has emerged as an attractive option to not only overcome these barriers but also to selectively deliver drugs to the target sites in GIT. In this review, we discuss the GIT factors and physicochemical and biological barriers in the GIT. Furthermore, we present the recent progress of oral nanomedicine for oral vaccines, immune tolerance, and anti-inflammation therapies. We also discuss recent advances in oral nanomedicine designed to fortify the intestinal barrier functions and modulate the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Finally, we opine about the future directions of oral nano-immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea.
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hong W, Xu D, Song X, Niu B, Zhuang Z, Lu Y, Lei X, Ma R, Lu C, Sun N, Mao Y, Li X. Vitamin A and retinoic acid accelerate the attenuation of intestinal adaptability upon feeding induced by high-fat diet in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 97:108803. [PMID: 34147602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With its unique cellular plasticity, the small intestinal mucosa exhibits efficient adaptability upon feeding. However, little is known about the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding on this adaption and its underlying mechanism. Herein, we demonstrated that the cell proliferation ability, mitochondrial morphology, and global transcriptomic profile of the small intestine exhibited a prominent discrepancy between the fasted and refed state in mice, which were markedly attenuated by long-term HFD feeding. The retinol (Vitamin A, VA) metabolism pathway was dramatically affected by HFD feeding in the small intestine. Both VA and its active metabolite retinoic acid (RA), with the administration of lipid micelles, promoted the expression of genes involved in lipid absorption and suppressed the expression of genes involved in the cell proliferation of intestinal organoids. Via chip-qPCR and RT-qPCR, genes involved in lipid metabolism and cell proliferation were target genes of RARα/RXRα in small intestinal organoids treated with RA and lipid micelles. The role of VA in the in vivo attenuation of intestinal adaptability, in response to HFD, was evaluated. Mice were fed a normal chow diet, HFD, or HFD diet supplemented with additional 1.5-fold VA for 12 weeks. VA supplementation in HFD accelerated the attenuation of intestinal adaptability upon feeding induced by HFD, promoted lipid absorption gene expression, and increased body weight and serum cholesterol levels. In conclusion, the discrepancy of the small intestine between the fasted and refed state was dramatically attenuated by HFD feeding, in which VA and RA might play important roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Hong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongke Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baolin Niu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyan Zhuang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiteng Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Lei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Runjun Ma
- Center for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Mao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China;.
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Najjar SA, Edwards BS, Albers KM, Davis BM, Smith-Edwards KM. Optogenetic activation of the distal colon epithelium engages enteric nervous system circuits to initiate motility patterns. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G426-G435. [PMID: 34468219 PMCID: PMC8560371 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00026.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Digestive functions of the colon depend on sensory-motor reflexes in the enteric nervous system (ENS), initiated by intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs). IPAN terminals project to the mucosal layer of the colon, allowing communication with epithelial cells comprising the colon lining. The chemical nature and functional significance of this epithelial-neural communication in regard to secretion and colon motility are of high interest. Colon epithelial cells can produce and release neuroactive substances such as ATP and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which can activate receptors on adjacent nerve fibers, including IPAN subtypes. In this study, we examined if stimulation of epithelial cells alone is sufficient to activate neural circuits that control colon motility. Optogenetics and calcium imaging were used in ex vivo preparations of the mouse colon to selectively stimulate the colon epithelium, measure changes in motility, and record activity of neurons within the myenteric plexus. Light-mediated activation of epithelial cells lining the distal, but not proximal, colon caused local contractions and increased the rate of colonic migrating motor complexes. Epithelial-evoked local contractions in the distal colon were reduced by both ATP and 5-HT receptor antagonists. Our findings indicate that colon epithelial cells likely use purinergic and serotonergic signaling to initiate activity in myenteric neurons, produce local contractions, and facilitate large-scale coordination of ENS activity responsible for whole colon motility patterns.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using an all-optical approach to measure real-time cell-to-cell communication responsible for colon functions, we show that selective optogenetic stimulation of distal colon epithelium produced activity in myenteric neurons, as measured with red genetically encoded calcium indicators. The epithelial-induced neural response led to local contractions, mediated by both purinergic and serotonergic signaling, and facilitated colonic motor complexes that propagate from proximal to distal colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Najjar
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian S Edwards
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn M Albers
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian M Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen M Smith-Edwards
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fila M, Chojnacki J, Pawlowska E, Szczepanska J, Chojnacki C, Blasiak J. Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Migraine and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810134. [PMID: 34576297 PMCID: PMC8469852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine, the leading cause of disability in the population aged below 50, is associated with functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (FGIDs) such as functional nausea, cyclic vomiting syndrome, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Conversely, changes in intestinal GI transit may cause diarrhea or constipation and are a component of the autonomic symptoms associated with pre- and post-dorsal phases of migraine attack. These mutual relationships provoke a question on a common trigger in migraine and FGIDs. The kynurenine (l-kyn) pathway (KP) is the major route for l-tryptophan (l-Trp) metabolism and transforms l-Trp into several neuroactive compounds. Changes in KP were reported in both migraine and FGIDs. Migraine was largely untreatable, but several drugs approved lately by the FDA, including monoclonal antibodies for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor, create a hope for a breakthrough in migraine treatment. Derivatives of l-kyn were efficient in pain relief with a mechanism including CGRP inhibition. KP products are important ligands to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), whose activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of GI and migraine. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may play a role in migraine and IBS pathogeneses, and KP metabolites detected downstream of TLR activation may be an IBS marker. The TLR4 signaling was observed in initiating and maintaining migraine-like behavior through myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) in the mouse. The aim of this review is to justify the view that KP modulation may provide common triggers for migraine and FGIDs with the involvement of TLR, AhR, and MyD88 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fila
- Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Jan Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland; (J.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 92-217 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Cezary Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland; (J.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Calatayud M, Verstrepen L, Ghyselinck J, Van den Abbeele P, Marzorati M, Modica S, Ranjanoro T, Maquet V. Chitin Glucan Shifts Luminal and Mucosal Microbial Communities, Improve Epithelial Barrier and Modulates Cytokine Production In Vitro. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093249. [PMID: 34579126 PMCID: PMC8467507 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota has been linked to the health status of the host. Modulation of human gut microbiota through pro- and prebiotic interventions has yielded promising results; however, the effect of novel prebiotics, such as chitin-glucan, on gut microbiota-host interplay is still not fully characterized. We assessed the effect of chitin-glucan (CG) and chitin-glucan plus Bifidobacterium breve (CGB) on human gut microbiota from the luminal and mucosal environments in vitro. Further, we tested the effect of filter-sterilized fecal supernatants from CG and CGB fermentation for protective effects on inflammation-induced barrier disruption and cytokine production using a co-culture of enterocytes and macrophage-like cells. Overall, CG and CGB promote health-beneficial short-chain fatty acid production and shift human gut microbiota composition, with a consistent effect increasing Roseburia spp. and butyrate producing-bacteria. In two of three donors, CG and CGB also stimulated Faecalibacterium prausniitzi. Specific colonization of B. breve was observed in the lumen and mucosal compartment; however, no synergy was detected for different endpoints when comparing CGB and CG. Both treatments included a significant improvement of inflammation-disrupted epithelial barrier and shifts on cytokine production, especially by consistent increase in the immunomodulatory cytokines IL10 and IL6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calatayud
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (L.V.); (J.G.); (P.V.d.A.)
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: (M.C.); or (M.M.)
| | - Lynn Verstrepen
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (L.V.); (J.G.); (P.V.d.A.)
| | - Jonas Ghyselinck
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (L.V.); (J.G.); (P.V.d.A.)
| | | | - Massimo Marzorati
- ProDigest BV, Technologiepark 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (L.V.); (J.G.); (P.V.d.A.)
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: (M.C.); or (M.M.)
| | - Salvatore Modica
- KitoZyme SA., Parc Industriel des Hauts Sarts, 4040 Herstal, Belgium; (S.M.); (T.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Thibaut Ranjanoro
- KitoZyme SA., Parc Industriel des Hauts Sarts, 4040 Herstal, Belgium; (S.M.); (T.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Véronique Maquet
- KitoZyme SA., Parc Industriel des Hauts Sarts, 4040 Herstal, Belgium; (S.M.); (T.R.); (V.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guillermin O, Angelis N, Sidor CM, Ridgway R, Baulies A, Kucharska A, Antas P, Rose MR, Cordero J, Sansom O, Li VSW, Thompson BJ. Wnt and Src signals converge on YAP-TEAD to drive intestinal regeneration. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105770. [PMID: 33950519 PMCID: PMC8246259 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling induces a gradient of stem/progenitor cell proliferation along the crypt-villus axis of the intestine, which becomes expanded during intestinal regeneration or tumour formation. The YAP transcriptional co-activator is known to be required for intestinal regeneration, but its mode of regulation remains controversial. Here we show that the YAP-TEAD transcription factor is a key downstream effector of Wnt signalling in the intestine. Loss of YAP activity by Yap/Taz conditional knockout results in sensitivity of crypt stem cells to apoptosis and reduced cell proliferation during regeneration. Gain of YAP activity by Lats1/2 conditional knockout is sufficient to drive a crypt hyperproliferation response. In particular, Wnt signalling acts transcriptionally to induce YAP and TEAD1/2/4 expression. YAP normally localises to the nucleus only in crypt base stem cells, but becomes nuclear in most intestinal epithelial cells during intestinal regeneration after irradiation, or during organoid growth, in a Src family kinase-dependent manner. YAP-driven crypt expansion during regeneration involves an elongation and flattening of the Wnt signalling gradient. Thus, Wnt and Src-YAP signals cooperate to drive intestinal regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Guillermin
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Nikolaos Angelis
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Clara M Sidor
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Rachel Ridgway
- Colorectal Cancer and Wnt signalling LaboratoryCancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Anna Baulies
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Anna Kucharska
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Pedro Antas
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Melissa R Rose
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Julia Cordero
- Institute of Cancer SciencesWolfson Wohl Cancer Research CentreBearsdenUK
| | - Owen Sansom
- Colorectal Cancer and Wnt signalling LaboratoryCancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGlasgowUK
| | - Vivian S W Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology LaboratoryFrancis Crick InstituteLondonUK
- EMBL Australia ACRF Department of Cancer Biology & TherapeuticsJohn Curtin School of Medical ResearchThe Australian National UniversityActonACTAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang Q, Xue SL, Chan CJ, Rempfler M, Vischi D, Maurer-Gutierrez F, Hiiragi T, Hannezo E, Liberali P. Cell fate coordinates mechano-osmotic forces in intestinal crypt formation. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:733-744. [PMID: 34155381 PMCID: PMC7611267 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal organoids derived from single cells undergo complex crypt-villus patterning and morphogenesis. However, the nature and coordination of the underlying forces remains poorly characterized. Here, using light-sheet microscopy and large-scale imaging quantification, we demonstrate that crypt formation coincides with a stark reduction in lumen volume. We develop a 3D biophysical model to computationally screen different mechanical scenarios of crypt morphogenesis. Combining this with live-imaging data and multiple mechanical perturbations, we show that actomyosin-driven crypt apical contraction and villus basal tension work synergistically with lumen volume reduction to drive crypt morphogenesis, and demonstrate the existence of a critical point in differential tensions above which crypt morphology becomes robust to volume changes. Finally, we identified a sodium/glucose cotransporter that is specific to differentiated enterocytes that modulates lumen volume reduction through cell swelling in the villus region. Together, our study uncovers the cellular basis of how cell fate modulates osmotic and actomyosin forces to coordinate robust morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiutan Yang
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Shi-Lei Xue
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Chii Jou Chan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Rempfler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dario Vischi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Prisca Liberali
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ouladan S, Gregorieff A. Taking a Step Back: Insights into the Mechanisms Regulating Gut Epithelial Dedifferentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137043. [PMID: 34208872 PMCID: PMC8268356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the environmental constraints imposed upon the intestinal epithelium, this tissue must perform essential functions such as nutrient absorption and hormonal regulation, while also acting as a critical barrier to the outside world. These functions depend on a variety of specialized cell types that are constantly renewed by a rapidly proliferating population of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) residing at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn. The niche components and signals regulating crypt morphogenesis and maintenance of homeostatic ISCs have been intensely studied over the last decades. Increasingly, however, researchers are turning their attention to unraveling the mechanisms driving gut epithelial regeneration due to physical damage or infection. It is now well established that injury to the gut barrier triggers major cell fate changes, demonstrating the highly plastic nature of the gut epithelium. In particular, lineage tracing and transcriptional profiling experiments have uncovered several injury-induced stem-cell populations and molecular markers of the regenerative state. Despite the progress achieved in recent years, several questions remain unresolved, particularly regarding the mechanisms driving dedifferentiation of the gut epithelium. In this review, we summarize the latest studies, primarily from murine models, that define the regenerative processes governing the gut epithelium and discuss areas that will require more in-depth investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaida Ouladan
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada;
- McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Alex Gregorieff
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada;
- McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rose EC, Odle J, Blikslager AT, Ziegler AL. Probiotics, Prebiotics and Epithelial Tight Junctions: A Promising Approach to Modulate Intestinal Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6729. [PMID: 34201613 PMCID: PMC8268081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in the intestinal epithelial barrier can result in devastating consequences and a multitude of disease syndromes, particularly among preterm neonates. The association between barrier dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis suggests that the intestinal barrier function is interactive with specific gut commensals and pathogenic microbes. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that probiotic supplementation promotes significant upregulation and relocalization of interepithelial tight junction proteins, which form the microscopic scaffolds of the intestinal barrier. Probiotics facilitate some of these effects through the ligand-mediated stimulation of several toll-like receptors that are expressed by the intestinal epithelium. In particular, bacterial-mediated stimulation of toll-like receptor-2 modulates the expression and localization of specific protein constituents of intestinal tight junctions. Given that ingested prebiotics are robust modulators of the intestinal microbiota, prebiotic supplementation has been similarly investigated as a potential, indirect mechanism of barrier preservation. Emerging evidence suggests that prebiotics may additionally exert a direct effect on intestinal barrier function through mechanisms independent of the gut microbiota. In this review, we summarize current views on the effects of pro- and prebiotics on the intestinal epithelial barrier as well as on non-epithelial cell barrier constituents, such as the enteric glial cell network. Through continued investigation of these bioactive compounds, we can maximize their therapeutic potential for preventing and treating gastrointestinal diseases associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and dysbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Rose
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Jack Odle
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Amanda L. Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cox CB, Storm EE, Kapoor VN, Chavarria-Smith J, Lin DL, Wang L, Li Y, Kljavin N, Ota N, Bainbridge TW, Anderson K, Roose-Girma M, Warming S, Arron JR, Turley SJ, de Sauvage FJ, van Lookeren Campagne M. IL-1R1-dependent signaling coordinates epithelial regeneration in response to intestinal damage. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabe8856. [PMID: 33963061 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe8856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Repair of the intestinal epithelium is tightly regulated to maintain homeostasis. The response after epithelial damage needs to be local and proportional to the insult. How different types of damage are coupled to repair remains incompletely understood. We report that after distinct types of intestinal epithelial damage, IL-1R1 signaling in GREM1+ mesenchymal cells increases production of R-spondin 3 (RSPO3), a Wnt agonist required for intestinal stem cell self-renewal. In parallel, IL-1R1 signaling regulates IL-22 production by innate lymphoid cells and promotes epithelial hyperplasia and regeneration. Although the regulation of both RSPO3 and IL-22 is critical for epithelial recovery from Citrobacter rodentium infection, IL-1R1-dependent RSPO3 production by GREM1+ mesenchymal cells alone is sufficient and required for recovery after dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. These data demonstrate how IL-1R1-dependent signaling orchestrates distinct repair programs tailored to the type of injury sustained that are required to restore intestinal epithelial barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Cox
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Elaine E Storm
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Varun N Kapoor
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - David L Lin
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lifen Wang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Noelyn Kljavin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Naruhisa Ota
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Travis W Bainbridge
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Keith Anderson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Søren Warming
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joseph R Arron
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Shannon J Turley
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Frederic J de Sauvage
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Patnaude L, Mayo M, Mario R, Wu X, Knight H, Creamer K, Wilson S, Pivorunas V, Karman J, Phillips L, Dunstan R, Kamath RV, McRae B, Terrillon S. Mechanisms and regulation of IL-22-mediated intestinal epithelial homeostasis and repair. Life Sci 2021; 271:119195. [PMID: 33581125 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine for which key elements in disease initiation and perpetuation are defects in epithelial barrier integrity. Achieving mucosal healing is essential to ameliorate disease outcome and so new therapies leading to epithelial homeostasis and repair are under investigation. This study was designed to determine the mechanisms by which IL-22 regulates intestinal epithelial cell function. MAIN METHODS Human intestinal organoids and resections, as well as mice were used to evaluate the effect of IL-22 on stem cell expansion, proliferation and expression of mucus components. IL-22 effect on barrier function was assessed in polarized T-84 cell monolayers. Butyrate co-treatments and organoid co-cultures with immune cells were performed to monitor the impact of microbial-derived metabolites and inflammatory environments on IL-22 responses. KEY FINDINGS IL-22 led to epithelial stem cell expansion, proliferation, barrier dysfunction and anti-microbial peptide production in human and mouse models evaluated. IL-22 also altered the mucus layer by inducing an increase in membrane mucus but a decrease in secreted mucus and goblet cell content. IL-22 had the same effect on anti-microbial peptides and membrane mucus in both healthy and IBD human samples. In contrast, this IL-22-associated epithelial phenotype was different when treatments were performed in presence of butyrate and organoids co-cultured with immune cells. SIGNIFICANCE Our data indicate that IL-22 promotes epithelial regeneration, innate defense and membrane mucus production, strongly supporting the potential clinical utility of IL-22 as a mucosal healing therapy in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Patnaude
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Martha Mayo
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Regina Mario
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Heather Knight
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Kelly Creamer
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sarah Wilson
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Valerie Pivorunas
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jozsef Karman
- Abbvie, Cambridge Research Center, 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lucy Phillips
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Robert Dunstan
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rajesh V Kamath
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Bradford McRae
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sonia Terrillon
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sullivan ZA, Khoury-Hanold W, Lim J, Smillie C, Biton M, Reis BS, Zwick RK, Pope SD, Israni-Winger K, Parsa R, Philip NH, Rashed S, Palm N, Wang A, Mucida D, Regev A, Medzhitov R. γδ T cells regulate the intestinal response to nutrient sensing. Science 2021; 371:eaba8310. [PMID: 33737460 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba8310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is a site of direct encounter with the external environment and must consequently balance barrier defense with nutrient uptake. To investigate how nutrient uptake is regulated in the small intestine, we tested the effect of diets with different macronutrient compositions on epithelial gene expression. We found that enzymes and transporters required for carbohydrate digestion and absorption were regulated by carbohydrate availability. The "on-demand" induction of this machinery required γδ T cells, which regulated this program through the suppression of interleukin-22 production by type 3 innate lymphoid cells. Nutrient availability altered the tissue localization and transcriptome of γδ T cells. Additionally, transcriptional responses to diet involved cellular remodeling of the epithelial compartment. Thus, this work identifies a role for γδ T cells in nutrient sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zuri A Sullivan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Jaechul Lim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chris Smillie
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Moshe Biton
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bernardo S Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel K Zwick
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Pope
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kavita Israni-Winger
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roham Parsa
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Naomi H Philip
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Saleh Rashed
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Noah Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yokoi Y, Adachi T, Sugimoto R, Kikuchi M, Ayabe T, Nakamura K. Simultaneous real-time analysis of Paneth cell and intestinal stem cell response to interferon-γ by a novel stem cell niche tracking method. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 545:14-19. [PMID: 33529805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells and Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (Lgr5+ ISCs) constitute the stem cell niche and maintain small intestinal epithelial integrity by recognizing various niche factors derived from subepithelial cells and external antigens. Although it has been known that interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a Th1 cytokine, is associated with intestinal epithelial disruption during inflammation as a niche factor, dynamics of Paneth cells and Lgr5+ ISCs in response to IFN-γ remain to be understood. Here we show that CAG-tdTomato;Lgr5-EGFP (CT-LE) mice generated in this study enable to identify Paneth cells and Lgr5+ ISCs separately by fluorescence signals. Lgr5+ ISCs underwent cell death a little earlier than Paneth cells in response to IFN-γ by simultaneous tracking using CT-LE mice. In addition, the timing of cell death in most Paneth cells overlapped with Lgr5+ ISCs, suggesting that Paneth cell depletion is induced directly by IFN-γ. Taken together, we established a novel simultaneous stem cell niche tracking method and clarified the involvement of both Paneth cells and Lgr5+ ISCs in stem cell niche damage induced by IFN-γ, further contribute to understanding the mechanism for maintaining intestinal homeostasis by stem cell niche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yokoi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takahiro Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Rina Sugimoto
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Mani Kikuchi
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Ayabe
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan; Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Cell Biological Science, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan; Innate Immunity Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-21, Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
As an essential part of the immune system, mast cells (MCs) play an important role in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Accumulating evidence has identified altered MC count and density in intestinal mucosa of patients with IBS; however, conflicting findings yield inconsistent conclusions. Currently, most studies have suggested intestinal MC infiltration in IBS patients. Considering the pivotal role of MCs in IBS, it is necessary to achieve a better understanding about the pathological changes in the intestine. The risk factors for IBS, including dietary habits, psychological factors, infection, and dysbiosis, are implicated to induce intestinal MC infiltration. Mechanistically, food may trigger immune-related allergic reactions and affect the intestinal microbiota activity. Some exogenous pathogens and altered profile of commensal bacteria promote intestinal MC recruitment through promoted release of chemokines from epithelial cells or direct activation of the immune system. In addition, psychological factors may affect the microenvironment where MCs live. MCs have been proven to interact with the enteric neurons and other immunocytes, evidenced by the close proximity of MCs to neurons and regional altered immune system components. A variety of mediators released by the enteric neurons, immunocytes, and MCs per se, such as neurotrophins, neuropeptides, cytokines, and chemokines, may have stimulant effects on MCs by modulating the survival, proliferation, and recruitment process of MCs in the intestine. In this review, the associations between IBS and intestinal MC density and the underlying mechanisms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Qing Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liang Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Diaz-Garrido N, Cordero C, Olivo-Martinez Y, Badia J, Baldomà L. Cell-to-Cell Communication by Host-Released Extracellular Vesicles in the Gut: Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042213. [PMID: 33672304 PMCID: PMC7927122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cells is crucial to preserve body homeostasis and health. Tightly controlled intercellular dialog is particularly relevant in the gut, where cells of the intestinal mucosa are constantly exposed to millions of microbes that have great impact on intestinal homeostasis by controlling barrier and immune functions. Recent knowledge involves extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of such communication by transferring messenger bioactive molecules including proteins, lipids, and miRNAs between cells and tissues. The specific functions of EVs principally depend on the internal cargo, which upon delivery to target cells trigger signal events that modulate cellular functions. The vesicular cargo is greatly influenced by genetic, pathological, and environmental factors. This finding provides the basis for investigating potential clinical applications of EVs as therapeutic targets or diagnostic biomarkers. Here, we review current knowledge on the biogenesis and cargo composition of EVs in general terms. We then focus the attention to EVs released by cells of the intestinal mucosa and their impact on intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. We specifically highlight their role on epithelial barrier integrity, wound healing of epithelial cells, immunity, and microbiota shaping. Microbiota-derived EVs are not reviewed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Diaz-Garrido
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cordero
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yenifer Olivo-Martinez
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badia
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldomà
- Secció de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-G.); (C.C.); (Y.O.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-403-44-96
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ghosh S, Whitley CS, Haribabu B, Jala VR. Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1463-1482. [PMID: 33610769 PMCID: PMC8025057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract (GI) harbors a diverse population of microbial life that continually shapes host pathophysiological responses. Despite readily available abundant metagenomic data, the functional dynamics of gut microbiota remain to be explored in various health and disease conditions. Microbiota generate a variety of metabolites from dietary products that influence host health and pathophysiological functions. Since gut microbial metabolites are produced in close proximity to gut epithelium, presumably they have significant impact on gut barrier function and immune responses. The goal of this review is to discuss recent advances on gut microbial metabolites in the regulation of intestinal barrier function. While the mechanisms of action of these metabolites are only beginning to emerge, they mainly point to a small group of shared pathways that control gut barrier functions. Amidst expanding technology and broadening knowledge, exploitation of beneficial microbiota and their metabolites to restore pathophysiological balance will likely prove to be an extremely useful remedial tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Caleb Samuel Whitley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Bodduluri Haribabu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Venkatakrishna Rao Jala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Boerner K, Luissint AC, Parkos CA. Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized Intestinal Loop Model. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33645571 DOI: 10.3791/62093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is lined by a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a dynamic barrier allowing paracellular transport of nutrients and water while preventing passage of luminal bacteria and exogenous substances. A breach of this layer results in increased permeability to luminal contents and recruitment of immune cells, both of which are hallmarks of pathologic states in the gut including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Mechanisms regulating epithelial barrier function and transepithelial migration (TEpM) of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are incompletely understood due to the lack of experimental in vivo methods allowing quantitative analyses. Here, we describe a robust murine experimental model that employs an exteriorized intestinal segment of either ileum or proximal colon. The exteriorized intestinal loop (iLoop) is fully vascularized and offers physiological advantages over ex vivo chamber-based approaches commonly used to study permeability and PMN migration across epithelial cell monolayers. We demonstrate two applications of this model in detail: (1) quantitative measurement of intestinal permeability through detection of fluorescence-labeled dextrans in serum after intraluminal injection, (2) quantitative assessment of migrated PMN across the intestinal epithelium into the gut lumen after intraluminal introduction of chemoattractants. We demonstrate feasibility of this model and provide results utilizing the iLoop in mice lacking the epithelial tight junction-associated protein JAM-A compared to controls. JAM-A has been shown to regulate epithelial barrier function as well as PMN TEpM during inflammatory responses. Our results using the iLoop confirm previous studies and highlight the importance of JAM-A in regulation of intestinal permeability and PMN TEpM in vivo during homeostasis and disease. The iLoop model provides a highly standardized method for reproducible in vivo studies of intestinal homeostasis and inflammation and will significantly enhance understanding of intestinal barrier function and mucosal inflammation in diseases such as IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Boerner
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Diao H, Xiao Y, Yan HL, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Yu J, Mao XB, Chen DW. Effects of Early Transplantation of the Faecal Microbiota from Tibetan Pigs on the Gut Development of DSS-Challenged Piglets. Biomed Res Int 2021; 2021:9823969. [PMID: 33532501 PMCID: PMC7837763 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9823969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of early transplantation of the faecal microbiota from Tibetan pigs on the gut development of dextran sulphate sodium- (DSS-) challenged piglets. In total, 24 3-day-old DLY piglets were divided into four groups (n = 6 per group); a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used, which included faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) (from Tibetan pigs) and DSS challenge. The whole trial lasted for 55 days. DSS infusion increased the intestinal density, serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, and colonic Escherichia coli count (P < 0.05), and decreased the Lactobacillus spp. count and mRNA abundances of epidermal growth factor (EGF), glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), occludin, mucin 2 (MUC2), regeneration protein IIIγ (RegIIIγ), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the colon (P < 0.05). FMT increased the Lactobacillus spp. count and mRNA abundances of GLP-2, RegIIIγ, and IL-10 in the colon (P < 0.05), and decreased the intestinal density, serum DAO activity, and colonic E. coli number (P < 0.05). In addition, in DSS-challenged piglets, FMT decreased the disease activity index (P < 0.05) and attenuated the effect of DSS challenge on the intestinal density, serum DAO activity, and colonic E. coli number (P < 0.05). These data indicated that the faecal microbiota from Tibetan pigs could attenuate the negative effect of DSS challenge on the gut development of piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Diao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, No. 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, No. 7 Niusha Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610066, China
| | - Y. Xiao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, No. 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - H. L. Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, No. 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - B. Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, No. 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - J. He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, No. 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - P. Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, No. 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - J. Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, No. 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - X. B. Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, No. 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - D. W. Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, No. 46 Xinkang Road, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Siwczak F, Loffet E, Kaminska M, Koceva H, Mahe MM, Mosig AS. Intestinal Stem Cell-on-Chip to Study Human Host-Microbiota Interaction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:798552. [PMID: 34938299 PMCID: PMC8685395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut is a tubular organ responsible for nutrient absorption and harbors our intestinal microbiome. This organ is composed of a multitude of specialized cell types arranged in complex barrier-forming crypts and villi covered by a mucosal layer controlling nutrient passage and protecting from invading pathogens. The development and self-renewal of the intestinal epithelium are guided by niche signals controlling the differentiation of specific cell types along the crypt-villus axis in the epithelium. The emergence of microphysiological systems, or organ-on-chips, has paved the way to study the intestinal epithelium within a dynamic and controlled environment. In this review, we describe the use of organ-on-chip technology to control and guide these differentiation processes in vitro. We further discuss current applications and forthcoming strategies to investigate the mechanical processes of intestinal stem cell differentiation, tissue formation, and the interaction of the intestine with the microbiota in the context of gastrointestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatina Siwczak
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Elise Loffet
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Mathilda Kaminska
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hristina Koceva
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maxime M. Mahe
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Maxime M. Mahe, ; Alexander S. Mosig,
| | - Alexander S. Mosig
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maxime M. Mahe, ; Alexander S. Mosig,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The small intestine is a specialised organ, essential for nutrient digestion and absorption. It is lined with a complex epithelial cell layer. Intestinal epithelial cells can be cultured in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds as self-organising entities with distinct domains containing stem cells and differentiated cells. Recent developments in bioengineering provide new possibilities for directing the organisation of cells in vitro. In this Perspective, focusing on the small intestine, we discuss how studies at the interface between bioengineering and intestinal biology provide new insights into organ function. Specifically, we focus on engineered biomaterials, complex 3D structures resembling the intestinal architecture, and micro-physiological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antfolk
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kim B Jensen
- BRIC - Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is often considered as a key organ involved in the digestion of food and providing nutrients to the body for proper maintenance. However, this system is composed of organs that are extremely complex. Among the different parts, the intestine is viewed as an incredible surface of contact with the environment and is colonised by hundreds of trillions of gut microbes. The role of the gut barrier has been studied for decades, but the exact mechanisms involved in the protection of the gut barrier are various and complementary. Among them, the integrity of the mucus barrier is one of the first lines of protection of the gastrointestinal tract. In the past, this 'slimy' partner was mostly considered a simple lubricant for facilitating the progression of the food bolus and the stools in the gut. Since then, different researchers have made important progress, and currently, the regulation of this mucus barrier is gaining increasing attention from the scientific community. Among the factors influencing the mucus barrier, the microbiome plays a major role in driving mucus changes. Additionally, our dietary habits (ie, high-fat diet, low-fibre/high-fibre diet, food additives, pre- probiotics) influence the mucus at different levels. Given that the mucus layer has been linked with the appearance of diseases, proper knowledge is highly warranted. Here, we debate different aspects of the mucus layer by focusing on its chemical composition, regulation of synthesis and degradation by the microbiota as well as some characteristics of the mucus layer in both physiological and pathological situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Paone
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Plaza-Díaz J, Solís-Urra P, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F, Olivares-Arancibia J, Navarro-Oliveros M, Abadía-Molina F, Álvarez-Mercado AI. The Gut Barrier, Intestinal Microbiota, and Liver Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Strategies to Manage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8351. [PMID: 33171747 PMCID: PMC7664383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease encompasses pathologies as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcohol liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, viral hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Nowadays, underlying mechanisms associating gut permeability and liver disease development are not well understood, although evidence points to the involvement of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites. Animal studies have shown alterations in Toll-like receptor signaling related to the leaky gut syndrome by the action of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In humans, modifications of the intestinal microbiota in intestinal permeability have also been related to liver disease. Some of these changes were observed in bacterial species belonging Roseburia, Streptococcus, and Rothia. Currently, numerous strategies to treat liver disease are being assessed. This review summarizes and discusses studies addressed to determine mechanisms associated with the microbiota able to alter the intestinal barrier complementing the progress and advancement of liver disease, as well as the main strategies under development to manage these pathologies. We highlight those approaches that have shown improvement in intestinal microbiota and barrier function, namely lifestyle changes (diet and physical activity) and probiotics intervention. Nevertheless, knowledge about how such modifications are beneficial is still limited and specific mechanisms involved are not clear. Thus, further in-vitro, animal, and human studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Patricio Solís-Urra
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile;
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (F.R.-R.); (J.O.-A.)
| | - Jorge Olivares-Arancibia
- IRyS Research Group, School of Physical Education, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (F.R.-R.); (J.O.-A.)
- Escuela de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 8370035, Chile
| | - Miguel Navarro-Oliveros
- BioCritic. Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Francisco Abadía-Molina
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n. 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain;
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana I. Álvarez-Mercado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n. 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kers JG, de Oliveira JE, Fischer EAJ, Tersteeg‐Zijderveld MHG, Konstanti P, Stegeman JA(A, Smidt H, Velkers FC. Associations between phenotypic characteristics and clinical parameters of broilers and intestinal microbial development throughout a production cycle: A field study. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1114. [PMID: 33068065 PMCID: PMC7658455 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in intestinal health are a common problem affecting commercial broiler chickens worldwide. Several studies have revealed associations between health, production performance, and intestinal microbiota. This study aimed to describe the development of the intestinal microbiota of broilers within a production cycle to evaluate to what extent clinical parameters and phenotypic characteristics can explain the intestinal microbiota variation. Of four well-performing flocks within two farms, the cecal content was collected of nine broilers at 0, 2, 4, or 5, 7, 11, or 12, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 40 days of the production cycle. In total, 342 samples were analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. Variables as macroscopic gut abnormalities, gut lesions, age, individual body weight, sex, footpad integrity, the color of ceca, and foam in cecal content were determined. Ileum tissue was collected for histological quantification of villus length and crypt depth. Flock infection levels of the intestinal disease coccidiosis were measured in pooled feces from the poultry house. Increases in phylogenetic diversity were observed from hatch until day 21 of age. Constrained multivariate analysis indicated that age, farm, body weight, ileum crypt depth, cecal color, and the coccidiosis lesion score were important variables to describe the variation in cecal microbiota. These results contribute to determining relevant variables in flocks that may be indicative of the intestinal microbiota composition. Moreover, this knowledge increases the awareness of interactions between the intestinal microbiota and broiler health as well as their relative importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannigje G. Kers
- Department of Population Health SciencesDivision of Farm Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jean E. de Oliveira
- Cargill Animal Nutrition and HealthInnovation Center VelddrielVelddrielThe Netherlands
| | - Egil A. J. Fischer
- Department of Population Health SciencesDivision of Farm Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Monique H. G. Tersteeg‐Zijderveld
- Department of Population Health SciencesInstitute for Risk Assessment SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Prokopis Konstanti
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jan Arend (Arjan) Stegeman
- Department of Population Health SciencesDivision of Farm Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Francisca C. Velkers
- Department of Population Health SciencesDivision of Farm Animal HealthFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Xiao K, Xu Q, Liu C, He P, Qin Q, Zhu H, Zhang J, Gin A, Zhang G, Liu Y. Docosahexaenoic acid alleviates cell injury and improves barrier function by suppressing necroptosis signalling in TNF-α-challenged porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Innate Immun 2020; 26:653-665. [PMID: 33106070 PMCID: PMC7787556 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920966686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to have beneficial effects on intestinal health. However, the underling mechanisms are largely unknown. The present study was conducted to investigate whether docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) attenuates TNF-α-induced intestinal cell injury and barrier dysfunction by modulating necroptosis signalling. Intestinal porcine epithelial cell line 1 was cultured with or without 12.5 µg/ml DHA, followed by exposure to 50 ng/ml TNF-α for indicated time periods. DHA restored cell viability and cell number triggered by TNF-α. DHA also improved barrier function, which was indicated by increased trans-epithelial electrical resistance, decreased FD4 flux and increased membrane localisation of zonula occludins (ZO-1) and claudin-1. Moreover, DHA suppressed cell necrosis in TNF-α-challenged cells, as shown in the IncuCyte ZOOM™ live cell imaging system and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, DHA decreased protein expression of TNF receptor, receptor interacting protein kinase 1, RIP3 and phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase-like protein, phosphoglycerate mutase family 5, dynamin-related protein 1 and high mobility group box-1 protein. Furthermore, DHA suppressed protein expression of caspase-3 and caspase-8. Collectively, these results indicate that DHA is capable of alleviating TNF-α-induced cell injury and barrier dysfunction by suppressing the necroptosis signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kan Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China
| | - Qiao Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China
| | - Pengwei He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China
| | - Qin Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China
| | - Huiling Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China
| | - Ashley Gin
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, USA
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, USA
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hu CX, Zeng J, Yang DQ, Yue X, Dan Liu R, Long SR, Zhang X, Jiang P, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Binding of elastase-1 and enterocytes facilitates Trichinella spiralis larval intrusion of the host's intestinal epithelium. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105592. [PMID: 32565198 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Elastase-1 is one member of serine protease family, distributes in organisms widely and plays a crucial role in the invasion and development of Trichinella spiralis. In order to identify the binding of T. spiralis elastase-1 (TsEla) with host's intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and its role in Trichinella larval intrusion, TsEla gene was cloned and expressed in our previous study. The recombinant TsEla (rTsEla) has the enzymatic activity to degrade specific peptide substrate. A specific binding between rTsEla and IECs was detected by Far Western blot and ELISA. In an in vitro invasion assay, rTsEla promoted the larval intrusion, whereas anti-rTsEla serum inhibited the larval penetration. The larval intrusion was also suppressed after the silencing of TsEla by siRNA. Silencing of TsEla gene by siRNA-291 meditated RNA interference suppressed TsEla protein expression, reduced the worm infectivity, development and reproductive capacity. These results indicated that TsEla plays an important role in the T. spiralis intrusion of host's intestinal epithelia, and it could be a prospective vaccine molecular target against T. spiralis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xi Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Da Qi Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xin Yue
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bonvicini F, Pagnotta E, Punzo A, Calabria D, Simoni P, Mirasoli M, Passerini N, Bertoni S, Ugolini L, Lazzeri L, Gentilomi GA, Caliceti C, Roda A. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus Fermented Broths Enriched with Eruca sativa Seed Extracts on Intestinal Barrier and Inflammation in a Co-Culture System of an Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Human Intestinal Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103064. [PMID: 33036498 PMCID: PMC7600469 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) “fermentates” confer a beneficial effect on intestinal function. However, the ability of new fermentations to improve LAB broth activity in preventing pathogen-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction has not yet been studied. The objective of this study was to determine if broths of LAB fermented with Eruca sativa or Barbarea verna seed extracts prevent gut barrier dysfunction and interleukin-8 (CXCL8) release in vitro in human intestinal Caco-2 cells infected with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7. LAB broths were assayed for their effects on EHEC growth and on Caco-2 viability; thereafter, their biological properties were analysed in a co-culture system consisting of EHEC and Caco-2 cells. Caco-2 cells infected with EHEC significantly increased CXCL8 release, and decreased Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TEER), a barrier-integrity marker. Notably, when Caco-2 cells were treated with LAB broth enriched with E. sativa seed extract and thereafter infected, both CXCL8 expression and epithelial dysfunction reduced compared to in untreated cells. These results underline the beneficial effect of broths from LAB fermented with E. sativa seed extracts in gut barrier and inflammation after EHEC infection and reveal that these LAB broths can be used as functional bioactive compounds to regulate intestinal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonvicini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology—FABIT, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Eleonora Pagnotta
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (E.P.); (L.U.); (L.L.)
| | - Angela Punzo
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Donato Calabria
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Patrizia Simoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences—DIMEC, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Nadia Passerini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology—FABIT, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Serena Bertoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology—FABIT, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Luisa Ugolini
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (E.P.); (L.U.); (L.L.)
| | - Luca Lazzeri
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (E.P.); (L.U.); (L.L.)
| | - Giovanna Angela Gentilomi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology—FABIT, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (F.B.); (N.P.); (S.B.); (G.A.G.)
| | - Cristiana Caliceti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences—DIBINEM, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biosistemi e Biostrutture—INBB, 00136 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.C.); (M.M.); (A.R.)
- Istituto Nazionale Biosistemi e Biostrutture—INBB, 00136 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gunji N, Katakura K, Abe K, Kawashima K, Fujiwara T, Onizawa M, Takahashi A, Ohira H. Upregulation of complement C1q reflects mucosal regeneration in a mouse model of colitis. Med Mol Morphol 2020; 54:87-94. [PMID: 33029672 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-020-00266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Confirming mucosal healing is important in inflammatory bowel disease treatment. Complement C1q-mediated Wnt signaling activation has recently been suggested to mediate tissue repair and mucosal regeneration. We investigated the involvement of complement C1q and Wnt signaling in intestinal mucosal regeneration using a murine colitis model. The colitis model was established by providing C57BL/6J mice with 4% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 1 week (inflammation phase) followed by regular water for 2 weeks (recovery phase). After 3 weeks, we investigated the relationship between C1q in serum and colonic tissue during the inflammation and recovery phases. We assessed Wnt signaling activity by evaluating β-catenin expression in mouse intestinal tissue. Serum C1q levels were elevated during the recovery phase. C1q-specific staining indicated high C1q expression in pathological intestinal tissue during the inflammation and recovery phases. C1q mRNA and protein expression was increased during both phases. Interestingly, C1q-expressing cells were consistent with macrophages (F4/80-positive cells). Moreover, the expression of β-catenin increased in the colonic tissues during the recovery phase of DSS-induced colitis but decreased during the inflammation phase of DSS-induced colitis. C1q expression may mediate Wnt signaling activity and intestinal epithelial regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Gunji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kyoko Katakura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Kawashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Michio Onizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lema I, Araújo JR, Rolhion N, Demignot S. Jejunum: The understudied meeting place of dietary lipids and the microbiota. Biochimie 2020; 178:124-136. [PMID: 32949677 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the jejunum is the main intestinal compartment responsible for lipid digestion and absorption, most of the studies assessing the impact of dietary lipids on the intestinal microbiota have been performed in the ileum, colon and faeces. This lack of interest in the jejunum is due to the much lower number of microbes present in this intestinal region and to the difficulty in accessing its lumen, which requires invasive methods. Recently, several recent publications highlighted that the whole jejunal microbiota or specific bacterial members are able to modulate lipid absorption and metabolism in enterocytes. This information reveals new strategies in the development of bacterial- and metabolite-based therapeutic interventions or nutraceutical recommendations to treat or prevent metabolic-related disorders, including obesity, cardiovascular diseases and malnutrition. This review is strictly focused on the following triad: dietary lipids, the jejunal epithelium and the jejunal microbiota. First, we will describe each member of the triad: the structure and functions of the jejunum, the composition of the jejunal microbiota, and dietary lipid handling by enterocytes and by microorganisms. Then, we will present the mechanisms leading to lipid malabsorption in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), a disease in which the jejunal microbiota is altered and which highlights the strong interactions among this triad. We will finally review the recent literature about the interactions among members of the triad, which should encourage research teams to further explore the mechanisms by which specific microbial strains or metabolites, alone or in concert, can mediate, control or modulate lipid absorption in the jejunum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Lema
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, UMR_S 938, F-75012, Paris, France; EPHE, PSL University, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - João Ricardo Araújo
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Center for Health Technology Services Research (CINTESIS), Oporto, Portugal
| | - Nathalie Rolhion
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, UMR_S 938, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Demignot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, UMR_S 938, F-75012, Paris, France; EPHE, PSL University, F-75014, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jalanka J, Cheng J, Hiippala K, Ritari J, Salojärvi J, Ruuska T, Kalliomäki M, Satokari R. Colonic Mucosal Microbiota and Association of Bacterial Taxa with the Expression of Host Antimicrobial Peptides in Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176044. [PMID: 32842596 PMCID: PMC7504357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are chronic debilitating disorders of unknown etiology. Over 200 genetic risk loci are associated with IBD, highlighting a key role for immunological and epithelial barrier functions. Environmental factors account for the growing incidence of IBD, and microbiota are considered as an important contributor. Microbiota dysbiosis can lead to a loss of tolerogenic immune effects and initiate or exacerbate inflammation. We aimed to study colonic mucosal microbiota and the expression of selected host genes in pediatric UC. We used high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing to profile microbiota in colonic biopsies of pediatric UC patients (n = 26) and non-IBD controls (n = 27). The expression of 13 genes, including five for antimicrobial peptides, in parallel biopsies was assessed with qRT-PCR. The composition of microbiota between UC and non-IBD differed significantly (PCoA, p = 0.001). UC children had a decrease in Bacteroidetes and an increase in several family-level taxa including Peptostreptococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, which correlated negatively with the expression of antimicrobial peptides REG3G and DEFB1, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae correlated positively with the expression siderophore binding protein LCN2 and Betaproteobacteria negatively with DEFB4A expression. The results indicate that reciprocal interaction of epithelial microbiota and defense mechanisms play a role in UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Jalanka
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.J.); (J.C.); (K.H.)
| | - Jing Cheng
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.J.); (J.C.); (K.H.)
| | - Kaisa Hiippala
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.J.); (J.C.); (K.H.)
| | - Jarmo Ritari
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, 00310 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore;
| | - Tarja Ruuska
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Marko Kalliomäki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland;
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Reetta Satokari
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.J.); (J.C.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-4489368
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang X, Bandyopadhyay S, Araujo LP, Tong K, Flores J, Laubitz D, Zhao Y, Yap G, Wang J, Zou Q, Ferraris R, Zhang L, Hu W, Bonder EM, Kiela PR, Coffey R, Verzi MP, Ivanov II, Gao N. Elevating EGFR-MAPK program by a nonconventional Cdc42 enhances intestinal epithelial survival and regeneration. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135923. [PMID: 32686657 PMCID: PMC7455142 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms enabling the intestinal epithelium to maintain a high degree of regenerative capacity during mucosal injury remain unclear. Ex vivo survival and clonogenicity of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) strictly required growth response mediated by cell division control 42 (Cdc42) and Cdc42-deficient enteroids to undergo rapid apoptosis. Mechanistically, Cdc42 engaging with EGFR was required for EGF-stimulated, receptor-mediated endocytosis and sufficient to promote MAPK signaling. Proteomics and kinase analysis revealed that a physiologically, but nonconventionally, spliced Cdc42 variant 2 (V2) exhibited stronger MAPK-activating capability. Human CDC42-V2 is transcriptionally elevated in some colon tumor tissues. Accordingly, mice engineered to overexpress Cdc42-V2 in intestinal epithelium showed elevated MAPK signaling, enhanced regeneration, and reduced mucosal damage in response to irradiation. Overproducing Cdc42-V2 specifically in mouse ISCs enhanced intestinal regeneration following injury. Thus, the intrinsic Cdc42-MAPK program is required for intestinal epithelial regeneration, and elevating this signaling cascade is capable of initiating protection from genotoxic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sheila Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Leandro Pires Araujo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Tong
- Department of Genetics, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Laubitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - George Yap
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jingren Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Qingze Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ronaldo Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center of Princeton, Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pawel R Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Robert Coffey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ivaylo I Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Division of Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tong YT, Dupont AW, Cash BD, Ertan A, Younes M. Aquaporin-5 Expression Is Reduced in Lymphocytic Colitis. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2020; 50:447-449. [PMID: 32826239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aquaporin-5 (AQP5) is a member of a family of water channel proteins involved in the bidirectional transfer of water across cell membranes. Lymphocytic colitis (LC) and collagenous colitis (CC) are clinically similar diseases characterized by chronic watery diarrhea in patients with usually unremarkable colonic mucosa on colonoscopy. The aim of this study was to determine whether AQP5 expression in colonic epithelium is altered in LC and CC. METHODS Sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded colorectal biopsies from three control patients (CTL), 8 patients with chronic non-bloody diarrhea with biopsies negative for active inflammation or significant distortion (CTL-D), 8 patients with LC, and 5 with CC were stained for AQP5 using immunohistochemistry. The staining intensity was scored as 3 (strong), 2 (intermediate), 1 (weak), or 0 (no staining). Statistical analysis was performed using Prism 7 Statistical Soft-ware. RESULTS AQP5 was strongly expressed (score 3) in the epithelial cells in all three CTL cases and all 8 CTL-D cases. In the 5 cases of CC, 3(60%) had score 3 and 2(40%) had score 2, but none had a score of 1 or 0. Of the 8 LC cases, 2(25%) had score 3, 3 had score 2(37.5%), and 3 had score 1(37.5%) (p=0.0031). In the three cases of LC with markedly reduced AQP5 (score 1), enteric steroid treatment did not lead to significant improvement in diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS Colorectal AQP5 expression is reduced in most cases of LC. Markedly reduced AQP5 expression in LC may identify a subset of patients with suboptimal response to enteric steroid treatment. Additional larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.This abstract was presented in part at Digestive Diseases Week in San Diego, CA, May 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi T Tong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
| | - Andrew W Dupont
- Department of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the Ertan Digestive Diseases Center of Excellence, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, and Memorial-Hermann Hospital-TMC, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brooks D Cash
- Department of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the Ertan Digestive Diseases Center of Excellence, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, and Memorial-Hermann Hospital-TMC, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Atilla Ertan
- Department of Medicine Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the Ertan Digestive Diseases Center of Excellence, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, and Memorial-Hermann Hospital-TMC, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Duff AF, Bielke LR, Relling AE. Technical note: fluorescein as an indicator of enteric mucosal barrier function in preruminant lambs. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa198. [PMID: 32564064 PMCID: PMC7333214 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased intestinal permeability can be observed during the physiologic stress response and has been linked to suppression of animal health and performance. Previously published data have shown the efficacy of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d; 4.17 mg/kg) as a marker of enteric inflammation and mucosal barrier function in multiple species. Fluorescein is a smaller, less expensive alternative molecule possessing similar properties. The following two experiments compared FITC-d and fluorescein as potential indicators of intestinal permeability in pre- and postweaned lambs administered daily intramuscular injections of dexamethasone (Dex; 0.1 mg/kg) for 1 wk. Experiment 1 consisted of five preweaned lambs that were placed in one of two treatment groups: fluorescein with Dex (F+Dex) or fluorescein only (F). On day 7, blood was collected before and 1 h after oral administration of fluorescein (50 mg/kg). Experiment 2 included 12 weaned lambs and four treatment groups: F+Dex, F, FITC-d with Dex (Fd+Dex), and FITC-d only (Fd). On day 7, blood was collected before and 2 h after oral administration of FITC-d (4.17 mg/kg) or fluorescein (50 mg/kg). Plasma fluorescence was reported as the ratio between T1h/T0 or T2h/T0 for experiment 1 or 2, respectively. Experiment 1 showed a significant increase in T1h/T0 ratio of F+Dex relative to F lambs (P = 0.05) indicative of increased leaky gut; however, no differences (P = 0.22) were obtained in experiment 2. Results of these experiments suggest fluorescein may serve as a suitable marker of enteric permeability in preruminant lambs, but not in those with functional rumens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey F Duff
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - Lisa R Bielke
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bohin N, McGowan KP, Keeley TM, Carlson EA, Yan KS, Samuelson LC. Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and mTORC1 Signaling Promote the Intestinal Regenerative Response After Irradiation Injury. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:797-810. [PMID: 32502530 PMCID: PMC7502577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal crypts have a remarkable capacity to regenerate after injury from loss of crypt base columnar (CBC) stem cells. After injury, facultative stem cells (FSCs) are activated to replenish the epithelium and replace lost CBCs. Our aim was to assess the role of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to activate FSCs for crypt repair. METHODS The intestinal regenerative response was measured after whole body 12-Gy γ-irradiation of adult mice. IGF-1 signaling or its downstream effector mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was inhibited by administering BMS-754807 or rapamycin, respectively. Mice with inducible Rptor gene deletion were studied to test the role of mTORC1 signaling in the intestinal epithelium. FSC activation post-irradiation was measured by lineage tracing. RESULTS We observed a coordinate increase in growth factor expression, including IGF-1, at 2 days post-irradiation, followed by a surge in mTORC1 activity during the regenerative phase of crypt repair at day 4. IGF-1 was localized to pericryptal mesenchymal cells, and IGF-1 receptor was broadly expressed in crypt progenitor cells. Inhibition of IGF-1 signaling via BMS-754807 treatment impaired crypt regeneration after 12-Gy irradiation, with no effect on homeostasis. Similarly, rapamycin inhibition of mTORC1 during the growth factor surge blunted the regenerative response. Analysis of Villin-CreERT2;Rptorfl/fl mice showed that epithelial mTORC1 signaling was essential for crypt regeneration. Lineage tracing from Bmi1-marked cells showed that rapamycin blocked FSC activation post-irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that IGF-1 signaling through mTORC1 drives crypt regeneration. We propose that IGF-1 release from pericryptal cells stimulates mTORC1 in FSCs to regenerate lost CBCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Bohin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin P McGowan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Theresa M Keeley
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth A Carlson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kelley S Yan
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Facciuolo A, Lee AH, Gonzalez Cano P, Townsend HGG, Falsafi R, Gerdts V, Potter A, Napper S, Hancock REW, Mutharia LM, Griebel PJ. Regional Dichotomy in Enteric Mucosal Immune Responses to a Persistent Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1020. [PMID: 32547548 PMCID: PMC7272674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteric Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections are endemic in ruminants globally resulting in significant production losses. The mucosal immune responses occurring at the site of infection, specifically in Peyer's patches (PP), are not well-understood. The ruminant small intestine possesses two functionally distinct PPs. Discrete PPs function as mucosal immune induction sites and a single continuous PP, in the terminal small intestine, functions as a primary lymphoid tissue for B cell repertoire diversification. We investigated whether MAP infection of discrete vs. continuous PPs resulted in the induction of significantly different pathogen-specific immune responses and persistence of MAP infection. Surgically isolated intestinal segments in neonatal calves were used to target MAP infection to individual PPs. At 12 months post-infection, MAP persisted in continuous PP (n = 4), but was significantly reduced (p = 0.046) in discrete PP (n = 5). RNA-seq analysis revealed control of MAP infection in discrete PP was associated with extensive transcriptomic changes (1,707 differentially expressed genes) but MAP persistent in continuous PP elicited few host responses (4 differentially expressed genes). Cytokine gene expression in tissue and MAP-specific recall responses by mucosal immune cells isolated from PP, lamina propria and mesenteric lymph node revealed interleukin (IL)22 and IL27 as unique correlates of protection associated with decreased MAP infection in discrete PP. This study provides the first description of mucosal immune responses occurring in bovine discrete jejunal PPs and reveals that a significant reduction in MAP infection is associated with specific cytokine responses. Conversely, MAP infection persists in the continuous ileal PP with minimal perturbation of host immune responses. These data reveal a marked dichotomy in host-MAP interactions within the two functionally distinct PPs of the small intestine and identifies mucosal immune responses associated with the control of a mycobacterial infection in the natural host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Facciuolo
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Amy H. Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Hugh G. G. Townsend
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Reza Falsafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew Potter
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - R. E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lucy M. Mutharia
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Philip J. Griebel
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jin Y, Blikslager AT. The Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal Barrier by Myosin Light Chain Kinase/Rho Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103550. [PMID: 32443411 PMCID: PMC7278945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial apical junctional complex, which includes tight and adherens junctions, contributes to the intestinal barrier function via their role in regulating paracellular permeability. Myosin light chain II (MLC-2), has been shown to be a critical regulatory protein in altering paracellular permeability during gastrointestinal disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation of MLC-2 is a biochemical marker for perijunctional actomyosin ring contraction, which increases paracellular permeability by regulating the apical junctional complex. The phosphorylation of MLC-2 is dominantly regulated by myosin light chain kinase- (MLCK-) and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase- (ROCK-) mediated pathways. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of MLCK- and ROCK-mediated pathways in the regulation of the intestinal barrier during normal homeostasis and digestive diseases. Additionally, we will also suggest potential therapeutic targeting of MLCK- and ROCK-associated pathways in gastrointestinal disorders that compromise the intestinal barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younggeon Jin
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhu L, Liao R, Tu W, Lu Y, Cai X. Pyrodextrin enhances intestinal function through changing the intestinal microbiota composition and metabolism in early weaned piglets. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:4141-4154. [PMID: 32125479 PMCID: PMC7162831 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pyrodextrin (PD) is prepared from starch by heat treatment and is resistant to amylase. We hypothesized that PD might have prebiotic potential affecting the microbiota composition, because it contains a non-digestible portion that may behave as dietary fiber. This study investigated the effects of PD supplementation on growth performance, gut morphology, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the bacterial community in weaned piglets receiving dietary supplementation of 0.5% PD. The piglets in the PD (treated) groups showed greater antioxidant capacity and feed efficiency (P < 0.05), as well as improved intestinal morphology in comparison with the piglets in the weaned (control) group. Gut microbiota profiles were assessed through 16S rRNA sequencing on the ileum contents and feces of early weaned piglets. Several genus-level enrichments and depletions were observed in response to PD treatment. Of note, PD supplementation decreased the relative abundance of pathogenic organisms, including Defluviicoccus and Gardnerella, while markedly increasing that of commensal bacteria (genera Psychrobacter and Prevotella), which have important roles in nutrient absorption and immune response regulation. The most notable effect in the PD treatment groups was increased production of SCFAs in the feces of PD-treated weaned piglets. Correlation analysis revealed that the improvement in SCFAs was positively correlated with the increase in SCFA-producing bacteria. Overall, this study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of PD supplementation on the fecal microbial community and the modulation of SCFA production in early weaned piglets, thus indicating that PD can be used to alleviate weaning stress in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Liao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilong Tu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuan Cai
- Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai, 201106, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|