[The value of platelet count in predicting the efficacy of rituximab treatment in adult patients with chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia]

目的

探讨血小板计数水平在成人慢性原发免疫性血小板减少症（ITP）患者利妥昔单抗疗效预测中的价值。

方法

回顾性分析2011年1月1日至2014年12月31日期间接受利妥昔单抗治疗（100 mg每周1次，连用4次）慢性ITP患者的临床资料，计算利妥昔单抗治疗后不同随访时间截点血小板计数预测疗效的敏感性、特异性和阳性预测值、阴性预测值，并通过ROC曲线下面积得出最佳截断点。

结果

103例患者纳入研究，男46例，女57例，中位年龄30（18~67）岁。首剂利妥昔单抗后第1、5、7天，成功组（治疗后PLT≥50×10⁹/L且未接受其他药物治疗）与无效组（治疗后PLT<50×10⁹/L）中位血小板计数差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）；利妥昔单抗治疗后第14天，成功组中位血小板计数高于无效组[41（8~384）×10⁹/L对23（0~106）×10⁹/L，P=0.003]；在随后的各随访截点，成功组中位血小板计数进一步回升并维持于正常水平，无效组中位血小板计数均低于正常水平。以ROC曲线获得的预测治疗反应的优化界限值血小板计数50×10⁹/L为基础，首剂妥昔单抗治疗后第14、30、60天血小板计数能够组成一个预后评估体系。

结论

利妥昔单抗治疗后第14、30、60天血小板计数能够组成一个疗效预测评估体系，有助于随访和制定治疗计划。

Cord blood insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin, and their associations with insulin sensitivity, β-cell function and adiposity in infancy

AIM

Vulnerability to insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes may originate in early life, but little is known about whether any perinatal biomarkers are predictive of later metabolic health. We sought to assess whether cord blood insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin are associated with metabolic health indicators in infancy.

METHODS

In a prospective singleton birth cohort, we assessed cord blood insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations in relation to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), β-cell function (HOMA-β), fasting proinsulin-to-insulin ratio, BMIz-score, and the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (an indicator of adiposity) in infants at age 1 year (n = 185).

RESULTS

Adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics, one standard deviation (sd) increase in cord blood adiponectin was associated with an 11.1% (95% confidence interval 1.8-19.5%) decrease in HOMA-β (P = 0.02) and a 13.6% (1.8-26.8%) increase in proinsulin-to-insulin ratio (P = 0.02), indicating worse β-cell function in infants at age 1 year. One sd increase in cord blood insulin was associated with a 0.5 (0.1-1.0) mm increase in skinfold thickness (P = 0.01). One sd increase in cord blood ghrelin was associated with a 0.2 (0.02-0.3) decrease in BMIz-score (P = 0.02) and a 0.5 (0.1-0.9) mm decrease (P = 0.02) in skinfold thickness. Cord blood IGF-I and IGF-II were not associated with the observed metabolic health indicators at age 1 year.

CONCLUSION

The study is the first to show that cord blood adiponectin may be negatively predictive of β-cell function, whereas cord blood ghrelin may be negatively predictive of adiposity in infancy.

Analysis code development for the direct reactor auxiliary cooling system of the pool-type sodium-cooled fast reactor

Sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) is one of the most promising reactors among the six Gen-IV reactor systems due to its significant advantages in close fuel cycle, comprehensive technology foundations and operation experiences. China is designing and constructing a demonstration SFR, in which, to ensure the reactor passive safety, a direct reactor auxiliary cooling system (DRACS) with the inter-wrapper flow is proposed as the decay heat removal system. Xi'an Jiaotong University is in charge of the DRACS analysis code development. The physical models in the DRACS are extracted and the numerical models for each component are established. The Gear method and the SIMPLE method are adopted as the primary solution algorithm. The code is developed and validated by EBR-II and PHENIX benchmarks, the results of which indicate that the code can predict experimental results very well.

[Reproductive and developmental toxicity of 2- (2H-1, 2, 3-benzotriazol-2-yl) -4-methyl-6- (2-methylpropen-2-yl) phenol in mice: an experimental study]

Objective: To investigate the reproductive and developmental toxicity of 2- (2H-1, 2, 3-benzotriazol-2-yl) -4-methyl-6- (2-methylpropen-2-yl) phenol in mice and to provide a basis for its risk assessment. Methods: The reproductive and developmental toxicity of 2- (2H-1, 2, 3-benzotriazol-2-yl) -4-methyl-6- (2-methylpropen-2-yl) phenol was tested using the screening method of chemicals with reproductive and developmental toxicity in "Chemical Testing Method" (SEPA). After five days of adaptive feeding, 120 specific pathogen-free healthy Kunming mice (male/female ratio=1:1) were orally administered 0 (control) , 146, 292, and 584 mg/kg 2- (2H-1, 2, 3-benzotriazol-2-yl) -4-methyl-6- (2-methylpropen-2-yl) phenol for two weeks. One male mouse was mated with one female mouse in a single cage. The day on which a vaginal plug was observed was defined as gestation day 0 (GD0). The exposure for female mice was sustained to four days postpartum and the exposure for male mice was sustained for two weeks after mating. The body weight, food intake, body length, tail length, and sex ratio were recorded and the reproductive index was calculated. The reproductive organs were weighed and subjected to histopathological examination. Results: The 584 mg/kg group had significantly lower body weight at weeks 5 and 6 and food intake at week 6 in male mice, uterus weight and uterus/body weight ratio in female mice, and body weight, body length, and tail length on day 0 in offspring compared with the control group (all P<0.05). The 292 mg/kg group had significantly lower testis weight of male mice and food intake of female mice at gestational week 2 than the control group (both P<0.05). The 146 mg/kg group had significantly lower food intake of female mice at gestational week 2 than the control group (P<0.05) . Conclusion: For male and female Kunming mice, the no observed adverse effect levels of 2- (2H-1, 2, 3, -benzotriazol-2-yl) -4-methyl-6- (2-methylpropen-2-yl) phenol are both 146 mg/kg.

Metastable Zr-Nb alloys for spinal fixation rods with tunable Young's modulus and low magnetic resonance susceptibility

Good ductility, low magnetic susceptibility, and tunable Young's modulus are highly desirable properties for materials usage as spinal fixation rods. In this study, the effects of niobium content on the microstructure, magnetic susceptibility, and mechanical properties of Zr-xNb (13≤x≤23wt%) alloys were investigated. For the Zr-15Nb and Zr-17Nb alloys, a remarkable increase in Young's modulus was achieved due to the occurrence of deformation-induced ω phase transformation. This was the result of the competition of two factors associated with the Nb content: an increase of the stability of β phase and a decrease of the amount of athermal ω phase with increasing Nb content. When the Nb content was 15% or 17%, the amount of deformation-induced ω phase was maximum. Moreover, the magnetic susceptibility decreased with the deformation-induced β→ω phase transformation, and the Zr-17Nb alloy with apparent kink bands exhibited a smaller amount of springback than the Zr-15Nb alloy with {332} 〈113〉 mechanical twins. Furthermore, the ions released from the Zr-xNb alloys in accelerated immersion tests were at a very low level. The combination of low initial Young's modulus, and its remarkable variation induced by deformation, low magnetic susceptibility, good ductility, and smaller springback make the Zr-17Nb alloy a potential candidate for spinal fixation rods.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

For the rods of spinal fixation devices, it is important but difficult to lower the springback for bending formativeness while keeping the low initial Young's modulus for biocompatibility and lower the magnetic susceptibility for postoperative examination simultaneously. In this study, Zr-17Nb alloy was successfully developed via deformation-induced ω phase transformation during loading, simultaneously meeting the abovementioned properties for spinal fixation rods.

[Pediatric laryngeal clefts: an experience in the diagnosis and management of 13 cases]

Objective: To investigate the diagnosis and management of laryngeal cleft. Method: The clinical data of 13 cases of laryngeal cleft treated between 2007 and 2015 was analyzed retrospectively. Results: The children with laryngeal cleft were classified according to the classification of Benjamin-Inglis, as type Ⅰ(11 cases), typeⅡ(1 case) and type Ⅲ(1 case). All patients were confirmed by microlaryngobronchoscopy under general anaesthetic. Eleven typeⅠ and 1 type Ⅱ clefts were managed conservatively, with which all type Ⅰ patients were successfully managed, while the type Ⅱ patient was resolved by surgical endoscopy. The type Ⅲ patient was treated by open repair but the results was poor. Conclusions: Patients who suffered with choking on feeding or recurrent aspiration pneumonia, especially coexisted with other congenital malformation, needed detailed evaluation for laryngeal cleft, although which was a rare congenital abnormality. Electronic laryngoscope could be the first step to screen the cleft, while microlaryngobronchoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosis of laryngeal cleft. The majority of children with lower type clefts can be managed conservatively. Surgical endoscopy has high success rate when strictly following the indication. Type Ⅲ and Ⅳ clefts have high mortality for usually combining with severe complications and abnormalities.

[Causes and management of pediatric spontaneous tonsillar haemorrhage]

Objective: To analyze the causes and management plan of pediatric spontaneous tonsillar haemorrhage(STH). Methods: According to the criteria of STH difined by Griffies, patients with STH from December 2013 to January 2016 were included in this retrospective study. Results: A total of 11 patients were reviewed. The etiological diagnosis included 3 pediatric Epstein-Barr virus associated infectious mononucleosis(EBV-IM), 3 suspected pediatric EBV-IM to 3 acute suppurative tonsillitis, 1 acute viral tonsillitis and 1 hemophilia A. The management strategies included antiviral, antibacteria, transfusion, surgical examination followed with bipolar coagulation hemostasis under general anesthesia. No patient treated with tosillectomy. Conclusions: STH is now a rare condition, the causes of which in child are more or less different from adult.This emergency can be treated in time if a detailed management plan for pediatric STH is formulated.

Identification of 15 novel polymorphic microsatellite loci in pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata)

The pearl oyster Pinctada fucata is a commercially important marine shellfish. As a result, genetic improvement and selective-breeding program have been conducted for this species. Polymorphic microsatellites are effective molecular markers to investigate molecular marker-assisted selection and genetic variance. In this study, microsatellite DNAs were screened and characterized based on the partial genome sequence of P. fucata. We identified 111 microsatellite DNA motifs through mining the published draft genome sequence of P. fucata. Forty-two loci were screened with 8 P. fucata individuals, and 15 were found to be polymorphic and were therefore further evaluated using 40 wild individuals from the Daya Bay, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 8, with an average of 5.2667 for the 15 polymorphic loci. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.1154 to 0.6216 (0.3321 on average) and 0.4950 to 0.8491 (0.6768 on average), respectively. Of the 15 polymorphic loci, 12 loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction (P < 0.0033). Polymorphism information content ranged from 0.44 to 0.83 with a mean value of 0.63. The results suggest that the markers isolated in this study can be used for research on molecular marker-assisted selection and genetic variance of P. fucata.

[Characterization of mutational pattern in patients with Ph negative myeloproliferative neoplasms]

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the molecular profile in patients with Ph negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) by exploring 49 gene mutations.

METHODS

Targeted gene sequencing were performed to analyze 49 MPN-associated genes in 51 patients with Ph negative MPN, of which CARL (exon 9), NPM1 (exon 12) and CEBPA (TAD, BZIP domains) were investigated by using Sanger sequencing simultaneously, while FLT3-ITD was assessed by PCR method.

RESULTS

Mutations were detected in 73.5% (36/49) of genes, and the mutational rates of JAK2-V617F, CALR (exon 9) and MPL were 60.8%(31/51), 7.8%(4/51) and 7.8%(4/51) respectively, whereas the mutational rates of ASXL1, SETBP1, and SF3B1 were around 10%. In addition, 96.1% (49/51) of patients harbored at least one mutation, and more than half of the patients (52.9%, 27/51) possessed 3 or 4 gene mutations. The amount of gene mutations was significantly higher in patients with JAK2-V617F mutation than those without JAK2-V617F or CALR (exon 9) mutation (P<0.05). The last finding was that there was no statistically significant difference in the amount of mutations among four MPN subtypes (PV, ET, PMF, and MPN-U).

CONCLUSION

Most patients with Ph negative MPN possesses three or more gene mutations, with various mutational profiles.

Effect of montelukast on the expression of interleukin-18, telomerase reverse transcriptase, and Bcl-2 in the brain tissue of neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of montelukast on the expression of interleukin (IL)-18, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), and Bcl-2 in the brain tissue of neonatal rats with hypox-ic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). To establish the model of HIBD, 8% oxygen was applied to rats after the unilateral carotid artery was ligated. Twenty rats were randomly assigned to the control group, while another 40 were used to establish the HIBD model and were randomly divided equally into model group and treatment group. A 0.1 mg/kg dose of montelukast or an equal volume of saline was intraperitoneally injected to the rats in the treatment group and the model group, respectively. Brain tissue from 4 rats in each group was sampled at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 72 h after brain damage, and immunohistochemistry was used to measure IL-18, TERT and Bcl-2 expressions. IL-18, TERT, and Bcl-2 levels increased after 12 h in both the model group and treatment group, peaked after 48 h, and then decreased. Although not statistically significant, IL-18, TERT, and Bcl-2 expressions after 24, 48, and 96 h were all lower in the treatment group than those in the model group. In conclusion, montelukast has a protective effect on the cerebral tissue of neonatal rats with HIBD, and may mediate an increase of TERT and Bcl-2 levels but not of IL-18. Further study is required to elucidate the mechanism of the protective effect of montelukast on HIBD.

Co-expression of march5b and tlr7 in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea in response to Cryptocaryon irritans infection

In this study, molecular characteristics of march5b and co-expression of march5b and tlr7 in response to the infection of Cryptocaryon irritans in the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea were investigated. The full-length complementary (c)DNA of march5b was 1314 bp, including an open reading frame of 846 bp encoding a polypeptide of 281 amino acids, and the full-length genomic sequence was composed of 23,577 nucleotides, including six exons and five introns. The putative March5b protein contained a RINGv motif and four transmembrane domains. The march5b transcripts were broadly distributed in all detected tissues, with a strong expression in blood, brain and gills, and a weak expression in kidney by quantitative PCR analysis. The expression of march5b and tlr7 in the skin, gills, spleen and head kidney changed in the same manner at most time points post-primary infection with C. irritans. Significant increase was observed in the skin with march5b at days 2 and 3 by 26.10 and 6.88 fold, respectively, and with tlr7 at day 3 by 57.68 fold, when compared with the control. Their expressions, however, were decreased in the gills, especially at day 3 (march5b by 8.9%, tlr7 by 22.06%). In the spleen and head kidney, march5b and tlr7 transcripts were up-regulated early, then noticeably declined at day 3. These results suggested that march5b and tlr7 are co-expressed in response to parasite infection and March5b probably catalyses ubiquitination of some proteins of TLR7 signalling pathway.

Comparison between the EQ-5D-5L and the EQ-5D-3L in patients with hepatitis B

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of the study was to compare psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L (5L) and the EQ-5D-3L (3L) health outcomes assessment instruments in patients with hepatitis B in China.

METHODS

Patients, including hepatitis B virus carriers and those with active or inactive chronic hepatitis B, compensated cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, answered a questionnaire composed of 5L, socio-demographic information, 3L, and the visual analog scale (VAS), respectively. After 1 week, a retest was conducted for inpatients. We compared acceptability, face validity, redistribution properties, convergent validity, known-group validity, discriminatory power, ceiling effect, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness of 5L and 3L.

RESULTS

A total of 369 outpatients and 276 inpatients were recruited for the first interview. Of the inpatients, 183 were used in the retest. Most patients preferred 5L-3L. The 3L-5L response pairs had an inconsistency rate of 2.4%. Correlation with the VAS was greater with 5L than with 3L. Age, education, and comorbidity were associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). 5L discriminated more infectious conditions than 3L. In all dimensions, the Shannon's index from 5L was larger while in three dimensions the Shannon's evenness index from 5L was slightly larger. The ceiling effect was reduced in 5L. In patients with stable health states, no significant difference was detected in the weighted kappa between 5L and 3L, but intraclass correlation coefficient of 5L was higher than that of 3L. In patients with improved health states, HRQoL was seen as increased in both 5L and 3L, without significant difference.

CONCLUSIONS

The EQ-5D-5L was more suitable than the EQ-5D-3L in the patients with hepatitis B in China.

Toxoplasma gondii infection in Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) in China

Camel is important to the economy of many countries. We report Toxoplasma gondii infection in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus), first for this host. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in sera of 7 of 234 C. bactrianus from Qinghai Province, northwestern China. Sera were tested by a commercial indirect hemagglutination test at a cut-off of 1:64. Age or the gender of the camel did not significantly affect the seroprevalence. Results are of public health and economic importance because camel milk and meat are used for human consumption in many countries, including China.

Genetic structure of Oryza rufipogon Griff. in China

Oryza rufipogon Griff. (common wild rice; CWR) is the ancestor of Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.). Investigation of the genetic structure and diversity of CWR in China will provide information about the origin of cultivated rice and the grain quality and yield. In this study, we used 36 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assay 889 accessions, which were highly representative of whole germplasm in China. The analysis revealed a hierarchical genetic structure within CWR. First, CWR has diverged into two ecotypic populations, a south subtropical population (SSP) and a middle subtropical population (MSP), probably owing to natural selection by the different climates. The distribution of specific alleles and haplotypes indicated that Chinese CWR had both indica-like and japonica-like variations; the SSP was an indica-like type, whereas the MSP was more japonica-like. The SSP and MSP further diverged into five (HN, GD-GX1, GX2, FJ and YN) and two (JX-HuN1 and HuN2) geographical populations, respectively. The genetic data suggest the isolation by distance, although water systems also appear to play an important role in the formation of homogenous populations, and occasionally landscape was also involved. The population GD-GX1, which grew widely in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, was the largest geographical population in China. It had a high level of genetic diversity (GD) and the closest genetic relationship with other inferred populations. The population HN, with the smallest SSR molecular weights and the highest level of GD, may be the most ancestral population.

Association of ACE, ACE2 and UTS2 polymorphisms with essential hypertension in Han and Dongxiang populations from north-western China

To assess the significance of polymorphisms of the genes for angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and urotensin II (UTS2) as risk factors for essential hypertension in two populations from north-western China, we enrolled 198 patients with essential hypertension and 131 healthy controls from the Han population and 120 patients with essential hypertension and 102 healthy controls from the Dongxiang population. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism were used to analyse gene polymorphisms. The results provided evidence that genetic variants of UTS2 and ACE2 may play a role in the development of essential hypertension in these populations. Polymorphisms of ACE were not associated with essential hypertension in either population. This is the first report showing that the S89N single-nucleotide polymorphism of the UTS2 gene is associated with essential hypertension.

D-lactic acidosis secondary to short bowel syndrome

A 12 year old boy presented with 11 episodes of weakness, ataxia, nausea, slurred speech, dehydration, and sometimes severe lethargy bordering on coma. A year previously the boy had small intestinal resections leaving 20 cm of small bowel remaining. D-lactic acidosis was diagnosed on the basis of a D-lactate level of 5.23 mmol/l. The clinical presentation of the disease is recurrent episodes of unusual neurological manifestations and severe metabolic acidosis. The diagnosis is dependent on the presentations and the plasma D-lactate level. Development of the syndrome seems to be the effect of the accumulation of D-lactic acid.

Carcinogenesis or tumourigenicity testing of animal cell lines for vaccine preparation by colony formation on soft agar and by agglutination under plant lectins

The carcinogenic or tumourigenic testing of seven animal kidney cell lines (F-81, CRFK, MDCK, Vero, Vero-2 cell line, MA-104 and BHK-21) established in China, were carried out in more than 700 nude mice for colony formation in soft agar and for agglutination under different density of plant lectins. Tests showed that there were correlation between cell line chromosome number variations and anchorage independence in soft agar, agglutinability under lectins and tumour-forming ability in nude mice. Since testing in vitro was more economical, simpler and faster and thus thought to be more reliable, we recommend measuring agglutinability, followed by anchorage independence or analysis of karyotype as the initial means for monitoring tumourigenicity of animal cell lines in nude mice.

[Analyses of chromosomal karyotypes and cytogenetic variations of animal cell lines]

After the master cell stock(mcs) and working cell bank of more than 30 different strains of 7 animal kidney cell lines (F-81 or CRFK cell line, MDCK cell line, Vero or Vero-2 cell line, MA-104 cell line and BHK-21 cell line) were established in China, the chromosomal number variations and structural aberrations of the above lines, primary feline or canine kidney cell (FKC or CKC) and HeLa cell line were investigated and their karyotypes of routine or Giemsa chromosomal bands were analyzed. The carcinogenesis or tumorigenicity testing of these cells in about 700 nude mice and for colony formation in soft agar (SA) and for agglutination under different concentration of plant lectins was carried out. Both tumorigenicity-negative strains of F-81, CRFK, Vero or Vero-2 lines and very-low-tumorigenicity strains of MDCK line were successfully selected and evaluated for the production of canine or feline combination viral vaccines, which are free of infectious agents, and described with respect to cytogenetic characteristics and tumorigenicity. Rate of modal chromosome number represents the ratio of cell number having modal chromosome number to all the split cell number analyzed at random. Rate of difference represents the ratio of difference of the rate of modal chromosome number between mcs (master cell stock) + n and mcs passages. The chromosomal analysis results showed that the ratio of difference of the rate of modal chromosome number between mcs + n and mcs passages was not more than 5%-15% and the structure aberrations was generally 0%-3%, not more than 5%-10%, thus the hereditary character of cell lines is comparatively stable without significant difference between different passages. The genetic characteristics of chromosomal number of cell lines determines their tumorigenicity, but it is species specific. Experimental models were established for the researches on the prevention and prophylaxis of malignant tumors or cancers and their genetically biological characteristics. Tests showed that there was correlation among cell line chromosome number variations, anchorage independence in soft agar, agglutination under plant lectins and tumor-forming ability in nude mice. Since testing in vitro is more economic, simpler, faster, and is thought to be reliable, we recommend plant lectins followed by SA or analysis of karyotypes as the initial means for monitoring tumorigenicity of animal cell line in nude mice.

[Studies of the origin of malignant rhabdoid tumor(MRT)--experimental researches on the MRT evolving in nude mice inoculated with violently variable HeLa cells]

Under the prerequisite that the incidence of cancer or tumor in negatively-controlled nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with feline or canine kidney cell cultures purified in vitro at passage 3 or higher (the modal chromosome number of FKC on passage 3 was 38 of diploid at the rate of 80%) was 0%(0/22) and 0%(0/10) respectively, and the incidence of progressively negative growing tumor in controlled nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with repeatedly-frozen- and thawed-HeLa cell cultures of X strain was 20%(1/5), the negative growing malignant tumor (MT) was found in half of the nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with HeLa cell cultures of H strain(with modal chromosome number of 78 +/- 2 of sub-tetraploid at the rate of 40%), the progressively-growing malignant tumor was found in all the other 40 nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with HeLa cell cultures of other strains, with the incidence of MT in nude mice with KB strain (with modal chromosome number of 60 +/- 3 of hyperdiploid at the rate of 72%-76%) 10/10, the incidence of poorly-differentiated MT originated from epithelia in nude mice with X strain (with modal chromosomal number of 62 +/- 3 of hyperdiploid at the rate of 69%) 25/25, and the incidence of MRT in nude mice with in vitro cultured tumor cell NM20/X strain (with modal chromosome number of 68 +/- 3 of both hyperdiploid and subtetraploid at the rate of 52%) 5/5. After being continuously cultivated for 20 passages in vitro, HeLa cell of X strain was subcutaneously inoculated into nude mice and cultivated for 1 passage in vivo within 15 days, and then the developed growing MT was collected as HeLa cell of NM20/X strain on passage 0 and continuously cultivated for 11 passages to prepare for transplanting into nude mice again. Therefore, the highly variable strain of HeLa cells can be successfully selected by alternate cultivation in vitro and in vivo. Occasionally in another experiment, the progressively-growing MRT was found in all the 4 nude mice of one test group inoculated subcutaneously with 0.17 ml cell-cultures of super-high density containing 12.75 x 10(7) HeLa cells of KB strain on passages 10-11(with the rate of chromosome aberration high to 20% on passages 10-11 including 18% dicentric chromosome and 2% breakage chromosome). Although the incidence of MRT in nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with violently variable HeLa cells of NM20/X strain on passage 11, HeLa cells of KB strain on passages 10-11 reaches 100%(5/5) & 100%(4/4) respectively, yet it is requested that the inoculated live cell number is huge (5-12 x 10(7) cells per nude mouse), the tumor emerges immediately, develops violently, grows very fast, and has an extremely aggressive malignancy, the tumor is rich in the blood vessel giving a full supply of blood for it, and the mean value of major diameter X minor diameter of the tumor is essentially up to the standard of 30 mm x 20 mm in 16-22 days after the inoculation of the cells into the nude mice. The first finding of MRT in model animals provides an opportunity for answering the origin problem of MRT. Based on this reason, human uterus vertical epithelium may be an original tissue of MRT, thus opening up a new era for the research of MRT origin. It is also concluded as follows: 1. Cellular tumorigenicity is different among differently-karyotypic cells. 2. Highly variable strain of tumor cell line can be selected quickly and successfully in nude mouse. 3. Cellular tumorigenicity may be increased if chromosome aberration is very high. 4. The genetic characteristics of chromosomes of HeLa cells determines their tumorigenicity, chromosome number variation of HeLa cells has positive relationship with their carcinogenesis or tumorigenicity, and the turn of HeLa cells concerning their tumorigenicity from weak to strong is KB, X and NM20/X strains (excluding H strain, in which tumorigenicity remains to be determined by further experiments) respectively.

Numerical simulation of an adaptive optics system with laser propagation in the atmosphere

A comprehensive model of laser propagation in the atmosphere with a complete adaptive optics (AO) system for phase compensation is presented, and a corresponding computer program is compiled. A direct wave-front gradient control method is used to reconstruct the wave-front phase. With the long-exposure Strehl ratio as the evaluation parameter, a numerical simulation of an AO system in a stationary state with the atmospheric propagation of a laser beam was conducted. It was found that for certain conditions the phase screen that describes turbulence in the atmosphere might not be isotropic. Numerical experiments show that the computational results in imaging of lenses by means of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method agree well with those computed by means of an integration method. However, the computer time required for the FFT method is 1 order of magnitude less than that of the integration method. Phase tailoring of the calculated phase is presented as a means to solve the problem that variance of the calculated residual phase does not correspond to the correction effectiveness of an AO system. It is found for the first time to our knowledge that for a constant delay time of an AO system, when the lateral wind speed exceeds a threshold, the compensation effectiveness of an AO system is better than that of complete phase conjugation. This finding indicates that the better compensation capability of an AO system does not mean better correction effectiveness.