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Vormoor B, Veal GJ, Griffin MJ, Boddy AV, Irving J, Minto L, Case M, Banerji U, Swales KE, Tall JR, Moore AS, Toguchi M, Acton G, Dyer K, Schwab C, Harrison CJ, Grainger JD, Lancaster D, Kearns P, Hargrave D, Vormoor J. A phase I/II trial of AT9283, a selective inhibitor of aurora kinase in children with relapsed or refractory acute leukemia: challenges to run early phase clinical trials for children with leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 27905678 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aurora kinases regulate mitosis and are commonly overexpressed in leukemia. This phase I/IIa study of AT9283, a multikinase inhibitor, was designed to identify maximal tolerated doses, safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic activity in children with relapsed/refractory acute leukemia. The trial suffered from poor recruitment and terminated early, therefore failing to identify its primary endpoints. AT9283 caused tolerable toxicity, but failed to show clinical responses. Future trials should be based on robust preclinical data that provide an indication of which patients may benefit from the experimental agent, and recruitment should be improved through international collaborations and early combination with established treatment strategies.
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Wilson KB, Overholt MF, Hogan EK, Schwab C, Shull CM, Ellis M, Grohmann NS, Dilger AC, Boler DD. Predicting pork loin chop yield using carcass and loin characteristics. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4903-4910. [PMID: 27898928 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to determine the predictive ability of carcass length for the number of equal-thickness chops obtained from a boneless pork loin. Longer pork carcasses are assumed to yield longer loins and, therefore, an increased number of chops. Loins were collected from pigs (1,238 total) raised under commercial conditions and marketed when the mean pig weight in a pen reached 138 kg. Pigs were slaughtered over 7 wk in a commercial facility. Carcass length was measured at 1 d postmortem on the left side of each carcass from the anterior edge of the symphysis pubis bone to the anterior edge of the first rib. Carcasses were fabricated, and boneless loins (North American Meat Processors number 414) were vacuum packaged and transported to the University of Illinois Meat Science Laboratory. Loins were stored at 4°C for 14 d. At the end of the aging period, loins were weighed, measured for stretched length (stretched to maximum length without distortion) and compressed length (compressed to minimum length without distortion), and sliced into 2.54-cm-thick chops. Boneless chops were counted and weighed. Carcass length ranged from a minimum of 78.2 cm to a maximum of 96.5 cm and the number of boneless chops ranged from a minimum of 13 to a maximum of 20 chops. Data were analyzed using the regression procedure of SAS. The dependent variable was the number of boneless chops. Coefficient of determination () was calculated for carcass length, boneless loin weight, compressed loin length, and stretched loin length. Carcass length explained 15% ( < 0.0001) of the variation in the number of loin chops. Loin weight explained 33% ( < 0.0001) of the variation in the number of loin chops. Compressed loin length and stretched loin length explained 28 and 8% ( < 0.0001), respectively, of the variation in the number of loin chops. Multiple linear regression was used to determine a predictive equation for the number of loin chops using the stepwise selection option of all independent variables. The combination of boneless loin weight, compressed loin length, 10th-rib carcass fat depth, and carcass length explained 45% of the variation ( < 0.0001; C(p) = 16.76) in the number of loin chops using a required statistic at the SLENTRY and SLSTAY level = 0.15. Overall, carcass length is a poor predictor of the number of equal-thickness loin chops that can be derived from a boneless pork loin.
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Wilson KB, Overholt MF, Shull CM, Schwab C, Dilger AC, Boler DD. The effects of instrumental color and extractable lipid content on sensory characteristics of pork loin chops cooked to a medium-rare degree of doneness. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas2016.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cronin M, Yang C, Arvidson K, Boyer I, Fioravanzo E, Heldreth B, Kim J, Madden J, Rathman J, Schwab C, Yamada T, Worth A. Increasing the availability of high quality regulatory and toxicity data through the COSMOS DB DataShare Point. Toxicol Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Devastato C, Fioravanzo E, Kovarich S, Pavan M, Schwab C, Ombrato R, Corradin M, Silvestri L, Yang C. Risk assessment and control of potentially genotoxic impurities: Implementation of a fully integrated approach. Toxicol Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Perrot J, Labeille B, Cinotti E, Bonne M, Cambazard F, Remy J, Brehon A, Schwab C, Thuret G. Apport de la microscopie confocale in vivo pour expliquer le la couleur bleuté de la sclère oculaire au cours de l’ostéogenèse imparfaite. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2015.10.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Radtke JP, Schwab C, Wolf MB, Freitag MT, Alt C, Kesch C, Popeneciu IV, Huettenbrink C, Bergstraesser-Gasch C, Klein T, Duensing S, Roth S, Schlemmer HP, Roethke M, Hohenfellner M, Hadaschik B. Multiparametric magnetic resonance tomography and MRI/TRUS-fusion-biopsy for index lesion detection: correlation with radical prostatectomy specimen. Cancer Imaging 2015. [PMCID: PMC4601104 DOI: 10.1186/1470-7330-15-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Li Y, Schwab C, Ryan S, Papaemmanuil E, Robinson H, Jacobs P, Van Loo P, Stratton M, Campbell P, Harrison C. 407: Constitutional and somatic rearrangement of chromosome 21 in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)50362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Petersen S, Højberg O, Poulsen M, Schwab C, Eriksen J. Methanogenic community changes, and emissions of methane and other gases, during storage of acidified and untreated pig slurry. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:160-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schwab C, Gasperi E, Neukirch C, Tesmoingt C, Arnaud P, Arrault X. PP-032 Design of tocilizumab desensitisation protocol after a hypersensitivity reaction. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2013-000436.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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36
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Scantling D, Holena D, Pascual J, Kim P, Schwab C, Reilly P, Allen S. Penetrating Injuries In Older Adults: An Urban Trauma Center's Experience. J Surg Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Braslow B, Holena D, Kim P, Sims C, Pascual J, Allen S, Martin N, Petetti C, Schwab C, Reilly P. Financial Implications of the Addition of an Acute Care Surgery Service: A Ten Year Experience. J Surg Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Buitenkamp TD, Pieters R, Gallimore NE, van der Veer A, Meijerink JPP, Beverloo HB, Zimmermann M, de Haas V, Richards SM, Vora AJ, Mitchell CD, Russell LJ, Schwab C, Harrison CJ, Moorman AV, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, den Boer ML, Zwaan CM. Outcome in children with Down's syndrome and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: role of IKZF1 deletions and CRLF2 aberrations. Leukemia 2012; 26:2204-11. [PMID: 22441210 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Children with Down's syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and have a low frequency of established genetic aberrations. We aimed to determine which genetic abnormalities are involved in DS ALL. We studied the frequency and prognostic value of deletions in B-cell development genes and aberrations of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2) using array-comparative genomic hybridization, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in a population-based cohort of 34 Dutch Childhood Oncology Group DS ALL samples. A population-based cohort of 88 DS samples from the UK trials was used to validate survival estimates for IKZF1 and CRLF2 abnormalities. In total, 50% of DS ALL patients had ≥1 deletion in the B-cell development genes: PAX5 (12%), VPREB1 (18%) and IKZF1 (35%). JAK2 was mutated in 15% of patients, genomic CRLF2 rearrangements in 62%. Outcome was significantly worse in patients with IKZF1 deletions (6-year event-free survival (EFS) 45 ± 16% vs 95 ± 4%; P=0.002), which was confirmed in the validation cohort (6-year EFS 21 ± 12% vs 58 ± 11%; P=0.002). This IKZF1 deletion was a strong independent predictor for outcome (hazard ratio EFS 3.05; P=0.001). Neither CRLF2 nor JAK2 were predictors for worse prognosis. If confirmed in prospective series, IKZF1 deletions may be used for risk-group stratification in DS ALL.
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Schwab C, Wolf A, Graf M, Nekarda J, Kästner G, Zimmer M, Kühnhold S, Hofmann M, Biro D, Preu R. Passivation of Inline Wet Chemically Polished Surfaces for Industrial PERC Devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jantaratnotai N, Schwab C, Ryu JK, McGeer PL, McLarnon JG. Converging perturbed microvasculature and microglial clusters characterize Alzheimer disease brain. Curr Alzheimer Res 2011; 7:625-36. [PMID: 20704556 DOI: 10.2174/156720510793499039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated physical properties of microvasculature and vessel association with microglial clusters in cortical tissue from Alzheimer disease individuals, classified as severe (ADsev) or mild (ADmild), and nondemented controls (ND). Immunostaining with laminin or von Willerbrand factor demonstrated numbers of microvessels and microvascular density were significantly higher in ADsev cases compared with levels in ADmild or ND cases suggesting proangiogenic activity in ADsev brain. Evidence for extravascular laminin immunoreactivity was found in ADsev tissue and was largely absent in ADmild and ND cases suggesting vascular remodeling in ADsev brain included abnormalities in blood vessels. Microgliosis was progressively increased from ND to ADmild to ADsev with the latter demonstrating areas of clustered microglia (groupings of three or more cells) rarely observed in ADmild or ND cases. Microglial clusters in ADsev brain were in close proximity with extravascular laminin and also plasma protein, fibrinogen, implicating vascular perturbation as a component of inflammatory reactivity. ADsev brain also exhibited elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory/angiogenic factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in association, relative to non-association, with microglial clusters. The presence of extravascular laminin and fibrinogen and the vascular modifying factors, TNF-α and VEGF in localization with clusters of activated microglia, is consistent with microglial-induced vascular remodeling in ADsev brain. Microglial-vascular reciprocal interactions could serve a critical role in the amplification and perpetuation of inflammatory reactivity in AD brain.
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Mattsson B, Vollmer C, Schwab C, Padevit C, Horton K, John H, Horstmann M. Complications of a buried penis in an extremely obese patient. Andrologia 2011; 44 Suppl 1:826-8. [PMID: 21762192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The buried penis syndrome in adults is a rare condition of different aetiologies. Today extreme obesity is considered as a major contributor. We present a case of a 30-year-old extremely obese patient (BMI 65 kg/m(2)) with purulent infection of the penile cavity, a phlegmon of the mons pubis and urinary retention due to a buried penis. Whereas acute complications of a buried penis in obese patients include local infection and urinary retention, chronic problems are undirected voiding, disturbed vaginal penetration and erectile dysfunction. Even though several surgical techniques are described, weight reduction should be primarily preferred.
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Estle T, Kiefl R, Schneider J, Schwab C. Structure and Metastabiltty of Muonium Centers in Semiconductors and their Simulation of Isolated Hydrogen Centers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-163-407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe study of isolated hydrogen in semiconductors is difficult because of the tendency for hydrogen to form complexes. An alternative to direct studies of hydrogen is the study of tnuonium in semiconductors. In such experiments the muon is essentially an isotope of hydrogen with th the mass of the proton. Twenty isolated muonium centers have been observed in tetrahedrally-coordinated crystals ranging from Si to the cuprous halides. Muon level-crossing resonance has provided detailed information on neutral interstitial muonium located at a bond center in Si (the analog of the hydrogen center seen by EPR) and very near a bond center in CaP and GaAs. This paper reviews these measurements and discusses the structures and their metastabilities. Comparison is made to EPR for Si and to theoretical studies. Recent results on the metastable and stable muonium centers in CuCl are discussed.
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Schwab C, Spronck J, Tokovinin A, Fischer D, Marcy G. CHIRON – A new high resolution spectrometer for CTIO. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20111607006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Horstmann M, Grazioli A, Schwab C, Padevit C, John H. [Peyronie's disease-often a disabling disease for sexually active men]. REVUE MEDICALE SUISSE 2010; 6:1731-1735. [PMID: 21294308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Peyronie's disease is an acquired penile condition characterized by fibrous plaques between the tunica albuginea and the subtunical tissue of the corpora cavernosa. Plaques are considered responsible for the main symptoms: penile pain and deviation. Even though several risk factors and associations with other diseases are known its exact aetiology remains unclear. Most commonly discussed hypotheses are micro traumata, inflammatory and/or ischemic processes. Currently different treatment forms exist raging form systemic or local medical treatment, to physical applications and surgery. All treatment forms are symptom based and evidence based treatment remains difficult to establish. Because conservative treatment is of limited success in many patients especially with severe deviations surgery becomes necessary.
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Welsh CS, Stewart TS, Schwab C, Blackburn HD. Pedigree analysis of 5 swine breeds in the United States and the implications for genetic conservation1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:1610-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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46
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Schwab C, Frei R, Schmid HP. [What is your diagnosis? Urothelial carcinoma pT1. Retroperitoneal cyst of unknown etiology]. PRAXIS 2010; 99:15-16. [PMID: 20052634 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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47
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Goltzené A, Meyer B, Schwab C. Experimental evidence for an associated defect model for the neutron generated ASGa center in gallium arsenide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00337578408215783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Devon RS, Orban PC, Gerrow K, Barbieri MA, Schwab C, Cao LP, Helm JR, Bissada N, Cruz-Aguado R, Davidson TL, Witmer J, Metzler M, Lam CK, Tetzlaff W, Simpson EM, McCaffery JM, El-Husseini AE, Leavitt BR, Hayden MR. Als2-deficient mice exhibit disturbances in endosome trafficking associated with motor behavioral abnormalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9595-600. [PMID: 16769894 PMCID: PMC1480452 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510197103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ALS2 is an autosomal recessive form of spastic paraparesis (motor neuron disease) with juvenile onset and slow progression caused by loss of function of alsin, an activator of Rac1 and Rab5 small GTPases. To establish an animal model of ALS2 and derive insights into the pathogenesis of this illness, we have generated alsin-null mice. Cytosol from brains of Als2(-/-) mice shows marked diminution of Rab5-dependent endosome fusion activity. Furthermore, primary neurons from Als2(-/-) mice show a disturbance in endosomal transport of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and BDNF receptors, whereas neuronal viability and endocytosis of transferrin and dextran seem unaltered. There is a significant decrease in the size of cortical motor neurons, and Als2(-/-) mice are mildly hypoactive. Altered trophic receptor trafficking in neurons of Als2(-/-) mice may underlie the histopathological and behavioral changes observed and the pathogenesis of ALS2.
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Miklossy J, Doudet DD, Schwab C, Yu S, McGeer EG, McGeer PL. Role of ICAM-1 in persisting inflammation in Parkinson disease and MPTP monkeys. Exp Neurol 2006; 197:275-83. [PMID: 16336966 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that neuroinflammation is present in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson disease (PD) cases but the factors responsible are as yet unknown. One contributing protein may be the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54). ICAM-1 with its counter receptor, the lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is known to play a key role in inflammatory processes and in T-cell mediated host defense mechanisms. We detected large numbers of ICAM-1-positive reactive astrocytes in the SN of a series of 14 patients with neuropathologically confirmed PD, including 3 of familial origin, compared with 11 age-matched controls. In PD SN, these ICAM-1-positive reactive astrocytes were particularly concentrated around many residual neurons in areas of heavy neuronal loss and extracellular melanin accumulation. LFA-1-positive reactive microglia gathered in areas of intense ICAM-1 expression, and LFA-1-positive leukocytes were identified infiltrating the tissue. Double immunostaining for ICAM-1 and LFA-1 revealed aggregates of reactive microglia embedded in areas of diffuse ICAM-1. Leukocyte counts were 5 fold higher in PD SN compared to controls (P < 0.001). Similar over-expression of ICAM-1 was found in monkeys that had been exposed to MPTP from 5.5 to 14 years previously compared with control monkeys. The presence of ICAM-1-positive reactive astrocytes in Parkinson disease and MPTP-treated monkeys is indicative of a sustained inflammatory process and suggests that antiinflammatory agents may have a place in PD therapy.
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Tuschl H, Schwab C. Cytotoxic effects of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:385-93. [PMID: 12504171 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its derivatives are herbicides widely used to control the growth of broadleaf and woody plants. Although 2,4-D is well known to be moderately toxic, little information is available on the mechanisms of its toxicity. Results on carcinogenicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity are contradictory, but neurotoxic, immunosuppressive and hepatotoxic effects have been defined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of 2,4-D on a human hepatoma cell line. HepG2 cells were treated with different concentrations of 2,4-D, and cell viability, induction of apoptosis/necrosis and cell cycle phases were determined. Apoptosis was detected in flow cytometric light scatter histograms, the annexin V assay, the determination of DNA strand breaks with the TUNEL assay and the occurrence of a sub G(0) peak after propidium iodide (PI) staining. The induction of apoptosis by 2,4-D was accompanied by a disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential as verified by staining with the cationic JC-1 probe. In addition, 2,4-D affected the cell cycle in a concentration-dependent manner. Our investigation suggested that 2,4-D exerts its cytotoxic effects by the induction of apoptosis via a direct effect on the mitochondrial membrane potential.
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