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Kennedy KV, Muir AB, Ruffner MA. Pathophysiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2024; 44:119-128. [PMID: 38575212 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, progressive immune-mediated disease associated with antigen-driven type 2 inflammation and symptoms of esophageal dysfunction. Research over the last 2 decades has dramatically furthered our understanding of the complex interplay between genetics, environmental exposures, and cellular and molecular interactions involved in EoE. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of EoE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanak V Kennedy
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda B Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center 902E, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Melanie A Ruffner
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center 902E, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
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2
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McKay DM, Defaye M, Rajeev S, MacNaughton WK, Nasser Y, Sharkey KA. Neuroimmunophysiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38626403 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00075.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Gut physiology is the epicentre of a web of internal communication systems (i.e., neural, immune, hormonal) mediated by cell-cell contacts, soluble factors, and external influences, such as the microbiome, diet, and the physical environment. Together these provide the signals that shape enteric homeostasis and, when they go awry, lead to disease. Faced with the seemingly paradoxical tasks of nutrient uptake (digestion) and retarding pathogen invasion (host defense), the gut integrates interactions between a variety of cells and signaling molecules to keep the host nourished and protected from pathogens. When the system fails, the outcome can be acute or chronic disease, often labelled as "idiopathic" in nature (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease). Here we underscore the importance of a holistic approach to gut physiology, placing an emphasis on inter-cellular connectedness, using enteric neuroimmunophysiology as the paradigm. The goal of this opinion piece is to acknowledge the pace of change brought to our field via single-cell and -omic methodologies, and other techniques such as cell lineage tracing, transgenic animal models, methods for culturing patient tissue, and advanced imaging. We identify gaps in the field and hope to inspire and challenge colleagues to take up the mantle and advance awareness of the subtleties, intricacies, and nuances of intestinal physiology in health and disease by defining communication pathways between gut resident cells, those recruited from the circulation and 'external' influences such as the central nervous system and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M McKay
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Manon Defaye
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sruthi Rajeev
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Wallace K MacNaughton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yasmin Nasser
- Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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3
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Ahmed E, Assou S, Foisset F, Bourdais C, Vanheerswynghels M, Petit A, Gamez AS, Gras D, Chanez P, de Vos J, Hammad H, Bourdin A, Lambrecht B. [Modeling T2 high severe asthma using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)]. Rev Mal Respir 2024; 41:289-293. [PMID: 38461089 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Severe asthma patients with persistent airflow obstruction are characterized by functional obstruction due to mucus plugs containing mucins, fibrin, and eosinophil derived Charcot- Leyden crystals. The molecular mechanisms underlying this endotype are not clearly understood. Developing new models is crucial to respiratory research insofar as critical differences exist between human and rodent airway epithelium. We (and other teams) have shown that it is possible to reconstitute in vitro a complex and functional airway epithelium displaying all the features described in vivo from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Our aim is to establish a human in vitro model of severe asthma that will recapitulate airway epithelium remodeling and mucus plugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ahmed
- Laboratoire d'immunologie muqueuse, centre VIB-UGent pour la recherche sur l'inflammation, université de Gand, 9000 Gand, Belgique; Département de maladies respiratoires, université de Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - S Assou
- IRMB, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - F Foisset
- IRMB, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Bourdais
- IRMB, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M Vanheerswynghels
- Laboratoire d'immunologie muqueuse, centre VIB-UGent pour la recherche sur l'inflammation, université de Gand, 9000 Gand, Belgique
| | - A Petit
- Département de maladies respiratoires, université de Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - A S Gamez
- Département de maladies respiratoires, université de Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - D Gras
- Aix-Marseille université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - P Chanez
- Aix-Marseille université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - J de Vos
- IRMB, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - H Hammad
- Laboratoire d'immunologie muqueuse, centre VIB-UGent pour la recherche sur l'inflammation, université de Gand, 9000 Gand, Belgique
| | - A Bourdin
- Département de maladies respiratoires, université de Montpellier, CHU de Montpellier, hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France; PhyMedExp, université de Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - B Lambrecht
- Laboratoire d'immunologie muqueuse, centre VIB-UGent pour la recherche sur l'inflammation, université de Gand, 9000 Gand, Belgique; Département de médecine interne et pédiatrie, université de Gand, Gand, Belgique
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4
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Schleutker R, Luschnig S. Palmitoylation of proteolipid protein M6 promotes tricellular junction assembly in epithelia of Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261916. [PMID: 38345097 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tricellular junctions (TCJs) seal epithelial cell vertices and are essential for tissue integrity and physiology, but how TCJs are assembled and maintained is poorly understood. In Drosophila, the transmembrane proteins Anakonda (Aka, also known as Bark), Gliotactin (Gli) and M6 organize occluding TCJs. Aka and M6 localize in an interdependent manner to vertices and act jointly to localize Gli, but how these proteins interact to assemble TCJs was not previously known. Here, we show that the proteolipid protein M6 physically interacts with Aka and with itself, and that M6 is palmitoylated on conserved juxta-membrane cysteine residues. This modification promotes vertex localization of M6 and binding to Aka, but not to itself, and becomes essential when TCJ protein levels are reduced. Abolishing M6 palmitoylation leads to delayed localization of M6 and Aka but does not affect the rate of TCJ growth or mobility of M6 or Aka. Our findings suggest that palmitoylation-dependent recruitment of Aka by M6 promotes initiation of TCJ assembly, whereas subsequent TCJ growth relies on different mechanisms that are independent of M6 palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schleutker
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Luschnig
- Institute of Integrative Cell Biology and Physiology, Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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5
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Cumming T, Levayer R. Toward a predictive understanding of epithelial cell death. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:44-57. [PMID: 37400292 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell death is highly prevalent during development and tissue homeostasis. While we have a rather good understanding of the molecular regulators of programmed cell death, especially for apoptosis, we still fail to predict when, where, how many and which specific cells will die in a tissue. This likely relies on the much more complex picture of apoptosis regulation in a tissular and epithelial context, which entails cell autonomous but also non-cell autonomous factors, diverse feedback and multiple layers of regulation of the commitment to apoptosis. In this review, we illustrate this complexity of epithelial apoptosis regulation by describing these different layers of control, all demonstrating that local cell death probability is a complex emerging feature. We first focus on non-cell autonomous factors that can locally modulate the rate of cell death, including cell competition, mechanical input and geometry as well as systemic effects. We then describe the multiple feedback mechanisms generated by cell death itself. We also outline the multiple layers of regulation of epithelial cell death, including the coordination of extrusion and regulation occurring downstream of effector caspases. Eventually, we propose a roadmap to reach a more predictive understanding of cell death regulation in an epithelial context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cumming
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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6
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Williams AM, Horne-Badovinac S. Fat2 polarizes Lar and Sema5c to coordinate the motility of collectively migrating epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261173. [PMID: 37593878 PMCID: PMC10508692 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrating epithelial cells globally align their migration machinery to achieve tissue-level movement. Biochemical signaling across leading-trailing cell-cell interfaces can promote this alignment by partitioning migratory behaviors like protrusion and retraction to opposite sides of the interface. However, how signaling proteins become organized at interfaces to accomplish this is poorly understood. The follicular epithelial cells of Drosophila melanogaster have two signaling modules at their leading-trailing interfaces - one composed of the atypical cadherin Fat2 (also known as Kugelei) and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar, and one composed of Semaphorin5c and its receptor Plexin A. Here, we show that these modules form one interface signaling system with Fat2 at its core. Trailing edge-enriched Fat2 concentrates both Lar and Semaphorin5c at leading edges of cells, but Lar and Semaphorin5c play little role in the localization of Fat2. Fat2 is also more stable at interfaces than Lar or Semaphorin5c. Once localized, Lar and Semaphorin5c act in parallel to promote collective migration. We propose that Fat2 serves as the organizer of this interface signaling system by coupling and polarizing the distributions of multiple effectors that work together to align the migration machinery of neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Metz-Zumaran C, Uckeley ZM, Doldan P, Muraca F, Keser Y, Lukas P, Kuropka B, Küchenhoff L, Rastgou Talemi S, Höfer T, Freund C, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Graw F, Stanifer M, Boulant S. The population context is a driver of the heterogeneous response of epithelial cells to interferons. Mol Syst Biol 2024; 20:242-275. [PMID: 38273161 PMCID: PMC10912784 DOI: 10.1038/s44320-024-00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Isogenic cells respond in a heterogeneous manner to interferon. Using a micropatterning approach combined with high-content imaging and spatial analyses, we characterized how the population context (position of a cell with respect to neighboring cells) of epithelial cells affects their response to interferons. We identified that cells at the edge of cellular colonies are more responsive than cells embedded within colonies. We determined that this spatial heterogeneity in interferon response resulted from the polarized basolateral interferon receptor distribution, making cells located in the center of cellular colonies less responsive to ectopic interferon stimulation. This was conserved across cell lines and primary cells originating from epithelial tissues. Importantly, cells embedded within cellular colonies were not protected from viral infection by apical interferon treatment, demonstrating that the population context-driven heterogeneous response to interferon influences the outcome of viral infection. Our data highlights that the behavior of isolated cells does not directly translate to their behavior in a population, placing the population context as one important factor influencing heterogeneity during interferon response in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Metz-Zumaran
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, 32610, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Infectious Disease, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 60120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zina M Uckeley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, 32610, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Patricio Doldan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 60120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Muraca
- Department of Infectious Disease, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 60120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yagmur Keser
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, 32610, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pascal Lukas
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, 60120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Küchenhoff
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, 60120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soheil Rastgou Talemi
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Protein Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Ada Cavalcanti-Adam
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Cellular Biomechanics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Graw
- BioQuant-Center for Quantitative Biology, Heidelberg University, 60120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine 5, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Megan Stanifer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, 32610, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, 1200 Newell Drive, 32610, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Zhang J, Liu Y. Epithelial stem cells and niches in lung alveolar regeneration and diseases. Chin Med J Pulm Crit Care Med 2024; 2:17-26. [PMID: 38645714 PMCID: PMC11027191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pccm.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Alveoli serve as the functional units of the lungs, responsible for the critical task of blood-gas exchange. Comprising type I (AT1) and type II (AT2) cells, the alveolar epithelium is continuously subject to external aggressors like pathogens and airborne particles. As such, preserving lung function requires both the homeostatic renewal and reparative regeneration of this epithelial layer. Dysfunctions in these processes contribute to various lung diseases. Recent research has pinpointed specific cell subgroups that act as potential stem or progenitor cells for the alveolar epithelium during both homeostasis and regeneration. Additionally, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells synergistically establish a nurturing microenvironment-or "niche"-that modulates these epithelial stem cells. This review aims to consolidate the latest findings on the identities of these stem cells and the components of their niche, as well as the molecular mechanisms that govern them. Additionally, this article highlights diseases that arise due to perturbations in stem cell-niche interactions. We also discuss recent technical innovations that have catalyzed these discoveries. Specifically, this review underscores the heterogeneity, plasticity, and dynamic regulation of these stem cell-niche systems. It is our aspiration that a deeper understanding of the fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alveolar homeostasis and regeneration will open avenues for identifying novel therapeutic targets for conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fibrosis, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Lee JH. Host-Microbe Interactions Regulate Intestinal Stem Cells and Tissue Turnover in Drosophila. Int J Stem Cells 2024; 17:51-58. [PMID: 38123486 PMCID: PMC10899887 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc23172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
With the activity of intestinal stem cells and continuous turnover, the gut epithelium is one of the most dynamic tissues in animals. Due to its simple yet conserved tissue structure and enteric cell composition as well as advanced genetic and histologic techniques, Drosophila serves as a valuable model system for investigating the regulation of intestinal stem cells. The Drosophila gut epithelium is in constant contact with indigenous microbiota and encounters externally introduced "non-self" substances, including foodborne pathogens. Therefore, in addition to its role in digestion and nutrient absorption, another essential function of the gut epithelium is to control the expansion of microbes while maintaining its structural integrity, necessitating a tissue turnover process involving intestinal stem cell activity. As a result, the microbiome and pathogens serve as important factors in regulating intestinal tissue turnover. In this manuscript, I discuss crucial discoveries revealing the interaction between gut microbes and the host's innate immune system, closely associated with the regulation of intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation, ultimately contributing to epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Hologenomics and School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Emanuel E, Arifuzzaman M, Artis D. Epithelial-neuronal-immune cell interactions: Implications for immunity, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis at mucosal sites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00182-9. [PMID: 38369030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the respiratory tract and intestine provides a critical physical barrier to protect host tissues against environmental insults, including dietary antigens, allergens, chemicals, and microorganisms. In addition, specialized epithelial cells communicate directly with hematopoietic and neuronal cells. These epithelial-immune and epithelial-neuronal interactions control host immune responses and have important implications for inflammatory conditions associated with defects in the epithelial barrier, including asthma, allergy, and inflammatory bowel diseases. In this review, we discuss emerging research that identifies the mechanisms and impact of epithelial-immune and epithelial-neuronal cross talk in regulating immunity, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis at mucosal barrier surfaces. Understanding the regulation and impact of these pathways could provide new therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Emanuel
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mohammad Arifuzzaman
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; Friedman Center for Nutrition and Inflammation, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY; Allen Discovery Center for Neuroimmune Interactions, New York, NY; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.
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Park S, Park K, Yang S, Byon IS, Lee JE, Park SW. Diagnosis of posterior staphyloma using the radius of steepest curvature among retinal pigment epithelium segmentation line measured by optic coherent tomography. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:58. [PMID: 38326764 PMCID: PMC10851488 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-024-03321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate a novel marker to diagnose posterior staphylomas by measuring the radius of the steepest curvature on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) segmentation line using optical coherence tomography (OCT). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Cross-sectional Study. METHODS The authors developed a prototype software to measure the radius of curvature on the RPE segmentation line of OCT. Twelve images of 9-mm radial OCT scans were used. The radius of curvature was measured at the steepest area of the RPE segmentation line, and the macular curvature (MC) index was calculated based on its reciprocal. Based on the wide-field fundus findings, the study sample was divided into three groups: definite posterior staphyloma, no posterior staphyloma, and undetermined. The differences of MC index among the groups and the correlation between the MC index, age, and axial length were analyzed. RESULTS The present study analyzed 268 eyes, with 54 (20.1%) with definite posterior staphyloma, 202 (75.4%) with no posterior staphyloma, and 12 (4.5%) with undetermined disease status. A maximum MC index of 37.5 was observed in the group with no posterior staphyloma, which was less than the minimum MC index of 42.7 observed in the group with definite posterior staphyloma. The MC index had strong correlations with the axial length and age in eyes with high myopia. CONCLUSIONS Eyes with posterior staphyloma have a steeper curvature than those with radius 8.44 mm, while eyes without posterior staphyloma do not. MC index 40 (radius 8.44 mm) might act as a reference to distinguish between those with and those without posterior staphyloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunho Park
- Crystal Eye Clinic , Pusan, Republic Of Korea
| | - Keunheung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 1-10 Ami-dong, Seo-gu, 602-739, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Sangcheol Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 1-10 Ami-dong, Seo-gu, 602-739, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Ik Soo Byon
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 1-10 Ami-dong, Seo-gu, 602-739, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 1-10 Ami-dong, Seo-gu, 602-739, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Sung Who Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 1-10 Ami-dong, Seo-gu, 602-739, Pusan, South Korea.
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12
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Levayer R. Staying away from the breaking point: Probing the limits of epithelial cell elimination. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102316. [PMID: 38199024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are dramatically remodelled during embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis and yet need to maintain their sealing properties to sustain their barrier functions at any time. Part of these remodellings involve the elimination of a large proportion of cells through apoptosis. Cell extrusion, the remodelling steps leading to seamless dying cell expulsion, helps to maintain tissue cohesion. However, there is an intrinsic limit in the system that can only accommodate a certain proportion/rate of cell elimination as well as certain spatiotemporal distributions. What are then the critical conditions leading to epithelial rupture/tear/sealing defects upon cell elimination and which mechanisms ensure that such limits are never reached? In this short review, I document the conditions in which epithelial rupture has been observed, including in the contexts of epithelial cell death, and the mechanical parameters influencing tissue rupture, and review feedback mechanisms which help to keep the epithelia away from the breaking point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Levayer
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3738, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Dong Y, Hou J, Zhang J, Lei Y, Yang X, Sun F. Epithelial thickness remodeling after small incision lenticule intrastromal keratoplasty in correcting hyperopia measured by RTVue OCT. BMC Ophthalmol 2024; 24:13. [PMID: 38191381 PMCID: PMC10773066 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the in vivo corneal epithelial thickness (CET) remodeling profile in a population of eyes after small incision lenticule intrastromal keratoplasty (SMI-LIKE) for hyperopia. METHODS The CET profile was measured by RTVue-100 Fourier-domain OCT system across the central 6-mm diameter of the cornea of 17 eyes from 12 subjects (five males and seven females) who accepted corneal stromal lens implantation surgery for correcting hyperopia. The CET were measured at positions with a radius of 0-1.0 mm, 1.0-2.5 mm (divided into eight quadrants) and 2.5-3.0 mm (divided into eight quadrants) from the corneal center. Corneal maximum simulated keratometry (Km) was measured by Pentacam HR anterior segment analyzer to analyze CET changes. The examination data of subjects were collected in four time periods, which were preoperative, short-term postoperative (one week after surgery), mid-term postoperative (the last review within 3-6 months after surgery), and long-term postoperative (the last review over 1-2.5 years after surgery). The changes of CET were compared and analyzed in the four time periods. RESULTS Mean CET in 0-1.0 mm, 1.0-2.5 mm and 2.5-3.0 mm of the cornea decreased in one week after surgery, respectively, as compared to CET in the preoperative period, which turned from 55.06 ± 0.82 μm、54.42 ± 0.75 μm、53.46 ± 0.60 μm to 51.18 ± 1.05 μm (P = 0.005), 49.38 ± 0.70 μm (P = 0.000), 51.29 ± 0.59 μm (P = 0.025). In the mid-term postoperative period, mean CET in 0-1.0 mm and 1.0-2.5 mm areas kept thinner than mean CET in the preoperative period, CET in 0-1.0 mm is 50.59 ± 0.76 μm (P = 0.000),CET in 1.0-2.5 mm is 50.23 ± 0.57 μm (P = 0.000), while mean CET in 2.5-3.0 mm area recovered to the same thickness as the preoperative level, which is 54.36 ± 0.66 μm (P = 1.000), until the long-term period, CET stabilized in the above doughnut pattern. CONCLUSIONS After stromal lenticule implantation for hyperopia, CET showed a remodeled form of thinning in the 0-2.5 mm area and thickening in the 2.5-3.0 mm area, and remained stable within one year after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Dong
- Jinan Mingshui Eye Hospital, Number 5601, Longquan Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, 250200, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Jinan Mingshui Eye Hospital, Number 5601, Longquan Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, 250200, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Jinan Mingshui Eye Hospital, Number 5601, Longquan Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, 250200, China
| | - Yulin Lei
- Jinan Mingshui Eye Hospital, Number 5601, Longquan Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, 250200, China.
| | - Xinghua Yang
- Jinan Mingshui Eye Hospital, Number 5601, Longquan Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, 250200, China
| | - Fangfang Sun
- Jinan Mingshui Eye Hospital, Number 5601, Longquan Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, 250200, China
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Thompson JA, Kashon ML, McKinney W, Fedan JS. High-fat Western diet alters crystalline silica-induced airway epithelium ion transport but not airway smooth muscle reactivity. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:13. [PMID: 38172968 PMCID: PMC10765734 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Silicosis is an irreversible occupational lung disease resulting from crystalline silica inhalation. Previously, we discovered that Western diet (HFWD)-consumption increases susceptibility to silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. This study investigated the potential of HFWD to alter silica-induced effects on airway epithelial ion transport and smooth muscle reactivity. METHODS Six-week-old male F344 rats were fed a HFWD or standard rat chow (STD) and exposed to silica (Min-U-Sil 5®, 15 mg/m3, 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 39 d) or filtered air. Experimental endpoints were measured at 0, 4, and 8 weeks post-exposure. Transepithelial potential difference (Vt), short-circuit current (ISC) and transepithelial resistance (Rt) were measured in tracheal segments and ion transport inhibitors [amiloride, Na+ channel blocker; NPPB; Cl- channel blocker; ouabain, Na+, K+-pump blocker] identified changes in ion transport pathways. Changes in airway smooth muscle reactivity to methacholine (MCh) were investigated in the isolated perfused trachea preparation. RESULTS Silica reduced basal ISC at 4 weeks and HFWD reduced the ISC response to amiloride at 0 week compared to air control. HFWD + silica exposure induced changes in ion transport 0 and 4 weeks after treatment compared to silica or HFWD treatments alone. No effects on airway smooth muscle reactivity to MCh were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Thompson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1000 Frederick Lane, Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA.
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Fedan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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Morello S, Cicala C. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73): an emerging role as prognostic factor in allergic sensitization. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:111-115. [PMID: 38087076 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the importance of the epithelium in the assessment of allergic sensitization and development of allergic diseases has increased. Sensitization to allergens appears to be influenced by genetic and external environmental factors. However, not all subjects exposed to environmental factors that damage epithelial cells suffer from allergic diseases. On this basis, identifying the signaling pathways that characterize the different phenotypes and endotypes of allergy is of high priority for a successful personalized therapy. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 is a membrane-bound enzyme responsible for extracellular adenosine accumulation from AMP derived, in turn, from the hydrolysis of extracellular ATP. Current knowledge suggests that CD73 expression and enzymatic activity at epithelial barriers would be of fundamental importance to control the first defense against allergens, by preserving both physical and immunological epithelial barrier functions. Here, we highlight evidence for a crucial role of CD73 in features of allergic sensitization and the potential of this enzyme as prognostic marker and target of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Morello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084, Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Carla Cicala
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Sumbal J, Sumbalova Koledova Z. Fibroblast- Epithelium Co-culture Methods Using Epithelial Organoids and Cell Line-Derived Spheroids. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2764:107-129. [PMID: 38393591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3674-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are an integral cell type of mammary gland stroma, which plays crucial roles in development, homeostasis, and tumorigenesis of mammary epithelium. Fibroblasts produce and remodel extracellular matrix proteins and secrete a plethora of paracrine signals, which instruct both epithelial and other stromal cells of the mammary gland through mechanisms, which have not been fully understood. To enable deciphering of the intricate fibroblast-epithelial interactions, we developed several 3D co-culture methods. In this chapter, we describe methods for establishment of various types of embedded 3D co-cultures of mammary fibroblasts with mammary epithelial organoids, mammary tumor organoids, or breast cancer spheroids to investigate the role of fibroblasts in mammary epithelial development, morphogenesis, and tumorigenesis. The co-culture types include dispersed, aggregated, and transwell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institut Curie, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Zuzana Sumbalova Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Tissue Morphogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Kuony A, Brezak M, Mège RM, Sumbalova Koledova Z. Organotypic 3D Cell Culture of the Embryonic Lacrimal Gland. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2764:145-156. [PMID: 38393593 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3674-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Ectodermal organ development, including lacrimal gland, is characterized by an interaction between an epithelium and a mesenchyme. Murine lacrimal gland is a good model to study non-stereotypical branching morphogenesis. In vitro cultures allow the study of morphogenesis events with easy access to high-resolution imaging. Particularly, embryonic lacrimal gland organotypic 3D cell cultures enable the follow-up of branching morphogenesis thanks to the analysis of territories organization by immunohistochemistry. In this chapter, we describe a method to culture primary epithelial fragments together with primary mesenchymal cells, isolated from embryonic day 17 lacrimal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Kuony
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.
| | - Matea Brezak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Zuzana Sumbalova Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Tissue Morphogenesis and Cancer, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Albrecht M, Garn H, Buhl T. Epithelial-immune cell interactions in allergic diseases. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2249982. [PMID: 37804068 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial/immune interactions are characterized by the different properties of the various epithelial tissues, the mediators involved, and the varying immune cells that initiate, sustain, or abrogate allergic diseases on the surface. The intestinal mucosa, respiratory mucosa, and regular skin feature structural differences according to their primary function and surroundings. In the context of these specialized functions, the active role of the epithelium in shaping immune responses is increasingly recognizable. Crosstalk between epithelial and immune cells plays an important role in maintaining homeostatic conditions. While cells of the myeloid cell lineage, mainly macrophages, are the dominating immune cell population in the skin and the respiratory tract, lymphocytes comprise most intraepithelial immune cells in the intestine under healthy conditions. Common to all surface epithelia is the fact that innate immune cells represent the first line of immunosurveillance that either directly defeats invading pathogens or initiates and coordinates more effective successive immune responses involving adaptive immune cells and effector cells. Pharmacological approaches for the treatment of allergic and chronic inflammatory diseases involving epithelial barriers target immunological mediators downstream of the epithelium (such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IgE). The next generation of therapeutics involves upstream events of the inflammatory cascade, such as epithelial-derived alarmins and related mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Albrecht
- Molecular Allergology, Vice President´s Research Group, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Holger Garn
- Translational Inflammation Research Division and Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Kloc M, Tworzydło W, Szklarzewicz T. Germline and Somatic Cell Syncytia in Insects. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:47-63. [PMID: 37996672 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Syncytia are common in the animal and plant kingdoms both under normal and pathological conditions. They form through cell fusion or division of a founder cell without cytokinesis. A particular type of syncytia occurs in invertebrate and vertebrate gametogenesis when the founder cell divides several times with partial cytokinesis producing a cyst (nest) of germ line cells connected by cytoplasmic bridges. The ultimate destiny of the cyst's cells differs between animal groups. Either all cells of the cyst become the gametes or some cells endoreplicate or polyploidize to become the nurse cells (trophocytes). Although many types of syncytia are permanent, the germ cell syncytium is temporary, and eventually, it separates into individual gametes. In this chapter, we give an overview of syncytium types and focus on the germline and somatic cell syncytia in various groups of insects. We also describe the multinuclear giant cells, which form through repetitive nuclear divisions and cytoplasm hypertrophy, but without cell fusion, and the accessory nuclei, which bud off the oocyte nucleus, migrate to its cortex and become included in the early embryonic syncytium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- The Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Surgery, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wacław Tworzydło
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Teresa Szklarzewicz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Sołtysiak M, Paplińska-Goryca M, Misiukiewicz-Stępień P, Wójtowicz P, Dutkiewicz M, Zegrocka-Stendel O, Sikorska M, Dymkowska D, Turos-Korgul L, Krenke R, Koziak K. β-escin activates ALDH and prevents cigarette smoke-induced cell death. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115924. [PMID: 38016364 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tobacco use is one of the biggest public health threats worldwide. Cigarette smoke contains over 7000 chemicals among other aldehydes, regarded as priority toxicants. β-escin (a mixture of triterpenoid saponins extracted from the Aesculus hippocastanum. L) is a potent activator of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) - an enzyme catalyzing oxidation of aldehydes to non-toxic carboxylic acids. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of β-escin on ALDH activity, ALDH isoforms mRNA expression and cytotoxicity in nasal epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). METHODS Nasal epithelial cells from healthy non-smokers were treated with β-escin (1 µM) and exposed to 5% CSE. After 6- or 24-hours of stimulation cell viability, DNA damage, ALDH activity and mRNA expression of ALDH isoforms were examined. RESULTS 24 h β-escin stimulation revised CSE induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage. Cells cultured with β-escin or exposed to CSE responded with strong increase in ALDH activity. This effect was more pronounced in cultures treated with combination of β-escin and CSE. The strongest stimulatory effect on ALDH isoform mRNA expression was observed in cells cultured simultaneously with β-escin and CSE: at 6 h for ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1, and at 24 h for ALDH1A3, ALDH3A2, ALDH3B1, and ALDH18A1. Combined β-escin and CSE treatment prevented the CSE-induced inhibition of ALDH2 expression at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS β-escin is an effective ALDH stimulatory and cytoprotective agent and might be useful in the prevention or supportive treatment of tobacco smoke-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Sołtysiak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Paplińska-Goryca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Misiukiewicz-Stępień
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Wójtowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dutkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Oliwia Zegrocka-Stendel
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Sikorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Dymkowska
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laura Turos-Korgul
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Krenke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Koziak
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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Mira-Osuna M, Borgne RL. Assembly, dynamics and remodeling of epithelial cell junctions throughout development. Development 2024; 151:dev201086. [PMID: 38205947 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cell junctions play key roles in epithelial integrity. During development, when epithelia undergo extensive morphogenesis, these junctions must be remodeled in order to maintain mechanochemical barriers and ensure the cohesion of the tissue. In this Review, we present a comprehensive and integrated description of junctional remodeling mechanisms in epithelial cells during development, from embryonic to adult epithelia. We largely focus on Drosophila, as quantitative analyses in this organism have provided a detailed characterization of the molecular mechanisms governing cell topologies, and discuss the conservation of these mechanisms across metazoans. We consider how changes at the molecular level translate to tissue-scale irreversible deformations, exploring the composition and assembly of cellular interfaces to unveil how junctions are remodeled to preserve tissue homeostasis during cell division, intercalation, invagination, ingression and extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mira-Osuna
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Roland Le Borgne
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Tang H, Chen Z, Gan S, Liang Y, Zhang H, Yang C, Lin L, Guo Y, Li S, Li J, Yao L. GLUT1 contributes to impaired epithelial tight junction in the late phase of acute lung injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176185. [PMID: 37944848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of epithelial barrier is crucial for the development of acute lung injury (ALI). This study was aimed to evaluate the role of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) in dysregulation of epithelial tight junction in ALI. GLUT1 was inhibited with specific antagonists WZB117 or BAY876 to see the effects on epithelial tight junction in a well-established LPS-induced mouse ALI model as well as in vitro cultured epithelial cells. Pharmacological inhibition of GLUT1 with WZB117 at either a low or high dose had no effects on lung injury and inflammation 24 h after LPS challenge, but significantly decreased the pulmonary inflammatory responses induced by LPS at 72 h with a high dose, which was verified by treatment with BAY876. WZB117 or BAY876 also recovered the expression of epithelial tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin. In cultured BEAS-2B and A549 cells, LPS induced increased GLUT1 expression, accompanied by decreased expression of tight junction protein ZO-1 and occludin. Blockade of GLUT1 restored LPS-induced disruption of ZO-1 and occludin in BEAS-2B rather than A549. Taken together, our results showed that GLUT1 is responsible for dysfunction of epithelial tight junctions in the late phase of LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiong Tang
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zemin Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sudan Gan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyun Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqin Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubiao Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyue Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lihong Yao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Tervonen A, Korpela S, Nymark S, Hyttinen J, Ihalainen TO. The Effect of Substrate Stiffness on Elastic Force Transmission in the Epithelial Monolayers over Short Timescales. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:475-495. [PMID: 38099211 PMCID: PMC10716100 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The importance of mechanical forces and microenvironment in guiding cellular behavior has been widely accepted. Together with the extracellular matrix (ECM), epithelial cells form a highly connected mechanical system subjected to various mechanical cues from their environment, such as ECM stiffness, and tensile and compressive forces. ECM stiffness has been linked to many pathologies, including tumor formation. However, our understanding of the effect of ECM stiffness and its heterogeneities on rapid force transduction in multicellular systems has not been fully addressed. Methods We used experimental and computational methods. Epithelial cells were cultured on elastic hydrogels with fluorescent nanoparticles. Single cells were moved by a micromanipulator, and epithelium and substrate deformation were recorded. We developed a computational model to replicate our experiments and quantify the force distribution in the epithelium. Our model further enabled simulations with local stiffness gradients. Results We found that substrate stiffness affects the force transduction and the cellular deformation following an external force. Also, our results indicate that the heterogeneities, e.g., gradients, in the stiffness can substantially influence the strain redistribution in the cell monolayers. Furthermore, we found that the cells' apico-basal elasticity provides a level of mechanical isolation between the apical cell-cell junctions and the basal focal adhesions. Conclusions Our simulation results show that increased ECM stiffness, e.g., due to a tumor, can mechanically isolate cells and modulate rapid mechanical signaling between cells over distances. Furthermore, the developed model has the potential to facilitate future studies on the interactions between epithelial monolayers and elastic substrates. Supplementary Information The online version of this article (10.1007/s12195-023-00772-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Tervonen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9 C, 40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sanna Korpela
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Soile Nymark
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu O. Ihalainen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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Prame Kumar K, McKay LD, Nguyen H, Kaur J, Wilson JL, Suthya AR, McKeown SJ, Abud HE, Wong CHY. Sympathetic-Mediated Intestinal Cell Death Contributes to Gut Barrier Impairment After Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2023:10.1007/s12975-023-01211-y. [PMID: 38030854 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-023-01211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue injury induced by stroke is traditionally thought to be localised to the brain. However, there is an accumulating body of evidence to demonstrate that stroke promotes pathophysiological consequences in peripheral tissues including the gastrointestinal system. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying gut permeability after stroke. We utilised the clinically relevant experimental model of stroke called permanent intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) to examine the effect of cerebral ischaemia on the gut. We detected stroke-induced gut permeability at 5 h after pMCAO. At this timepoint, we observed significantly elevated intestinal epithelial cell death in post-stroke mice compared to their sham-operated counterparts. At 24 h after stroke onset when the gut barrier integrity is restored, our findings indicated that post-stroke intestinal epithelium had higher expression of genes associated with fructose metabolism, and hyperplasia of intestinal crypts and goblet cells, conceivably as a host compensatory mechanism to adapt to the impaired gut barrier. Furthermore, we discovered that stroke-induced gut permeability was mediated by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system as pharmacological denervation decreased the stroke-induced intestinal epithelial cell death, goblet cell and crypt hyperplasia, and gut permeability to baseline levels. Our study identifies a previously unknown mechanism in the brain-gut axis by which stroke triggers intestinal cell death and gut permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Prame Kumar
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Liam D McKay
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Huynh Nguyen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jasveena Kaur
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jenny L Wilson
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Althea R Suthya
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Sonja J McKeown
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Development and Stem Cells Program, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Connie H Y Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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25
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Chen XY, Kao C, Peng SW, Chang JH, Lee YL, Laiman V, Chung KF, Bhavsar PK, Heriyanto DS, Chuang KJ, Chuang HC. Role of DCLK1/Hippo pathway in type II alveolar epithelial cells differentiation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mol Med 2023; 29:159. [PMID: 37996782 PMCID: PMC10668445 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay in type II alveolar epithelial cell (AECII) regeneration has been linked to higher mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the interaction between Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) and the Hippo signaling pathway in ARDS-associated AECII differentiation remains unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to understand the role of the DCLK1/Hippo pathway in mediating AECII differentiation in ARDS. MATERIALS AND METHODS AECII MLE-12 cells were exposed to 0, 0.1, or 1 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 6 and 12 h. In the mouse model, C57BL/6JNarl mice were intratracheally (i.t.) injected with 0 (control) or 5 mg/kg LPS and were euthanized for lung collection on days 3 and 7. RESULTS We found that LPS induced AECII markers of differentiation by reducing surfactant protein C (SPC) and p53 while increasing T1α (podoplanin) and E-cadherin at 12 h. Concurrently, nuclear YAP dynamic regulation and increased TAZ levels were observed in LPS-exposed AECII within 12 h. Inhibition of YAP consistently decreased cell levels of SPC, claudin 4 (CLDN-4), galectin 3 (LGALS-3), and p53 while increasing transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) at 6 h. Furthermore, DCLK1 expression was reduced in isolated human AECII of ARDS, consistent with the results in LPS-exposed AECII at 6 h and mouse SPC-positive (SPC+) cells after 3-day LPS exposure. We observed that downregulated DCLK1 increased p-YAP/YAP, while DCLK1 overexpression slightly reduced p-YAP/YAP, indicating an association between DCLK1 and Hippo-YAP pathway. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that DCLK1-mediated Hippo signaling components of YAP/TAZ regulated markers of AECII-to-AECI differentiation in an LPS-induced ARDS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ching Kao
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Syue-Wei Peng
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Hwa Chang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Lun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Vincent Laiman
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pankaj K Bhavsar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Didik Setyo Heriyanto
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Inhalation Toxicology Research Lab (ITRL), School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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Borchert GA, Kandel H, Watson SL. Epithelium-on versus epithelium-off corneal collagen crosslinking for keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s00417-023-06287-8. [PMID: 37938377 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) is the primary treatment for progressive keratoconus which has a significant impact on vision and quality of life. Our study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of epithelium-on versus epithelium-off CXL to treat keratoconus. METHODS We searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. We included studies that compared standard epithelium-off with epithelium-on CXL. The primary outcome measures were changes in corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) and maximum keratometry (Kmax), and the secondary outcomes were uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), central corneal thickness (CCT), and adverse events. A meta-analysis was performed on the primary and secondary outcomes based on the weighted mean differences between baseline to 12-month follow-up. RESULTS The search retrieved 887 publications with 27 included in the systematic review. A total of 1622 eyes (1399 patients; age 25.51 ± 4.02 years) were included in comparisons of epithelium-off to epithelium-on CXL in keratoconus. Epithelium-off CXL treated 800 eyes and epithelium-on CXL for 822 eyes. At 12-month follow-up, CDVA and Kmax showed no significant difference between the epithelium-off and epithelium-on CXL. The secondary outcomes showed that UDVA was better in epithelium-off CXL (- 0.11D, 95% CI - 0.12, - 0.1; p < 0.001) and there was more thinning in CCT in epithelium-off CXL (- 3.23 μm, 95% CI - 4.64, - 1.81; p <0.001). CONCLUSION Epithelium-off and epithelium-on CXL were both effective to treat progressive keratoconus. Further research is needed to compare the long-term outcomes and safety of both CXL protocols for adaptation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Borchert
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Himal Kandel
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie L Watson
- The University of Sydney, Save Sight Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Brussow J, Feng K, Thiam F, Phogat S, Osei ET. Epithelial-fibroblast interactions in IPF: Lessons from in vitro co-culture studies. Differentiation 2023; 134:11-19. [PMID: 37738701 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial disease that is characterized by increased cellular proliferation and differentiation together with excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition leading to buildup of scar tissue (fibrosis) and remodeling in the lungs. The activated and differentiated (myo)fibroblasts are one of the main sources of tissue remodeling in IPF and a crucial mechanism known to contribute to this feature is an aberrant crosstalk between pulmonary fibroblasts and the abnormal or injured pulmonary epithelium. This epithelial-fibroblast interaction mimics the temporal, spatial and cell-type specific crosstalk between the endoderm and mesoderm in the so-called epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit (EMTU) during lung development that is proposed to be activated in healthy lung repair and dysregulated in various lung diseases including IPF. To study the dysregulated lung EMTU in IPF, various complex in vitro models have been established. Hence, in this review, we will provide a summary of studies that have used complex (3-dimensional) in vitro co-culture, and organoid models to assess how abnormal epithelial-fibroblast interactions in lung EMTU contribute to crucial features of the IPF including defective cellular differentiation, proliferation and migration as well as increased ECM deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brussow
- Department of Biology, Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - K Feng
- Department of Biology, Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - F Thiam
- Department of Biology, Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - S Phogat
- Department of Biology, Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - E T Osei
- Department of Biology, Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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Lashhab R, Essuman G, Chavez-Canales M, Alexander RT, Cordat E. Expression of the kidney anion exchanger 1 affects WNK4 and SPAK phosphorylation and results in claudin-4 phosphorylation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22280. [PMID: 38034706 PMCID: PMC10687047 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the renal collecting ducts, chloride reabsorption occurs through both transcellular and paracellular pathways. Recent literature highlights a functional interplay between both pathways. We recently showed that in polarized inner medullary collecting duct cells, expression of the basolateral kidney anion exchanger 1 (kAE1) results in a decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), in a claudin-4 dependent pathway. Claudin-4 is a paracellular sodium blocker and chloride pore. Here, we show that kAE1 expression in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells triggers WNK4, SPAK and claudin-4 phosphorylation. Expression of a functionally dead kAE1 E681Q mutant has no effect on phosphorylation of these proteins. Expression of a catalytically inactive WNK4 D321A or chloride-insensitive WNK4 L319F mutant abolishes kAE1 effect on TEER, supporting a contribution of WNK4 to the process. We propose that variations of the cytosolic pH and chloride concentration upon kAE1 expression alter WNK4 kinase activity and tight junction properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawad Lashhab
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Grace Essuman
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Chavez-Canales
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INCICh, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - R. Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Cordat
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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29
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Lomelino Pinheiro R, Gil J, Quadrado MJ, Murta J. Surgical Management of Bilateral Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency. ACTA MEDICA PORT 2023; 36:679-682. [PMID: 36749940 DOI: 10.20344/amp.18960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
At the age of 43 years-old, a man was left with bilateral limbal stem cell deficiency after an ocular alkaline burn with lime, which resulted in corneal opacification. After multiple unsuccessful surgical attempts to restore vision, including penetrating keratoplasties and Boston keratoprosthesis, visual acuity was counting fingers in the left eye. At 73 years of age, the patient underwent another surgery in his left eye. Cauterization of neovessels and removal of the vascular pannus were followed by partial excision of Tenon's capsule. Penetrating keratoplasty was followed by an intrastromal injection of anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), and the ocular surface was covered with amniotic membrane. Postoperatively, the graft was clear with no signs of inflammation; vision improved to 20/50 and remained stable throughout the following two years. Herein we describe some adjunctive procedures that might have delayed failure and rejection of the corneal graft. This case demonstrates the difficulties in treating bilateral limbal stem cell deficiency in a tertiary eye care center with no capacity to perform stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lomelino Pinheiro
- Centro de Responsabilidade Integrado de Oftalmologia. Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra. Coimbra. Portugal
| | - João Gil
- Centro de Responsabilidade Integrado de Oftalmologia. Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra. Coimbra; Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra. Portugal
| | - Maria João Quadrado
- Centro de Responsabilidade Integrado de Oftalmologia. Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra. Coimbra; Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra. Portugal
| | - Joaquim Murta
- Centro de Responsabilidade Integrado de Oftalmologia. Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra. Coimbra; Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra. Portugal
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Kobayashi E, Ling Y, Kobayashi R, Hoshikawa E, Itai E, Sakata O, Okuda S, Naru E, Izumi K. Development of a lip vermilion epithelium reconstruction model using keratinocytes from skin and oral mucosa. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:349-359. [PMID: 37302086 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lip vermilion is unique and can be distinguished from the adjacent skin and oral mucosa. However, because of the lack of appropriate evaluation tools, skin and/or oral mucosa substitutes such as in vitro vermilion epithelial models have been used for lip product testing. We aimed to develop and characterize a lip vermilion epithelium reconstruction model (LVERM) using skin and oral keratinocytes. LVERM was manufactured by co-culturing primary skin and oral keratinocytes, using a device that allowed the separation of cell seeding, and created an intercalated cell-free zone, referred to as the vermilion part. After removing the device, LVERM construction was completed in 8 days, in a submerged condition. Subsequently, they were placed in an air-liquid interface for 7 days. To determine the epithelial characteristics of LVERM, keratin 2e (KRT2) and small proline-rich protein 3 (SPRR3) expression patterns were examined. The in vivo expression profiles of KRT2 and SPRR3 genes in vermilion were also examined. We found that a continuous multi-layered epithelium was generated in the LVERM that exhibited ortho- and para-keratinization in the skin and oral mucosa parts, respectively. Although an intermediate keratinization pattern was observed in the vermilion part, KRT2 and SPRR3 were co-expressed in the suprabasal layer, consistent with the expression pattern of a single vermilion epithelial model. Clustering analysis revealed that KRT2 and SPRR3 gene expression in vermilion was location-dependent within the sample. Therefore, LVERM can be used as an evaluation tool for lip products and has great importance in innovative approaches for cosmetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kobayashi
- Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yiwei Ling
- Division of Bioinformatics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryota Kobayashi
- Division of Biomimetics, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Emi Hoshikawa
- Division of Biomimetics, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Eriko Itai
- Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Sakata
- Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Division of Bioinformatics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Eiji Naru
- Research Laboratories, KOSÉ Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Izumi
- Division of Biomimetics, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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Jensen OE, Revell CK. Couple stresses and discrete potentials in the vertex model of cellular monolayers. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2023; 22:1465-1486. [PMID: 36201070 PMCID: PMC10511640 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vertex model is widely used to simulate the mechanical properties of confluent epithelia and other multicellular tissues. This inherently discrete framework allows a Cauchy stress to be attributed to each cell, and its symmetric component has been widely reported, at least for planar monolayers. Here, we consider the stress attributed to the neighbourhood of each tricellular junction, evaluating in particular its leading-order antisymmetric component and the associated couple stresses, which characterise the degree to which individual cells experience (and resist) in-plane bending deformations. We develop discrete potential theory for localised monolayers having disordered internal structure and use this to derive the analogues of Airy and Mindlin stress functions. These scalar potentials typically have broad-banded spectra, highlighting the contributions of small-scale defects and boundary layers to global stress patterns. An affine approximation attributes couple stresses to pressure differences between cells sharing a trijunction, but simulations indicate an additional role for non-affine deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E. Jensen
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
| | - Christopher K. Revell
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL UK
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Li J, Xu Y, Zhang J, Li Q, Wang C, Wu Z, Yang W, Xu M, Zhang Z, Wang L, Zhang J. Bioinspired fine-tuning of the mechanical rigidity of SNEDDS for the efficient crossing of multiple gastrointestinal barriers. J Control Release 2023; 362:170-183. [PMID: 37625600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanoproperties, such as size, charge, and rigidity, have been demonstrated to be crucial for nanovehicles to overcome numerous gastrointestinal obstacles. However, the facile approach of modifying the rigidity of nanovehicles remains scarce, limiting understanding of how rigidity impacts their oral delivery. Inspired by the fact that cellular phospholipid content regulates plasma membrane rigidity, the rigidity of self-nanoemulsifiying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) could be fine-tuned via phosphocholine content while their size and zeta potential remain unchanged, using insulin as a model drug. Notably, soft SNEDDS exerted longer gastrointestinal transit time, higher drug release rate, stronger gastrointestinal stability and relatively lower mucus permeation but superior epithelial transcytosis than their hard counterparts in a macropinocytosis-dependent manner. The rigidity-related enhanced transcytosis was attributed to improved endocytosis, lysosome escape capability and exocytosis. Rats with type 1 diabetes exhibited greater oral insulin absorption and blood glucose lowering effect with soft SNEDDS. This study demonstrated the regulatory role of phospholipids in nanovehicle rigidity, which could help develop mechanically optimized nanomedicines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Li
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.40. Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China
| | - Yaru Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100. Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, China
| | - Jieke Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100. Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, China
| | - Qinglian Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100. Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, China
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.40. Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100. Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100. Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, China
| | - Weijing Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100. Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.40. Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100. Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100. Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100. Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, China.
| | - Jinjie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100. Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Henan Province, China.
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Bradford S, Luo S, Brown D, Juhasz T, Jester J. A review of the epithelial and stromal effects of corneal collagen crosslinking. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:150-159. [PMID: 37683969 PMCID: PMC10993773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Induced corneal collagen crosslinking and mechanical stiffening via ultraviolet-A photoactivation of riboflavin (UVA CXL) is now a common treatment for corneal ectasia and Keratoconus. Some effects of the procedure such as induced mechanical stiffening, corneal flattening, and cellular toxicity are well-known, but others remain more controversial. Authors report a variety of contradictory effects, and provide evidence based on individual results and observations. A full understanding of the effects of and mechanisms behind this procedure are essential to predicting its outcome. A growing interest in modifications to the standard UVA CXL protocol, such as transepithelial or accelerated UVA CXL, makes analyzing the literature as a whole more urgent. This review presents an analysis of both the agreed-upon and contradictory results reported and the various methods used to obtain them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bradford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Shangbang Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Donald Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tibor Juhasz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James Jester
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Morral C, Ghinnagow R, Karakasheva T, Zhou Y, Thadi A, Li N, Yoshor B, Soto GE, Chen CH, Aleynick D, Weinbrom S, Fulton M, Uzun Y, Bewtra M, Kelsen JR, Lengner CJ, Tan K, Minn AJ, Hamilton KE. Isolation of Epithelial and Stromal Cells from Colon Tissues in Homeostasis and Under Inflammatory Conditions. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4825. [PMID: 37753470 PMCID: PMC10518784 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is a prevalent pathology in diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Currently, there are no therapies to prevent IBD, and available therapies to treat IBD are often sub-optimal. Thus, an unmet need exists to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal tissue responses to damage and regeneration. The recent development of single-cell RNA (sc-RNA) sequencing-based techniques offers a unique opportunity to shed light on novel signaling pathways and cellular states that govern tissue adaptation or maladaptation across a broad spectrum of diseases. These approaches require the isolation of high-quality cells from tissues for downstream transcriptomic analyses. In the context of intestinal biology, there is a lack of protocols that ensure the isolation of epithelial and non-epithelial compartments simultaneously with high-quality yield. Here, we report two protocols for the isolation of epithelial and stromal cells from mouse and human colon tissues under inflammatory conditions. Specifically, we tested the feasibility of the protocols in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and in human biopsies from Crohn's patients. We performed sc-RNA sequencing analysis and demonstrated that the protocol preserves most of the epithelial and stromal cell types found in the colon. Moreover, the protocol is suitable for immunofluorescence staining of surface markers for epithelial, stromal, and immune cell lineages for flow cytometry analyses. This optimized protocol will provide a new resource for scientists to study complex tissues such as the colon in the context of tissue damage and regeneration. Key features • This protocol allows the isolation of epithelial and stromal cells from colon tissues. • The protocol has been optimized for tissues under inflammatory conditions with compromised cell viability. • This protocol is suitable for experimental mouse models of colon inflammation and human biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Morral
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Mark Foundation Center for Immunotherapy, Immune Signaling, and Radiation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reem Ghinnagow
- Mark Foundation Center for Immunotherapy, Immune Signaling, and Radiation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana Karakasheva
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yusen Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anusha Thadi
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Yoshor
- Mark Foundation Center for Immunotherapy, Immune Signaling, and Radiation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gloria E. Soto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chia-Hui Chen
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Aleynick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Weinbrom
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - MaryKate Fulton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yasin Uzun
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
- Four Diamonds Pediatric Cancer Research Center, Penn State Health Children’s Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meenakshi Bewtra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judith R. Kelsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J. Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kai Tan
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andy J. Minn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Mark Foundation Center for Immunotherapy, Immune Signaling, and Radiation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ford MJ, Harwalkar K, Kazemdarvish H, Yamanaka N, Yamanaka Y. CD133/Prom1 marks proximal mouse oviduct epithelial progenitors and adult epithelial cells with a low generative capacity. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio059963. [PMID: 37605939 PMCID: PMC10508696 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium lining the oviduct or fallopian tube consists of multiciliated and secretory cells, which support fertilization and preimplantation development, however, its homeostasis remains poorly understood. CD133/Prom1 expression has been used as a marker to identify adult stem cell populations in various organs and often associated with cancer cells that have stem-like properties. Using an antibody targeted to CD133 and a Cre recombinase-based lineage tracing strategy, we found that CD133/Prom1 expression is not associated with a stem/progenitor population in the oviduct but marked predominantly multiciliated cells with a low generative capacity. Additionally, we have shown that CD133 is disparately localised along the oviduct during neonatal development, and that Prom1 expressing secretory cells in the ampulla rapidly transitioned to multiciliated cells and progressively migrated to the ridge of epithelial folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ford
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Keerthana Harwalkar
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Hengameh Kazemdarvish
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Nobuko Yamanaka
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Yojiro Yamanaka
- Goodman Cancer Institute, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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Chatziparasidis G, Bush A, Chatziparasidi MR, Kantar A. Airway epithelial development and function: A key player in asthma pathogenesis? Paediatr Respir Rev 2023; 47:51-61. [PMID: 37330410 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Though asthma is a common and relatively easy to diagnose disease, attempts at primary or secondary prevention, and cure, have been disappointing. The widespread use of inhaled steroids has dramatically improved asthma control but has offered nothing in terms of altering long-term outcomes or reversing airway remodeling and impairment in lung function. The inability to cure asthma is unsurprising given our limited understanding of the factors that contribute to disease initiation and persistence. New data have focused on the airway epithelium as a potentially key factor orchestrating the different stages of asthma. In this review we summarize for the clinician the current evidence on the central role of the airway epithelium in asthma pathogenesis and the factors that may alter epithelial integrity and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorios Chatziparasidis
- Paediatric Respiratory Unit, IASO Hospital, Larissa, Thessaly, Greece; Faculty of Nursing, Thessaly University, Greece.
| | - Andrew Bush
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Ahmad Kantar
- Pediatric Asthma and Cough Centre, Instituti Ospedalieri Bergamaschi, University and Research Hospitals, Bergamo, Italy
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Chen SY, Liu FC. The Fgf9-Nolz1-Wnt2 axis regulates morphogenesis of the lung. Development 2023; 150:dev201827. [PMID: 37497597 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Morphological development of the lung requires complex signal crosstalk between the mesenchymal and epithelial progenitors. Elucidating the genetic cascades underlying signal crosstalk is essential to understanding lung morphogenesis. Here, we identified Nolz1 as a mesenchymal lineage-specific transcriptional regulator that plays a key role in lung morphogenesis. Nolz1 null mutation resulted in a severe hypoplasia phenotype, including a decreased proliferation of mesenchymal cells, aberrant differentiation of epithelial cells and defective growth of epithelial branches. Nolz1 deletion also downregulated Wnt2, Lef1, Fgf10, Gli3 and Bmp4 mRNAs. Mechanistically, Nolz1 regulates lung morphogenesis primarily through Wnt2 signaling. Loss-of-function and overexpression studies demonstrated that Nolz1 transcriptionally activated Wnt2 and downstream β-catenin signaling to control mesenchymal cell proliferation and epithelial branching. Exogenous Wnt2 could rescue defective proliferation and epithelial branching in Nolz1 knockout lungs. Finally, we identified Fgf9 as an upstream regulator of Nolz1. Collectively, Fgf9-Nolz1-Wnt2 signaling represents a novel axis in the control of lung morphogenesis. These findings are relevant to lung tumorigenesis, in which a pathological function of Nolz1 is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yun Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
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Abubakar M, Klein A, Fan S, Lawrence S, Mutreja K, Henry JE, Pfeiffer RM, Duggan MA, Gierach GL. Host, reproductive, and lifestyle factors in relation to quantitative histologic metrics of the normal breast. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:97. [PMID: 37582731 PMCID: PMC10426057 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data indicate that variations in quantitative epithelial and stromal tissue composition and their relative abundance in benign breast biopsies independently impact risk of future invasive breast cancer. To gain further insights into breast cancer etiopathogenesis, we investigated associations between epidemiological factors and quantitative tissue composition metrics of the normal breast. METHODS The study participants were 4108 healthy women ages 18-75 years who voluntarily donated breast tissue to the US-based Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank (KTB; 2008-2019). Using high-accuracy machine learning algorithms, we quantified the percentage of epithelial, stromal, adipose, and fibroglandular tissue, as well as the proportion of fibroglandular tissue that is epithelium relative to stroma (i.e., epithelium-to-stroma proportion, ESP) on digitized hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained normal breast biopsy specimens. Data on epidemiological factors were obtained from participants using a detailed questionnaire administered at the time of tissue donation. Associations between epidemiological factors and square root transformed tissue metrics were investigated using multivariable linear regression models. RESULTS With increasing age, the amount of stromal, epithelial, and fibroglandular tissue declined and adipose tissue increased, while that of ESP demonstrated a bimodal pattern. Several epidemiological factors were associated with individual tissue composition metrics, impacting ESP as a result. Compared with premenopausal women, postmenopausal women had lower ESP [β (95% Confidence Interval (CI)) = -0.28 (- 0.43, - 0.13); P < 0.001] with ESP peaks at 30-40 years and 60-70 years among pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively. Pregnancy [β (95%CI) vs nulligravid = 0.19 (0.08, 0.30); P < 0.001] and increasing number of live births (P-trend < 0.001) were positively associated with ESP, while breastfeeding was inversely associated with ESP [β (95%CI) vs no breastfeeding = -0.15 (- 0.29, - 0.01); P = 0.036]. A positive family history of breast cancer (FHBC) [β (95%CI) vs no FHBC = 0.14 (0.02-0.26); P = 0.02], being overweight or obese [β (95%CI) vs normal weight = 0.18 (0.06-0.30); P = 0.004 and 0.32 (0.21-0.44); P < 0.001, respectively], and Black race [β (95%CI) vs White = 0.12 (- 0.005, 0.25); P = 0.06] were positively associated with ESP. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that cumulative exposure to etiological factors over the lifespan impacts normal breast tissue composition metrics, individually or jointly, to alter their dynamic equilibrium, with potential implications for breast cancer susceptibility and tumor etiologic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Abubakar
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Shady Grove, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - Alyssa Klein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Shady Grove, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Shaoqi Fan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Shady Grove, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Scott Lawrence
- Molecular and Digital Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Karun Mutreja
- Molecular and Digital Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jill E Henry
- Biospecimen Collection and Banking Core, Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the IU Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Shady Grove, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Maire A Duggan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N2Y9, Canada
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Shady Grove, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA
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Wright BL, Masuda MY, Ortiz DR, Dao A, Civello B, Pyon GC, Schulze AR, Yiannas JA, Rank MA, Kita H, Doyle AD. Allergies Come Clean: The Role of Detergents in Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:443-451. [PMID: 37233851 PMCID: PMC10527525 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prevalence and incidence of allergic disease have been rising in Westernized countries since the twentieth century. Increasingly, evidence suggests that damage to the epithelium initiates and shapes innate and adaptive immune responses to external antigens. The objective of this review is to examine the role of detergents as a potential risk factor for developing allergic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Herein, we identify key sources of human detergent exposure. We summarize the evidence suggesting a possible role for detergents and related chemicals in initiating epithelial barrier dysfunction and allergic inflammation. We primarily focus on experimental models of atopic dermatitis, asthma, and eosinophilic esophagitis, which show compelling associations between allergic disease and detergent exposure. Mechanistic studies suggest that detergents disrupt epithelial barrier integrity through their effects on tight junction or adhesion molecules and promote inflammation through epithelial alarmin release. Environmental exposures that disrupt or damage the epithelium may account for the increasing rates of allergic disease in genetically susceptible individuals. Detergents and related chemical compounds represent possible modifiable risk factors for the development or exacerbation of atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Wright
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Pulmonology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Mia Y Masuda
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Rochester, Scottsdale, Minnesota, AZ, USA
| | - Danna R Ortiz
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Adelyn Dao
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Blake Civello
- University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Grace C Pyon
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Aliviya R Schulze
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - James A Yiannas
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew A Rank
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Pulmonology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Division of Pulmonology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Alfred D Doyle
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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Szabó L, Seubert AC, Kretzschmar K. Modelling adult stem cells and their niche in health and disease with epithelial organoids. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 144:20-30. [PMID: 36127261 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are responsible for homoeostasis and regeneration of epithelial tissues. Stem cell function is regulated by both cell autonomous mechanisms as well as the niche. Deregulated stem cell function contributes to diseases such as cancer. Epithelial organoid cultures generated from tissue-resident adult stem cells have allowed unprecedented insights into the biology of epithelial tissues. The subsequent adaptation of organoid technology enabled the modelling of the communication of stem cells with their cellular and non-cellular niche as well as diseases. Starting from its first model described in 2009, the murine small intestinal organoid, we discuss here how epithelial organoid cultures have been become a prime in vitro research tool for cell and developmental biology, bioengineering, and biomedicine in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Szabó
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Centre (MSNZ) for Cancer Research, University Hospital Würzburg, IZKF/MSNZ, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna C Seubert
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Centre (MSNZ) for Cancer Research, University Hospital Würzburg, IZKF/MSNZ, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai Kretzschmar
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Centre (MSNZ) for Cancer Research, University Hospital Würzburg, IZKF/MSNZ, Würzburg, Germany.
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Chan Y, Thamboo AV, Han JK, Desrosiers M. Remission: does it already exist in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis? J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 52:50. [PMID: 37507757 PMCID: PMC10385914 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-023-00657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remission, defined as absence of symptoms and objective markers of disease, is emerging as the penultimate goal in the management of several chronic diseases. The concept of remission, well-established in Rheumatology as well as Gastroenterology, is currently emerging in Respiratory Medicine for asthma. It is interesting to consider whether the disease remission concept might successfully be applied to Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this letter is to explore the evidence supporting the concept of remission under continued medical therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. METHODS The authors reviewed the literature and summarized studies in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis evaluating for evidence of clinical, biochemical, and endoscopic remission. RESULTS Findings of the studies revealed that endoscopic sinus surgery with continued medical therapy achieved remission in approximately 50% of all patients. CRSwNP patients after primary endoscopic sinus surgery were able to achieve remission in 72% of instances, however this drops to 42% for patients having revision sinus surgery. For CRSwNP patients with co-morbidities such as asthma and aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease, remission rate drops to 23% and 23.5%, respectively compared to non-asthmatic CRSwNP patients who present a remission rate under continued medical therapy of 60%. CONCLUSION Remission of symptoms and evidence of disease under medical therapy is indeed a concept achievable in patients with CRSwNP, as demonstrated by studies in the literature. Various co-morbidities, notably asthma, apparently influence rate of remission. Better defining this outcome through consensus-based definitions will allow for the development of strategies in CRSwNP care that can help affected patients attain complete relief from clinical, biochemical, and endoscopic markers of CRS with judicious use of medication and surgery. Future efforts will attempt to improve on these outcomes by achieving symptomatic and endoscopic control of disease following cessation of therapy, potentially paving the way towards clinical remission or a 'cure' in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond Street, Unit 8-163 CC North, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | - Andrew V Thamboo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph K Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Martin Desrosiers
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de L'University de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Hutchison JC, Evans J, Edgell TA, Nie G, Gardner DK, Salamonsen LA. Detrimental actions of obesity-associated advanced glycation end-products on endometrial epithelial cell proliferation are alleviated by antioxidants. Reprod Biomed Online 2023; 47:35-50. [PMID: 37142478 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Advanced glycation end-products (AGE) are elevated in the uterine environment of obese infertile women. Can the detrimental effects of AGE on endometrial epithelial cells be mitigated with therapeutics, and recapitulated in a more physiologically relevant primary model (organoids)? DESIGN Human endometrial epithelial cells (ECC-1) were exposed to AGE at concentrations physiologically representative of uterine fluid in lean or obese individuals, and three potential therapeutics: 25 nmol/l receptor for AGE (RAGE) antagonist FPS-ZM1, 100 μmol/l metformin, or a combination of antioxidants (10 μmol/l N-acetyl-l-cysteine, 10 μmol/l N-acetyl-l-carnitine and 5 μmol/l α-lipoic acid). Real-time cell analysis (xCELLigence, ACEA Biosciences) determined the rate of adhesion and proliferation. The proliferation of organoid-derived cells and secretion of cytokines from organoids was characterized in the presence of AGE (n = 5). The uterine fluid of women undergoing assisted reproduction was profiled for AGE-associated inflammatory markers (n = 77). RESULTS ECC-1 proliferation was reduced by AGE from obese versus lean conditions and vehicle control (P = 0.04 and P < 0.001, respectively), and restored to a proliferation corresponding to lean conditions by antioxidants. AGE influenced organoid derived primary endometrial epithelial cell proliferation in a donor-dependent manner. AGE increased the organoid secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine CXCL16 (P = 0.006). Clinically, CXCL16 correlated positively to maternal body mass index (R = 0.264, P = 0.021) and intrauterine glucose concentration (R = 0.736, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Physiologically relevant concentrations of AGE alter endometrial epithelial cell function. Antioxidants restore the rate of proliferation of AGE-treated endometrial epithelial (ECC-1) cells. Primary endometrial epithelial cells, cultured as organoids, demonstrate altered proliferation and CXCL16 secretion in the presence of AGE equimolar with the uterine fluid from obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Hutchison
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jemma Evans
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey A Edgell
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guiying Nie
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lois A Salamonsen
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Swamynathan SK, Swamynathan S. Corneal epithelial development and homeostasis. Differentiation 2023; 132:4-14. [PMID: 36870804 PMCID: PMC10363238 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The corneal epithelium (CE), the most anterior cellular structure of the eye, is a self-renewing stratified squamous tissue that protects the rest of the eye from external elements. Each cell in this exquisite three-dimensional structure needs to have proper polarity and positional awareness for the CE to serve as a transparent, refractive, and protective tissue. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the molecular and cellular events involved in the embryonic development, post-natal maturation, and homeostasis of the CE, and how they are regulated by a well-coordinated network of transcription factors. This review summarizes the status of related knowledge and aims to provide insight into the pathophysiology of disorders caused by disruption of CE development, and/or homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Santini S, Schenkelaars Q, Jourda C, Duchesne M, Belahbib H, Rocher C, Selva M, Riesgo A, Vervoort M, Leys SP, Kodjabachian L, Le Bivic A, Borchiellini C, Claverie JM, Renard E. The compact genome of the sponge Oopsacas minuta (Hexactinellida) is lacking key metazoan core genes. BMC Biol 2023; 21:139. [PMID: 37337252 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explaining the emergence of the hallmarks of bilaterians is a central focus of evolutionary developmental biology-evodevo-and evolutionary genomics. For this purpose, we must both expand and also refine our knowledge of non-bilaterian genomes, especially by studying early branching animals, in particular those in the metazoan phylum Porifera. RESULTS We present a comprehensive analysis of the first whole genome of a glass sponge, Oopsacas minuta, a member of the Hexactinellida. Studying this class of sponge is evolutionary relevant because it differs from the three other Porifera classes in terms of development, tissue organization, ecology, and physiology. Although O. minuta does not exhibit drastic body simplifications, its genome is among the smallest of animal genomes sequenced so far, and surprisingly lacks several metazoan core genes (including Wnt and several key transcription factors). Our study also provides the complete genome of a symbiotic Archaea dominating the associated microbial community: a new Thaumarchaeota species. CONCLUSIONS The genome of the glass sponge O. minuta differs from all other available sponge genomes by its compactness and smaller number of encoded proteins. The unexpected loss of numerous genes previously considered ancestral and pivotal for metazoan morphogenetic processes most likely reflects the peculiar syncytial tissue organization in this group. Our work further documents the importance of convergence during animal evolution, with multiple convergent evolution of septate-like junctions, electrical-signaling and multiciliated cells in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Santini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, UMR 7256, IMM, IM2B, IOM, Marseille, France
| | - Quentin Schenkelaars
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Jourda
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, UMR 7256, IMM, IM2B, IOM, Marseille, France
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, La Réunion, France
| | - Marc Duchesne
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Hassiba Belahbib
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, UMR 7256, IMM, IM2B, IOM, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Rocher
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Marjorie Selva
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum of London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Michel Vervoort
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sally P Leys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - André Le Bivic
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Emmanuelle Renard
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France.
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France.
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45
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Landino J, Misterovich E, Chumki S, Miller AL. Neighbor cells restrain furrowing during epithelial cytokinesis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.08.544077. [PMID: 37333405 PMCID: PMC10274919 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinesis challenges epithelial tissue homeostasis by generating forces that pull on neighboring cells via cell-cell junctions. Previous work has shown that junction reinforcement at the furrow in Xenopus laevis epithelia regulates the speed of furrowing1. This suggests the cytokinetic array that drives cell division is subject to resistive forces from epithelial neighbor cells. We show here that contractility factors accumulate in neighboring cells near the furrow during cytokinesis. Additionally, increasing neighbor cell stiffness, via ɑ-actinin overexpression, or contractility, through optogenetic Rho activation in one neighbor cell, slows or asymmetrically pauses furrowing, respectively. Notably, optogenetic stimulation of neighbor cell contractility on both sides of the furrow induces cytokinetic failure and binucleation. We conclude that forces from the cytokinetic array in the dividing cell are carefully balanced with restraining forces generated by neighbor cells, and neighbor cell mechanics regulate the speed and success of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Landino
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Eileen Misterovich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Shahana Chumki
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Ann L. Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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46
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Bruelle C, Pinot M, Daniel E, Daudé M, Mathieu J, Le Borgne R. Cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic roles of the ESCRT-III subunit Shrub in abscission of Drosophila sensory organ precursors. Development 2023; 150:dev201409. [PMID: 37226981 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although the molecular mechanisms governing abscission of isolated cells have largely been elucidated, those underlying the abscission of epithelial progenitors surrounded by epidermal cells (ECs), connected via cellular junctions, remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the remodeling of the paracellular diffusion barrier ensured by septate junctions (SJs) during cytokinesis of Drosophila sensory organ precursors (SOPs). We found that SOP cytokinesis involves the coordinated, polarized assembly and remodeling of SJs in the dividing cell and its neighbors, which remain connected to the former via membrane protrusions pointing towards the SOP midbody. SJ assembly and midbody basal displacement occur faster in SOPs than in ECs, leading to quicker disentanglement of neighboring cell membrane protrusions prior to midbody release. As reported in isolated cells, the endosomal sorting complex required for the transport-III component Shrub/CHMP4B is recruited at the midbody and cell-autonomously regulates abscission. In addition, Shrub is recruited to membrane protrusions and is required for SJ integrity, and alteration of SJ integrity leads to premature abscission. Our study uncovers cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic functions of Shrub in coordinating remodeling of the SJs and SOP abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Bruelle
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Pinot
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emeline Daniel
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Marion Daudé
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Juliette Mathieu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), UMR CNRS 7241/INSERM U1050, Collège de France, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Roland Le Borgne
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
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47
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Barlow HR, Ahuja N, Bierschenk T, Htike Y, Fassetta L, Azizoglu DB, Flores J, Gao N, de la O S, Sneddon JB, Marciano DK, Cleaver O. Rab11 is essential to pancreas morphogenesis, lumen formation and endocrine mass. Dev Biol 2023; 499:59-74. [PMID: 37172642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular links between tissue-level morphogenesis and the differentiation of cell lineages in the pancreas remain elusive despite a decade of studies. We previously showed that in pancreas both processes depend on proper lumenogenesis. The Rab GTPase Rab11 is essential for epithelial lumen formation in vitro, however few studies have addressed its functions in vivo and none have tested its requirement in pancreas. Here, we show that Rab11 is critical for proper pancreas development. Co-deletion of the Rab11 isoforms Rab11A and Rab11B in the developing pancreatic epithelium (Rab11pancDKO) results in ∼50% neonatal lethality and surviving adult Rab11pancDKO mice exhibit defective endocrine function. Loss of both Rab11A and Rab11B in the embryonic pancreas results in morphogenetic defects of the epithelium, including defective lumen formation and lumen interconnection. In contrast to wildtype cells, Rab11pancDKO cells initiate the formation of multiple ectopic lumens, resulting in a failure to coordinate a single apical membrane initiation site (AMIS) between groups of cells. This results in a failure to form ducts with continuous lumens. Here, we show that these defects are due to failures in vesicle trafficking, as apical and junctional components remain trapped within Rab11pancDKO cells. Together, these observations suggest that Rab11 directly regulates epithelial lumen formation and morphogenesis. Our report links intracellular trafficking to organ morphogenesis in vivo and presents a novel framework for decoding pancreatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley R Barlow
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA.
| | - Neha Ahuja
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA
| | - Tyler Bierschenk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA
| | - Yadanar Htike
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA
| | - Luke Fassetta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA
| | - D Berfin Azizoglu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Beckman Center, 279 W. Campus Drive, B300, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Juan Flores
- Rutgers University Microbiome Program, 679 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Rutgers University Microbiome Program, 679 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Sean de la O
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Department of Anatomy, Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julie B Sneddon
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Department of Anatomy, Diabetes Center, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Internal Medicine and Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, USA.
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Zhang M, Zhou J, Ji Y, Shu S, Zhang M, Liang Y. LncRNA-NONMMUT100923.1 regulates mouse embryonic palatal shelf adhesion by sponging miR-200a-3p to modulate medial epithelial cell desmosome junction during palatogenesis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16329. [PMID: 37251885 PMCID: PMC10208945 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP) is a common neonatal craniofacial defect caused by the adhesion and fusion dysfunction of bilateral embryonic palatal shelf structures. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is involved in CP formation with regulatory mechanism unknown. In this study, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was used to induced cleft palate in embryonic mice as model group. The RNA-sequencing was performed to screen differentially expressed genes between the normal and model group on embryonic day 16.5, and the expression of LncRNA-NONMMUT100923.1 and miR-200a-3p, Cdsn was confirmed by RT-PCR and western blotting. Colony formation, CCK-8 and EDU assays were performed to measure cell proliferation and apoptosis on mouse embryonic palatal shelf (MEPS) epithelial cells in vitro. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and dual luciferase activity assays was used to investigate the regulatory effect of LncRNA-NONMMUT100923.1 on miRNA and its target genes. Up-regulation of LncRNA-NONMMUT100923.1 and Cdsn while downregulation of miR-200a-3p was found in the model group. The sponging effects of LncRNA-NONMMUT100923 on miR-200a-3p and the target gene relations between Cdsn and miR-200a-3p was confirmed. Low expression of miR-200a-3p was related to the increased expressed levels of Cdsn and the proliferation of MEPS epithelial cells. Thus, a potential ceRNA regulatory network in which LncRNA-NONMMUT100923.1 regulates Cdsn expression by competitively binding to endogenous miR-200a-3p during palatogenesis, which may inhibit MEPS adhesion by preventing the disintegration of the desmosome junction in medial edge epithelium cells. These findings indicate the regulatory role of lncRNA and provides a potential direction for target gene therapy of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Jieyan Zhou
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yingwen Ji
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Shenyou Shu
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- The Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563099, Guizhou, China
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49
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Hammar R, Sellin ME, Artursson P. Epithelial and microbial determinants of colonic drug distribution. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 183:106389. [PMID: 36690119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic epithelium and a rich microbiota, separated by multi-layered mucus, make up the complex colonic cellular environment. Both cellular systems are characterized by high inter- and intraindividual differences, but their impact on drug distribution and efficacy remains incompletely understood. This research gap is pressing, as, e.g., inflammatory disorders of the colon are on the rise globally. In an effort to help close this gap, we provide considerations on determining colonic epithelial and microbial cellular parameters, and their impact on drug bioavailability. First, we cover the major cell types found in vivo within the epithelium and microbiota, and discuss how they can be modeled in vitro. We then draw attention to their structural similarities and differences with regard to determinants of drug distribution. Once a drug is solubilized in the luminal fluids, there are two main classes of such determinants: 1) binding processes, and 2) transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes. Binding lowers the unbound intracellular fraction (fu,cell), which will, in turn, limit the amount of drug available for transport to desired sites. Transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes are ADME proteins impacting intracellular accumulation (Kp). Across cell types, we point out which processes are likely particularly impactful. Together, fu,cell and Kp can be used to describe intracellular bioavailability (Fic), which is a measure of local drug distribution, with consequences for efficacy. Determining these cellular parameters will be beneficial in understanding colonic drug distribution and will advance the field of drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekkah Hammar
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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50
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Ashour DJ, Durney CH, Planelles-Herrero VJ, Stevens TJ, Feng JJ, Röper K. Zasp52 strengthens whole embryo tissue integrity through supracellular actomyosin networks. Development 2023; 150:dev201238. [PMID: 36897564 PMCID: PMC10112930 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
During morphogenesis, large-scale changes of tissue primordia are coordinated across an embryo. In Drosophila, several tissue primordia and embryonic regions are bordered or encircled by supracellular actomyosin cables, junctional actomyosin enrichments networked between many neighbouring cells. We show that the single Drosophila Alp/Enigma-family protein Zasp52, which is most prominently found in Z-discs of muscles, is a component of many supracellular actomyosin structures during embryogenesis, including the ventral midline and the boundary of the salivary gland placode. We reveal that Zasp52 contains within its central coiled-coil region a type of actin-binding motif usually found in CapZbeta proteins, and this domain displays actin-binding activity. Using endogenously-tagged lines, we identify that Zasp52 interacts with junctional components, including APC2, Polychaetoid and Sidekick, and actomyosin regulators. Analysis of zasp52 mutant embryos reveals that the severity of the embryonic defects observed scales inversely with the amount of functional protein left. Large tissue deformations occur where actomyosin cables are found during embryogenesis, and in vivo and in silico analyses suggest a model whereby supracellular Zasp52-containing cables aid to insulate morphogenetic changes from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina J. Ashour
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Clinton H. Durney
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2Canada
| | | | - Tim J. Stevens
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - James J. Feng
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z2Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3Canada
| | - Katja Röper
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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