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Escobar-Alegría JL, Frongillo EA, Fram MS, Pérez-Garay M, Macauda MM, Billings DL. Parents are not fully knowledgeable of their children's experiences of food‐insecurity. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.28.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Aguirre DGDL, Billings DL. Attitudes towards abortion among medical trainees in Mexico City public hospitals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/13552070127739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Silva M, Billings DL, García SG, Lara D. Physicians' agreement with and willingness to provide abortion services in the case of pregnancy from rape in Mexico. Contraception 2008; 79:56-64. [PMID: 19041442 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Mexico, abortion is not penalized when a woman gets pregnant as a result of rape, yet access to abortion services is limited. Understanding physicians' opinions about abortion is critical to creating strategies that will broaden women's access to services. STUDY DESIGN Multivariate logistic regression was performed using data collected from a sample of 1206 physicians in Mexico. The influence of independent variables on two outcomes was analyzed: physicians' agreement with abortion being legal in the case of pregnancy caused by rape and willingness to provide abortion services in such cases. RESULTS Physicians who had performed legal abortions, knew about existing abortion legislation and practiced general or family medicine were significantly more likely to agree that abortion should be legal when pregnancy is caused by rape and were more likely to be willing to provide abortion in the case of rape. Physicians who held a negative attitude towards women who seek abortion and those with greater church attendance were less likely to agree with the legality of abortion. CONCLUSIONS Physicians are among the most important gatekeepers to women's access to safe abortion services. A majority of Mexican physicians agree that abortion should not be legally penalized under certain circumstances. Yet, many also hold negative attitudes towards women who seek abortion. Physicians' support for women's access to safe abortion services is key to ensuring that such services will exist in Mexico.
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León-Aguirre DGD, Billings DL, Ramírez-Sánchez R. El aborto y la educación médica en México. SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-36342008000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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de León-Aguirre DG, Billings DL, Ramírez-Sánchez R. [Abortion and medical education in Mexico]. SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO 2008; 50:258-267. [PMID: 18516374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical education in Mexico has significant deficiencies in the area of sexual and reproductive health and does not offer students the information needed for dealing with abortion as a relevant problem in the professional practice of medicine. Medical education does not offer options for the clinical training of future physicians in integrated models for abortion care, which include the use of safe and effective technologies as well as a range of services to respond to women's needs. These limitations are especially relevant in countries such as Mexico where unsafe abortion continues to be a significant public health problem. In addition, the legal context for abortion has begun to change during the current decade; therefore, the search for alternatives to incorporate a broad approach to abortion in medical school programs is a task that cannot be postponed.
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Doubova Dubova SV, Pámanes-González V, Billings DL, Torres-Arreola LDP. Violencia de pareja en mujeres embarazadas en la Ciudad de México. Rev Saude Publica 2007; 41:582-90. [PMID: 17589756 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102007000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Analisar los factores relacionados a la violencia de pareja en mujeres embarazadas. MÉTODOS: Se recolectó la información de 383 mujeres derechohabientes del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social que acudieron a control prenatal en cinco Unidades de Medicina Familiar en la Ciudad de México entre septiembre del 2003 y agosto del 2004. Ellas respondieran a un cuestionario de violencia elaborado específicamente para el estudio. RESULTADOS: De las mujeres, 120 (31.1%) reportaron haber estado expuestas a la violencia psicológica y/o física, y/o sexual por parte de su pareja masculina durante el embarazo actual, el 10% reportaron violencia combinada y 21% violencia aislada. La violencia psicológica fue la más frecuentemente reportada (93% del grupo "había experimentado violencia"). Con relación a la percepción sobre la violencia no había diferencias significativas entre los grupos de mujeres con y sin violencia. Solo alrededor de 20% de las mujeres tenían conocimiento sobre los lugares donde atienden a las victimas de violencia. Los factores asociados significativamente a la violencia de pareja en las mujeres embarazadas fueron ser soltera (RM=3.02, IC 95%:1.17;7.83), vivir en unión libre (RM=2.22, IC 95%: 1.11;4.42), antecedentes de violencia en la infancia (RM=3.08, IC 95%:1.62;5.85), consumo de bebidas alcohólicas en la pareja (RM=1.87, IC 95%:1.02;3.42) y presencia de alteraciones emocionales (RM=4.17, IC 95%: 1.12;15.51). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados refuerzan los hallazgos de otros estudios de que el problema de violencia en mujeres embarazadas en México sigue siendo un problema frecuente.
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Billings DL, Crane BB, Benson J, Solo J, Fetters T. Scaling-up a public health innovation: A comparative study of post-abortion care in Bolivia and Mexico. Soc Sci Med 2007; 64:2210-22. [PMID: 17408826 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Post-abortion care (PAC), an innovation for treating women with complications of unsafe abortion, has been introduced in public health systems around the world since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). This article analyzes the process of scaling-up two of the three key elements of the original PAC model: providing prompt clinical treatment to women with abortion complications and offering post-abortion contraceptive counseling and methods in Bolivia and Mexico. The conceptual framework developed from this comparative analysis includes the environmental context for PAC scale-up; the major influences on start-up, expansion, and institutionalization of PAC; and the health, financial, and social impacts of institutionalization. Start-up in both Bolivia and Mexico was facilitated by innovative leaders or catalyzers who were committed to introducing PAC services into public health care settings, collaboration between international organizations and public health institutions, and financial resources. Important processes for successful PAC expansion included strengthening political commitment to PAC services through research, advocacy, and partnerships; improving health system capacity through training, supervision, and development of service guidelines; and facilitating health system access to essential technologies. Institutionalization of PAC has been more successful in Bolivia than Mexico, as measured by a series of proposed indicators. The positive health and financial impacts of PAC institutionalization have been partially measured in Bolivia and Mexico. Other hypotheses--that scaling-up PAC will significantly reduce maternal mortality and morbidity, decrease abortion-related stigma, and prepare the way for efforts to reform restrictive abortion laws and policies--have yet to be tested.
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Miller S, Billings DL. Abortion and postabortion care: ethical, legal, and policy issues in developing countries. J Midwifery Womens Health 2007; 50:341-3. [PMID: 15973273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This case study of a woman who wants to terminate her pregnancy but does not have access to safe services explores the technical, ethical, and legal effects of the Mexico City Policy (Global Gag Rule) on health care providers working in developing countries. This woman's self-induced termination resulted in an incomplete abortion, and she sought care from a midwife. The current Mexico City Policy effectively limits a health care provider's ability to offer abortion services and counseling, even when these services are legal. The policy has an adverse impact on women's access to safe care. The provision of comprehensive postabortion care, not restricted by the Mexico City Policy, is the key to preventing abortion-related morbidity and mortality.
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Martin SL, Young SK, Billings DL, Bross CC. Health care-based interventions for women who have experienced sexual violence: a review of the literature. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2007; 8:3-18. [PMID: 17204597 DOI: 10.1177/1524838006296746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Thirty publications that evaluated health care-based interventions for women who experienced sexual violence were reviewed. The findings highlight that clinicians often need training in the provision sexual assault care, and that not all emergency departments have sexual assault care protocols. Studies examining effectiveness found that Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner programs are very helpful, that health care-based sexual assault treatment settings attract more women than do forensic-based settings, that sexual assault survivors often prefer a combination of medication and counseling treatment, and that preexam administration of a video explaining the collection of forensic evidence may reduce women's stress during the procedure. Studies on postexposure HIV prophylaxis found that many women did not complete the treatment regimen, often because of side effects. Emergency contraception to prevent postrape pregnancy is not consistently offered to women. Only one study reported on abortion as part of the range of sexual assault services.
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de Leon RGP, Billings DL, Barrionuevo K. Woman-Centered Post-Abortion Care in Public Hospitals in Tucuman, Argentina: Assessing Quality of Care and Its Link to Human Rights. Health Hum Rights 2006. [DOI: 10.2307/4065395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Gómez Ponce de León R, Billings DL, Barrionuevo K. Woman-centered post-abortion care in public hospitals in Tucumán, Argentina: assessing quality of care and its link to human rights. Health Hum Rights 2006; 9:174-201. [PMID: 17061775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsafe abortion is a major public health and human rights problem in Argentina. Implementation of a woman-centered post-abortion care (PAC) model is one strategy to improve the situation. The quality of PAC services was measured in three public hospitals in Tucumán, a province with high levels of poverty and maternal mortality due to unsafe abortion. Overall, the quality of PAC services was found to be poor. Women do not receive services in a manner that respects their human rights, in particular their rights to health and health care, information, and to the benefits of scientific progress. Findings from the evaluation are being used to develop collaborative NGO/hospital/policy-maker efforts to improve PAC services through better training of health care providers.
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Lafaurie MM, Grossman D, Troncoso E, Billings DL, Chávez S. Women's Perspectives on Medical Abortion in Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru: A Qualitative Study. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MATTERS 2005; 13:75-83. [PMID: 16291488 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-8080(05)26199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In Latin America, where abortion is almost universally legally restricted, medical abortion, especially with misoprostol alone, is increasingly being used, often with the tablets obtained from a pharmacy. We carried out in-depth interviews with 49 women who had had a medical abortion under clinical supervision in rural and urban settings in Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, who were recruited through clinicians providing abortions. The women often chose medical abortion to avoid a surgical abortion; they thought medical abortion was less painful, easier or simpler, safer or less risky. They commonly described it as a natural process of regulating their period. The fact that it was less expensive also influenced their decision. Some, who experienced a lot of pain, heavy bleeding or a failed procedure requiring surgical back-up, tended to be more negative about it. Regardless of legal restrictions, medical abortion was being provided safely in these settings and women found the method acceptable. Where feasible, it should be made available but cost should not have to be women's primary reason for choosing it. Psychosocial support during abortion is critical, especially for those who are more vulnerable because they see abortion as a sin, who are young or poor, who have limited knowledge about their bodies, whose partners are not supportive or who became pregnant through sexual violence.
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Billings DL, Benson J. Postabortion care in Latin America: policy and service recommendations from a decade of operations research. Health Policy Plan 2005; 20:158-66. [PMID: 15840631 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czi020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsafe abortion contributes significantly to maternal mortality and morbidity in Latin America. Postabortion care (PAC) using preferred technologies and a woman-centred approach to treat the complications of unsafe abortion can save women's lives and improve their reproductive health, as well as reduce costs to health systems. This article reviews results from 10 major PAC operations research projects conducted in public sector hospitals in seven Latin American countries, completed and published between 1991 and 2002. The studies show that following relatively modest interventions, the majority of eligible patients were being treated with manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), a method preferred for safety and other reasons over the method conventionally used in the region, sharp curettage (SC). A number of studies showed improvements in contraceptive counselling and services when these were integrated with clinical treatment of abortion complications, resulting in substantial increases in contraceptive acceptance. Finally, data from several studies showed that, in most settings, reorganizing services by moving treatment out of the operating theatre and reclassifying treatment as an ambulatory care procedure substantially reduced the resources used for PAC, as well as the cost and average length of women's stay in the hospital. These studies suggest that comprehensive PAC can and should be available to all women in Latin America. Such efforts should be coupled with work to improve primary prevention, including better contraceptive services to prevent unwanted pregnancy and safe, legal abortion services to reduce the number of clandestine and unsafe abortions.
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Billings DL. Misoprostol Alone for Early Medical Abortion in a Latin American Clinic Setting. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MATTERS 2005; 12:57-64. [PMID: 15938158 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-8080(04)24010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Misoprostol is being used widely by women throughout Latin America, often based on instructions passed along through friends, acquaintances or professionals who may have little information about safe and effective use. This paper presents the experience of a Latin American clinic working in a legally restrictive setting that offers misoprostol as one option to women seeking early pregnancy termination. Between February 2001 and June 2002, 3225 women who attended the clinic chose to use misoprostol rather than vacuum aspiration. 89.9% returned for follow-up, of whom 76.4% had had a complete abortion within 72 hours, using one, two or three doses of 800 micrograms of misoprostol administered by the woman herself vaginally every 24 hours. The first 78 women who returned for follow-up at 72 hours responded to a questionnaire regarding their experiences. Satisfaction with the abortion process was high, despite some pain, chills, diarrhoea and/or nausea. Seventy-two of the 78 women said they would use misoprostol again if they needed to terminate another pregnancy and would recommend it to a friend. Having a clinic where staff are knowledgeable and experienced in misoprostol use is particularly important in settings where abortion is stigmatised, unsafe abortion common and access to safe services limited.
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Billings DL, Fuentes Velásquez J, Pérez-Cuevas R. Comparing the quality of three models of postabortion care in public hospitals in Mexico City. INTERNATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES 2004; 29:112-20. [PMID: 14519587 DOI: 10.1363/ifpp.29.112.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Each year, an estimated 120,000 women in Mexico seek treatment in public hospitals for abortion-related complications--the country's fourth leading cause of maternal mortality. Models of postabortion care emphasizing counseling and provision of contraceptives have the potential to improve the quality of care these women receive. METHODS Between April 1997 and August 1998, women treated for abortion complications in six Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) hospitals in the Mexico City metropolitan area were surveyed. Data related to patient-provider interaction, information provision and counseling were analyzed for three models of care: sharp curettage standard care, sharp curettage postabortion care and manual vacuum aspiration postabortion care. RESULTS Women in the two postabortion care groups rated the quality of services they received more highly than did those receiving sharp curettage standard care. A significantly greater proportion of women treated under the postabortion care models than of those treated under the sharp curettage standard model received information about their health status before treatment, the uterine evacuation procedure, signs of postabortion complications and care at home. In addition, a greater proportion of women treated under the postabortion care models accepted a contraceptive method before leaving the facility (64-78% vs. 40%). CONCLUSIONS Implementation of a postabortion care model contributes to the delivery of high-quality services to women experiencing abortion complications. The standard IMSS model of postabortion treatment should be modified to emulate those in hospitals that systematically link general counseling and family planning services to the clinical services provided to women with abortion complications.
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Billings DL, Velasquez JF, Perez-Cuevas R. Comparing the Quality of Three Models of Postabortion Care in Public Hospitals in Mexico City. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.2307/3181076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Miller S, Billings DL, Clifford B. Post‐Abortion Care. J Midwifery Womens Health 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1526-9523(02)00373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dickson-Tetteh K, Billings DL. Abortion Care Services Provided by Registered Midwives in South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.2307/3088257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Miller S, Billings DL, Clifford B. Midwives and postabortion care: experiences, opinions, and attitudes among participants at the 25th Triennial Congress of the International Confederation of Midwives. J Midwifery Womens Health 2002; 47:247-55. [PMID: 12138932 DOI: 10.1016/s1526-9523(02)00250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Midwifery practice may not include caring for women experiencing complications from unsafe abortion, despite the importance of this care for the health and lives of millions of women around the world. This article summarizes data collected from midwives from 41 countries who attended the 25th Triennial Congress of the International Confederation of Midwives in 1999, focusing on their experiences with, and attitudes toward, the provision of postabortion care. Barriers to provision of postabortion care and factors for changes in postabortion care-related policies were explored. Midwives from developing countries, where complications from unsafe abortion present a serious public health problem, were cognizant of the need to authorize, train, and equip midwives in postabortion care, including the use of uterine evacuation of incomplete abortion with manual vacuum aspiration. Changes in policy and practice are needed throughout the world so that women will have access to quality, compassionate postabortion care services regardless of where they live. Ensuring that midwives are able to provide such services will help to reduce abortion-related morbidity and mortality.
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Billings DL. Depression and unintended pregnancy in young women. Women's marital status may not have been accurate in study. BMJ 2002; 324:1097; author reply 1097-8. [PMID: 11993498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Billings DL, Moreno C, Ramos C, González de León D, Ramírez R, Villaseñor Martínez L, Rivera Díaz M. Constructing access to legal abortion services in Mexico City. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MATTERS 2002; 10:86-94. [PMID: 12369335 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-8080(02)00018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last three decades, government and health institutions have recognised that unsafe abortion is an important social and public health problem in Mexico. Although the Penal Code in every state defines at least one situation in which abortion is legal, access to legal abortion services is restricted for women throughout Mexico. In August 2000, the Mexico City Legislative Assembly reformed the Penal Code to include a wider range of grounds on which abortion is legal and added regulations to ensure access to legal abortion services in cases of rape and forced artificial insemination. The Mexican Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the reforms in January 2002. This paper describes a collaborative project between Ipas Mexico and the Mexico City Department of Health to provide legal abortions in cases of rape and to ensure that comprehensive health services for survivors of sexual violence are available and accessible. It describes a model of care being introduced into 15 public general and maternal-child health hospitals in Mexico City through a programme of multi-disciplinary consciousness-raising workshops and training courses on sexual violence and legal abortion. Few health care providers have had prior training in service provision for survivors of sexual violence or abortion service delivery. Workshop participants showed a high level of willingness to participate in legal abortion services for survivors of sexual violence when and if they are receive solid institutional support.
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Baird TL, Billings DL, Demuyakor B. Community education efforts enhance postabortion care program in Ghana. Am J Public Health 2000; 90:631-2. [PMID: 10754983 PMCID: PMC1446209 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.90.4.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Billings DL. Book Review: Cubans in Puerto Rico: Ethnic Economy and Cultural Identity. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW 2000. [DOI: 10.1177/019791830003400120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Billings DL, Cobas JA, Duany J. Cubans in Puerto Rico: Ethnic Economy and Cultural Identity. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW 2000. [DOI: 10.2307/2676029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Brookman-Amissah E, Taylor JE, Baird TL, Billings DL, Odoi-Agyarko H, Ababio KPP, Quarcoopome F. Decentralising Postabortion Care in Africa: A Call to Action. Afr J Reprod Health 1999. [DOI: 10.2307/3583235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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