[Gastric SWI/SNF-complex deficient undifferentiated/rhabdoid carcinoma: a clinicopathological study]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features, immunohistochemical characteristics, differential diagnosis and prognosis of gastric SWI/SNF-complex deficient undifferentiated/rhabdoid carcinomas. Methods: Two cases of gastric SWI/SNF-complex deficient undifferentiated/rhabdoid carcinoma were collected at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China from 2017 to 2018. The clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. Hematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemical stains were performed, and the relevant literatures were reviewed. Results: The two patients were both male, aged 60 and 74 years, respectively. Their symptoms were both abdominal pain. The tumor arose in the esophagogastric junction in case 1, and the cardia to the fundus and the posterior wall of the upper part of gastric body in case 2. Both tumors were present as an ulcerative mass. The patients died of tumor 11 months and 8 months after surgery, respectively. Histologically, the tumor cells arranged in sheets, nests, cords or trabecular patterns, and pseudoavleolar structure. The tumor cells were epithelioid with uniform morphology, while the tumors showed scant stroma and massive necrosis. Variable rhabdoid cells and multinucleated giant cells were seen in both cases. SMARCA4 encoding protein BRG1 was undetectable in both tumors, while SMARCB1 encoding protein INI1 was detected. The tumor cells were diffusely positive for vimentin and negative for epithelial marker (CKpan), gastrointestinal stromal tumor markers (CD117 and DOG1), myogenic markers (desmin and myogenin), melanoma markers (S-100 protein, SOX10 and HMB45), and lymphohematopoietic markers (LCA and CD20). Conclusions: Gastric SWI/SNF-complex deficient undifferentiated/rhabdoid carcinoma is a rare and highly aggressive tumor with poor prognosis. The detection of subunits protein expression of SWI/SNF complex is important for diagnosis of the tumor.

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein stimulates dendritic cells maturation via LOX-1-mediated MAPK/NF-κB pathway

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role as central orchestrators of immune system response in atherosclerosis initiation and progression. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is involved in the immune maturation of DCs, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We isolated mouse bone marrow progenitors and stimulated them with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin (IL)-4 to induce immature DCs. We then treated DCs with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) to induce maturation. LOX-1 siRNA was used to investigate the modulation of LOX-1 on the development of DCs and the underlying signal pathways. CD11c-positive DCs were successfully derived from mouse bone marrow progenitors. OxLDL promoted the expressions of DCs maturation markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines. OxLDL also upregulated LOX-1 expression and activated MAPK/NF-κB pathways. LOX-1 siRNA could attenuate the expression of MAPK/NF-κB pathways and inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, oxLDL induced the maturation of DCs via LOX-1-mediated MAPK/NF-κB pathway, which contributed to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.

[Mechanism of hepatocyte mitochondrial NDUFA13 deficiency-induced liver fibrogenesis: the role of abnormal hepatic stellate cell activation]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of hepatocyte mitochondrial NDUFA13 loss in the liver fibrogenesis in mice and explore the possible mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE

We used liver-specific NDUFA13 heterozygous knockout mouse models (NDUFA13^fl/-; Alb-Cre) established previously by intercrossing NDUFA13^fl/fl and Alb-Cre mice, with their littermate control NDUFA13^fl/fl mice as the control (n=8). The mice were euthanized at the age of 4 weeks and 2 years, and the liver tissues were collected for HE and Masson staining to observe the pathological changes and fibrosis phenotypes. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of NDUFA13 protein in the liver tissues, and the infiltration of F4/80⁺ macrophages and the expressions of TGF-β1, TNF-α and IL-1β were analyzed by immunofluorescence assay. The expression levels of α-SMA, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases 1 (TIMP-1), collagen-Ⅰ and collagen-Ⅲ were assayed by immunohistochemistry.

OBJECTIVE

HE and Masson staining showed obvious inflammatory infiltration but no significant fibrosis in the liver tissues of 4-week-old NDUFA13^fl/- mice, but severe liver damage with massive fibrosis was observed in 2-year-old NDUFA13^fl/- mice. NDUFA13 expression in 2-year-old NDUFA13^fl/- mice markedly decreased compared with that in the control NDUFA13^fl/fl mice as shown by Western blotting (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed obvious infiltration of F4/80⁺ macrophages in the liver tissue with a large amount of TGF-β1 production (P < 0.05) and TNF-α and IL-1β secretions in NDUFA13^fl/- mice (P < 0.05). NDUFA13 knockout obviously promoted α-SMA expression (P < 0.05) and collagen-Ⅰ and collagen-Ⅲ deposition (P < 0.05) while significantly decreased MMP-9 and increased TIMP-1 expression in the liver (P < 0.05).

OBJECTIVE

Hepatocytes-specific NDUFA13 deficiency can trigger spontaneous and chronic liver fibrosis phenotypes in mice probably in association with abnormal activation of hepatic stellate cells induced by macrophages and inflammatory factors.

Accurate diagnosis of colorectal cancer based on histopathology images using artificial intelligence

BACKGROUND

Accurate and robust pathological image analysis for colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis is time-consuming and knowledge-intensive, but is essential for CRC patients' treatment. The current heavy workload of pathologists in clinics/hospitals may easily lead to unconscious misdiagnosis of CRC based on daily image analyses.

METHODS

Based on a state-of-the-art transfer-learned deep convolutional neural network in artificial intelligence (AI), we proposed a novel patch aggregation strategy for clinic CRC diagnosis using weakly labeled pathological whole-slide image (WSI) patches. This approach was trained and validated using an unprecedented and enormously large number of 170,099 patches, > 14,680 WSIs, from > 9631 subjects that covered diverse and representative clinical cases from multi-independent-sources across China, the USA, and Germany.

RESULTS

Our innovative AI tool consistently and nearly perfectly agreed with (average Kappa statistic 0.896) and even often better than most of the experienced expert pathologists when tested in diagnosing CRC WSIs from multicenters. The average area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of AI was greater than that of the pathologists (0.988 vs 0.970) and achieved the best performance among the application of other AI methods to CRC diagnosis. Our AI-generated heatmap highlights the image regions of cancer tissue/cells.

CONCLUSIONS

This first-ever generalizable AI system can handle large amounts of WSIs consistently and robustly without potential bias due to fatigue commonly experienced by clinical pathologists. It will drastically alleviate the heavy clinical burden of daily pathology diagnosis and improve the treatment for CRC patients. This tool is generalizable to other cancer diagnosis based on image recognition.

[Predictive value of platelet aggregation rate in hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants]

Objective: To explore the predictive value of platelet aggregation rate in patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Methods: This prospective nested case-control study enrolled 72 preterm infants with gestational age<32 weeks, who were admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Xuzhou Central Hospital from August 2017 to October 2019. The echocardiography was performed on the 4^th to 5^th day after birth, and the preterm infants who met the diagnostic criteria of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) were included into hsPDA group, and the control group was comprised of matched preterm infants with non-hsPDA according to the proportion of 1∶2. The basic characteristics of the preterm infants were recorded, and their complete blood counts and platelet aggregation function were examined. Clinical data were compared by student's t test and chi-square test between the two groups. The risk factors and their predictive values were analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: There were 24 preterm infants (16 boys) in the hsPDA group, and 48 (30 boys) in the control group. The incidence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) grade II-IV in the hsPDA group was higher than that in the control group (67% (16/24) vs. 27% (13/48), χ²=10.422, P=0.001). The thrombocytocrit and adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation rate in the hsPDA group were lower than those in the control group (0.002 1±0.000 9 vs. 0.002 8±0.000 9, 0.21±0.10 vs. 0.32±0.07, t=-3.043 and -5.093, P=0.004 and <0.01, respectively); while the platelet volume in the hsPDA group was greater than that in the control group ((10.3±2.4) vs. (9.2±2.0) fl, t = 2.713, P = 0.033). The other platelet parameters (platelet count, platelet distribution width, and large platelet ratio) and platelet aggregation rate induced by other inducers (collagen, epinephrine and arachidonic acid) were not significantly different between the two groups (all P>0.05). The low platelet aggregation rate induced by adenosine diphosphate and low thrombocytocrit were independent risk factors for hsPDA in preterm infants (OR=4.525 and 3.994, 95%CI: 1.305-15.689 and 1.143-13.958, respectively). And the adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation rate had moderate predictive value for hsPDA in preterm infants, as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.809, and the cutoff value was 0.245 with 0.67 sensitivity and 0.86 specificity. Conclusions: Poor platelet aggregation function and low thrombocytocrit are independent risk factors for hsPDA in preterm infants with gestational age<32 weeks. Low platelet aggregation rate induced by adenosine diphosphate has moderate predictive value for hsPDA patency.

Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled-related protein I (sFRP1) may be involved in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells in chronic apical periodontitis

AIM

To explore the mechanism of secreted frizzled-related protein I (sFRP1) involvement in the osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) under inflammatory conditions.

METHODOLOGY

hPDLCs were cultured in an osteogenic differentiation-inducing medium (odi) and subjected to the stimulation of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P. gingivalis LPS) with or without the inhibition of sFRP1. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were carried out to evaluate the expression of osteogenic markers as well as the classic Wnt signalling pathway. Periapical periodontitis was induced in Wistar rats to further confirm the effect of sFRP1 inhibitor on bone loss in vivo. After the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, data were analysed by Student's paired t-test or one-way Anova test with a P value less than 0.05 as the level of statistical significance.

RESULTS

Significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of osteogenic markers were detected in hPDLCs treated with P. gingivalis LPS during osteogenic induction (P < 0.001). Increased expression of sFRP1 was observed (P < 0.01), whilst Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway was inhibited by the addition of P. gingivalis LPS (P < 0.01). After the addition of the sFRP1 inhibitor, the decrease of osteogenic markers (P < 0.05) and the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway (P < 0.05) were reversed significantly. The animal experiment further confirmed that the sFRP1 inhibitor significantly reduced bone loss of periapical lesions in vivo (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Wnt antagonist sFRP1 was involved in the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs under inflammation. Modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway through the inhibition of sFRP1 may offer a new perspective on the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis.

USP13 mediates PTEN to ameliorate osteoarthritis by restraining oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation via AKT-dependent manner

Osteoarthritis is a chronic, systemic and inflammatory disease. However, the pathogenesis and understanding of RA are still limited. Ubiquitin-specific protease 13 (USP13) belongs to the deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) superfamily, and has been implicated in various cellular events. Nevertheless, its potential on RA progression has little to be investigated. In the present study, we found that USP13 expression was markedly up-regulated in synovial tissue samples from patients with RA, and was down-regulated in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (H-FLSs) stimulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We then showed that over-expressing USP13 markedly suppressed inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis in H-FLSs upon IL-1β or TNF-α challenge, whereas USP13 knockdown exhibited detrimental effects. In addition, USP13-induced protective effects were associated with the improvement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and the repression of Casapse-3. Furthermore, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression was greatly improved by USP13 in H-FLSs upon IL-1β or TNF-α treatment, whereas phosphorylated AKT expression was diminished. In response to IL-1β or TNF-α exposure, nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway was activated, whereas being significantly restrained in H-FLSs over-expressing USP13. Mechanistically, USP13 directly interacted with PTEN. Of note, we found that USP13-regulated cellular processes including inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death were partly dependent on AKT activation. Furthermore, USP13 over-expression effectively inhibited osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast-associated gene expression. The in vivo experiments finally confirmed that USP13 dramatically repressed synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, cartilage damage and bone loss in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice via the same molecular mechanisms detected in vitro. Taken together, these findings suggested that targeting USP13 may provide feasible therapies for RA.

Extensible artificial intelligence model predicts post-ablation AF recurrence using coronary sinus electrogram

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major public health problem with significant adverse outcomes and catheter ablation is a widely adopted treatment. The CABANA trial showed that catheter ablation reduced AF recurrence to a greater extent than medications. However, some of patients who underwent this procedure still experience relapse. Here, we present an innovative way to identify this subgroup using an artificial intelligence (AI) -assisted coronary sinus electrogram.

Hypothesis

Our hypothesis is that credible features in the electrogram can be extracted by AI for prediction, therefore rigorous drug administration, close follow-up or potential second procedure can be applied to these patients.

Methods

67 patients from two independent hospitals (SPH & ZSH) with non-valvular persistent AF undergoing circumferential pulmonary vein isolation were enrolled in this study, 23 of which experienced recurrence 6 months after the procedure. We collected standard 2.5-second fragments of coronary sinus electrogram from ENSITE NAVX (SPH) and Carto (ZSH)system before the ablation started. A total of 1429 fragments were obtained and a transfer learning-based ResNet model was employed in our study. Fragments from ZSH were used for training and SPH for validation of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN). The AI model performance was evaluated by accuracy, recall, precision, F-Measure and AUC.

Results

The prediction accuracy of the DCNN in single center reached 96%, while that in different ablation systems reached 74.3%. Also, the algorithm yielded values for the AUC, recall, precision and F-Measure of 0.76, 86.1%, 95.9% and 0.78, respectively, which shows satisfactory classification results and extensibility in different cardiology centers and brands of electroanatomic mapping instruments.

Conclusions

Our work has revealed the potential intrinsic correlation between coronary sinus electrical activity and AF recurrence using DCNN-based model. Moreover, the DCNN model we developed shows great prospects in the relapse prediction for personalized post-procedural management.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): The National Natural Science Foundation of China

LncRNA MALAT1 inhibits osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in osteoporosis rats through MAPK signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore whether long non-coding ribonucleic acid metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (lncRNA MALAT1) could lead to osteoporosis (OP) by stimulating the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The OP model was first successfully established in rats. The expression of lncRNA MALAT1 in OP rats and normal rats was detected via quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were cultured and transfected to establish the MALAT1 knockdown model. Subsequently, the apoptosis of mesenchymal stem cells in MALAT1 siRNA group and NC siRNA group was detected via flow cytometry. Meanwhile, the expressions of the MAPK signaling pathway proteins related to OP were detected via Western blotting. After alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining in cells of both groups, early osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was observed.

RESULTS

The results of qPCR showed that the expression of lncRNA MALAT1 in OP rats was significantly lower than that of normal rats. It was observed under a fluorescence microscope that there were a large number of siRNA particles in BMSCs. The expression of lncRNA MALAT1 in cells was detected via Real Time-fluorescence qPCR as well. The results indicated that siRNA transfection could effectively inhibit the expression of lncRNA MALAT1, indicating successful transfection. Flow cytometry revealed that no significant difference was observed in the apoptosis of BMSCs between the MALAT1 siRNA group and NC siRNA group. Besides, the results of Western blotting showed that the expression levels of the MAPK signaling pathway-related proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and P38 in MALAT1 siRNA group were significantly higher than those of the NC siRNA group. This indicated that inhibiting the expression of lncRNA MALAT1 might promote the activation of the OP-related MAPK pathway. According to the results of ALP staining, the depth of staining in MALAT1 siRNA group was markedly declined when compared with the NC siRNA group. Quantification of ALP activity demonstrated that ALP activity in the MALAT1 siRNA group was markedly declined compared with the NC siRNA group. The above results suggested that suppressing the expression of lncRNA MALAT1 could reduce the ALP activity of BMSCs. Furthermore, lncRNA MALAT1 inhibited osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.

CONCLUSIONS

LncRNA MALAT1 was lowly expressed in OP rats. Moreover, it inhibited osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by enhancing the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby promoting OP progression.

[Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors: DICER1 hotspot mutations and associated clinicopathological features]

Objective: To investigate DICER1 hotspot mutations in ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor (SLCT) and its associated clinicopathological features. Methods: Forty-three SLCTs and 40 other sex cord-stromal tumors (SCSTs) diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center were examined for somatic DICER1 hotspot mutations by Sanger sequencing. The associations between mutation status and clinicopathological features, including patient age, tumor differentiation and recurrence, were analyzed. Results: Somatic DICER1 mutations were found in 51% (22/43) of SLCTs, while none in the other 40 SCSTs. The most common mutation of DICER1 was p.D1709N in exon 24 (41%, 9/22) and the second most common mutation of DICER1 was p.E1813K in exon 25 (14%, 3/22). A novel frameshift mutation (c.5464delG, p.M1837fs*16) was identified in one SLCT with microcystic pattern. Mutations were more likely to occur in patients under forty years of age (P=0.046), whereas no significant associations were found between DICER1 mutations and clinical symptoms, morphology or tumor recurrence. Conclusions: Somatic DCIER1 hotspot mutations are specifically found in SLCT and may serve as an ancillary marker in differential diagnosis of SLCT from other SCST. The mutations occur more often in young patients (<40 years old). Additional studies are warranted to examine the associations between DICER1 mutations and clinicopathological features and prognosis of SLCT.

Sequentially addressable dielectrophoretic array for high-throughput sorting of large-volume biological compartments

Droplet microfluidics has become a powerful tool in precision medicine, green biotechnology, and cell therapy for single-cell analysis and selection by virtue of its ability to effectively confine cells. However, there remains a fundamental trade-off between droplet volume and sorting throughput, limiting the advantages of droplet microfluidics to small droplets (<10 pl) that are incompatible with long-term maintenance and growth of most cells. We present a sequentially addressable dielectrophoretic array (SADA) sorter to overcome this problem. The SADA sorter uses an on-chip array of electrodes activated and deactivated in a sequence synchronized to the speed and position of a passing target droplet to deliver an accumulated dielectrophoretic force and gently pull it in the direction of sorting in a high-speed flow. We use it to demonstrate large-droplet sorting with ~20-fold higher throughputs than conventional techniques and apply it to long-term single-cell analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on their growth rate.

[Breast schistosomiasis japonica: a case report]

A case with breast schistosomiasis japonica was reported.

Constraints on Lorentz Invariance Violation from HAWC Observations of Gamma Rays above 100 TeV

Because of the high energies and long distances to the sources, astrophysical observations provide a unique opportunity to test possible signatures of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV). Superluminal LIV enables the decay of photons at high energy. The high altitude water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is among the most sensitive gamma-ray instruments currently operating above 10 TeV. HAWC finds evidence of 100 TeV photon emission from at least four astrophysical sources. These observations exclude, for the strongest of the limits set, the LIV energy scale to 2.2×10^{31}  eV, over 1800 times the Planck energy and an improvement of 1 to 2 orders of magnitude over previous limits.

[The performance of visual photoscreening for Chinese preschool children aged 4 to 5 years]

Objective: To assess the accuracy of photoscreening for detecting refractive amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) in Chinese preschool children aged 4 to 5 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study. Comprehensive ocular examinations were conducted for preschool children in Nanjing, China from September to December, 2016. Photoscreening (Plusoptix A12C) was applied for refractive screening without cycloplegia. Voluntary children and children suspected of eyes abnormalities received cycloplegic retinoscopy (CR). Results of photoscreening and CR were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank test, and Bland-Altman plot were used to assess the agreement between the photoscreener and CR. According to the updated preschool vision screening guidelines from American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) in 2013, CR was adopted for identifying children with ARFs, which was considered as a golden standard. Based on the golden standard, the accuracy of 5 sets of referral criteria (including sensitivity standard, Matta/Silbert standard, AAPOS2013 standard, Alaska Blind Child Discovery standard, specificity standard) for photoscreener were tested. Receiver operating characteristics curves were constructed applied to evaluate the quality of the photoscreener in refractive ARFs detection and to find probably the best cut-off points. Results: In total, 1 986 children [mean age, (4.57±0.29) years] received comprehensive examinations, including 1 084 boys and 902 girls. The test ability of photoscreening was 99.04% (1 967/1 986) in the preschool children, and 96.56%(1 827/1 892) of the children got a reliable result within three screening attempts. In 538 children who had data of CR, refractive error of one child exceeded the upper limit of the photoscreener value setting, which was directly categorized as hyperopia, so in the end, 537 children were included to analyze the comparison between the two tests. The measurement values of photoscreening were lower than those of CR in sphere, cylinder and spherical equivalent [(0.75 (0.50, 1.25) D vs. 1.25 (1.00, 1.75) D, Z=-10.36, P<0.01; -0.50 (-0.75, -0.25) D vs. -0.25 (-0.75, 0.00) D, Z=-11.10, P<0.01; 0.63 (0.38, 0.88) D vs. 1.00 (0.75, 1.50) D, Z=-13.33, P<0.01]. The 95% limit of agreement cover rates between the photoscreening and CR in sphere, cylinder and spherical equivalent was 96.28% (517/537), 95.34% (512/537) and 96.65% (519/537), respectively. Based on the golden standard, 47 (8.74%) children had refractive ARFs, and the range of sensitivity, specificity, Youden index, positive predictive values and negative predictive values for detecting refractive ARFs of the 5 common used referral criteria was from 63.83% to 97.87%, from 53.36% to 97.56%, from 0.51 to 0.80, from 16.73% to 74.51% and from 96.57% to 99.62%, respectively. Considering particular refractive ARFs on the basis of the receiver operating characteristic curves, the optimal cut-off point for astigmatism was set at 1.38 D. Conclusion: Photoscreening could be an applicable tool to detect refractive ARFs in preschool children. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56: 189-196).

Robust weak antilocalization due to spin-orbital entanglement in Dirac material Sr3SnO

The presence of both inversion (P) and time-reversal (T) symmetries in solids leads to a double degeneracy of the electronic bands (Kramers degeneracy). By lifting the degeneracy, spin textures manifest themselves in momentum space, as in topological insulators or in strong Rashba materials. The existence of spin textures with Kramers degeneracy, however, is difficult to observe directly. Here, we use quantum interference measurements to provide evidence for the existence of hidden entanglement between spin and momentum in the antiperovskite-type Dirac material Sr3SnO. We find robust weak antilocalization (WAL) independent of the position of EF. The observed WAL is fitted using a single interference channel at low doping, which implies that the different Dirac valleys are mixed by disorder. Notably, this mixing does not suppress WAL, suggesting contrasting interference physics compared to graphene. We identify scattering among axially spin-momentum locked states as a key process that leads to a spin-orbital entanglement.

Multiple Galactic Sources with Emission Above 56 TeV Detected by HAWC

We present the first catalog of gamma-ray sources emitting above 56 and 100 TeV with data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov Observatory, a wide field-of-view observatory capable of detecting gamma rays up to a few hundred TeV. Nine sources are observed above 56 TeV, all of which are likely galactic in origin. Three sources continue emitting past 100 TeV, making this the highest-energy gamma-ray source catalog to date. We report the integral flux of each of these objects. We also report spectra for three highest-energy sources and discuss the possibility that they are PeVatrons.

Seven Novel and Three Known Mutations in FOXL2 in 10 Chinese Families with Blepharophimosis Syndrome

BACKGROUND

Blepharophimosis syndrome (BPES) is characterized by eyelid malformation with occasional premature ovarian failure. Mutations in FOXL2 underlie a fraction of BPES cases.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the genetic basis of BPES in 26 Chinese families that included 78 patients.

METHODS

We performed ophthalmological examinations on each family member. We used Sanger sequencing to screen FOXL2 exons and their flanking sequences. We also performed bioinformatics studies, structural modeling and pathogenicity evaluations on all identified variations. Literature was reviewed and genotype-phenotype correlation analysis was performed.

RESULTS

The patients had typical manifestations of BPES. Ten mutations were identified in ten of the twenty-six families. Among these, seven were novel mutations. These included the six truncating mutations, p.Glu69*, p.Gly256Glyfs*14, p.Ala14Serfs*135, p.Pro333Profs*200, p.Pro290Leufs*70, and p.Pro157Profs*91, and one missense mutation, p.Tyr59Cys. The mutations were scattered within the gene, and no mutational hotspots were found. Genotype-phenotype correlation analysis showed that frameshift or nonsense mutations were correlated with type I BPES, while in-frame or missense mutations were associated with type II BPES.

CONCLUSION

We report the largest BPES cohort in China thus far as well as seven novel mutations in FOXL2. The identification of novel mutations has not only expanded the mutational spectrum of the gene (which is valuable for mutation detection-based screening) but also suggests that most mutations within the Chinese population may not have been characterized yet.

[Clinicopathological study of BCOR rearrangement in high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma]

Objective: To investigate clinicopathological, cytogenetic features and differential diagnoses of high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HGESS) with BCOR gene rearrangement. Methods: Five cases of HGESS with BCOR rearrangement were collected from consultant files (2016-2018) at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. Interphase FISH was performed using a dual color break-apart probe. The clinical data, histologic features and immunohistochemical findings were reviewed. Results: All 5 cases occurred in adult women with a median age of 48 (range, 45-55) years. Abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal bleeding were the most common symptoms. Microscopically, the tumors showed mainly tongue-like and/or intersecting myometrial invasion. Stromal myxoid matrix and/or collagen plaques were prominent in all the cases. Most tumors consisted of uniform, haphazard fascicles of short spindle cells with mild to moderate nuclear atypia. Mitotic figures and necrosis were easily identified. Significant nuclear pleomorphism was not seen. Most tumors were rich in thick-walled small vessels. Prominent perivascular tumor cell whorling seen in conventional low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma was not seen. All tumors expressed CD10 with only focal or absent desmin, SMA and/or h-caldesmon staining. ER or PR expression was seen in 4 tumors and 1 tumor showed both marker expression. Diffuse cyclin D1 was present in 2 tumors. BCOR immunoreactivity was present with strong staining in 3 cases and moderate staining in 1 case respectively. Ki-67 index ranged from 10% to 30%. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed chromosomal aberration of BCOR gene in all tumors, that were previously diagnosed as myxoid leiomyosarcoma (2 cases), spindle cell uterine sarcoma (2 cases) and low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (1 case). Limited follow-up information revealed that 3/5 patients developed tumor recurrence, metastasis or death within one year. Conclusion: BCOR rearranged HGESS has distinct morphological features and aggressive clinical behavior. In the presence of significant overlapping morphologic features between BCOR rearranged HGESS and other myxoid uterine mesenchymal tumors, especially myxoid leiomyosarcoma, molecular analysis is essential for accurate diagnoses.

Decreased Expression of TIM-3 on Th17 Cells Associated with Ophthalmopathy in Patients with Graves' Disease

Purpose:

Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy (TAO) is one of the most common orbital immunological diseases in adults. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of TAO. But the mechanisms regulating CD4+ T cell activity is unclear. This study examines T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) expression in helper T cell type 1 (Th1), Th17, and regulatory T cells in sufferers of TAO.

Methods:

Participants were divided into 3 groups: patients with TAO, patients with Graves’ disease but without orbitopathy (GD), and healthy control patients (HC). Peripheral blood samples were collected for each patient in the designated group. Flow cytometry methods assessed the frequency of Th1 (CD4+IFN-γ+), Th17 (CD4+IL-17+), regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25hiCD127lo), and TIM-3 protein expression. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) measured the magnitude of TIM-3 expression and the percentage of TIM-3+ cells for each patient.

Results:

Compared to the GD group, TAO patients possessed higher frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cells in peripheral blood samples. The percentage of TIM-3+ Th1 and Th17 cells was significantly lower in the TAO patients than the GD group. Across all patients sampled, TIM-3+ cell percentage negatively correlated with Th1 cell frequency. Th1 and Th17 cells exhibited significantly decreased expression of TIM-3 in TAO patients compared to healthy controls. Regulatory T cells showed little TIM-3 expression and we observed no significant differences in frequency between groups.

Conclusion:

These results suggest a role for TIM-3 in the regulation of Th1 and Th17 cells and the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy.

Conserving evolutionary history does not result in greater diversity over geological time scales

Alternative prioritization strategies have been proposed to safeguard biodiversity over macroevolutionary time scales. The first prioritizes the most distantly related species—maximizing phylogenetic diversity (PD)—in the hopes of capturing at least some lineages that will successfully diversify into the future. The second prioritizes lineages that are currently speciating, in the hopes that successful lineages will continue to generate species into the future. These contrasting schemes also map onto contrasting predictions about the role of slow diversifiers in the production of biodiversity over palaeontological time scales. We consider the performance of the two schemes across 10 dated species-level palaeo-phylogenetic trees ranging from Foraminifera to dinosaurs. We find that prioritizing PD for conservation generally led to fewer subsequent lineages, while prioritizing diversifiers led to modestly more subsequent diversity, compared with random sets of lineages. Importantly for conservation, the tree shape when decisions are made cannot predict which scheme will be most successful. These patterns are inconsistent with the notion that long-lived lineages are the source of new species. While there may be sound reasons for prioritizing PD for conservation, long-term species production might not be one of them.