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McCarty CA, Mukesh BN, Guymer RH, Baird PN, Taylor HR. Cholesterol-lowering medications reduce the risk of age-related maculopathy progression. Med J Aust 2001; 175:340. [PMID: 11665952 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McCarty CA, Wright S, McKay R, Taylor KI, Keeffe JE. Changes in management of diabetic retinopathy by Australian ophthalmologists as a result of the NHMRC clinical guidelines. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001; 29:230-4. [PMID: 11545421 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2001.00428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To document changes in management of diabetic retinopathy by Australian ophthalmologists after release of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) clinical guidelines. METHODS Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to Australian ophthalmologists prior to release of the NHMRC guidelines for the management of diabetic retinopathy, and at one and 2.5 years after release of the guidelines. The questionnaires elicited information about current management practices in relation to diabetic retinopathy RESULTS The response rate for the baseline and two follow-up surveys was 82%, 81%, and 80%, respectively. More than 85% of the ophthalmologists responded that the guidelines were useful in improving management, were easy to understand, and were already part of their routine clinical practice. A relatively small percentage (12%) felt that the guidelines made recommendations that were not practical or feasible. Contrary to the NHMRC guidelines, at the second follow-up survey, only 50% of the ophthalmologists said that they would almost never perform fluorescein angiography in eyes with mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. The change from baseline to the second follow-up in the percentage of ophthalmologists who would perform cataract surgery after treating clinically significant macular oedema (as advised by the NHMRC guidelines) was statistically significant (baseline = 83.7%, 95% confidence limit = 80.4, 87.0; second follow up = 90.4, 95% confidence limit = 87.3, 93.5). CONCLUSIONS Distribution of the printed NHMRC Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of Diabetic Retinopathy and full colour Retinopathy Chart resulted in a significant change in the recommended order of treatment of clinically significant macular oedema. However no significant change in the use of fluorescein angiography was documented.
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Lee SJ, McCarty CA, Taylor HR, Keeffe JE. Costs of mobile screening for diabetic retinopathy: a practical framework for rural populations. Aust J Rural Health 2001; 9:186-92. [PMID: 11488703 DOI: 10.1046/j.1038-5282.2001.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia's rural and remote residents experience considerably higher hospitalisation and death rates due to diabetes than their metropolitan counterparts. There is clearly a need for improved diabetes care services in these areas and interventions that target conditions associated with diabetes will yield beneficial results for the community. All people with diabetes are at risk for diabetic retinopathy, which can cause vision loss and blindness. Although vision loss and blindness due to diabetes is nearly 100% preventable through regular eye examinations, 35% of Victoria's rural population with diabetes do not have their eyes examined on a regular basis. A pilot, mobile screening program for the early detection of diabetic eye disease was conducted in rural Victoria and proved to be a successful model of adjunct eye care for people with diabetes. Actual costs from the pilot screening were applied to a permanent model for rural eye care. At A$41 per participant, costs for mobile screening were competitive with Medicare rebate costs for eye examinations. The model addresses barriers of accessibility and availability, targets a portion of the rural population with diabetes that is not otherwise having eye examinations, and is cost-saving to the Government.
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McCarty CA, Taylor HR. The genetics of cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42:1677-8. [PMID: 11431427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
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Dimitrov PN, Mukesh BN, Taylor HR, McCarty CA. Intraocular pressure before and after cataract surgery in participants of the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001; 29:128-32. [PMID: 11446451 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2001.00392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cataract surgery on intraocular pressure (IOP) in a cluster-stratified random sample of the population of Victoria, Australia. A total of 3271 participants aged 40 years or older were examined at baseline for the Visual Impairment Project. The baseline study (1992-1994) was followed by a 5-year incidence study The IOP data were compared between participants who had cataract surgery between the two stages of the study and participants with and without cataract at follow up. The IOP was also compared before and after cataract extraction in glaucoma participants. An eligible 89 non-glaucoma and 24 glaucoma participants had cataract surgery between the two time points. The analyses showed that IOP increases with age in non-operated eyes in both glaucoma and non-glaucoma groups. However IOP decreased significantly after cataract surgery in eyes with glaucoma but did not change significantly in non-glaucoma participants.
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Weih LM, Mukesh BN, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Association of demographic, familial, medical, and ocular factors with intraocular pressure. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 2001; 119:875-80. [PMID: 11405839 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.119.6.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the distribution and associations of demographic, familial, medical, and ocular factors with intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS A cluster stratified random sample of urban and rural residents of Victoria, Australia, aged 40 years and older. Participants completed an interview and underwent a standardized dilated ophthalmic examination including measurement of IOP with an electronic applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen). Glaucoma status (possible, probable, definite) was determined by a consensus panel. The main outcome measure was IOP. RESULTS The mean age of the 4576 participants was 59 years, 53% were women, 32% were born overseas, and 132 had open-angle glaucoma. Geometric mean (SD) IOP was 14.3 (+/-1.5) mm Hg. The relationship between IOP and nuclear sclerosis, iris color, and family history of glaucoma depended on glaucoma status. In those with glaucoma, family history of glaucoma and country of birth were significantly associated with IOP in multivariate models (model: r(2) = 0.08, P =.01). In the group without glaucoma, place of residence, use of alcohol, iris color, vitamin E intake, and spherical equivalent were associated with IOP (model: r(2) = 0.01, P =.006). CONCLUSION In participants with glaucoma, genetic factors seem to be stronger predictors of IOP, whereas in those without glaucoma, lifestyle and physiological factors seem to play a greater role.
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Khong JJ, Dimitrov PN, Rait J, McCarty CA. Can the specificity of the FDT for glaucoma be improved by confirming abnormal results? J Glaucoma 2001; 10:199-202. [PMID: 11442182 DOI: 10.1097/00061198-200106000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the specificity of the frequency-doubling technology (FDT) perimeter in the screening mode for glaucoma can be improved by repeating abnormal screening results. METHODS The FDT perimeter was used in C-20-5 screening mode, and the right eye was tested first. After both eyes were tested, the screening was repeated in eyes with any abnormal visual field defects on FDT perimetry. The printouts were categorized as possible visual field abnormality (zero or one miss), probable visual field abnormality (two to four misses), and definite visual field abnormality (more than five misses). A clinical ophthalmologic examination was conducted on the day of the FDT perimetry screening. RESULTS Complete data were available for 223 people. The participants ranged in age from 23 to 91 years (mean, 68.5 years; standard deviation. 13.7 years), and 119 (53%) were women. The sensitivity of the FDT perimetry screening was 100%; both cases of glaucoma showed an abnormality on FDT perimetry both times. The specificity improved moderately from the first screening to the second screening. The specificity the first time was 62% (95% confidence interval, 53.1-71.2). The specificity the second time was 68.5% (95% confidence interval, 59.8-77.1). Improvement on FDT perimetry rescreening varied by the language spoken at home. Seven of the 19 non-English speakers without glaucoma improved on rescreening, compared with none of the 23 English speakers (P = 0.002). Seven of the 25 right eyes with FDT perimetry abnormalities both times and no glaucoma had no other detectable diseases. Three of 24 left eyes with FDT perimetry abnormalities both times and no glaucoma had no other detectable diseases. Of the 85 patients who did not have glaucoma but had FDT perimetry abnormalities both times, only one did not have some other detectable disease. DISCUSSION In summary, the sensitivity for glaucoma of the C-20-5 screening mode is excellent, but a paradigm for screening with the FDT perimeter to improve the overall specificity for glaucoma still must be developed.
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Wright SE, McKay R, Taylor KI, Keeffe JE, McCarty CA. Changes in attitudes and practices of optometrists in their management of diabetic retinopathy after the release of NHMRC guidelines. National Health and Medical Research Council. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001; 29:121-4. [PMID: 11446449 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2001.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to document attitudes and practices of Australian optometrists in their management of diabetic retinopathy prior to the release of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy and at two time points following their release. A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a stratified random sample of 500 Australian optometrists at the three time points. The same sample was used for the first two surveys and a new random sample was drawn for the second follow-up survey. The response to the three questionnaires was 86%, 80% and 84%, respectively. More than 90% of optometrists reported receiving a copy of the guidelines and 82% reported receiving the supplementary Retinopathy Chart. Fifty-seven per cent reported having read the guidelines at least once in entirety and 65% reported that they refer to the Retinopathy Chart at least monthly in their clinical practice. There was a significant decrease in the number of optometrists who reported that patient unwillingness to be dilated and their fear of precipitating angle closure glaucoma were moderate or major barriers to performing dilated ophthalmoscopy. Concomitantly, the percentage of optometrists who reported that they often or always perform dilated ophthalmoscopy on new patients with diabetes increased significantly from 74.5% (95% confidence limit = 70.2, 78.8) to 81.5% (95% confidence limit = 77.5, 85.5). There have been some significant changes in the self-reported management practices of optometrists in relation to diabetic retinopathy since the release of the NHMRC guidelines and Retinopathy Chart.
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VanNewkirk MR, Weih L, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Cause-specific prevalence of bilateral visual impairment in Victoria, Australia: the Visual Impairment Project. Ophthalmology 2001; 108:960-7. [PMID: 11320028 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the cause-specific prevalence of eye diseases causing bilateral visual impairment in Australian adults. DESIGN Two-site, population-based cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Participants were aged 40 years and older and resident in their homes at the time of recruitment for the study. The study was conducted during 1992 through 1996. METHODS The study uses a cluster stratified random sample of 4744 participants from two cohorts, urban, and rural Victoria. Participants completed a standardized interview and eye examination, including presenting and best-corrected visual acuity, visual fields, and dilated ocular examination. The major cause of vision loss was identified for all participants found to be visually impaired. Population-based prevalence estimates are weighted to reflect the age and gender distribution of the two cohorts in Victoria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Visual impairment was defined by four levels of severity on the basis of best-corrected visual acuity or visual field: <6/18 > or =6/60 and/or <20 degrees > or =10 degrees radius field, moderate vision impairment; severe vision impairment, <6/60 > or =3/60 and/or <10 degrees > or =5 degrees radius field; and profound vision impairment <3/60 and/or <5 degrees radius field. In addition, less-than-legal driving vision, <6/12 > or =6/18, and/or homonymous hemianopia were defined as mild vision impairment. In Australia, legal blindness includes severe and profound vision impairment. RESULTS The population-weighted prevalence of diseases causing less-than-legal driving or worse impairment in the better eye was 42.48/1000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 30.11, 54.86). Uncorrected refractive error was the most frequent cause of bilateral vision impairment, 24.68/1000 (95% CI, 16.12, 33.25), followed by age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 3.86/1000 (95% CI, 2.17, 5.55); other retinal diseases, 2.91/1000 (95% CI, 0.74, 5.08); other disorders, 2.80/1000 (95% CI, 1.17, 4.43); cataract, 2.57/1000 (95% CI, 1.38, 3.76); glaucoma, 2.32/1000 (95% CI, 0.72, 3.92); neuro-ophthalmic disorders, 1.80/1000 (95% CI, 0, 4.11); and diabetic retinopathy, 1.53/1000 (95% CI, 0.71, 2.36). The prevalence of legal blindness was 5.30/1000 (95% CI, 3.24, 7.36). Although not significantly different, the causes of legal blindness were uncorrected refractive errors, AMD, glaucoma, other retinal conditions, and other diseases. CONCLUSIONS Significant reduction of visual impairment may be attained with the application of current knowledge in refractive errors, diabetes mellitus, cataract, and glaucoma. Although easily preventable, uncorrected refractive error remains a major cause of vision impairment.
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Weisz JR, Southam-Gerow MA, McCarty CA. Control-related beliefs and depressive symptoms in clinic-referred children and adolescents: developmental differences and model specificity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2001. [PMID: 11261405 DOI: 10.1037//0021-843x.110.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The contingency-competence-control (CCC) model links contingency and competence beliefs to perceived control and, in turn, to depression. However, a developmental perspective suggests that noncontingency may be too abstract a concept to be directly tied to depression before adolescence. We tested the CCC model and this developmental notion, using structural equation modeling, with 360 clinic-referred 8- to 17-year-olds. The CCC model fit the data well for the full sample accounting for 46% of the variance in depression. Separate analyses by age group placed perceived contingency in the best-fit model for adolescents (ages 12-17 years) but not for children (8-11 years). This suggests that abstract cause-effect concepts may have more direct affective impact after the cognitive changes of adolescence (e.g., formal operations) than before. Finally, the CCC model accounted for much more variance in depression than conduct problems, suggesting diagnostic specificity.
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McCarty CA, Taylor KI, McKay R, Keeffe JE. Diabetic retinopathy: effects of national guidelines on the referral, examination and treatment practices of ophthalmologists and optometrists. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001; 29:52-8. [PMID: 11341446 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2001.d01-3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes in referral, examination and treatment practices for diabetic retinopathy by ophthalmologists and optometrists following the release of national guidelines. METHODS A two-page self-administered questionnaire was mailed to all Australian ophthalmologists and a random sample of 500 Australian optometrists prior to and 1 year after release of the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetic retinopathy. The questionnaires elicited information about current practice related to the management of patients with diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS Of the 464 contactable ophthalmologists who responded to the baseline survey, 374 (80.6% response) completed the follow-up survey The response rate for the contactable optometrists was 80.1% (310 of 384). There were almost no significant changes in management practices from baseline to follow up. For example, the percentage of ophthalmologists who reported that they were often or almost always confident in detecting moderate retinal thickening near the macula remained nearly identical from baseline to follow up (80.2% vs 79.1 %). The rate was also similar from baseline to follow up for optometrists (31.1% vs 28.8%). The one area in which ophthalmologists reported significant changes in management towards agreement with the NHMRC guidelines was use of angiography; they were less likely to manage their patients this way (20.4% vs 14.2% with laser and 48.9% vs 38.4% without laser for increasing level of severity in clinical signs; both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The NHMRC guidelines for diabetic retinopathy have been successfully distributed to ophthalmologists and optometrists in Australia. However, the mere provision of the guidelines has had little impact on management practices. It will be important to determine if ongoing dissemination and implementation strategies not only increase awareness of health-care practitioners to the guidelines, but also change behaviours.
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Dandona L, Dandona R, Srinivas M, Giridhar P, Vilas K, Prasad MN, John RK, McCarty CA, Rao GN. Blindness in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42:908-16. [PMID: 11274066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the current prevalence and causes of blindness in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh to assess if blindness has decreased since the last survey of 1986-1989. METHODS A population-based epidemiology study, using a stratified, random, cluster, systematic sampling strategy, was conducted in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. Participants of all ages (n = 10,293), 87.3% of the 11,786 eligible, from 94 clusters in one urban and three rural areas representative of the population of Andhra Pradesh, underwent interview and a detailed dilated ocular evaluation by trained professionals. Blindness was defined as presenting distance visual acuity < 6/60 or central visual field < 20(o) in the better eye. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-five participants were blind, a prevalence of 1.84% (95% confidence interval, 1.49%-2.19%) when adjusted for the age, sex, and urban-rural distribution of the population in 2000. The causes of this blindness were easily treatable in 60.3% (cataract, 44%; refractive error, 16.3%). Preventable corneal disease, glaucoma, complications of cataract surgery, and amblyopia caused another 19% of the blindness. Blindness was more likely with increasing age and decreasing socioeconomic status, and in female subjects and in rural areas. Among the 76 million population of Andhra Pradesh, 714,400 are estimated to have cataract-related blindness (615,600 cataract, 53,200 cataract surgery-related complications, 45,600 aphakia), and 228,000 refractive error-related blindness (159,600 myopia, 22,800 hyperopia, 45,600 refractive error-related amblyopia). If 95% of the cataract and refractive error blindness in Andhra Pradesh had been treated effectively, 3.4 and 7.4 million blind-person-years, respectively, could have been prevented. If 90% of the blindness due to preventable corneal disease and glaucoma had been prevented, another 2.7 million blind-person-years could have been prevented. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of blindness in this Indian state has increased from 1.5% in the late 1980s to 1.84% currently, as against the target of the National Program for Control of Blindness to reduce the prevalence to 0.3% by 2000. The number of people with cataract-related blindness has not reduced even with the eye care policy focus on cataract. Reduction of blindness in India will require strategies that are more effective than those that have been pursued so far.
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McCarty CA, Taylor KI, Keeffe JE. Management of diabetic retinopathy by general practitioners in Victoria. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001; 29:12-6. [PMID: 11272777 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2001.00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the self-reported management of diabetic retinopathy by general practitioners to the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Guidelines for the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy. METHODS In 1994, a stratified (by urban/rural practice location) sample of 500 general practitioners in Victoria was surveyed in regard to their management of diabetic retinopathy. Following the release of the NHMRC Guidelines for the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy in 1997, these same general practitioners were sent a two-page questionnaire related to their management of diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS Completed questionnaires were received from 228 general practitioners (59% of original participants). Only 37% (79/216) of the general practitioners reported that they had received a copy of the guidelines. Of the general practitioners who had received the guidelines, 18% (14/79) said that they had not read them at all, while 65% (51/79) had read them partially and 18% (14/79) had read them in their entirety. At follow up, less than half (98/214) of general practitioners reported examining 50% or more of their patients for diabetic retinopathy, compared with 104/214 at baseline. General practitioners who had read the guidelines were more likely to report that not being sure what to do when changes were detected was a minor barrier or was not a barrier to them performing dilated ophthalmoscopy (93% vs 83%, chi2(1) = 3.67, P = 0.055). Nearly all of the general practitioners reported that they refer their patients with diabetes to an ophthalmologist or optometrist at least every 2 years as recommended. Seventy-six per cent (170/224) of the general practitioners felt that 70% or more of their patients complied with their instructions to visit an ophthalmologist or optometrist. CONCLUSION The NHMRC guidelines for diabetic retinopathy appear to have had a positive effect on some of the attitudes of general practitioners who have read them, but more effort is needed to disseminate the guidelines to all general practitioners and to increase their uptake.
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Abstract
AIM To describe predictors of mortality in the 5 year follow up of the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project (VIP) cohort. METHODS The Melbourne VIP was a population based study of the distribution and determinants of age related eye disease in a cluster random sample of Melbourne residents aged 40 years and older. Baseline examinations were conducted between 1992 and 1994. In 1997, 5 year follow up examinations of the original cohort commenced. Causes of death were obtained from the National Death Index for all reported deaths. RESULTS Of the original 3271 participants, 231 (7.1%) were reported to have died in the intervening 5 years. Of the remaining 3040 participants eligible to return for follow up examinations, 2594 (85% of eligible) did participate, 51 (2%) had moved interstate or overseas, 83 (3%) could not be traced, and 312 (10%) refused to participate. Best corrected visual acuity <6/12 (OR=2.34) was associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality, as were increasing age (OR=1.09), male sex (OR=1.62), increased duration of cigarette smoking (OR=2.06 for smoking >30 years), increased duration of hypertension (OR=1.51 for duration >10 years), and arthritis (OR=1.42). CONCLUSIONS Even mild visual impairment increases the risk of death more than twofold. Further research is needed to determine why decreased visual acuity is associated with increased risk of mortality.
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Weisz JR, Southam-Gerow MA, McCarty CA. Control-related beliefs and depressive symptoms in clinic-referred children and adolescents: developmental differences and model specificity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2001; 110:97-109. [PMID: 11261405 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.110.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The contingency-competence-control (CCC) model links contingency and competence beliefs to perceived control and, in turn, to depression. However, a developmental perspective suggests that noncontingency may be too abstract a concept to be directly tied to depression before adolescence. We tested the CCC model and this developmental notion, using structural equation modeling, with 360 clinic-referred 8- to 17-year-olds. The CCC model fit the data well for the full sample accounting for 46% of the variance in depression. Separate analyses by age group placed perceived contingency in the best-fit model for adolescents (ages 12-17 years) but not for children (8-11 years). This suggests that abstract cause-effect concepts may have more direct affective impact after the cognitive changes of adolescence (e.g., formal operations) than before. Finally, the CCC model accounted for much more variance in depression than conduct problems, suggesting diagnostic specificity.
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Dandona R, Dandona L, John RK, McCarty CA, Rao GN. Awareness of eye diseases in an urban population in southern India. Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79:96-102. [PMID: 11242828 PMCID: PMC2566357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the level of awareness of eye diseases in the urban population of Hyderabad in southern India. METHODS A total of 2522 subjects of all ages, who were representative of the Hyderabad population, participated in the population-based Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study. Of these subjects, 1859 aged > 15 years responded to a structured questionnaire on cataract, glaucoma, night blindness and diabetic retinopathy to trained field investigators. Having heard of the eye disease in question was defined as "awareness" and having some understanding of the eye disease was defined as "knowledge". FINDINGS Awareness of cataract (69.8%) and night blindness (60.0%) was moderate but that of diabetic retinopathy (27.0%) was low, while that of glaucoma (2.3%) was very poor. Knowledge of all the eye diseases assessed was poor. Subjects aged > or = 30 years were significantly more aware of all eye diseases assessed except night blindness. Multivariate analysis revealed that women were significantly less aware of night blindness (odds ratio (OR) = 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.63-0.97). Education played a significant role in awareness of these eye diseases. Study subjects of upper socioeconomic status were significantly more aware of night blindness (OR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.29-3.74) and those belonging to upper and middle socioeconomic strata were significantly more aware of diabetic retinopathy (OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 2.19-3.56). Muslims were significantly more aware of cataract (OR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.84-3.02) and less aware of night blindness (OR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.42-0.64). The major source of awareness of the eye diseases was a family member/friend/relative suffering from that eye disease. CONCLUSION These data suggest that there is a need for health education in this Indian population to increase their level of awareness and knowledge of common eye diseases. Such awareness and knowledge could lead to better understanding and acceptance of the importance of routine eye examinations for the early detection and treatment of eye diseases, thereby reducing visual impairment in this population.
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VanNewkirk MR, Weih L, McCarty CA, Stanislavsky YL, Keeffe JE, Taylor HR. Visual impairment and eye diseases in elderly institutionalized Australians. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:2203-8. [PMID: 11097596 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence and distribution of visual impairment and eye diseases by age and gender in an urban institutionalized population. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Four hundred three residents of nursing homes and hostels. METHODS Fourteen nursing homes were randomly selected from 104 nursing homes and hostels located within a 5-km radius of each of nine clusters studied in the Visual Impairment Project (VIP) urban cohort. Participants completed a standardized orthoptic and dilated ophthalmic examination, including measurement of visual acuity and visual fields. The major cause of vision loss was identified for participants with visual impairment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Presenting visual acuity and ophthalmic diagnoses. RESULTS The participants' mean age was 82 years (standard deviation, 9.24), with an age range of 46 years to 101 years. Women outnumbered men by 318 to 85. Seventy-one (22%) of 318 women had bilateral profound visual impairment (blindness), defined as best-corrected visual acuity <3/60 and/or visual field constriction <5 degrees compared with 10 (12%) of 85 men. However, this difference is not significant when age-standardized. Age-related macular degeneration was the principal diagnosis of vision loss in the better eye of 74 (44%) of the 167 participants with bilateral low vision (<6/18 and/or visual field constriction to <20 degrees radius). The age-adjusted rate of blindness or profound visual impairment in the VIP institutional cohort of 5.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8, 8.6) was significantly greater than in the VIP urban and rural cohorts of 0.13% (95% CI, 0, 0.25) and 0.29% (95% CI, 0, 0.57), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Underestimation of visual impairment may occur in residential population-based studies that exclude institutional or residential nursing homes and hostels for the aged citizens. Expanded methods are required for visual assessment in institutional populations.
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McKay R, McCarty CA, Taylor HR. Diabetes in Victoria, Australia: the Visual Impairment Project. Aust N Z J Public Health 2000; 24:565-9. [PMID: 11215002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2000.tb00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish the prevalence and characteristics of self-reported diabetes in a representative sample of Victorian residents aged 40 years and older, and to compare the vision between people with and without self-reported diabetes. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING Nine randomly selected suburban Melbourne clusters and four randomly selected rural Victorian clusters. PARTICIPANTS 4,744 subjects (86% participation rate) aged > or = 40 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjects answered a detailed questionnaire which provided demographic details, body mass index, and the duration and treatment of any diagnosis of diabetes. Refraction was performed and best-corrected visual acuity was measured. RESULTS The prevalence of self-reported diabetes was 5.1%. In a multivariate analysis, self-reported diabetes was positively associated with age (p < 0.01), male sex (p = 0.01), higher body mass index (p = 0.01), Mediterranean ethnicity (p = 0.01), unemployment (p = 0.05) and lack of private health insurance (p < 0.05). People with self-reported diabetes were more likely to have mild or moderate levels of visual impairment than people who reported no previous diagnosis of diabetes (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Diabetes in Victoria is more prevalent among men and among people of Mediterranean origin. When planning educational programs and health service delivery, it is also important to consider that, compared with the general population, people with diabetes are less likely to be employed or to have private health insurance, and are more likely to have impaired vision.
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Brown SA, Weih LM, Fu CL, Dimitrov P, Taylor HR, McCarty CA. Prevalence of amblyopia and associated refractive errors in an adult population in Victoria, Australia. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2000; 7:249-58. [PMID: 11262672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to describe the prevalence of amblyopia and associated refractive errors among an adult Australian population. The Visual Impairment Project (VIP) is a population-based study of age-related eye disease in the state of Victoria, Australia. Data were collected through standardised interviews and orthoptic and ophthalmic dilated examinations. Amblyopia was defined as best-corrected visual acuity of 6/9 or worse in the absence of any pathological cause. The participants were 3,265 urban residents and 1,456 rural residents of the VIP ranging in age from 40-92 years (mean = 59 years; 53% female). The prevalence of unilateral amblyopia was 3.06% (95% C.I. 2.59, 3.53). Amblyopia was not found to be statistically different by age group (p=0.096), gender (p=0.675), or place of birth (p=0.14). Anisometropia was statistically more common (p<0.001) in amblyopic cases (51.1%) compared to the normal population (9.7%), and 54% of amblyopic eyes had visual acuity of worse than 6/12. Amblyopia is a significant cause of unilateral reduced visual acuity in a population aged 40 years and older. Anisometropia was more prevalent and the degree of anisometropia was greater in the amblyopic group compared with the normal population. Oblique astigmatism was more prevalent in the amblyopic group compared with the normal population.
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McCarty CA, Nanjan MB, Taylor HR. Attributable risk estimates for cataract to prioritize medical and public health action. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41:3720-5. [PMID: 11053268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cataract is the most common cause of blindness in the world. The purpose of this study was to estimate the population attributable risk associated with identified risk factors for cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataract in a representative sample of the Victorian population aged 40 years and older. METHODS Cluster, stratified sampling was used and participants were recruited through a household census. At locally established test sites, standardized clinical examinations were performed to assess cataract and personal interviews were conducted to quantify potential risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the independent risk factors associated with the three types of cataract, and the population attributable risk was calculated. RESULTS A total of 3271 (83% of eligible) of the urban residents and 1473 (92%) rural residents participated. The urban residents ranged in age from 40 to 98 years (mean, 59 years), and 1511 (46%) were men. The rural residents ranged in age from 40 to 103 years (mean, 60 years), and 701 (48%) were men. The overall prevalence of cortical cataract was 12.1% (95% CL 10.5, 13.8), nuclear cataract 12.6% (95% CL 9.61, 15.7), and PSC cataract 4.93% (95% CL 3.68, 6.17). Significant risk factors for cortical cataract included age, female gender, diabetes for greater than 5 years, gout for greater than 20 years, arthritis, myopia, average annual ocular UV-B exposure, and family history of cataract (parents or siblings). Significant risk factors for nuclear cataract included age, female gender, rural residence, age-related maculopathy, diabetes for greater than 5 years, smoker for greater than 30 years, and myopia. The significant risk factors for PSC cataract were age, rural residence, thiazide diuretic use, and myopia. Of the modifiable risk factors, ocular UV-B exposure explains 10% of the cortical cataract in the community, and cigarette smoking accounts for 17% of the nuclear cataract. CONCLUSIONS Because of the near universal exposure to UV-B in the environment, ocular protection has one of the highest modifiable attributable risks for cortical cataract and would therefore be an ideal target for public health intervention. Quit smoking campaigns can be expanded to incorporate information about the excess cataract in the community associated with long-term smoking. Nonmodifiable risk factors such as age, gender, and long-term medication use have implications for the timely referral and treatment for those at higher risk of cataract.
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Tikellis G, Robman LD, Harper A, McNeil JJ, Taylor HR, McCarty CA. Methods for detecting age-related maculopathy: a comparison between photographic and clinical assessment. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000; 28:367-72. [PMID: 11097285 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2000.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the sensitivity, specificity and overall agreement between photographic and clinical assessment in detecting age-related maculopathy (ARM) features in the context of an epidemiological study, the Vitamin E, Cataract and Age-related Maculopathy Study (VECAT). METHODS A total of 1204 volunteers aged between 55 and 80 years of age, who were enrolled in the VECAT Study, had both slit-lamp biomicroscopy examination and fundus photos taken as part of the baseline ophthalmic examination. The Nidek 3-DX fundus camera (Nidek, Gamagori, Japan) was used to produce paired, one-framed, coloured, 15 degrees stereoslides of the macular area at a fixed angle. An International Classification and Grading System for Age-related Maculopathy and Age-related Macular Degeneration was used to grade the stereoslides. Agreement in the detection of drusen, pigment abnormalities, and late stage ARM features was assessed using unweignted kappa statistic. Cases of disagreement were verified using clinical data records, grading documentation and the review of stereoslides. RESULTS Macula status was available for 2386 eyes. For drusen of size < 63 microm, sensitivity was 47%, specificity was 68% with a kappa value of 0.20. For drusden > or = 125 microm, sensitivity and specificity were > or =81%. Kappa values ranged from 0.56 to 0.71. Levels of agreement for pigment abnormalities and late ARM were in the substantial range (i.e. kappa values from 0.70 to 1.00). CONCLUSIONS Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was found to be comparable to photograding (using the Nidek 3-DX fundus camera) for detecting features pertaining to ARM. However, given the objectivity and permanency of stereoslides, photograding is still the more reliable and the preferred system of assessing ARM in the context of an epidemiological study.
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Brodovsky SC, McCarty CA, Snibson G, Loughnan M, Sullivan L, Daniell M, Taylor HR. Management of alkali burns : an 11-year retrospective review. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:1829-35. [PMID: 11013181 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the spectrum of patients with alkali burns admitted over an 11-year period and to assess the clinical outcomes after the introduction of a standard alkali burn treatment protocol. DESIGN Retrospective nonrandomized comparative study. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS A total of 121 patient records with alkali burns (n = 177 eyes) admitted to a tertiary hospital between 1987 and 1998 were reviewed. Eyes treated with a standard alkali burn treatment protocol, which included intensive topical steroids, ascorbate, citrate, and antibiotics, were compared with eyes treated by conservative management with antibiotics, and a short course of steroids. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time to corneal reepithelialization, final best-corrected visual acuity, and time to visual recovery, length of hospital stay, and complications were analyzed. RESULTS The standard protocol tended to delay corneal reepithelialization by one day (P: = not significant) in eyes with grade 1 burns (n = 76) and by 2 days (P: = 0.04) in grade 2 burns (n = 52), with no difference in final visual outcome. There were 37 eyes with grade 3 burns. Those treated with the standard protocol showed a trend toward more rapid corneal reepithelialization. Twenty-seven of 29 (93%) eyes with grade 3 injuries achieved a final best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better compared with 3 of 6 (50%) eyes not treated according to the standard protocol (P: = 0.02). Eyes with grade 4 burns (n = 12), whether treated with the standard protocol or not, required 10 to 12 weeks for corneal reepithelialization. There was no statistically significant difference in final visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of our findings, a number of recommendations can be made for the management of alkali injuries. Patients with a grade 1 or 2 injury do not require routine admission and do not benefit from the use of intensive treatment with ascorbate and citrate. A trend toward more rapid healing and a better final visual outcome were apparent in grade 3 burns, but our standard protocol made no difference in grade 4 burns.
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Dandona L, Dandona R, Srinivas M, John RK, McCarty CA, Rao GN. Ocular trauma in an urban population in southern India: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000; 28:350-6. [PMID: 11097281 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-9071.2000.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the cumulative prevalence of ocular trauma and presence of vision loss due to ocular trauma in an urban population in southern India. METHODS As part of the population-based Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study, 2522 people of all ages from 24 clusters representative of the population of Hyderabad city in southern India, underwent a detailed interview and standardized dilated ocular evaluation. An eye was considered to be blind due to trauma if best corrected distance visual acuity was worse than 6/60 due to trauma. RESULTS One hundred and thirteen subjects gave a history of ocular trauma and another two had evidence of ocular trauma by examination, a combined age sex-adjusted rate of 3.97% (95% CI 2.52-5.42%). Blindness in one eye due to trauma was present in 17 subjects, and in both eyes in one subject, a combined age-sex-adjusted prevalence of 0.60% (95% CI 0.23-1.04%). Visual acuity in all the blind eyes except one was worse than 3/60. With multiple logistic regression, the odds of blindness in at least one eye due to trauma were highest for current age range of 30-39 years (odds ratio 6.33, 95% CI 1.69-23.77 compared with a current age of less than 30 years), were significantly higher for lower socioeconomic status (3.74, 95% CI 1.18 -11.84), and were higher for males (2.48, 95% CI 0.91-6.82) though this did not reach statistical significance. Trauma resulting in blindness had occurred by the age of 15 years in 55% of subjects, and before the age of 40 years in 92.1% of subjects; this had occurred most commonly while playing (53.6% of the cases). With multiple logistic regression, the odds ratios for any ocular trauma were significantly higher for males (2.10, 95% CI 1.40-3.15), and for labourers than for other occupations (2.50, 95% CI 1.62-3.86). CONCLUSIONS Ocular trauma affects one in 25 people in this urban population in India, and one in 167 people in this population are estimated to be blind in at least one eye due to trauma. The majority of the trauma resulting in blindness occurs during childhood and young adulthood, and slightly more than half occurs while playing. Targeting mothers and children of lower socioeconomic strata in eye health awareness strategies to reduce blindness due to trauma needs to be considered in urban India.
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Dandona L, Dandona R, Mandal P, Srinivas M, John RK, McCarty CA, Rao GN. Angle-closure glaucoma in an urban population in southern India. The Andhra Pradesh eye disease study. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:1710-6. [PMID: 10964834 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and features of angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) in an urban population in southern India. DESIGN A population-based, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2522 (85.4% of those eligible) persons of all ages, including 1399 persons 30 years of age or older, from 24 clusters representative of the population of Hyderabad city. TESTING The participants underwent an interview and detailed eye examination that included logarithm of minimum angle of resolution visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, applanation tonometry, and gonioscopy; pupil dilatation and stereoscopic fundus evaluation was performed if the risk of angle-closure as a result of dilatation was not believed to be imminent. Humphrey threshold 24-2 visual fields (Humphrey Instruments Inc., San Leandro, CA) were performed when indicated by standardized criteria for disc damage or if intraocular pressure (IOP) was 22 mmHg or more. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES An occludable angle was defined as pigmented posterior trabecular meshwork not visible by gonioscopy in three quarters or more of the angle circumference. Manifest primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) was defined as IOP of 22 mmHg or more or glaucomatous optic disc damage with visual field loss in the presence of an occludable angle. An IOP of 22 mmHg or more or glaucomatous optic disc damage in the presence of an occludable angle secondary to an obvious cause was defined as secondary ACG. RESULTS Manifest PACG and occludable angles without ACG were present in 12 and 24 participants, respectively, with age- and gender-adjusted prevalence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 0.71% (0.34%-1.31%) and 1.41% (0.73%-2.09%) in participants 30 years of age or older, and 1.08% (0.36%-1.80%) and 2.21% (1.15%-3.27%) in participants 40 years of age or older, respectively. With multivariate analysis, the prevalence of these two conditions considered together increased significantly with age (P < 0.001); although not statistically significant, these were more common in females (odds ratio 1.70; 95% CI, 0.82-3.54) and in those belonging to lower socioeconomic strata as compared with middle and upper strata (odds ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 0.88-3.74). The odds of manifest PACG were higher in the presence of hyperopia of more than 2 diopters ([D]; odds ratio, 3.69; 95% CI, 0.89-15.2). Only four of 12 participants (33.3%) with manifest PACG had been previously diagnosed, and one of 12 (8.3%) had peripheral iridotomy performed previously. Manifest PACG had caused blindness in one or both eyes in five of these 12 participants (41.7%); best-corrected distance visual acuity less than 20/400 in one or both eyes in four patients, and acuity less than 20/200 in one eye in another patient. Most (83.3%) of those with manifest PACG could be classified as having chronic form of the disease. We may have underestimated manifest PACG because visual fields were per- formed only on those with clinical suspicion of optic disc damage. Secondary ACG was present in two participants. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of PACG in this urban population in southern India is close to that reported recently in a Mongolian population. A large proportion of the PACG in this population was undiagnosed and untreated. Because visual loss resulting from PACG is potentially preventable if peripheral iridotomy or iridectomy is performed in the early stage, strategies for early detection of PACG could reduce the high risk of blindness resulting from PACG seen in this urban population in India.
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Lee SJ, McCarty CA, Sicari C, Livingston PM, Harper CA, Taylor HR, Keeffe JE. Recruitment methods for community-based screening for diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2000; 7:209-18. [PMID: 11035555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Regular screening of all people with diabetes is the most efficient and cost-effective way to detect early stages of diabetic retinopathy so that laser treatment can be performed at the optimal time. A major aim of the Program for the Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy was to increase compliance with guidelines for screening for diabetic retinopathy. This community-based screening program used non-mydriatic retinal photography and was initiated in four areas of Victoria, Australia from 1996-1998. Recruitment strategies included targeted mail-outs, provision of the program brochure in English and the main languages spoken in the areas and media promotion in ethnic newspapers and on ethnic radio stations. In Victoria, only 55% of the population with diabetes currently access eye care services at the recommended intervals. This program was able to increase compliance with guidelines to 70% among people with diabetes that had not had a recent eye examination. A total of 1,197 people with diabetes were screened for diabetic retinopathy. Of the 1,197 people who were screened, 620 (15% of the estimated number of people with diabetes) had not had their eyes examined in the past two years. This pilot study identified strategies to encourage people with diabetes to have their eyes examined at the recommended intervals.
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