Maxillary sinusitis--the focus of toxic shock syndrome in a male patient

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Effects of an observer on conformity to handwashing norm

Women were observed after elimination in a public restroom to determine the effects of the presence or absence of an observer upon the likelihood of handwashing. 18 of 20 subjects in the presence of another and 3 of 19 who were not observed washed. The difference in frequency of handwashing between the two groups was clearly significant.

Perception of spatial and social density

The effects of family size on the perception of three abstract rooms that differed in social and spatial density were studied. The rooms were rated on the dimensions, evaluation, spirituality, activity, and aesthetic appeal. Of the 48 subjects half were from large families with six or more members, and half were from smaller families. Family size had no effect on the perception of the rooms. The room low in spatial density was perceived most favorably, and there was no difference in the perception of a room high in social density and one high in spatial density.

Effects of size of home town on environmental perception

168 subjects used a 23-item semantic differential to rate forest, beach, small town, desert, and large city. The ratings served as dependent variables for 23 3 X 56 X 5 analyses of variance employing size of home town, subjects within size of home town, and type of environment. Size of home town was a significant effect on one of 23 scales; subjects from large and medium-sized cities rated environments more toward the good end of the good-bad scale than subjects from small towns. All main effects for type of environment were significant. The order in which environments were rated depended upon the particular rating scale. Significant interactions of home town by environment were examined in terms of the differential patterns of environmental ratings produced by subjects from various sized home towns.

Self-disclosure, body-accessibility, and personal space

Measures of self-disclosure, body-accessibility, and personal space were given to 170 male Ss. Body-accessibility toward mother, father, and best male friend were highly interrelated; body-accessibility toward best female friend was independent of the others Body-accessibility was related to self-disclosure toward each of the four target persons. Studying male peers only, personal space was not related to self-disclosure, but it was related to body-accessibility.

Relationships among self, other, and consensual personal space

Measures of self, other, and consensual personal space in relation to a target person were administered to 170 male Ss. No significant mean differences and high intercorrelations were found among the personal space measures. It was concluded that the personal space of a person is affected by the personal space of another person, and both the personal space of the self and the other determine the personal space between them that is consensually obtained.

Effects of video playback of a person on his self-concept

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of a video playback of a person on his self-concept. Ss in teams of 3 were randomly assigned to a video playback condition (VP) or a no video playback condition (NVP). Each team had both VP and NVP Ss. All Ss taught a 7-min. lesson which was video recorded. The VP Ss saw a video playback of their presentation, and both VP and NVP Ss completed measures of Body-cathexis, Self-cathexis, Self-concept, Public-self, Teacher-self, Self-acceptance, Self-criticality, Dominance and Self-assurance, and Flexibility. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference between the VP and NVP Ss on each of the self-concept variables measured. Although no significant differences were found, the direction of difference was significantly consistent. Following a video playback Ss tended to perceive themselves more favorably.

Personality correlates of children's self-esteem and parental identification

The California Test of Personality (CTP) with 15 subscales, the Sears Self-concept Inventory which measures self-esteem, and an Identification Inventory were administered to 34 girls and 37 boys ranging in age from 9 to 15 yr. The subscores of the CTP were correlated with both self-esteem and level of identification for both males and females. The self-esteem of males but not females was related to the personality measures, and the level of identification of females but not males was related to the personality subscales.

Effects of anxiety and stress on accuracy of interpersonal perception

Metaperspective (MP) refers to a person's perception of another person's perception of him. It was hypothesized that: (a) high anxiety (HA) Ss would be less accurate in MP than low anxiety (LA) Ss; (b) LA Ss would be more accurate in MP than HA Ss in a stress situation; (c) there would be no sex differences in accuracy of MP; and (d) in like-sexed dyads, there would be more accurate MP than in opposite-sexed dyads. 8 groups were formed, each including 2 HA males, 2 HA females, 2 LA males, and 2 LA females. After having completed a self-concept scale 4 groups were assigned to a non-stress condition and 4 to a stress condition. All Ss then completed a stress questionnaire and scales measuring their perception of each S and their perception of each S's perception of them. None of the hypotheses were accepted.

Increase and decrease in light and noise stimuli as reinforcers for albino rats

The effect upon response latencies of random increases or decreases in stimulus intensity following a barrier-crossing response in a Mowrer-Miller shuttle box was studied. Stimulus change was contingent upon the response. 32 albino rats were randomly assigned to a control group which received no stimulation and to three experimental groups: Group L (subjected to changes in light), Group N (subjected to changes in noise), and Group LN (subjected to changes in light and noise). It was found that (a) in terms of mean latencies Group LN differed significantly from Group L and the control group. (b) Although the trial effect was significant, response latency did not consistently decrease over trials. (c) The mean number of spontaneous crossings was significantly larger for Group LN than for all other groups. (d) The mean number of spontaneous crossings increased over trials.

Personality correlates of actual self-disclosure

A questionnaire which obtained actual self-disclosure about five topics—interests, personality, studies, body, and money—and instruments which measured seven personality traits were administered to 52 Ss. Seven self-disclosure scores were obtained from the questionnaire, one depth rating for each topic, a total depth score (sum of the five topic depth ratings), and an amount of disclosure score (count of words written in responding to all five topic areas). All self-disclosure measures were correlated with the personality variables for males and females separately and also with sex. No significant relationships were found between the personality variables and the measures of self-disclosure for females. However, data suggested that more emotionally unstable males tended to disclose more about their personality and their health and physical appearance than the stable males. Although no significant correlations were found between masculinity-femininity as a personality trait and the measures of actual disclosure, females tended to disclose more than males about all topics except “money.”