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Zhang J, Liu Y. Epithelial stem cells and niches in lung alveolar regeneration and diseases. Chin Med J Pulm Crit Care Med 2024; 2:17-26. [PMID: 38645714 PMCID: PMC11027191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pccm.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Alveoli serve as the functional units of the lungs, responsible for the critical task of blood-gas exchange. Comprising type I (AT1) and type II (AT2) cells, the alveolar epithelium is continuously subject to external aggressors like pathogens and airborne particles. As such, preserving lung function requires both the homeostatic renewal and reparative regeneration of this epithelial layer. Dysfunctions in these processes contribute to various lung diseases. Recent research has pinpointed specific cell subgroups that act as potential stem or progenitor cells for the alveolar epithelium during both homeostasis and regeneration. Additionally, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells synergistically establish a nurturing microenvironment-or "niche"-that modulates these epithelial stem cells. This review aims to consolidate the latest findings on the identities of these stem cells and the components of their niche, as well as the molecular mechanisms that govern them. Additionally, this article highlights diseases that arise due to perturbations in stem cell-niche interactions. We also discuss recent technical innovations that have catalyzed these discoveries. Specifically, this review underscores the heterogeneity, plasticity, and dynamic regulation of these stem cell-niche systems. It is our aspiration that a deeper understanding of the fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying alveolar homeostasis and regeneration will open avenues for identifying novel therapeutic targets for conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), fibrosis, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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2
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Karahashi Y, Cueno ME, Kamio N, Takahashi Y, Takeshita I, Soda K, Maruoka S, Gon Y, Sato S, Imai K. Fusobacterium nucleatum putatively affects the alveoli by disrupting the alveolar epithelial cell tight junction, enlarging the alveolar space, and increasing paracellular permeability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 682:216-222. [PMID: 37826945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is abundant in the human oral cavity and has been associated with periodontal disease, which in-turn has been linked to respiratory disease development. Tight junctions (TJs) line the airway and alveoli surfaces serving as a first line of defense against multiple pathogens. Fn has already been linked to respiratory diseases, however, how Fn affects the alveolar TJ was not fully elucidated. Here, we designed and analyzed a TJ network, grew Fn cells and inoculated it in vitro (16HBE and primary cells) and in vivo (mice lung), measured transepithelial electrical resistance, performed RT-PCR, checked for in vitro cell and mice lung permeability, and determined air space size through morphometric measurements. We found that Fn can potentially affect TJs proteins that are directly exposed to the alveolar surface. Additionally, Fn could possibly cause neutrophil accumulation and an increase in alveolar space. Moreover, Fn putatively may cause an increase in paracellular permeability in the alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Karahashi
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Marni E Cueno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kamio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Yuwa Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Ikuko Takeshita
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kaori Soda
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Maruoka
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Gon
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shuichi Sato
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan.
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3
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Chen XY, Chen KY, Feng PH, Lee KY, Fang YT, Chen YY, Lo YC, Bhavsar PK, Chung KF, Chuang HC. YAP-regulated type II alveolar epithelial cell differentiation mediated by human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114302. [PMID: 36701989 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) contributes to higher mortality worldwide. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have immunomodulatory and regenerative potential. However, the effects of hUC-MSCs as an ARDS treatment remain unclear. We investigated the role of hUC-MSCs in the differentiation of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by regulating Yes-associated protein (YAP) in ARDS. Male C57BL/6JNarl mice were intratracheally (i.t.) administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an ARDS model, followed by a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of hUC-MSCs. hUC-MSCs improved pulmonary function, decreased inflammation on day 3, and mitigated lung injury by reducing the lung injury score and increasing lung aeration (%) in mice on day 7 (p < 0.05). hUC-MSCs inactivated YAP on AECII and facilitated cell differentiation by decreasing Pro-surfactant protein C (Pro-SPC) and galectin 3 (LGALS3) while increasing podoplanin (T1α) in lungs of mice (p < 0.05). In AECII MLE-12 cells, both coculture with hUC-MSCs after LPS exposure and the YAP inhibitor, verteporfin, reduced Pro-SPC and LGALS3, whereas the YAP inhibitor increased T1α expression (p < 0.05). In conclusion, hUC-MSCs ameliorated lung injury of ARDS and regulated YAP to facilitate AECII differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Kuan-Yuan Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hao Feng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ting Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - You-Yin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Industrial Ph.D. Program of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chun Lo
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pankaj K Bhavsar
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Li D, Wang J, Fang Y, Hu Y, Xiao Y, Cui Q, Jiang C, Sun S, Chen H, Ye L, Sun Q. Impaired cell-cell communication and axon guidance because of pulmonary hypoperfusion during postnatal alveolar development. Respir Res 2023; 24:12. [PMID: 36631871 PMCID: PMC9833865 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypoperfusion is common in children with congenital heart diseases (CHDs) or pulmonary hypertension (PH) and causes adult pulmonary dysplasia. Systematic reviews have shown that some children with CHDs or PH have mitigated clinical outcomes with COVID-19. Understanding the effects of pulmonary hypoperfusion on postnatal alveolar development may aid in the development of methods to improve the pulmonary function of children with CHDs or PH and improve their care during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is characterized by cytokine storm and persistent inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS We created a neonatal pulmonary hypoperfusion model through pulmonary artery banding (PAB) surgery at postnatal day 1 (P1). Alveolar dysplasia was confirmed by gross and histological examination at P21. Transcriptomic analysis of pulmonary tissues at P7(alveolar stage 2) and P14(alveolar stage 4) revealed that the postnatal alveolar development track had been changed due to pulmonary hypoperfusion. Under the condition of pulmonary hypoperfusion, the cell-cell communication and axon guidance, which both determine the final number of alveoli, were lost; instead, there was hyperactive cell cycle activity. The transcriptomic results were further confirmed by the examination of axon guidance and cell cycle markers. Because axon guidance controls inflammation and immune cell activation, the loss of axon guidance may explain the lack of severe COVID-19 cases among children with CHDs or PH accompanied by pulmonary hypoperfusion. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that promoting cell-cell communication or supplementation with guidance molecules may treat pulmonary hypoperfusion-induced alveolar dysplasia, and that COVID-19 is less likely to cause a cytokine storm in children with CHD or PH accompanied by pulmonary hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debao Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Jing Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- grid.412523.30000 0004 0386 9086Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, School of Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Hu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Xiao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Qing Cui
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Sijuan Sun
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Lincai Ye
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Qi Sun
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
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Mondkar SA, Tullu MS, Sathe P, Agrawal M. Lane-Hamilton syndrome - Is it really a needle in a haystack? J Postgrad Med 2022; 68:162-167. [PMID: 34708697 PMCID: PMC9733521 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_1163_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The association of pulmonary hemosiderosis with celiac disease (Lane-Hamilton syndrome) is extremely rare. Case Details A five-year-old female child presented with fever, cough, breathlessness, and pallor for 20 days, without any previous history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections, tuberculosis, or cardiac disease. There was no history of pica, chronic diarrhea, bleeding, or personal or family history of repeated blood transfusions. She had tachycardia, tachypnea, severe pallor, stunting, rickets, and bilateral fine lung crepitations. Peripheral smear and blood indices revealed dimorphic anemia. Anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibody levels were high (>200 U/mL) and the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with duodenal biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of celiac disease. The child was discharged on a gluten-free diet (GFD) and oral hematinic, but her dietary compliance was poor. Interestingly, the child had persistent bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, which was initially attributed to congestive cardiac failure (CCF), which persisted even despite treatment. HRCT chest revealed interstitial thickening and bilateral alveolar shadows and bronchoalveolar lavage showed a few inflammatory cells. The child was readmitted four times with similar complaints and was given packed red cell transfusions. In the fourth admission, a lung biopsy was done, which revealed extensive pulmonary hemosiderosis. The patient was given a course of oral steroids for 6 weeks, with a gluten-free diet, following which both the anemia and the pulmonary infiltrates resolved. Conclusion Pulmonary hemosiderosis is an important cause of anemia in cases of celiac disease and may be misdiagnosed as CCF due to severe anemia. A strict GFD, with or without corticosteroids, can reverse the clinical and radiological picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- SA Mondkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - MS Tullu
- Department of Pediatrics, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Sathe
- Department of Pathology, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - M Agrawal
- Department of Pediatrics, Seth G.S. Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Abstract
Alveoli are the functional units of blood-gas exchange in the lung and thus are constantly exposed to outside environments and frequently encounter pathogens, particles and other harmful substances. For example, the alveolar epithelium is one of the primary targets of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 lung disease. Therefore, it is essential to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the integrity of alveoli epithelial barrier is maintained. Alveolar epithelium comprises two cell types: alveolar type I cells (AT1) and alveolar type II cells (AT2). AT2s have been shown to function as tissue stem cells that repair the injured alveoli epithelium. Recent studies indicate that AT1s and subgroups of proximal airway epithelial cells can also participate alveolar repair process through their intrinsic plasticity. This review discussed the potential mechanisms that drive the reparative behaviors of AT2, AT1 and some proximal cells in responses to injury and how an abnormal repair contributes to some pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manwai Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. .,University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL60612, USA.
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7
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Chang JH, Lee YL, Laiman V, Han CL, Jheng YT, Lee KY, Yeh CT, Kuo HP, Chung KF, Heriyanto DS, Hsiao TC, Wu SM, Ho SC, Chuang KJ, Chuang HC. Air pollution-regulated E-cadherin mediates contact inhibition of proliferation via the hippo signaling pathways in emphysema. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 351:109763. [PMID: 34852269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been linked to emphysema in chronic obstruction pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the underlying mechanisms in the development of emphysema due to air pollution remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of components of the Hippo signaling pathway for E-cadherin-mediated contact inhibition of proliferation in the lungs after air pollution exposure. E-Cadherin-mediated contact inhibition of proliferation via the Hippo signaling pathway was investigated in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats whole-body exposed to air pollution, and in alveolar epithelial A549 cells exposed to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), E-cadherin-knockdown, and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) treatment. Underlying epithelial differentiation, apoptosis, and senescence were also examined, and the interaction network among these proteins was examined. COPD lung sections were used to confirm the observations in rats. Expressions of HMGB1 and E-cadherin were negatively regulated in the lungs and A549 cells by air pollution, and this was confirmed by knockdown of E-cadherin and by treating A549 cells with HMGB1. Depletion of phosphorylated (p)-Yap occurred after exposure to air pollution and E-cadherin-knockdown, which resulted in decreases of SPC and T1α. Exposure to air pollution and E-cadherin-knockdown respectively downregulated p-Sirt1 and increased p53 levels in the lungs and in A549 cells. Moreover, the protein interaction network suggested that E-cadherin is a key activator in regulating Sirt1 and p53, as well as alveolar epithelial cell differentiation by SPC and T1α. Consistently, downregulation of E-cadherin, p-Yap, SPC, and T1α was observed in COPD alveolar regions with particulate matter (PM) deposition. In conclusion, our results indicated that E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact directly regulates the Hippo signaling pathway to control differentiation, cell proliferation, and senescence due to air pollution. Exposure to air pollution may initiate emphysema in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jer-Hwa Chang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Lun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Laiman
- International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Teng Jheng
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tai Yeh
- Department of Medical Research & Education, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Han-Pin Kuo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Didik Setyo Heriyanto
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ming Wu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Ho
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Abstract
The intention of this short primer is to raise your appetite for proper quantitative assessment of lung micro-structure. The method of choice for obtaining such data is stereology. Rooted in stochastic geometry, stereology provides simple and efficient tools to obtain quantitative three-dimensional information based on measurements on nearly two-dimensional microscopic sections. In this primer, the basic concepts of stereology and its application to the lung are introduced step by step along the workflow of a stereological study. The integration of stereology in your laboratory work will help to improve its quality. In a broader context, stereology may also be seen as a contribution to good scientific practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Philippstr. 11, 10115, Berlin, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Julia Schipke
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
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9
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Frohman EM, Villemarette-Pittman NR, Rodriguez A, Glanzman R, Rugheimer S, Komogortsev O, Zamvil SS, Cruz RA, Varkey TC, Frohman AN, Frohman AR, Parsons MS, Konkle EH, Frohman TC. Application of an evidence-based, out-patient treatment strategy for COVID-19: Multidisciplinary medical practice principles to prevent severe disease. J Neurol Sci 2021; 426:117463. [PMID: 33971376 PMCID: PMC8055502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has devastated individuals, families, and institutions throughout the world. Despite the breakneck speed of vaccine development, the human population remains at risk of further devastation. The decision to not become vaccinated, the protracted rollout of available vaccine, vaccine failure, mutational forms of the SARS virus, which may exhibit mounting resistance to our molecular strike at only one form of the viral family, and the rapid ability of the virus(es) to hitch a ride on our global transportation systems, means that we are will likely continue to confront an invisible, yet devastating foe. The enemy targets one of our human physiology's most important and vulnerable life-preserving body tissues, our broncho-alveolar gas exchange apparatus. Notwithstanding the fear and the fury of this microbe's potential to raise existential questions across the entire spectrum of human endeavor, the application of an early treatment intervention initiative may represent a crucial tool in our defensive strategy. This strategy is driven by evidence-based medical practice principles, those not likely to become antiquated, given the molecular diversity and mutational evolution of this very clever "world traveler".
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot M Frohman
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States of America.
| | | | - Adriana Rodriguez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cook Children's Medical Center, Ft. Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert Glanzman
- Clene Nanomedicine, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT 84121, United States of America.
| | - Sarah Rugheimer
- Department of Physics, University Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
| | - Oleg Komogortsev
- Department of Computer Sciences, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States of America.
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
| | - Roberto Alejandro Cruz
- Department of Neurology, Doctor's Health at Renaissance Health Neurology Institute, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - Thomas C Varkey
- Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, United States of America.
| | | | | | - Matthew S Parsons
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, United States of America; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | | | - Teresa C Frohman
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Professor Lawrence Steinman, Stanford University School of Medicine, United States of America.
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10
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Silva LC, Angrimani DS, Regazzi FM, Lúcio CF, Veiga GA, Fernandes CB, Vannucchi CI. Exogenous surfactant replacement immediately at birth as preventive therapy for lung prematurity in neonatal lambs. Theriogenology 2021; 171:14-20. [PMID: 34000686 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant treatment is a manner to reduce alveolar superficial tension and increase pulmonary compliance in premature neonates. Thus, we aimed to analyze the effect of exogenous surfactant treatment in combination with manual ventilation for preterm lambs. We used 15 ewes and their lambs (n = 16), prematurely born at 135 days. At birth, lambs were submitted to orotracheal intubation attached to a handheld resuscitation device and randomly allocated to: Control Group (n = 5; only manual ventilation), Single Surfactant Group (n = 5; manual ventilation coupled by intratracheal administration of 100 mg/kg surfactant) and Double Surfactant Group (n = 6; surfactant volume was divided into two doses (50 mg/kg + 50 mg/kg) administrated at birth and 30 min thereafter). A complete physical exam, arterial gas analysis, blood glucose, urea and creatinine concentration and chest radiographic assessment were performed at fixed times. All lambs had decreased body temperature until 20 min after birth. However, control and double surfactant groups reached a thermic plateau after 30 min. Regardless of the time-point, control lambs had higher heart rate in comparison to treated neonates, including bradycardia in Single Surfactant Group. Single instillation led to lower oxygenation degree, compared to the Double Surfactant Group, suggesting that surfactant treatment was not able to adequately spread within the alveoli. Lambs treated with surfactant had severe impairment of aerobic activity, leading to anaerobic metabolism. All groups had hypercapnia, which can be explained by inadequate respiratory pattern and pulmonary opacity (89% of the lambs had severe or moderate lung content). In conclusion, exogenous surfactant therapy in association with manual ventilation is ineffective in reverting pulmonary immaturity of the preterm lamb, leading to less vitality, hypoxemia, delayed pulmonary clearance and high mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liege Cg Silva
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Daniel Sr Angrimani
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Regazzi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Cristina F Lúcio
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Gisele Al Veiga
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Claudia B Fernandes
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Camila I Vannucchi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
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11
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Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are clinical syndromes that cause significant mortality in clinical settings and morbidity among survivors accompanied by huge healthcare costs. Lung-resident cell dysfunction/death and neutrophil alveolitis accompanied by proteinous edema are the main pathological features of ALI/ARDS. While understanding of the mechanisms underlying ALI/ARDS pathogenesis is progressing and potential treatments such as statin therapy, nutritional strategies, and mesenchymal cell therapy are emerging, poor clinical outcomes in ALI/ARDS patients persist. Thus, a better understanding of lung-resident cell death and neutrophil alveolitis and their mitigation and clearance mechanisms may provide new therapeutic strategies to accelerate lung repair and improve outcomes in critically ill patients. Macrophages are required for normal tissue development and homeostasis as well as regulating tissue injury and repair through modulation of inflammation and other cellular processes. While macrophages mediate various functions, here we review recent dead cell clearance (efferocytosis) mechanisms mediated by these immune cells for maintaining tissue homeostasis after infectious and non-infectious lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Noone
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sekhar P Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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12
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Abstract
Lung lipid metabolism participates both in infant and adult pulmonary disease. The lung is composed by multiple cell types with specialized functions and coordinately acting to meet specific physiologic requirements. The alveoli are the niche of the most active lipid metabolic cell in the lung, the type 2 cell (T2C). T2C synthesize surfactant lipids that are an absolute requirement for respiration, including dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. After its synthesis and secretion into the alveoli, surfactant is recycled by the T2C or degraded by the alveolar macrophages (AM). Surfactant biosynthesis and recycling is tightly regulated, and dysregulation of this pathway occurs in many pulmonary disease processes. Alveolar lipids can participate in the development of pulmonary disease from their extracellular location in the lumen of the alveoli, and from their intracellular location in T2C or AM. External insults like smoke and pollution can disturb surfactant homeostasis and result in either surfactant insufficiency or accumulation. But disruption of surfactant homeostasis is also observed in many chronic adult diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and others. Sustained damage to the T2C is one of the postulated causes of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and surfactant homeostasis is disrupted during fibrotic conditions. Similarly, surfactant homeostasis is impacted during acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and infections. Bioactive lipids like eicosanoids and sphingolipids also participate in chronic lung disease and in respiratory infections. We review the most recent knowledge on alveolar lipids and their essential metabolic and signaling functions during homeostasis and during some of the most commonly observed pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina W Agudelo
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Ghassan Samaha
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Itsaso Garcia-Arcos
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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13
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Frohman EM, Villemarette-Pittman NR, Melamed E, Cruz RA, Longmuir R, Varkey TC, Steinman L, Zamvil SS, Frohman TC. Part I. SARS-CoV-2 triggered 'PANIC' attack in severe COVID-19. J Neurol Sci 2020; 415:116936. [PMID: 32532449 PMCID: PMC7241348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has produced a world-wide collapse of social and economic infrastructure, as well as constrained our freedom of movement. This respiratory tract infection is nefarious in how it targets the most distal and highly vulnerable aspect of the human bronchopulmonary tree, specifically, the delicate yet irreplaceable alveoli that are responsible for the loading of oxygen upon red cell hemoglobin for use by all of the body's tissues. In most symptomatic individuals, the disease is a mild immune-mediated syndrome, with limited damage to the lung tissues. About 20% of those affected experience a disease course characterized by a cataclysmic set of immune activation responses that can culminate in the diffuse and irreversible obliteration of the distal alveoli, leading to a virtual collapse of the gas-exchange apparatus. Here, in Part I of a duology on the characterization and potential treatment for COVID-19, we define severe COVID-19 as a consequence of the ability of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to trigger what we now designate for the first time as a ‘Prolific Activation of a Network-Immune-Inflammatory Crisis’, or ‘PANIC’ Attack, in the alveolar tree. In Part II we describe an immunotherapeutic hypothesis worthy of the organization of a randomized clinical trial in order to ascertain whether a repurposed, generic, inexpensive, and widely available agent is capable of abolishing ‘PANIC’; thereby preventing or mitigating severe COVID-19, with monumental ramifications for world health, and the global pandemic that continues to threaten it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot M Frohman
- Department of Neurology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America.
| | | | - Esther Melamed
- Department of Neurology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America.
| | - Roberto Alejandro Cruz
- Department of Neurology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America.
| | - Reid Longmuir
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Thomas C Varkey
- Department of Neurology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; Colangelo College of Business, Grand Canyon University Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America.
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
| | - Teresa C Frohman
- Department of Neurology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America.
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14
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Frohman EM, Villemarette-Pittman NR, Cruz RA, Longmuir R, Rowe V, Rowe ES, Varkey TC, Steinman L, Zamvil SS, Frohman TC. Part II. high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue for severe COVID-19: An immune stabilization strategy for SARS-CoV-2 induced 'PANIC' attack. J Neurol Sci 2020; 415:116935. [PMID: 32534807 PMCID: PMC7241359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here, in Part II of a duology on the characterization and potential treatment for COVID-19, we characterize the application of an innovative treatment regimen for the prevention of the transition from mild to severe COVID-19, as well as detail an intensive immunotherapy intervention hypothesis. We propose as a putative randomized controlled trial that high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin (HDMTX-LR) rescue can abolish ‘PANIC’, thereby ‘left-shifting’ severe COVID-19 patients to the group majority of those infected with SARS-CoV-2, who are designated as having mild, even asymptomatic, disease. HDMTX-LR is endowed with broadly pleiotropic properties and is a repurposed, generic, inexpensive, and widely available agent which can be administered early in the course of severe COVID-19 thus rescuing the critical and irreplaceable gas-exchange alveoli. Further, we describe a preventative treatment intervention regimen for those designated as having mild to moderate COVID-19 disease, but who exhibit features which herald the transition to the severe variant of this disease. Both of our proposed hypothesis-driven questions should be urgently subjected to rigorous assessment in the context of randomized controlled trials, in order to confirm or refute the contention that the approaches characterized herein, are in fact capable of exerting mitigating, if not abolishing, effects upon SARS-CoV-2 triggered ‘PANIC Attack’. Confirmation of our immunotherapy hypothesis would have far-reaching ramifications for the current pandemic, along with yielding invaluable lessons which could be leveraged to more effectively prepare for the next challenge to global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot M Frohman
- Department of Neurology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America.
| | | | - Roberto Alejandro Cruz
- Department of Neurology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America.
| | - Reid Longmuir
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Vernon Rowe
- Rowe Neurology Institute, Lenexa, KS, United States of America.
| | | | - Thomas C Varkey
- Department of Neurology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; The Colangelo College of Business, at Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America.
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America.
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
| | - Teresa C Frohman
- Department of Neurology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America; Department of Ophthalmology, The Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America.
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15
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Abstract
The lungs are a complex organ that fulfill multiple life-sustaining roles including transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the ambient environment and the bloodstream, host defense, and immune homeostasis. As in any biological system, an understanding of the underlying anatomy is prerequisite for successful experimental design and appropriate interpretation of data, regardless of the precise experimental model or procedure in use. This chapter provides an overview of human lung anatomy focused on the airways, the ultrastructure or parenchyma of the lung, the pulmonary vasculature, the innervation of the lungs, and the pulmonary lymphatic system. We will also discuss notable anatomic differences between mouse and human lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William McKleroy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth Lyn-Kew
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
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16
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Hendrix AY, Kheradmand F. The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Development, Repair, and Destruction of the Lungs. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2017; 148:1-29. [PMID: 28662821 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Normal gas exchange after birth requires functional lung alveolar units that are lined with epithelial cells, parts of which are intricately fused with microvascular capillaries. A significant phase of alveolar lung development occurs in the perinatal period, continues throughout early stages in life, and requires activation of matrix-remodeling enzymes. Failure to achieve an optimum number of alveoli during lung maturation can cause several untoward medical consequences including disabling obstructive and/or restrictive lung diseases that limit physiological endurance and increase mortality. Several members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are critical in lung remodeling before and after birth; however, their resurgence in response to environmental factors, infection, and injury can also compromise lung function. Therefore, temporal expression, regulation, and function of MMPs play key roles in developing and maintaining adequate oxygenation under steady state, as well as in diseased conditions. Broadly, with the exception of MMP2 and MMP14, most deletional mutations of MMPs fail to perturb lung development; however, their individual absence can alter the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases. Specifically, under stressed conditions such as acute respiratory infection and allergic inflammation, MMP2 and MMP9 can play a protective role through bacterial clearance and production of chemotactic gradient, while loss of MMP12 can protect mice from smoke-induced lung disease. Therefore, better understanding of the expression and function of MMPs under normal lung development and their resurgence in response respiratory diseases could provide new therapeutic options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Hendrix
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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17
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Theodorou IG, Ruenraroengsak P, Gow A, Schwander S, Zhang JJ, Chung KF, Tetley TD, Ryan MP, Porter AE. Effect of pulmonary surfactant on the dissolution, stability and uptake of zinc oxide nanowires by human respiratory epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1351-62. [PMID: 27441789 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1214762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) have high-deposition rates in the alveolar region of the lung but the effects of pulmonary surfactant (PS) on nanoparticle bioreactivity are unclear. Here, the impact of PS on the stability and dissolution of ZnO nanowires (ZnONWs) was investigated, and linked with their bioreactivity in vitro with human alveolar epithelial type 1-like cells (TT1). Pre-incubation of ZnONWs with Curosurf® (a natural porcine PS) decreased their dissolution at acidic pH, through the formation of a phospholipid corona. Confocal live cell microscopy confirmed that Curosurf® lowered intracellular dissolution, thus delaying the onset of cell death compared to bare ZnONWs. Despite reducing dissolution, Curosurf® significantly increased the uptake of ZnONWs within TT1 cells, ultimately increasing their toxicity after 24 h. Although serum improved ZnONW dispersion in suspension similar to Curosurf®, it had no effect on ZnONW internalization and toxicity, indicating a unique role of PS in promoting particle uptake. In the absence of PS, ZnONW length had no effect on dissolution kinetics or degree of cellular toxicity, indicating a less important role of length in determining ZnONW bioreactivity. This work provides unique findings on the effects of PS on the stability and toxicity of ZnONWs, which could be important in the study of pulmonary toxicity and epithelial-endothelial translocation of nanoparticles in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pakatip Ruenraroengsak
- a Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , and.,b National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gow
- c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Rutgers University , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Stephan Schwander
- d Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , Rutgers University, School of Public Health , Hoes LaneWest, Piscataway, NJ , USA , and
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- e Nicholas School of the Environment and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- b National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London , United Kingdom
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- b National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road , London , United Kingdom
| | - Mary P Ryan
- a Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology , and
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18
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Dye BR, Miller AJ, Spence JR. How to Grow a Lung: Applying Principles of Developmental Biology to Generate Lung Lineages from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Curr Pathobiol Rep 2016; 4:47-57. [PMID: 27340610 PMCID: PMC4882378 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The number and severity of diseases affecting human lung development and adult respiratory function has stimulated great interest in new in vitro models to study the human lung. This review summarizes the most recent breakthroughs deriving lung lineages in a dish by directing the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. A variety of culturing platforms have been developed, including two-dimensional and three-dimensional (organoid) culture platforms, to derive specific cell types and structures of the lung. These stem cell-derived lung models will further our understanding of human lung development, disease, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Dye
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Alyssa J. Miller
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
- />Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA
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19
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Oakes JM, Hofemeier P, Vignon-Clementel IE, Sznitman J. Aerosols in healthy and emphysematous in silico pulmonary acinar rat models. J Biomech 2015; 49:2213-2220. [PMID: 26726781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There has been relatively little attention given on predicting particle deposition in the respiratory zone of the diseased lungs despite the high prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Increased alveolar volume and deterioration of alveolar septum, characteristic of emphysema, may alter the amount and location of particle deposition compared to healthy lungs, which is particularly important for toxic or therapeutic aerosols. In an attempt to shed new light on aerosol transport and deposition in emphysematous lungs, we performed numerical simulations in models of healthy and emphysematous acini motivated by recent experimental lobar-level data in rats (Oakes et al., 2014a). Compared to healthy acinar structures, models of emphysematous subacini were created by removing inter-septal alveolar walls and enhancing the alveolar volume in either a homogeneous or heterogeneous fashion. Flow waveforms and particle properties were implemented to match the experimental data. The occurrence of flow separation and recirculation within alveolar cavities was found in proximal generations of the healthy zones, in contrast to the radial-like airflows observed in the diseased regions. In agreement with experimental data, simulations point to particle deposition concentrations that are more heterogeneously distributed in the diseased models compared with the healthy one. Yet, simulations predicted less deposition in the emphysematous models in contrast to some experimental studies, a likely consequence due to the shallower penetration depths and modified flow topologies in disease compared to health. These spatial-temporal particle transport simulations provide new insight on deposition in the emphysematous acini and shed light on experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Oakes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709,USA; INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Philipp Hofemeier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Irene E Vignon-Clementel
- INRIA Paris-Rocquencourt, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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20
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Abstract
This article highlights some of the significant advances in our understanding of lung developmental biology made over the last few years, which challenge existing paradigms and are relevant to a fundamental understanding of this process. Additional comments address how these new insights may be informative for chronic lung diseases that occur, or initiate, in the neonatal period. This is not meant to be an exhaustive review of the molecular biology of lung development. For a more comprehensive, contemporary review of the cellular and molecular aspects of lung development, readers can refer to recent reviews by others.
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21
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Sathish V, Martin YN, Prakash YS. Sex steroid signaling: implications for lung diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:94-108. [PMID: 25595323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) have biological and pathophysiological actions in peripheral, non-reproductive organs, including the lung. Clinically, sex differences in the incidence, morbidity and mortality of lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer and pulmonary hypertension have been noted, although intrinsic sex differences vs. the roles of sex steroids are still not well-understood. Accordingly, it becomes important to ask the following questions: 1) Which sex steroids are involved? 2) How do they affect different components of the lung under normal circumstances? 3) How does sex steroid signaling change in or contribute to lung disease, and in this regard, are sex steroids detrimental or beneficial? As our understanding of sex steroid signaling in the lung improves, it is important to consider whether such information can be used to develop new therapeutic strategies to target lung diseases, perhaps in both sexes or in a sex-specific manner. In this review, we focus on the basics of sex steroid signaling, and the current state of knowledge regarding how they influence structure and function of specific lung components across the life span and in the context of some important lung diseases. We then summarize the potential for sex steroids as useful biomarkers and therapeutic targets in these lung diseases as a basis for future translational research in the area of gender and individualized medicine.
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22
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Herring MJ, Putney LF, St George JA, Avdalovic MV, Schelegle ES, Miller LA, Hyde DM. Early life exposure to allergen and ozone results in altered development in adolescent rhesus macaque lungs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 283:35-41. [PMID: 25545987 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In rhesus macaques, previous studies have shown that episodic exposure to allergen alone or combined with ozone inhalation during the first 6 months of life results in a condition with many of the hallmarks of asthma. This exposure regimen results in altered development of the distal airways and parenchyma (Avdalovic et al., 2012). We hypothesized that the observed alterations in the lung parenchyma would be permanent following a long-term recovery in filtered air (FA) housing. Forty-eight infant rhesus macaques (30 days old) sensitized to house dust mite (HDM) were treated with two week cycles of FA, house dust mite allergen (HDMA), ozone (O3) or HDMA/ozone (HDMA+O3) for five months. At the end of the five months, six animals from each group were necropsied. The other six animals in each group were allowed to recover in FA for 30 more months at which time they were necropsied. Design-based stereology was used to estimate volumes of lung components, number of alveoli, size of alveoli, distribution of alveolar volumes, interalveolar capillary density. After 30 months of recovery, monkeys exposed to HDMA, in either group, had significantly more alveoli than filtered air. These alveoli also had higher capillary densities as compared with FA controls. These results indicate that early life exposure to HDMA alone or HDMA+O3 alters the development process in the lung alveoli.
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23
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Ling TY, Liu YL, Huang YK, Gu SY, Chen HK, Ho CC, Tsao PN, Tung YC, Chen HW, Cheng CH, Lin KH, Lin FH. Differentiation of lung stem/progenitor cells into alveolar pneumocytes and induction of angiogenesis within a 3D gelatin--microbubble scaffold. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5660-9. [PMID: 24746968 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The inability to adequately vascularize tissues in vitro or in vivo is a major challenge in lung tissue engineering. A method that integrates stem cell research with 3D-scaffold engineering may provide a solution. We have successfully isolated mouse pulmonary stem/progenitor cells (mPSCs) by a two-step procedure and fabricated mPSC-compatible gelatin/microbubble-scaffolds using a 2-channel fluid jacket microfluidic device. We then integrated the cells and the scaffold to construct alveoli-like structures. The mPSCs expressed pro-angiogenic factors (e.g., b-FGF and VEGF) and induced angiogenesis in vitro in an endothelial cell tube formation assay. In addition, the mPSCs were able to proliferate along the inside of the scaffolds and differentiate into type-II and type-I pneumocytes The mPSC-seeded microbubble-scaffolds showed the potential for blood vessel formation in both a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and in experiments for subcutaneous implantation in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Our results demonstrate that lung stem/progenitor cells together with gelatin microbubble-scaffolds promote angiogenesis as well as the differentiation of alveolar pneumocytes, resulting in an alveoli-like structure. These findings may help advance lung tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai-Yen Ling
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Liang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sing-Yi Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Kuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Choa-Chi Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Nien Tsao
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Tung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Hsiang Cheng
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Hui Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ochs M. Estimating structural alterations in animal models of lung emphysema. Is there a gold standard? Ann Anat 2013; 196:26-33. [PMID: 24268708 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common lung diseases. The major component of COPD, which affects the gas-exchanging parenchyma of the lung, emphysema, is characterized by destruction of alveolar septae leading to loss of functional surface, loss of alveoli and enlargement of remaining distal airspaces. These microstructural alterations can be modeled in animals and can be measured using stereological methods applied to imaging datasets. Many animal models of emphysema exist, but most of them are insufficiently characterized with respect to the underlying nature (e.g. destructive or developmental) and the degree of the structural alterations. The most popular parameter for assessment of emphysematous alterations, mean linear intercept length, has severe limitations. It can, therefore, not be recommended. Better design-based stereological alternatives exist but are less often applied, such as total volumes of parenchymal compartments (alveolar airspace, alveolar duct airspace, alveolar septum), total alveolar surface area, total alveolar number and mean alveolar size and its size variation. A prerequisite is the use of appropriate fixation, sampling, and specimen processing protocols. This article reviews the challenges of stereologic assessment of emphysematous alterations in the lung and illustrates possible strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany.
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25
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Ramirez CM, Lopez AM, Le LQ, Posey KS, Weinberg AG, Turley SD. Ontogenic changes in lung cholesterol metabolism, lipid content, and histology in mice with Niemann-Pick type C disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:54-61. [PMID: 24076310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease is caused by a deficiency of either NPC1 or NPC2. Loss of function of either protein results in the progressive accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in every tissue leading to cell death and organ damage. Most literature on NPC disease focuses on neurological and liver manifestations. Pulmonary dysfunction is less well described. The present studies investigated how Npc1 deficiency impacts the absolute weight, lipid composition and histology of the lungs of Npc1(-/-) mice (Npc1(nih)) at different stages of the disease, and also quantitated changes in the rates of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the lung over this same time span (8 to 70days of age). Similar measurements were made in Npc2(-/-) mice at 70days. All mice were of the BALB/c strain and were fed a basal rodent chow diet. Well before weaning, the lung weight, cholesterol and phospholipid (PL) content, and cholesterol synthesis rate were all elevated in the Npc1(-/-) mice and remained so at 70days of age. In contrast, lung triacylglycerol content was reduced while there was no change in lung fatty acid synthesis. Despite the elevated PL content, the composition of PL in the lungs of the Npc1(-/-) mice was unchanged. H&E staining revealed an age-related increase in the presence of lipid-laden macrophages in the alveoli of the lungs of the Npc1(-/-) mice starting as early as 28days. Similar metabolic and histologic changes were evident in the lungs of the Npc2(-/-) mice. Together these findings demonstrate an intrinsic lung pathology in NPC disease that is of early onset and worsens over time.
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Guillot L, Nathan N, Tabary O, Thouvenin G, Le Rouzic P, Corvol H, Amselem S, Clement A. Alveolar epithelial cells: master regulators of lung homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2568-73. [PMID: 23988571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The lung interfaces with the environment across a continuous epithelium composed of various cell types along the proximal and distal airways. At the alveolar structure level, the epithelium, which is composed of type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells, represents a critical component of lung homeostasis. Indeed, its fundamental role is to provide an extensive surface for gas exchange. Additional functions that act to preserve the capacity for such unique gas transfer have been progressively identified. The alveolar epithelium represents a physical barrier that protects from environmental insults by segregating inhaled foreign agents and regulating water and ions transport, thereby contributing to the maintenance of alveolar surface fluid balance. The homeostatic role of alveolar epithelium relies on the regulated/controlled production of the pulmonary surfactant, which is not only a key determinant of alveolar mechanical stability but also a complex structure that participates in the cross-talk between local cells and the lung immune and inflammatory response. In regard to these critical functions, a major point is the maintenance of alveolar surface integrity, which relies on the renewal capacity of type II alveolar epithelial cells, and the contribution of progenitor populations within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Guillot
- Inserm, UMR S-938, F-75012 Paris, France; UPMC Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France
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