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Miller ED, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Piperazimycins: cytotoxic hexadepsipeptides from a marine-derived bacterium of the genus Streptomyces. J Org Chem 2007; 72:323-30. [PMID: 17221946 DOI: 10.1021/jo061064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three potent cancer cell cytotoxins, piperazimycins A-C (1-3), have been isolated from the fermentation broth of a Streptomyces sp., cultivated from marine sediments near the island of Guam. The structures of these cyclic hexadepsipeptides were assigned by a combination of spectral, chemical, and crystallographic methods. The piperazimycins are composed of rare amino acids, including hydroxyacetic acid, alpha-methylserine, gamma-hydroxypiperazic acid, and gamma-chloropiperazic acid. The novel amino acid residues 2-amino-8-methyl-4,6-nonadienoic acid and 2-amino-8-methyl-4,6-decadienoic acid were found as components of piperazimycins A and C, respectively. When screened in the National Cancer Institute's 60 cancer cell line panel, piperazimycin A exhibited potent in vitro cytotoxicity toward multiple tumor cell lines with a mean GI50 of 100 nM.
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Oh DC, Williams PG, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Cyanosporasides A and B, chloro- and cyano-cyclopenta[a]indene glycosides from the marine actinomycete "Salinispora pacifica". Org Lett 2006; 8:1021-4. [PMID: 16524258 DOI: 10.1021/ol052686b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Two structurally novel cyclopenta[a]indene glycosides, cyanosporasides A and B (1 and 2) have been isolated from the culture broth of a new species of the obligate marine actinomycete genus Salinispora. The structures and absolute stereochemistries of these compounds were determined by spectral and chemical methods. The cyanosporasides possess a new 3-keto-pyranohexose sugar as well as a cyano- and chloro-substituted cyclopenta[a]indene ring system. The cyanosporasides are proposed to be cyclization products of an enediyne precursor.
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Asolkar RN, Jensen PR, Kauffman CA, Fenical W. Daryamides A-C, weakly cytotoxic polyketides from a marine-derived actinomycete of the genus Streptomyces strain CNQ-085. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:1756-9. [PMID: 17190455 DOI: 10.1021/np0603828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In the course of our continuing search for new antitumor-antibiotics from marine-derived actinomycete bacteria, four new cytotoxic compounds, designated as daryamides A (1), B (2), and C (3) and (2E,4E)-7-methylocta-2,4-dienoic acid amide (4), were isolated from the culture broth of a marine-derived Streptomyces strain CNQ-085. The structures of these new compounds were assigned by detailed interpretation of spectroscopic data. The relative configuration of 1 was determined by comprehensive NMR analysis, while the absolute configuration of 1 was determined as 4S,5R using the modified Mosher method. The daryamides show weak to moderate cytotoxic activity against the human colon carcinoma cell line HCT-116 and very weak antifungal activities against Candida albicans.
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Kwon HC, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Marinomycins A−D, Antitumor-Antibiotics of a New Structure Class from a Marine Actinomycete of the Recently Discovered Genus “Marinispora” [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 1622−1632]. J Am Chem Soc 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0666497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Malani AN, Aronoff DM, Bradley SF, Kauffman CA. Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis: Two cases and a review of the literature. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 25:587-95. [PMID: 16955250 PMCID: PMC2276845 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-006-0189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiobacterium hominis, a member of the HACEK group (Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus aphrophilus, and Haemophilus paraphrophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, C. hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella species), is a rare cause of endocarditis. There are 61 reported cases of C. hominis infective endocarditis in the English-language literature, 15 of which involved prosthetic valve endocarditis. There is one reported case of C. hominis after upper endoscopy and none reported after colonoscopy. Presented here are two cases of C. hominis prosthetic valve endocarditis following colonoscopy and a review of the microbiological and clinical features of C. hominis endocarditis. Patients with C. hominis infection have a long duration of symptoms preceding diagnosis (138+/-128 days). The most common symptoms were fever (74%), fatigue/malaise (53%), weight loss/anorexia (40%), night sweats (24%), and arthralgia/myalgia (21%). The most common risk factors were pre-existing cardiac disease (61%), the presence of a prosthetic valve (28%), and history of rheumatic fever (20%). Of the 61 cases reviewed here, the aortic valve was infected in 24 (39%) and the mitral valve in 19 (31%) patients. The average duration of blood culture incubation before growth was detected was 6.3 days (range, 2-21 days). Complications were congestive heart failure (40%), central nervous system (CNS) emboli (21%), arrhythmia (16%), and mycotic aneurysm (9%). C. hominis is almost always susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is recommended by the recently published American Heart Association guidelines. The prognosis of C. hominis native valve and prosthetic valve endocarditis is favorable. The cure rate among 60 patients reviewed was 93% (56/60). For prosthetic valve endocarditis, the cure rate was 16/17 (94%). Valve replacement was required in 27 (45%) cases.
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Bugni TS, Woolery M, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Bohemamines from a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:1626-8. [PMID: 17125235 DOI: 10.1021/np0602721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of the culture extracts of a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. led to the isolation of three new bohemamine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids, bohemamine B (1), bohemamine C (2), and 5-chlorobohemamine C (3). The structures were elucidated using NMR methods, and the relative stereochemistry was determined using double-pulsed-field-gradient spin echo (DPFGSE) NOE studies.
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Buchanan GO, Williams PG, Feling RH, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Sporolides A and B: structurally unprecedented halogenated macrolides from the marine actinomycete Salinispora tropica. Org Lett 2006; 7:2731-4. [PMID: 15957933 DOI: 10.1021/ol050901i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Analysis of the fermentation broth of a strain of the marine actinomycete Salinispora tropica has led to the isolation of two unprecedented macrolides, sporolides A (1) and B (2). The structures and absolute stereochemistries of both metabolites were elucidated using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
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Kwon HC, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Marinomycins A-D, antitumor-antibiotics of a new structure class from a marine actinomycete of the recently discovered genus "marinispora". J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:1622-32. [PMID: 16448135 DOI: 10.1021/ja0558948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four antitumor-antibiotics of a new structure class, the marinomycins A-D (1-4), were isolated from the saline culture of a new group of marine actinomycetes, for which we have proposed the name "Marinispora". The structures of the marinomycins, which are unusual macrodiolides composed of dimeric 2-hydroxy-6-alkenyl-benzoic acid lactones with conjugated tetraene-pentahydroxy polyketide chains, were assigned by combined spectral and chemical methods. In room light, marinomycin A slowly isomerizes to its geometrical isomers marinomycins B and C. Marinomycins A-D show significant antimicrobial activities against drug resistant bacterial pathogens and demonstrate impressive and selective cancer cell cytotoxicities against six of the eight melanoma cell lines in the National Cancer Institute's 60 cell line panel. The discovery of these new compounds from a new, chemically rich genus further documents that marine actinomycetes are a significant resource for drug discovery.
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Cho JY, Kwon HC, Williams PG, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Actinofuranones A and B, polyketides from a marine-derived bacterium related to the genus streptomyces (actinomycetales). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:425-8. [PMID: 16562851 DOI: 10.1021/np050402q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two new polyketides, actinofuranones A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the culture extract of a marine-derived Streptomyces strain designated CNQ766. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by interpretation of NMR and other spectroscopic data and by chemical derivatization. The relative stereochemistries of these new molecules were assigned on the basis of analysis of NOE data and vicinal (1)H-(1)H coupling constants, while the absolute configurations of the asymmetric centers were determined using the modified Mosher's method.
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Pappas PG, Andes D, Schuster M, Hadley S, Rabkin J, Merion RM, Kauffman CA, Huckabee C, Cloud GA, Dismukes WE, Karchmer AW. Invasive fungal infections in low-risk liver transplant recipients: a multi-center prospective observational study. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:386-91. [PMID: 16426325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) recipients utilizing postoperative systemic antifungal prophylaxis, typically with fluconazole, is justified among those at high risk for IFI. Use of postoperative antifungal prophylaxis for low-risk OLT recipients is widely practiced but not universally accepted nor supported by data. We conducted a prospective observational study among 200 OLT recipients who were at low risk for IFI and did not receive postoperative antifungal prophylaxis. Patients were considered low risk if they had </=1 of the following conditions: choledochojejunostomy anastomosis; retransplantation; intra-operative administration of >/=units of 40 blood products or return to the operating room for intra-abdominal bleeding; return to the operating room for anastomotic leak or vascular insufficiency; preoperative serum creatinine of >/=2 mg/dL; and perioperative Candida colonization. Patients were followed 100 d post-transplantation for evidence of IFI. Of 193 eligible patients, 7 (4%) developed an IFI. Three (2%) IFIs were due to Candida spp. and potentially preventable by standard fluconazole prophylaxis. Three patients developed invasive aspergillosis; one developed late onset disseminated cryptococcosis. Liver transplant recipients at low risk for IFI can be identified utilizing pre-determined criteria, and post-transplantation antifungal prophylaxis can be routinely withheld in these patients.
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Oh DC, Jensen PR, Kauffman CA, Fenical W. Libertellenones A-D: induction of cytotoxic diterpenoid biosynthesis by marine microbial competition. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5267-73. [PMID: 15993608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 05/30/2005] [Accepted: 05/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The induction of biosynthesis of four new diterpenoids was observed following the addition of a marine alpha-proteobacterium to an established culture of the marine-derived fungus Libertella sp. The fungal strain and the marine bacterium, cultured alone, do not produce diterpenoid metabolites. The induced diterpenoids, libertellenones A-D, are cross-conjugated ketones of the pimarane class. The libertellenones show varying levels of cytotoxicity against the HCT-116 human adenocarcinoma cell line with libertellenone D being the most potent (IC50 = 0.76 microM).
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Maldonado LA, Fenical W, Jensen PR, Kauffman CA, Mincer TJ, Ward AC, Bull AT, Goodfellow M. Salinispora arenicola gen. nov., sp. nov. and Salinispora tropica sp. nov., obligate marine actinomycetes belonging to the family Micromonosporaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005; 55:1759-1766. [PMID: 16166663 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A taxonomic study was carried out to clarify the taxonomy of representatives of a group of marine actinomycetes previously designated MAR 1 and considered to belong to the family Micromonosporaceae. The organisms had phenotypic properties consistent with their assignment to this taxon. The strains formed a distinct taxon in the 16S rRNA Micromonosporaceae gene tree and shared a range of phenotypic properties that distinguished them from members of all of the genera with validly published names classified in this family. The name proposed for this novel taxon is Salinispora gen. nov. The genus contains two species recognized using a range of genotypic and phenotypic criteria, including comparative 16S-23S rRNA gene spacer region and DNA-DNA relatedness data. The names proposed for these taxa are Salinispora arenicola sp. nov., the type species, and Salinispora tropica sp. nov.; the type strains of these novel species have been deposited in service culture collections as strain CNH-643(T) (=ATCC BAA-917(T)=DSM 44819(T)) and strain CNB-440(T) (=ATCC BAA-916(T)=DSM 44818(T)), respectively.
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Williams PG, Buchanan GO, Feling RH, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. New Cytotoxic Salinosporamides from the Marine ActinomyceteSalinisporatropica. J Org Chem 2005; 70:6196-203. [PMID: 16050677 DOI: 10.1021/jo050511+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An extensive study of the secondary metabolites produced by the obligate marine actinomycete Salinispora tropica (strain CNB-392), the producing microbe of the potent proteasome inhibitor salinosporamide A (1), has led to the isolation of seven related gamma-lactams. The most important of these compounds were salinosporamide B (3), which is the deschloro-analogue of 1, and salinosporamide C (4), which is a decarboxylated pyrrole analogue. New SAR data for all eight compounds, derived from extensive testing against the human colon carcinoma HCT-116 and the 60-cell-line panel at the NCI, indicate that the chloroethyl moiety plays a major role in the enhanced activity of 1.
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Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, Schmader KE, Straus SE, Gelb LD, Arbeit RD, Simberkoff MS, Gershon AA, Davis LE, Weinberg A, Boardman KD, Williams HM, Zhang JH, Peduzzi PN, Beisel CE, Morrison VA, Guatelli JC, Brooks PA, Kauffman CA, Pachucki CT, Neuzil KM, Betts RF, Wright PF, Griffin MR, Brunell P, Soto NE, Marques AR, Keay SK, Goodman RP, Cotton DJ, Gnann JW, Loutit J, Holodniy M, Keitel WA, Crawford GE, Yeh SS, Lobo Z, Toney JF, Greenberg RN, Keller PM, Harbecke R, Hayward AR, Irwin MR, Kyriakides TC, Chan CY, Chan ISF, Wang WWB, Annunziato PW, Silber JL. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2271-84. [PMID: 15930418 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa051016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1500] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and severity of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia increase with age in association with a progressive decline in cell-mediated immunity to varicella-zoster virus (VZV). We tested the hypothesis that vaccination against VZV would decrease the incidence, severity, or both of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia among older adults. METHODS We enrolled 38,546 adults 60 years of age or older in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of an investigational live attenuated Oka/Merck VZV vaccine ("zoster vaccine"). Herpes zoster was diagnosed according to clinical and laboratory criteria. The pain and discomfort associated with herpes zoster were measured repeatedly for six months. The primary end point was the burden of illness due to herpes zoster, a measure affected by the incidence, severity, and duration of the associated pain and discomfort. The secondary end point was the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia. RESULTS More than 95 percent of the subjects continued in the study to its completion, with a median of 3.12 years of surveillance for herpes zoster. A total of 957 confirmed cases of herpes zoster (315 among vaccine recipients and 642 among placebo recipients) and 107 cases of postherpetic neuralgia (27 among vaccine recipients and 80 among placebo recipients) were included in the efficacy analysis. The use of the zoster vaccine reduced the burden of illness due to herpes zoster by 61.1 percent (P<0.001), reduced the incidence of postherpetic neuralgia by 66.5 percent (P<0.001), and reduced the incidence of herpes zoster by 51.3 percent (P<0.001). Reactions at the injection site were more frequent among vaccine recipients but were generally mild. CONCLUSIONS The zoster vaccine markedly reduced morbidity from herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia among older adults.
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Riddell J, Chenoweth CE, Kauffman CA. Disseminated Scedosporium apiospermum infection in a previously healthy woman with HELLP syndrome. Mycoses 2005; 47:442-6. [PMID: 15504131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.01015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A previously healthy 33-year-old female died of disseminated infection with Scedosporium apiospermum in association with Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets (HELLP) syndrome following the delivery of twins. Her postpartum course was complicated by multisystem organ failure managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). She also developed bowel and left lower extremity ischemia requiring surgical resection. Blood cultures yielded S. apiospermum, and histologic findings revealed in vivo adventitious sporulation, an unusual occurrence with this pathogen. Autopsy showed extensive fungal infection of brain, lungs, thyroid, heart, and kidneys.
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Rowley DC, Kelly S, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Halovirs A-E, new antiviral agents from a marine-derived fungus of the genus Scytalidium. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4263-4274. [PMID: 12951157 DOI: 10.1002/chin.200406159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Marine micro-organisms represent an under explored resource for the discovery of novel antiviral agents. Here, we describe a series of peptides designated halovirs A-E (1-5) that are produced during the saline fermentation of a marine-derived fungus of the genus Scytalidium. These lipophilic, linear peptides are potent in vitro inhibitors of the herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2. Evidence is presented that the halovirs directly inactivate herpes viruses, a mechanism of action that could be applicable in the prevention of HSV transmission. The total structures of these new compounds were established by a combination of spectral and chemical techniques. Salient structural features of the halovir hexapeptides include a nitrogen terminus acylated by myristic (C14) or lauric (C12) acid, an unusual Aib-Hyp dipeptide segment, and a carboxyl terminus reduced to a primary alcohol. A qualitative analysis of the secondary structures of these molecules using variable temperature NMR experiments and NOE analyses is also reported.
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Rowley DC, Kelly S, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Halovirs A-E, new antiviral agents from a marine-derived fungus of the genus Scytalidium. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4263-74. [PMID: 12951157 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Marine micro-organisms represent an under explored resource for the discovery of novel antiviral agents. Here, we describe a series of peptides designated halovirs A-E (1-5) that are produced during the saline fermentation of a marine-derived fungus of the genus Scytalidium. These lipophilic, linear peptides are potent in vitro inhibitors of the herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2. Evidence is presented that the halovirs directly inactivate herpes viruses, a mechanism of action that could be applicable in the prevention of HSV transmission. The total structures of these new compounds were established by a combination of spectral and chemical techniques. Salient structural features of the halovir hexapeptides include a nitrogen terminus acylated by myristic (C14) or lauric (C12) acid, an unusual Aib-Hyp dipeptide segment, and a carboxyl terminus reduced to a primary alcohol. A qualitative analysis of the secondary structures of these molecules using variable temperature NMR experiments and NOE analyses is also reported.
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Feling RH, Buchanan GO, Mincer TJ, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Salinosporamide A: a highly cytotoxic proteasome inhibitor from a novel microbial source, a marine bacterium of the new genus salinospora. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2003; 42:355-7. [PMID: 12548698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200390115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 729] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Feling RH, Buchanan GO, Mincer TJ, Kauffman CA, Jensen PR, Fenical W. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2003; 115:369-371. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200390083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mincer TJ, Jensen PR, Kauffman CA, Fenical W. Widespread and persistent populations of a major new marine actinomycete taxon in ocean sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:5005-11. [PMID: 12324350 PMCID: PMC126404 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.10.5005-5011.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2002] [Accepted: 07/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major taxon of obligate marine bacteria within the order Actinomycetales has been discovered from ocean sediments. Populations of these bacteria (designated MAR 1) are persistent and widespread, spanning at least three distinct ocean systems. In this study, 212 actinomycete isolates possessing MAR 1 morphologies were examined and all but two displayed an obligate requirement of seawater for growth. Forty-five of these isolates, representing all observed seawater-requiring morphotypes, were partially sequenced and found to share characteristic small-subunit rRNA signature nucleotides between positions 207 and 468 (Escherichia coli numbering). Phylogenetic characterization of seven representative isolates based on almost complete sequences of genes encoding 16S rRNA (16S ribosomal DNA) yielded a monophyletic clade within the family Micromonosporaceae and suggests novelty at the genus level. This is the first evidence for the existence of widespread populations of obligate marine actinomycetes. Organic extracts from cultured members of this new group exhibit remarkable biological activity, suggesting that they represent a prolific resource for biotechnological applications.
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Abstract
We describe a case of Salmonella enteritidis infection of a prosthetic knee joint that was cured with ceftriaxone therapy for 6 weeks and replacement of the tibial component of the prosthesis. Eleven other cases of salmonella prosthetic joint infection have been reported in the English-language literature. Five infections occurred within 20 days of prosthesis placement, and seven occurred several months to years later; ten of 12 infections involved hip prostheses. Nine of 12 patients who had prosthesis removal were cured of the infection. Two of the three patients with retention of the prosthesis required long-term suppressive antibiotic therapy.
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Perfect JR, Cox GM, Lee JY, Kauffman CA, de Repentigny L, Chapman SW, Morrison VA, Pappas P, Hiemenz JW, Stevens DA. The impact of culture isolation of Aspergillus species: a hospital-based survey of aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:1824-33. [PMID: 11692293 DOI: 10.1086/323900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2001] [Revised: 06/11/2001] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "aspergillosis" comprises several categories of infection: invasive aspergillosis; chronic necrotizing aspergillosis; aspergilloma, or fungus ball; and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. In 24 medical centers, we examined the impact of a culture positive for Aspergillus species on the diagnosis, risk factors, management, and outcome associated with these diseases. Most Aspergillus culture isolates from nonsterile body sites do not represent disease. However, for high-risk patients, such as allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients (60%), persons with hematologic cancer (50%), and those with signs of neutropenia (60%) or malnutrition (30%), a positive culture result is associated with invasive disease. When such risk factors as human immunodeficiency virus infection (20%), solid-organ transplantation (20%), corticosteroid use (20%), or an underlying pulmonary disease (10%) are associated with a positive culture result, clinical judgment and better diagnostic tests are necessary. The management of invasive aspergillosis remains suboptimal: only 38% of patients are alive 3 months after diagnosis. Chronic necrotizing aspergillosis, aspergilloma, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis have variable management strategies and better short-term outcomes.
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Cinti SK, Armstrong WS, Kauffman CA. Case report. Recurrence of increased intracranial pressure with antiretroviral therapy in an AIDS patient with cryptococcal meningitis. Mycoses 2001; 44:497-501. [PMID: 11820264 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0507.2001.00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present the case of an AIDS patient with cryptococcal meningitis who, after an excellent clinical and mycological response to antifungal therapy, developed an exacerbation of signs and symptoms, including elevated intracranial pressure and an increase in cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen and white blood cells, following the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Cultures yielded no growth and the patient responded to repeated lumbar punctures without changing or intensifying antifungal therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of symptomatic elevated intracranial pressure occurring during HAART-related immune recovery in a patient with cryptococcal meningitis. Exacerbation of symptoms does not necessarily reflect mycological failure that requires a change in antifungal therapy, but may relate to acutely increased intracranial pressure that will respond to simple measures, such as repeated lumbar punctures.
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Malani PN, Bradley SF, Little RS, Kauffman CA. Trends in species causing fungaemia in a tertiary care medical centre over 12 years. Mycoses 2001; 44:446-9. [PMID: 11820256 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0507.2001.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trends in the species of yeast causing fungaemia over a 12-year period at a large tertiary care medical centre were reviewed. A total of 966 unique episodes of fungaemia occurred in 898 patients. There was an overall trend toward fewer fungaemic episodes due to Candida albicans and more due to Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis. However, C. albicans remained the predominant species causing fungaemia, and the proportion due to other species varied from year to year. Candida glabrata was disproportionately isolated from older adults, whereas C. parapsilosis was common among neonates and infants. The trends of increasing isolation of C. glabrata and decreasing isolation of C. albicans were associated with increasing usage of fluconazole, but changes in the proportion of fungaemias due to other species appeared to have no association with fluconazole usage.
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Kauffman CA, Hedderwick SA. Treatment of systemic fungal infections in older patients: achieving optimal outcomes. Drugs Aging 2001; 18:313-23. [PMID: 11392440 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200118050-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Systemic fungal infections are an increasing problem in older adults. For several of the endemic mycoses, this increase is the result of increased travel and leisure activities in areas endemic for these fungi. Immunosuppressive agents, care in an intensive care unit, and invasive devices all contribute to infection with opportunistic fungi. Treatment of systemic fungal infections is usually with an azole or amphotericin B. The preferred regimen depends on the specific fungal infection, the site and the severity of the infection, the state of immunosuppression of the patient and the possible toxicities of each drug for a specific patient. In older adults, drug-drug interactions between the azoles and drugs commonly prescribed for older persons may lead to serious toxicity, and absorption of itraconazole can be problematic. Amphotericin B is associated with significant nephrotoxicity, especially in older adults with pre-existing renal disease, and infusion-related adverse effects. Newer lipid formulations of amphotericin B can obviate some of these toxicities, but their role in the treatment of systemic fungal infections in older adults has not yet been clarified.
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