Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in head and neck oncologic surgery: Impact on return to intended oncologic therapy (RIOT) and survival

BACKGROUND

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) pathways in head and neck cancer (HNC) have shown to improve perioperative outcomes and reduce complications. The longer term implications on adjuvant treatment and survival have not been studied. We hereby report the first study on the impact of an ERAS pathway on return to intended oncologic treatment (RIOT) and overall survival (OS) in HNC.

METHODS

200 patients undergoing head and neck oncologic surgery on an ERAS pathway between March 1, 2016 and March 31, 2019 were matched to controls over the same interval. Demographic, tumor and adjuvant therapy-related data were collected, including time to adjuvant therapy(TAT) and treatment package time(TPT). Risk factors for TAT > 42 days and TPT ≥ 85 days were assessed. OS was compared and risk factors for inferior OS determined.

RESULTS

Baseline characteristics including co-morbidities and tumor stage were similar. Of 179 patients planned for adjuvant treatment, there was no difference in RIOT rate (89.0% vs 87.5%, p = 0.753), proportion of TAT > 42 days of surgery (55.6% vs 59.7%, p = 0.642), or TPT ≥ 85 days (48.1% vs 57.1, p = 0.258), for the ERAS and control groups, respectively. On multivariate analysis, alcohol use (OR 3.58; 95 %CI 1.11-11.52) and recurrent disease status (OR 2.88; 95 %CI 1.40-5.93) were independently associated with prolonged TAT. Three-year OS was similar between the ERAS and control groups (73% vs 76%, p = 0.521).

CONCLUSION

ERAS has not shown to improve RIOT or OS in the current study. However, its benefit for perioperative outcomes is undeniable and further studies are required on longer term quality and survival outcomes.

Cross-Cultural Brain Activity Differences Between True and Sham Acupuncture for Xerostomia During Head and Neck Cancer Radiotherapy

Background:

A prior phase III, multicenter (United States and China), clinical trial found true acupuncture (TA) resulted in lower xerostomia scores 12 months after radiotherapy than that of a standard care control group. This small pilot study examined brain function changes comparing TA to sham acupuncture (SA) in US and Fudan patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy.

Methods:

To determine cerebral activity during TA versus SA acupuncture, patients underwent electroencephalogram evaluation (EEG) immediately prior, during and after both conditions. Acupuncture occurred during weeks 3 to 5 of radiotherapy, with patients receiving either TA or SA, followed 2 to 3 days later by the other treatment in a counterbalanced manner.

Results:

In the TA minus SA condition (N = 14 Fudan; N = 13 US), most changes were in the delta (0.5-3.5 Hz) and alpha (8-12 Hz) bandwidths. Delta was present in the frontal gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus. Alpha was present in the anterior and posterior cingulate, lingual gyrus, amygdala, precuneus, medial frontal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus. Maximal cortical differences in the Fudan cohort between TA and SA were in areas previously shown to be associated with (TA). In the US cohort, maximal differences between TA and SA were associated with areas which are usually decreased in TA conditions.

Conclusions:

There were distinct differences in brain function between those receiving TA and SA and there were clear differences between cultures, helping to explain the lack of placebo effect in the Fudan participants and strong placebo effect in the US patients.

Evolutionary Action Score of TP53 Analysis in Pathologically High-Risk Human Papillomavirus-Negative Head and Neck Cancer From a Phase 2 Clinical Trial: NRG Oncology Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0234

Purpose

An evolutionary action scoring algorithm (EAp53) based on phylogenetic sequence variations stratifies patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) bearing TP53 missense mutations as high-risk, associated with poor outcomes, or low-risk, with similar outcomes as TP53 wild-type, and has been validated as a reliable prognostic marker. We performed this study to further validate prior findings demonstrating that EAp53 is a prognostic marker for patients with locally advanced HNSCC and explored its predictive value for treatment outcomes to adjuvant bio-chemoradiotherapy.

Methods and Materials

Eighty-one resection samples from patients treated surgically for stage III or IV human papillomavirus-negative HNSCC with high-risk pathologic features, who received either radiation therapy + cetuximab + cisplatin (cisplatin) or radiation therapy + cetuximab + docetaxel (docetaxel) as adjuvant treatment in a phase 2 study were subjected to TP53 targeted sequencing and EAp53 scoring to correlate with clinical outcomes. Due to the limited sample size, patients were combined into 2 EAp53 groups: (1) wild-type or low-risk; and (2) high-risk or other.

Results

At a median follow-up of 9.8 years, there was a significant interaction between EAp53 group and treatment for overall survival (P = .008), disease-free survival (P = .05), and distant metastasis (DM; P = .004). In wild-type or low-risk group, the docetaxel arm showed significantly better overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.11, [0.03-0.36]), disease-free survival (HR 0.24, [0.09-0.61]), and less DM (HR 0.04, [0.01-0.31]) than the cisplatin arm. In high-risk or other group, differences between treatments were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The docetaxel arm was associated with better survival than the cisplatin arm for patients with wild-type or low-risk EAp53. These benefits appear to be largely driven by a reduction in DM.

Feasibility of Mobile and Sensor Technology for Remote Monitoring in Cancer Care and Prevention

Objectives. Remote monitoring (RM) of health-related outcomes may optimize cancer care and prevention outside of clinic settings. CYCORE is a software-based system for collection and analyses of sensor and mobile data. We evaluated CYCORE's feasibility in studies assessing: (1) physical functioning in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients; (2) swallowing exercise adherence in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients during radiation therapy; and (3) tobacco use in cancer survivors post-tobacco treatment (TTP). Methods. Participants completed RM: for CRC, blood pressure, activity, GPS; for HNC, video of swallowing exercises; for TTP, expired carbon monoxide. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed daily. Results. For CRC, HNC and TTP, respectively, 50, 37, and 50 participants achieved 96%, 84%, 96% completion rates. Also, 91-100% rated ease and self-efficacy as highly favorable, 72-100% gave equivalent ratings for overall satisfaction, 72-93% had low/no data privacy concerns. Conclusion. RM was highly feasible and acceptable for patients across diverse use cases.

Comprehensive Quantitative Evaluation of Variability in MR-guided Delineation of Oropharyngeal Gross Tumor Volumes and High-risk Clinical Target Volumes: An R-IDEAL Stage 0 Prospective Study

PURPOSE

Tumor and target volume manual delineation remains a challenging task in head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to conduct a multi-institutional evaluation of manual delineations of gross tumor volume (GTV), high-risk clinical target volume (CTV), parotids, and submandibular glands on treatment simulation MR scans of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) patients.

METHODS

Pre-treatment T1-weighted (T1w), T1-weighted with gadolinium contrast (T1w+C) and T2-weighted (T2w) MRI scans were retrospectively collected for 4 OPC patients under an IRB-approved protocol. The scans were provided to twenty-six radiation oncologists from seven international cancer centers who participated in this delineation study. In addition, patients' clinical history and physical examination findings, along with a medical photographic image and radiological results, were provided. The contours were compared using overlap/distance metrics using both STAPLE and pair-wise comparisons. Lastly, participants completed a brief questionnaire to assess participants' experience and CTV delineation institutional practices.

RESULTS

Large variability was measured between observers' delineations for GTVs and CTVs. The mean Dice Similarity Coefficient values across all physicians' delineations for GTVp, GTVn, CTVp, and CTVn were 0.77, 0.67, 0.77, and 0.69, respectively, for STAPLE comparison and 0.67, 0.60, 0.67, and 0.58, respectively, for pair-wise analysis. Normal tissue contours were defined more consistently when considering overlap/distance metrics. The median radiation oncology clinical experience was 7 years. The median experience delineating on MRI was 3.5 years. The GTV-to-CTV margin used was 10 mm for six of seven participant institutions. One institution used 8 mm and three participants (from three different institutions) used a margin of 5 mm.

CONCLUSION

The data from this study suggests that appropriate guidelines, contouring quality assurance sessions, and training are still needed for the adoption of MR-based treatment planning for head-and-neck cancers. Such efforts should play a critical role in reducing delineation variation and ensure standardization of target design across clinical practices.

The influence of radiation dose on taste impairment in a prospective observational study cohort of oropharyngeal cancer patients

BACKGROUND

To analyze the influence of radiation dose on late radiation-associated taste impairment in oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) using the taste bud bearing tongue mucosa as organ at risk.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study is part of an ongoing, prospective observational study. Cancer-free OPC survivors with at least 24 months from IMRT were included in this analysis. Scores for taste impairment and dry mouth were extracted from the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory Head and Neck module (MDASI-HN) with scores of ≥5 considered as moderate-to-severe symptoms. The mean dose, minimum and maximum dose to the taste bud bearing tongue mucosa, the ipsi- and contralateral parotid and submandibular glands were extracted and analyzed for correlation with moderate-to-severe taste impairment.

RESULTS

One hundred sixteen T1-4 OPC patients were included (81% males, median age: 55). The primary tumor was in the tonsil in 92 cases (79%) and in the base of tongue in 21 cases (18%). Patients were treated with 64.2-72.0 Gy; 37 patients (32%) received concurrent chemotherapy and 22 (19%) concurrent targeted therapy. After a median of 58 months from RT (IQR: 43-68) 38 patients (33%) suffered from moderate-to-severe long-term radiation-associated taste impairment. No dose volume parameter of the taste bud bearing tongue mucosa and the salivary glands was significantly associated with moderate-to-severe taste impairment for the whole patient cohort. For patients without concurrent chemotherapy, the minimum and mean dose to the ipsilateral parotid gland, and the maximum dose to the submandibular gland was significantly associated with late taste impairment (all p < 0.05). A significant correlation was found between taste impairment and dry mouth (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The dose to the ipsilateral parotid gland seems to play an important role in the development of late taste impairment. The influence of dose to the taste bud bearing tongue mucosa remains unclear and needs further investigation.

Proton Image-guided Radiation Assignment for Therapeutic Escalation via Selection of locally advanced head and neck cancer patients [PIRATES]: A Phase I safety and feasibility trial of MRI-guided adaptive particle radiotherapy

INTRODUCTION

Radiation dose-escalation for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients aiming to improve cure rates is challenging due to the increased risk of unacceptable treatment-induced toxicities. With "Proton Image-guided Radiation Assignment for Therapeutic Escalation via Selection of locally advanced head and neck cancer patients" (PIRATES), we present a novel treatment approach that is designed to facilitate dose-escalation while minimizing the risk of dose-limiting toxicities for locally advanced HPV-negative HNC patients. The aim of this Phase I trial is to assess the safety & feasibility of PIRATES approach.

METHODS

The PIRATES protocol employs a multi-faceted dose-escalation approach to minimize the risk of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs): 1) sparing surrounding normal tissue from extraneous dose with intensity-modulated proton therapy, 2) mid-treatment hybrid hyper-fractionation for radiobiologic normal tissue sparing; 3) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) guided mid-treatment boost volume adaptation, and 4) iso-effective restricted organ-at-risk dosing to mucosa and bone tissues.The time-to-event Bayesian optimal interval (TITE-BOIN) design is employed to address the challenge of the long DLT window of 6 months and find the maximum tolerated dose. The primary endpoint is unacceptable radiation-induced toxicities (Grade 4, mucositis, dermatitis, or Grade 3 myelopathy, osteoradionecrosis) occurring within 6 months following radiotherapy. The second endpoint is any grade 3 toxicity occurring in 3-6 months after radiation.

DISCUSSION

The PIRATES dose-escalation approach is designed to provide a safe avenue to intensify local treatment for HNC patients for whom therapy with conventional radiation dose levels is likely to fail. PIRATES aims to minimize the radiation damage to the tissue surrounding the tumor volume with the combination of proton therapy and adaptive radiotherapy and within the high dose tumor volume with hybrid hyper-fractionation and not boosting mucosal and bone tissues. Ultimately, if successful, PIRATES has the potential to safety increase local control rates in HNC patients with high loco-regional failure risk.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04870840; Registration date: May 4, 2021.Netherlands Trial Register ID: NL9603; Registration date: July 15, 2021.

Tips for Building a Community for Incoming Medical Students Virtually in the COVID-19 Era

A sense of community benefits medical trainees by preserving mental well-being, nurturing collegiality and mentorship, and grounding ties with partnering organizations and services. Within medical school, building these support relationships often begins shortly after matriculation. In the current pandemic and the accompanying shift to a virtual class format, we believe that a dedicated effort to foster this sense of community is crucial for students who otherwise may feel untethered to their new learning environment. Here, we detail tips for building a medical school community virtually in the COVID-19 era between peers, within the school institution, and within the surrounding environment.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-021-01447-z.

Risk stratification after recurrence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related and non-HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer: A secondary analysis of NRG Oncology RTOG 0129 and 0522

BACKGROUND

No risk-stratification strategies exist for patients with recurrent oropharyngeal cancer (OPC).

METHODS

Retrospective analysis using data from prospective NRG Oncology clinical trials RTOG 0129 and 0522. Eligibility criteria included known p16 status and smoking history, and locoregional/distant recurrence. Overall survival (OS) was measured from date of recurrence. Recursive partitioning analysis was performed to produce mutually exclusive risk groups.

RESULTS

Hundred and fifty-four patients were included with median follow-up after recurrence of 3.9 years (range 0.04-9.0). The most important factors influencing survival were p16 status and type of recurrence, followed by surgical salvage and smoking history (≤20 vs. >20 pack-years). Three significantly different risk groups were identified. Patients in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups had 2-year OS after recurrence of 81.1% (95%CI 68.5-93.7), 50.2% (95%CI 36.0-64.5), and 20.8% (95%CI 10.5-31.1), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Patient and tumor characteristics may be used to stratify patients into risk groups at the time of OPC recurrence.

Stereotactic body ablative radiotherapy for reirradiation of small volume head and neck cancers is associated with prolonged survival: Large, single-institution, modern cohort study

BACKGROUND

Recurrent head and neck cancer has poor prognosis. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) may improve outcomes by delivering ablative radiation doses.

METHODS

We reviewed patients who received definitive-intent SBRT reirradiation at our institution from 2013 to 2020. Patterns of failure, overall survival (OS), and toxicities were analyzed.

RESULTS

One hundred and thirty-seven patients were evaluated. The median OS was 44.3 months. The median SBRT dose was 45 Gy and median target volume 16.9 cc. The 1-year local, regional, and distant control was 78%, 66%, and 83%, respectively. Systemic therapy improved regional (p = 0.004) and distant control (p = 0.04) in nonmetastatic patients. Grade 3+ toxicities were more common at mucosal sites (p = 0.001) and with concurrent systemic therapy (p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

In a large cohort of SBRT reirradiation for recurrent, small volume head and neck cancers, a median OS of 44.3 months was observed. Systemic therapy improved regional and distant control. Toxicities were modulated by anatomic site and systemic therapy.

Therapeutic approaches and outcomes in patients with larynx or hypopharynx high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma: A single-center retrospective analysis

BACKGROUND

High-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx (HG-NECL) is rare and aggressive with limited data regarding response to systemic therapy. We evaluated clinicopathological features, therapeutic approaches, and outcomes in patients with laryngeal or hypopharyngeal HG-NECL.

METHODS

Data were retrospectively collected through 1997-2020. Median disease-free (mDFS), progression-free (mPFS), and overall survival (mOS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS

Fifteen patients were identified; most had locoregional (N = 7) or metastatic disease (N = 5). The main curative-intent treatment was chemoradiation concurrent with platinum-based chemotherapy; the rate of complete response was 78%. Most patients (80%) developed recurrence; the mDFS was 13.1 months. For the first-line palliative therapy, the ORR and mPFS were 50% and 3.1 months, respectively. For all patients, the mOS was 17.8 months, and 8.6 months for metastatic disease.

CONCLUSION

Laryngeal HG-NEC is associated with high relapse rates and dismal prognosis for those with recurrent/metastatic disease. Novel therapeutic strategies are needed.

Factors associated with complex oral treatment device usage in patients with head and neck cancer

•

We studied complex oral treatment devices (COTDs) usage for head and neck cancer.

•

SEER data (1992–2013) indicated use of COTDs increased from 36 to 67% of patients.

•

COTD usage associated with age, gender, and geographic location of care.

•

This is the first known study to use SEER data to analyze COTD usage.

Purpose

The objective was to identify clinical and epidemiological factors associated with utilization of a complex oral treatment device (COTD), which may decrease toxicity in patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer (HNC).

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed data from 1992 to 2013 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare databases to analyze COTD usage during intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for patients diagnosed with cancer of the tongue, floor of mouth, nasopharynx, tonsil, or oropharynx. Patients with a radiation simulation and complex treatment device code within 4 weeks before the first IMRT claim were identified as meeting COTD usage criteria. Demographic, regional, tumor, and treatment data were analyzed.

Results

Out of 4511 patients who met eligibility criteria, 1932 patients (42.8%) did not utilize a COTD while 2579 (57.2%) met usage criteria. COTD utilization increased over time (36.36% usage in 1992 vs. 67.44% usage in 2013, p < .0001). Patients less likely to receive a COTD included those aged 86 years or older compared to those aged 66–70 (OR = 0.713, 95% CI: 0.528–0.962), male patients (OR = 0.817, 95% CI: 0.710–0.941), non-Hispanic Black patients compared to non-Hispanic White patients (OR = 0.750, 95% CI: 0.582–0.966), and Louisiana residents (OR = 0.367, 95% CI: 0.279–0.483). Cancer site, grade, stage, or function of IMRT had no significant association with COTD usage.

Conclusions

This study serves as the first known SEER-Medicare review of COTD utilization. Despite an increase in COTD usage over time, our results indicate age, gender, and geographic disparities are associated with utilization. Further research and development into methods that increase availability of COTDs may help increase utilization in specific patient populations.

Pilot Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Locoregionally Advanced, Resectable Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

PURPOSE

In locoregionally advanced, resectable cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (CSCC-HN), surgery followed by radiotherapy is standard but can be cosmetically and functionally devastating, and many patients will have recurrence.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Newly diagnosed or recurrent stage III-IVA CSCC-HN patients amenable to curative-intent surgery received two cycles of neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibition. The primary endpoint was ORR per RECIST 1.1. Secondary endpoints included pathologic response [pathologic complete response (pCR) or major pathologic response (MPR; ≤10% viable tumor)], safety, DSS, DFS, and OS. Exploratory endpoints included immune biomarkers of response.

RESULTS

Of 20 patients enrolled, 7 had recurrent disease. While only 6 patients [30%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 11.9-54.3] had partial responses by RECIST, 14 patients (70%; 95% CI, 45.7-88.1) had a pCR (n = 11) or MPR (n = 3). No SAEs ocurred during or after the neoadjuvant treatment. At a median follow-up of 22.6 months (95% CI, 21.7-26.1), one patient progressed and died, one died without disease, and two developed recurrence. The 12-month DSS, DFS, and OS rates were 95% (95% CI, 85.9-100), 89.5% (95% CI, 76.7-100), and 95% (95% CI, 85.9-100), respectively. Gene expression studies revealed an inflamed tumor microenvironment in patients with pCR or MPR, and CyTOF analyses demonstrated a memory CD8+ T-cell cluster enriched in patients with pCR.

CONCLUSIONS

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy in locoregionally advanced, resectable CSCC-HN is safe and induces a high pathologic response rate. Pathologic responses were associated with an inflamed tumor microenvironment.

Elective neck dissection versus observation in patients with head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The survival benefit of elective neck dissection (END) for patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) of the head and neck and no evidence of regional metastasis (cN0) has never been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of END on patient survival.

METHODS

The authors included patients with head and neck cSCC who had undergone primary surgery from 1995 to 2017. The primary end point was survival, and the secondary end points were the incidence of occult regional disease and regional disease control. To assess the impact of END on survival, the authors used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with propensity score and matching techniques for internal validation.

RESULTS

A total of 1111 patients presented with no evidence of nodal disease; 173 had END, and 938 were observed. Adjuvant radiotherapy to the neck was administered to 101 patients (9%). END resulted in a 5-year overall survival rate of 52%, whereas the rate was 63% in the observation group (P = .003 [log-rank]). The 5-year disease-free survival rate for patients undergoing END was similar to that for the observation group (73% vs 75%; P = .429). A multivariate regression model showed that the performance of END was not associated with improved rates of overall, disease-specific, or disease-free survival; similarly, among patients with advanced disease (T3-4), those who underwent END did not have improved survival rates.

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients with cSCC of the head and neck, observation of the neck nodes resulted in noninferior survival rates in comparison with END at the time of primary surgery. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of END in patients with advanced disease.

Salivary Gland Hypofunction and/or Xerostomia Induced by Nonsurgical Cancer Therapies: ISOO/MASCC/ASCO Guideline

PURPOSE

To provide evidence-based recommendations for prevention and management of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by nonsurgical cancer therapies.

METHODS

Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/International Society of Oral Oncology (MASCC/ISOO) and ASCO convened a multidisciplinary Expert Panel to evaluate the evidence and formulate recommendations. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials published between January 2009 and June 2020. The guideline also incorporated two previous systematic reviews conducted by MASCC/ISOO, which included studies published from 1990 through 2008.

RESULTS

A total of 58 publications were identified: 46 addressed preventive interventions and 12 addressed therapeutic interventions. A majority of the evidence focused on the setting of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. For the prevention of salivary gland hypofunction and/or xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer, there is high-quality evidence for tissue-sparing radiation modalities. Evidence is weaker or insufficient for other interventions. For the management of salivary gland hypofunction and/or xerostomia, intermediate-quality evidence supports the use of topical mucosal lubricants, saliva substitutes, and agents that stimulate the salivary reflex.

RECOMMENDATIONS

For patients who receive radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, tissue-sparing radiation modalities should be used when possible to reduce the risk of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia. Other risk-reducing interventions that may be offered during radiation therapy for head and neck cancer include bethanechol and acupuncture. For patients who develop salivary gland hypofunction and/or xerostomia, interventions include topical mucosal lubricants, saliva substitutes, and sugar-free lozenges or chewing gum. For patients with head and neck cancer, oral pilocarpine and oral cevimeline, acupuncture, or transcutaneous electrostimulation may be offered after radiation therapy.Additional information can be found at www.asco.org/supportive-care-guidelines.

The impact of age on outcome in phase III NRG Oncology/RTOG trials of radiotherapy (XRT) +/- systemic therapy in locally advanced head and neck cancer

PURPOSE

To examine the role age plays in the treatment and prognosis of locally advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC) treated definitively with radiation alone or combined modality therapy.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed of three NRG/RTOG trials examining either radiation alone or combined radiation and systemic therapy for LAHNC. The effect of age (≥70 yrs.) on cause-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity was evaluated.

RESULTS

A total of 2688 patients were analyzed, of whom 309 patients (11.5%) were ≥ 70. For all studies combined, the hazard ratio (HR) for CSS for patients age ≥ 70 vs. those <70 was 1.33 (95%CI: 1.14-1.55, p < 0.001). For OS, the HR for patients age ≥ 70 vs. those <70 for all studies combined was 1.55 (95% CI 1.35-1.77, p < 0.001). After adjustment for all covariates, age ≥ 70 was associated with worse OS regardless of adjustment for smoking and p16 status. The survival difference was more pronounced in those receiving combined radiation and systemic therapy. Hematologic and renal toxicities were increased in combined modality trials in patients ≥70 years old.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients age ≥ 70 with LAHNC were underrepresented in these clinical trials. Their CSS and OS proved inferior to patients <70 years old.

International Recommendations on Reirradiation by Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Locally Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

PURPOSE

Reirradiation for locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is challenging because prior radiation dose delivered in the first course is often close to the tolerance limit of surrounding normal structures. A delicate balance between achieving local salvage and minimizing treatment toxicities is needed. However, high-level evidence is lacking because available reports are mostly retrospective studies on small series of patients. Pragmatic consensus guidelines, based on an extensive literature search and the pooling of opinions by leading specialists, will provide a useful reference to assist decision-making for these difficult decisions.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

A thorough review of available literature on recurrent NPC was conducted. A set of questions and preliminary draft guideline was circulated to a panel of international specialists with extensive experience in this field for voting on controversial areas and comments. A refined second proposal, based on a summary of the initial voting and different opinions expressed, was recirculated to the whole panel for review and reconsideration. The current guideline was based on majority voting after repeated iteration for final agreement.

RESULTS

The initial round of questions showed variations in clinical practice even among the specialists, reflecting the lack of high-quality supporting data and the difficulties in formulating clinical decisions. Through exchange of comments and iterative revisions, recommendations with high-to-moderate agreement were formulated on general treatment strategies and details of reirradiation (including patient selection, targets contouring, dose prescription, and constraints).

CONCLUSION

This paper provides useful reference on radical salvage treatment strategies for recurrent NPC and optimization of reirradiation through review of published evidence and consensus building. However, the final decision by the attending clinician must include full consideration of an individual patient's condition, understanding of the delicate balance between risk and benefits, and acceptance of risk of complications.

Proton Therapy for Major Salivary Gland Cancer: Clinical Outcomes

Purpose

To report clinical outcomes in terms of disease control and toxicity in patients with major salivary gland cancers (SGCs) treated with proton beam therapy.

Materials and Methods

Clinical and dosimetric characteristics of patients with SGCs treated from August 2011 to February 2020 on an observational, prospective, single-institution protocol were abstracted. Local control and overall survival were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. During radiation, weekly assessments of toxicity were obtained, and for patients with ≥ 90 days of follow-up, late toxicity was assessed.

Results

Seventy-two patients were identified. Median age was 54 years (range, 23-87 years). Sixty-three patients (88%) received postoperative therapy, and nine patients (12%) were treated definitively. Twenty-six patients (36%) received concurrent chemotherapy. Nine patients (12%) had received prior radiation. All (99%) but one patient received unilateral treatment with a median dose of 64 GyRBE (relative biological effectiveness) (interquartile range [IQR], 60-66), and 53 patients (74%) received intensity-modulated proton therapy with either single-field or multifield optimization. The median follow-up time was 30 months. Two-year local control and overall survival rates were 96% (95% confidence interval [CI] 85%-99%) and 89% (95% CI 76%-95%], respectively. Radiation dermatitis was the predominant grade-3 toxicity (seen in 21% [n = 15] of the patients), and grade ≥ 2 mucositis was rare (14%; n = 10 patients). No late-grade ≥ 3 toxicities were reported.

Conclusion

Proton beam therapy for treatment of major SGCs manifests in low rates of acute mucosal toxicity. In addition, the current data suggest a high rate of local control and minimal late toxicity.

Patient-Reported Outcomes after Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy for Oropharynx Cancer

PURPOSE

To report patient-reported outcomes (PROs) derived from the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Head and Neck (FACT-HN) tool, in patients with oropharynx cancer (OPC) treated with intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) in the context of first-course irradiation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with locally advanced OPC treated with radical IMPT between 2011 and 2018 were included in a prospective registry. FACT-HN scores were measured serially during and 24 months following IMPT. PRO changes in the FACT-HN scores over time were assessed with mixed-model analysis.

RESULTS

Fifty-seven patients met inclusion criteria. Median age was 60 years (range, 41-84), and 91% had human papillomavirus-associated disease. In total, 28% received induction chemotherapy and 68% had concurrent chemotherapy. Compliance to FACT-HN questionnaire completion was 59%, 48%, and 42% at 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment, respectively. The mean FACT-General (G), FACT-Total, and FACT-Trial Outcome Index (TOI) score changes were statistically and clinically significant relative to baseline from week 3 of treatment up to week 2 after treatment. Nadir was reached at week 6 of treatment for all scores, with maximum scores dropping by 15%, 20%, and 39% compared to baseline for FACT-G, FACT-Total, and FACT-TOI, respectively. Subdomain scores of physical well-being, functional well-being, and head and neck additional concerns decreased from baseline during treatment and returned to baseline at week 4 after treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

IMPT was associated with a favorable PRO trajectory, characterized by an acute decline followed by rapid recovery to baseline. This study establishes the expected acute, subacute, and chronic trajectory of PROs for patients undergoing IMPT for OPC.

Proton Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer: A 12-Year, Single-Institution Experience

PURPOSE

To characterize our experience and the disease control and toxicity of proton therapy (PT) for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Clinical outcomes for patients with HNC treated with PT at our institution were prospectively collected in 2 institutional review board-approved prospective studies. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics and outcomes. Overall survival, local-regional control, and disease-free survival were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Treatment-related toxicities were recorded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.03) scale.

RESULTS

The cohort consisted of 573 patients treated from February 2006 to June 2018. Median patient age was 61 years. Oropharynx (33.3%; n = 191), paranasal sinus (11%; n = 63), and periorbital tissues (11%; n = 62) were the most common primary sites. Patients with T3/T4 or recurrent disease comprised 46% (n = 262) of the cohort. The intent of PT was definitive in 53% (n = 303), postoperative in 37% (n = 211), and reirradiation in 10% (n = 59). Median dose was 66 Gy (radiobiological equivalent). Regarding systemic therapy, 43% had received concurrent (n = 244), 3% induction (n = 19), and 15% (n = 86) had both. At a median follow-up of 2.4 years, 88 patients (15%) had died and 127 (22%) developed disease recurrence. The overall survival, local-regional control, and disease-free survival at 2 and 5 years were, respectively, 87% and 75%, 87% and 78%, and 74% and 63%. Maximum toxicity (acute or late) was grade 3 in 293 patients (51%), grade 2 in 234 patients (41%), and grade 1 in 31 patients (5%). There were 381 acute grade 3 and 190 late grade 3 unique toxicities across 212 (37%) and 150 (26%) patients, respectively. There were 3 late-grade 4 events across 2 patients (0.3%), 2 (0.3%) acute-grade 5, and no (0%) late-grade 5 events.

CONCLUSIONS

The overall results from this prospective study of our initial decade of experience with PT for HNC show favorable disease control and toxicity outcomes in a multidisease-site cohort and provide a reference benchmark for future comparison and study.

Proton Beam Therapy for Head and Neck Carcinoma of Unknown Primary: Toxicity and Quality of Life

Purpose

Proton radiation therapy (PRT) may offer dosimetric and clinical benefit in the treatment of head and neck carcinoma of unknown primary (HNCUP). We sought to describe toxicity and quality of life (QOL) in patients with HNCUP treated with PRT.

Patients and Methods

Toxicity and QOL were prospectively tracked in patients with HNCUP from 2011 to 2019 after institutional review board approval. Patients received PRT to the mucosa of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and bilateral cervical lymph nodes with sparing of the larynx and hypopharynx. Patient-reported outcomes were tracked with the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory–Head and Neck Module, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Head and Neck, the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory, and the Xerostomia-Related QOL Scale. Primary study endpoints were the incidence of grade ≥ 3 (G3) toxicity and QOL patterns.

Results

Fourteen patients (median follow-up, 2 years) were evaluated. Most patients presented with human papillomavirus–positive disease (n = 12, 86%). Rates of G3 oral mucositis, xerostomia, and dermatitis were 7% (n = 1), 21% (n = 3), and 36% (n = 5), respectively. None required a gastrostomy. During PRT, QOL was reduced relative to baseline and recovered shortly after PRT. At 2 years after PRT, the local regional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival were 100% (among 7 patients at risk), 79% (among 6 patients at risk), and 90% (among 7 patients at risk), respectively.

Conclusion

Therefore, PRT for HNCUP was associated with highly favorable dosimetric and clinical outcomes, including minimal oral mucositis, xerostomia, and dysphagia. Toxicity and QOL may be superior with PRT compared with conventional radiation therapy and PRT maintains equivalent oncologic control. Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate late effects and cost-effectiveness.

Work Outcomes after Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) versus Intensity-Modulated Photon Therapy (IMRT) for Oropharyngeal Cancer

Purpose

We compared work outcomes in patients with oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), randomized to intensity-modulated proton (IMPT) versus intensity-modulated photon therapy (IMRT) for chemoradiation therapy (CRT).

Patients and Methods

In 147 patients with stage II-IVB squamous cell OPC participating in patient-reported outcomes assessments, a prespecified secondary aim of a randomized phase II/III trial of IMPT (n = 69) versus IMRT (n = 78), we compared absenteeism, presenteeism (i.e., the extent to which an employee is not fully functional at work), and work productivity losses. We used the work productivity and activity impairment questionnaire at baseline (pre-CRT), at the end of CRT, and at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. A one-sided Cochran-Armitage test was used to analyze within-arm temporal trends, and a χ² test was used to compare between-arm differences. Among working patients, at each follow-up point, a 1-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare work-productivity scores.

Results

Patient characteristics in IMPT versus IMRT arms were similar. In the IMPT arm, within-arm analysis demonstrated that an increasing proportion of patients resumed working after IMPT, from 60% (40 of 67) pre-CRT and 71% (30 of 42) at 1 year to 78% (18 of 23) at 2 years (P = 0.025). In the IMRT arm, the proportion remained stable, with 57% (43 of 76) pre-CRT, 54% (21 of 39) at 1 year, and 52% (13 of 25) working at 2 years (P = 0.47). By 2 years after CRT, the between-arm difference between patients who had IMPT and those who had IMRT trended toward significance (P = 0.06). Regardless of treatment arm, among working patients, the most severe work impairments occurred from treatment initiation to the end of CRT, with significant recovery from absenteeism, presenteeism, and productivity impairments by the 2-year follow-up (P < 0.001 for all). Higher magnitudes of recovery from absenteeism (at 1 year, P = 0.05; and at 2 years, P = 0.04) and composite work impairment scores (at 1 year, P = 0.04; and at 2 years, P = 0.04) were seen in patients treated with IMPT versus those treated with IMRT.

Conclusion

In patients with OPC receiving curative CRT, patients randomized to IMPT demonstrated increasing work and productivity recovery trends. Studies are needed to identify mechanisms underlying head and neck CRT treatment causing work disability and impairment.

18FDG positron emission tomography mining for metabolic imaging biomarkers of radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with oropharyngeal cancer

Purpose

Head and neck cancers radiotherapy (RT) is associated with inevitable injury to parotid glands and subsequent xerostomia. We investigated the utility of SUV derived from ¹⁸FDG-PET to develop metabolic imaging biomarkers (MIBs) of RT-related parotid injury.

Methods

Data for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) patients treated with RT at our institution between 2005 and 2015 with available planning computed tomography (CT), dose grid, pre- & first post-RT ¹⁸FDG-PET-CT scans, and physician-reported xerostomia assessment at 3-6 months post-RT (Xero 3-6 ms) per CTCAE, was retrieved, following an IRB approval. A CT-CT deformable image co-registration followed by voxel-by-voxel resampling of pre & post-RT ¹⁸FDG activity and dose grid were performed. Ipsilateral (Ipsi) and contralateral (contra) parotid glands were sub-segmented based on the received dose in 5 Gy increments, i.e. 0-5 Gy, 5-10 Gy sub-volumes, etc. Median and dose-weighted SUV were extracted from whole parotid volumes and sub-volumes on pre- & post-RT PET scans, using in-house code that runs on MATLAB. Wilcoxon signed-rank and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to test differences pre- and post-RT.

Results

432 parotid glands, belonging to 108 OPC patients treated with RT, were sub-segmented & analyzed. Xero 3-6 ms was reported as: non-severe (78.7%) and severe (21.3%). SUV- median values were significantly reduced post-RT, irrespective of laterality (p = 0.02). A similar pattern was observed in parotid sub-volumes, especially ipsi parotid gland sub-volumes receiving doses 10-50 Gy (p < 0.05). Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significantly higher mean RT dose in the contra parotid in the patients with more severe Xero 3-6mo (p = 0.03). Multiple logistic regression showed a combined clinical-dosimetric-metabolic imaging model could predict the severity of Xero 3-6mo; AUC = 0.78 (95%CI: 0.66-0.85; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

We sought to quantify pre- and post-RT ¹⁸FDG-PET metrics of parotid glands in patients with OPC. Temporal dynamics of PET-derived metrics can potentially serve as MIBs of RT-related xerostomia in concert with clinical and dosimetric variables.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis as a quantitative measure of sarcopenia in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Sarcopenia is associated with decreased survival in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. This study sought to determine whether in-clinic multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) can identify survival-associated sarcopenia in patients with head and neck cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This prospective observational study enrolled 50 patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiation therapy. Baseline BIA measures of skeletal muscle (SM) mass, fat-free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were compared to CT-based estimates using linear regression. Sex-specific BIA-derived thresholds for sarcopenia were defined by the maximum Youden Index on receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. Patients were stratified by sarcopenia status and OS was compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.

RESULTS

Among 48 evaluable patients, BIA measures of body composition were strongly correlated with CT measures: SM mass (r = 0.97; R2 = 0.94; p < 0.0001), FFM (r = 0.97; R2 = 0.94; p < 0.0001) and FM (r = 0.95; R2 = 0.90; p < 0.0001). SM mass index < 9.19 kg/m2 identified sarcopenia men with high sensitivity (91.7%) and specificity (92.9%), whereas in women SM mass index < 6.53 kg/m2 was sensitive for sarcopenia (100%), but not specific. Patients with sarcopenia, defined by either CT or BIA, exhibited decreased OS (HR = not estimable; CT p = 0.009; BIA p = 0.03).

CONCLUSION

BIA provides accurate estimates of body composition in head and neck cancer patients. Implementation of BIA in clinical practice may identify patients with sarcopenia at risk for poor survival.