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Parker CE, Frenje JA, Johnson MG, Schlossberg DJ, Reynolds HG, Hopkins LB, Bionta R, Casey DT, Felker SJ, Hilsabeck TJ, Kilkenny JD, Li CK, Mackinnon AJ, Robey H, Schoff ME, Séguin FH, Wink CW, Petrasso RD. Implementation of the foil-on-hohlraum technique for the magnetic recoil spectrometer for time-resolved neutron measurements at the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:113508. [PMID: 30501287 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The next-generation Magnetic Recoil Spectrometer, called MRSt, will provide time-resolved measurements of the deuterium-tritium-neutron spectrum from inertial confinement fusion implosions at the National Ignition Facility. These measurements will provide critical information about the time evolution of the fuel assembly, hot-spot formation, and nuclear burn. The absolute neutron spectrum in the energy range of 12-16 MeV will be measured with high accuracy (∼5%), unprecedented energy resolution (∼100 keV) and, for the first time ever, time resolution (∼20 ps). Crucial to the design of the system is a CD conversion foil for the production of recoil deuterons positioned as close to the implosion as possible. The foil-on-hohlraum technique has been demonstrated by placing a 1-mm-diameter, 40-μm-thick CD foil on the hohlraum diagnostic band along the line-of-sight of the current time-integrated MRS system, which measured the recoil deuterons. In addition to providing validation of the foil-on-hohlraum technique for the MRSt design, substantial improvement of the MRS energy resolution has been demonstrated.
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Baker KL, Thomas CA, Casey DT, Khan S, Spears BK, Nora R, Woods T, Milovich JL, Berger RL, Strozzi D, Clark D, Hohenberger M, Hurricane OA, Callahan DA, Landen OL, Bachmann B, Benedetti R, Bionta R, Celliers PM, Fittinghoff D, Goyon C, Grim G, Hatarik R, Izumi N, Gatu Johnson M, Kyrala G, Ma T, Millot M, Nagel SR, Pak A, Patel PK, Turnbull D, Volegov PL, Yeamans C. High-Performance Indirect-Drive Cryogenic Implosions at High Adiabat on the National Ignition Facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:135001. [PMID: 30312055 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.135001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To reach the pressures and densities required for ignition, it may be necessary to develop an approach to design that makes it easier for simulations to guide experiments. Here, we report on a new short-pulse inertial confinement fusion platform that is specifically designed to be more predictable. The platform has demonstrated 99%+0.5% laser coupling into the hohlraum, high implosion velocity (411 km/s), high hotspot pressure (220+60 Gbar), and high cold fuel areal density compression ratio (>400), while maintaining controlled implosion symmetry, providing a promising new physics platform to study ignition physics.
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Anathy V, Lahue KG, Chapman DG, Chia SB, Casey DT, Aboushousha R, van der Velden JLJ, Elko E, Hoffman SM, McMillan DH, Jones JT, Nolin JD, Abdalla S, Schneider R, Seward DJ, Roberson EC, Liptak MD, Cousins ME, Butnor KJ, Taatjes DJ, Budd RC, Irvin CG, Ho YS, Hakem R, Brown KK, Matsui R, Bachschmid MM, Gomez JL, Kaminski N, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Reducing protein oxidation reverses lung fibrosis. Nat Med 2018; 24:1128-1135. [PMID: 29988126 PMCID: PMC6204256 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of collagen in the lung, leading to chronically impaired gas exchange and death1-3. Oxidative stress is believed to be critical in this disease pathogenesis4-6, although the exact mechanisms remain enigmatic. Protein S-glutathionylation (PSSG) is a post-translational modification of proteins that can be reversed by glutaredoxin-1 (GLRX)7. It remains unknown whether GLRX and PSSG play a role in lung fibrosis. Here, we explored the impact of GLRX and PSSG status on the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, using lung tissues from subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, transgenic mouse models and direct administration of recombinant Glrx to airways of mice with existing fibrosis. We demonstrate that GLRX enzymatic activity was strongly decreased in fibrotic lungs, in accordance with increases in PSSG. Mice lacking Glrx were far more susceptible to bleomycin- or adenovirus encoding active transforming growth factor beta-1 (AdTGFB1)-induced pulmonary fibrosis, whereas transgenic overexpression of Glrx in the lung epithelium attenuated fibrosis. We furthermore show that endogenous GLRX was inactivated through an oxidative mechanism and that direct administration of the Glrx protein into airways augmented Glrx activity and reversed increases in collagen in mice with TGFB1- or bleomycin-induced fibrosis, even when administered to fibrotic, aged animals. Collectively, these findings suggest the therapeutic potential of exogenous GLRX in treating lung fibrosis.
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Qian X, Aboushousha R, van de Wetering C, Chia SB, Amiel E, Schneider RW, van der Velden JLJ, Lahue KG, Hoagland DA, Casey DT, Daphtary N, Ather JL, Randall MJ, Aliyeva M, Black KE, Chapman DG, Lundblad LKA, McMillan DH, Dixon AE, Anathy V, Irvin CG, Poynter ME, Wouters EFM, Vacek PM, Henket M, Schleich F, Louis R, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. IL-1/inhibitory κB kinase ε-induced glycolysis augment epithelial effector function and promote allergic airways disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:435-450.e10. [PMID: 29108965 PMCID: PMC6278819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging studies suggest that enhanced glycolysis accompanies inflammatory responses. Virtually nothing is known about the relevance of glycolysis in patients with allergic asthma. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether glycolysis is altered in patients with allergic asthma and to address its importance in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. METHODS We examined alterations in glycolysis in sputum samples from asthmatic patients and primary human nasal cells and used murine models of allergic asthma, as well as primary mouse tracheal epithelial cells, to evaluate the relevance of glycolysis. RESULTS In a murine model of allergic asthma, glycolysis was induced in the lungs in an IL-1-dependent manner. Furthermore, administration of IL-1β into the airways stimulated lactate production and expression of glycolytic enzymes, with notable expression of lactate dehydrogenase A occurring in the airway epithelium. Indeed, exposure of mouse tracheal epithelial cells to IL-1β or IL-1α resulted in increased glycolytic flux, glucose use, expression of glycolysis genes, and lactate production. Enhanced glycolysis was required for IL-1β- or IL-1α-mediated proinflammatory responses and the stimulatory effects of IL-1β on house dust mite (HDM)-induced release of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and GM-CSF from tracheal epithelial cells. Inhibitor of κB kinase ε was downstream of HDM or IL-1β and required for HDM-induced glycolysis and pathogenesis of allergic airways disease. Small interfering RNA ablation of lactate dehydrogenase A attenuated HDM-induced increases in lactate levels and attenuated HDM-induced disease. Primary nasal epithelial cells from asthmatic patients intrinsically produced more lactate compared with cells from healthy subjects. Lactate content was significantly higher in sputum supernatants from asthmatic patients, notably those with greater than 61% neutrophils. A positive correlation was observed between sputum lactate and IL-1β levels, and lactate content correlated negatively with lung function. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IL-1β/inhibitory κB kinase ε signaling plays an important role in HDM-induced glycolysis and pathogenesis of allergic airways disease.
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Gatu Johnson M, Forrest CJ, Sayre DB, Bacher A, Bourgade JL, Brune CR, Caggiano JA, Casey DT, Frenje JA, Glebov VY, Hale GM, Hatarik R, Herrmann HW, Janezic R, Kim YH, Knauer JP, Landoas O, McNabb DP, Paris MW, Petrasso RD, Pino JE, Quaglioni S, Rosse B, Sanchez J, Sangster TC, Sio H, Shmayda W, Stoeckl C, Thompson I, Zylstra AB. Experimental Evidence of a Variant Neutron Spectrum from the T(t,2n)α Reaction at Center-of-Mass Energies in the Range of 16-50 keV. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:042501. [PMID: 30095940 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.042501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Full calculations of six-nucleon reactions with a three-body final state have been elusive and a long-standing issue. We present neutron spectra from the T(t,2n)α (TT) reaction measured in inertial confinement fusion experiments at the OMEGA laser facility at ion temperatures from 4 to 18 keV, corresponding to center-of-mass energies (E_{c.m.}) from 16 to 50 keV. A clear difference in the shape of the TT-neutron spectrum is observed between the two E_{c.m.}, with the ^{5}He ground state resonant peak at 8.6 MeV being significantly stronger at the higher than at the lower energy. The data provide the first conclusive evidence of a variant TT-neutron spectrum in this E_{c.m.} range. In contrast to earlier available data, this indicates a reaction mechanism that must involve resonances and/or higher angular momenta than L=0. This finding provides an important experimental constraint on theoretical efforts that explore this and complementary six-nucleon systems, such as the solar ^{3}He(^{3}He,2p)α reaction.
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Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Hale GM, Brune CR, Bacher A, Casey DT, Li CK, McNabb D, Paris M, Petrasso RD, Sangster TC, Sayre DB, Séguin FH. Proton Spectra from ^{3}He+T and ^{3}He+^{3}He Fusion at Low Center-of-Mass Energy, with Potential Implications for Solar Fusion Cross Sections. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:222701. [PMID: 29286782 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.222701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Few-body nuclear physics often relies upon phenomenological models, with new efforts at the ab initio theory reported recently; both need high-quality benchmark data, particularly at low center-of-mass energies. We use high-energy-density plasmas to measure the proton spectra from ^{3}He+T and ^{3}He+^{3}He fusion. The data disagree with R-matrix predictions constrained by neutron spectra from T+T fusion. We present a new analysis of the ^{3}He+^{3}He proton spectrum; these benchmarked spectral shapes should be used for interpreting low-resolution data, such as solar fusion cross-section measurements.
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MacPhee AG, Casey DT, Clark DS, Felker S, Field JE, Haan SW, Hammel BA, Kroll J, Landen OL, Martinez DA, Michel P, Milovich J, Moore A, Nikroo A, Rice N, Robey HF, Smalyuk VA, Stadermann M, Weber CR. Publisher's Note: X-ray shadow imprint of hydrodynamic instabilities on the surface of inertial confinement fusion capsules by the fuel fill tube [Phys. Rev. E 95, 031204(R) (2017)]. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:069905. [PMID: 28709236 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.069905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.95.031204.
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MacPhee AG, Casey DT, Clark DS, Felker S, Field JE, Haan SW, Hammel BA, Kroll J, Landen OL, Martinez DA, Michel P, Milovich J, Moore A, Nikroo A, Rice N, Robey HF, Smalyuk VA, Stadermann M, Weber CR. X-ray shadow imprint of hydrodynamic instabilities on the surface of inertial confinement fusion capsules by the fuel fill tube. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:031204. [PMID: 28415208 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.031204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of hydrodynamic instability growth for a high-density carbon ablator for indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility are reported. We observe significant unexpected features on the capsule surface created by shadows of the capsule fill tube, as illuminated by laser-irradiated x-ray spots on the hohlraum wall. These shadows increase the spatial size and shape of the fill tube perturbation in a way that can significantly degrade performance in layered implosions compared to previous expectations. The measurements were performed at a convergence ratio of ∼2 using in-flight x-ray radiography. The initial seed due to shadow imprint is estimated to be equivalent to ∼50-100 nm of solid ablator material. This discovery has prompted the need for a mitigation strategy for future inertial confinement fusion designs as proposed here.
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Sutcliffe GD, Milanese LM, Orozco D, Lahmann B, Gatu Johnson M, Séguin FH, Sio H, Frenje JA, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Park HS, Rygg JR, Casey DT, Bionta R, Turnbull DP, Huntington CM, Ross JS, Zylstra AB, Rosenberg MJ, Glebov VY. A novel method to recover DD fusion proton CR-39 data corrupted by fast ablator ions at OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11D812. [PMID: 27910586 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CR-39 detectors are used routinely in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments as a part of nuclear diagnostics. CR-39 is filtered to stop fast ablator ions which have been accelerated from an ICF implosion due to electric fields caused by laser-plasma interactions. In some experiments, the filtering is insufficient to block these ions and the fusion-product signal tracks are lost in the large background of accelerated ion tracks. A technique for recovering signal in these scenarios has been developed, tested, and implemented successfully. The technique involves removing material from the surface of the CR-39 to a depth beyond the endpoint of the ablator ion tracks. The technique preserves signal magnitude (yield) as well as structure in radiograph images. The technique is effective when signal particle range is at least 10 μm deeper than the necessary bulk material removal.
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Casey DT, Volegov PL, Merrill FE, Munro DH, Grim GP, Landen OL, Spears BK, Fittinghoff DN, Field JE, Smalyuk VA. Fluence-compensated down-scattered neutron imaging using the neutron imaging system at the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E715. [PMID: 27910388 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Neutron Imaging System at the National Ignition Facility is used to observe the primary ∼14 MeV neutrons from the hotspot and down-scattered neutrons (6-12 MeV) from the assembled shell. Due to the strong spatial dependence of the primary neutron fluence through the dense shell, the down-scattered image is convolved with the primary-neutron fluence much like a backlighter profile. Using a characteristic scattering angle assumption, we estimate the primary neutron fluence and compensate the down-scattered image, which reveals information about asymmetry that is otherwise difficult to extract without invoking complicated models.
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Ma T, Chen H, Patel PK, Schneider MB, Barrios MA, Casey DT, Chung HK, Hammel BA, Berzak Hopkins LF, Jarrott LC, Khan SF, Lahmann B, Nora R, Rosenberg MJ, Pak A, Regan SP, Scott HA, Sio H, Spears BK, Weber CR. Development of a krypton-doped gas symmetry capsule platform for x-ray spectroscopy of implosion cores on the NIF. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E327. [PMID: 27910341 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The electron temperature at stagnation of an ICF implosion can be measured from the emission spectrum of high-energy x-rays that pass through the cold material surrounding the hot stagnating core. Here we describe a platform developed on the National Ignition Facility where trace levels of a mid-Z dopant (krypton) are added to the fuel gas of a symcap (symmetry surrogate) implosion to allow for the use of x-ray spectroscopy of the krypton line emission.
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Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Bionta RM, Casey DT, Eckart MJ, Farrell MP, Grim GP, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Hoppe M, Kilkenny JD, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Reynolds HG, Sayre DB, Schoff ME, Séguin FH, Skulina K, Yeamans CB. High-resolution measurements of the DT neutron spectrum using new CD foils in the Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11D816. [PMID: 27910455 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility measures the DT neutron spectrum from cryogenically layered inertial confinement fusion implosions. Yield, areal density, apparent ion temperature, and directional fluid flow are inferred from the MRS data. This paper describes recent advances in MRS measurements of the primary peak using new, thinner, reduced-area deuterated plastic (CD) conversion foils. The new foils allow operation of MRS at yields 2 orders of magnitude higher than previously possible, at a resolution down to ∼200 keV FWHM.
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Weber CR, Döppner T, Casey DT, Bunn TL, Carlson LC, Dylla-Spears RJ, Kozioziemski BJ, MacPhee AG, Nikroo A, Robey HF, Sater JD, Smalyuk VA. Erratum: First Measurements of Fuel-Ablator Interface Instability Growth in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility [Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 075002 (2016)]. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:159902. [PMID: 27768355 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.159902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.075002.
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Weber CR, Döppner T, Casey DT, Bunn TL, Carlson LC, Dylla-Spears RJ, Kozioziemski BJ, MacPhee AG, Nikroo A, Robey HF, Sater JD, Smalyuk VA. First Measurements of Fuel-Ablator Interface Instability Growth in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:075002. [PMID: 27563971 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.075002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct measurements of hydrodynamic instability growth at the fuel-ablator interface in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions are reported for the first time. These experiments investigate one of the degradation mechanisms behind the lower-than-expected performance of early ICF implosions on the National Ignition Facility. Face-on x-ray radiography is used to measure instability growth occurring between the deuterium-tritium fuel and the plastic ablator from well-characterized perturbations. This growth starts in two ways through separate experiments-either from a preimposed interface modulation or from ablation front feedthrough. These experiments are consistent with analytic modeling and radiation-hydrodynamic simulations, which say that a moderately unstable Atwood number and convergence effects are causing in-flight perturbation growth at the interface. The analysis suggests that feedthrough from outersurface perturbations dominates the interface perturbation growth at mode 60.
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Gatu Johnson M, Knauer JP, Cerjan CJ, Eckart MJ, Grim GP, Hartouni EP, Hatarik R, Kilkenny JD, Munro DH, Sayre DB, Spears BK, Bionta RM, Bond EJ, Caggiano JA, Callahan D, Casey DT, Döppner T, Frenje JA, Glebov VY, Hurricane O, Kritcher A, LePape S, Ma T, Mackinnon A, Meezan N, Patel P, Petrasso RD, Ralph JE, Springer PT, Yeamans CB. Indications of flow near maximum compression in layered deuterium-tritium implosions at the National Ignition Facility. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:021202. [PMID: 27627237 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.021202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An accurate understanding of burn dynamics in implosions of cryogenically layered deuterium (D) and tritium (T) filled capsules, obtained partly through precision diagnosis of these experiments, is essential for assessing the impediments to achieving ignition at the National Ignition Facility. We present measurements of neutrons from such implosions. The apparent ion temperatures T_{ion} are inferred from the variance of the primary neutron spectrum. Consistently higher DT than DD T_{ion} are observed and the difference is seen to increase with increasing apparent DT T_{ion}. The line-of-sight rms variations of both DD and DT T_{ion} are small, ∼150eV, indicating an isotropic source. The DD neutron yields are consistently high relative to the DT neutron yields given the observed T_{ion}. Spatial and temporal variations of the DT temperature and density, DD-DT differential attenuation in the surrounding DT fuel, and fluid motion variations contribute to a DT T_{ion} greater than the DD T_{ion}, but are in a one-dimensional model insufficient to explain the data. We hypothesize that in a three-dimensional interpretation, these effects combined could explain the results.
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McMillan DH, van der Velden JL, Lahue KG, Qian X, Schneider RW, Iberg MS, Nolin JD, Abdalla S, Casey DT, Tew KD, Townsend DM, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Butnor KJ, Taatjes DJ, Budd RC, Irvin CG, van der Vliet A, Flemer S, Anathy V, Janssen-Heininger YM. Attenuation of lung fibrosis in mice with a clinically relevant inhibitor of glutathione- S-transferase π. JCI Insight 2016; 1:85717. [PMID: 27358914 PMCID: PMC4922427 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating lung disease characterized by excessive collagen production and fibrogenesis. Apoptosis in lung epithelial cells is critical in IPF pathogenesis, as heightened loss of these cells promotes fibroblast activation and remodeling. Changes in glutathione redox status have been reported in IPF patients. S-glutathionylation, the conjugation of glutathione to reactive cysteines, is catalyzed in part by glutathione-S-transferase π (GSTP). To date, no published information exists linking GSTP and IPF to our knowledge. We hypothesized that GSTP mediates lung fibrogenesis in part through FAS S-glutathionylation, a critical event in epithelial cell apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that GSTP immunoreactivity is increased in the lungs of IPF patients, notably within type II epithelial cells. The FAS-GSTP interaction was also increased in IPF lungs. Bleomycin- and AdTGFβ-induced increases in collagen content, α-SMA, FAS S-glutathionylation, and total protein S-glutathionylation were strongly attenuated in Gstp-/- mice. Oropharyngeal administration of the GSTP inhibitor, TLK117, at a time when fibrosis was already apparent, attenuated bleomycin- and AdTGFβ-induced remodeling, α-SMA, caspase activation, FAS S-glutathionylation, and total protein S-glutathionylation. GSTP is an important driver of protein S-glutathionylation and lung fibrosis, and GSTP inhibition via the airways may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IPF.
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Kilkenny JD, Caggiano JA, Hatarik R, Knauer JP, Sayre DB, Spears BK, Weber SV, Yeamans CB, Cerjan CJ, Divol L, Eckart MJ, Glebov VY, Herrmann HW, Pape SL, Munro DH, Grim GP, Jones OS, Berzak-Hopkins L, Gatu-Johnson M, Mackinnon AJ, Meezan NB, Casey DT, Frenje JA, Mcnaney JM, Petrasso R, Rinderknecht H, Stoeffl W, Zylstra AB. Understanding the stagnation and burn of implosions on NIF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/688/1/012048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Casey DT, Milovich JL, Smalyuk VA, Clark DS, Robey HF, Pak A, MacPhee AG, Baker KL, Weber CR, Ma T, Park HS, Döppner T, Callahan DA, Haan SW, Patel PK, Peterson JL, Hoover D, Nikroo A, Yeamans CB, Merrill FE, Volegov PL, Fittinghoff DN, Grim GP, Edwards MJ, Landen OL, Lafortune KN, MacGowan BJ, Widmayer CC, Sayre DB, Hatarik R, Bond EJ, Nagel SR, Benedetti LR, Izumi N, Khan S, Bachmann B, Spears BK, Cerjan CJ, Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA. Improved Performance of High Areal Density Indirect Drive Implosions at the National Ignition Facility using a Four-Shock Adiabat Shaped Drive. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:105001. [PMID: 26382681 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic instabilities can cause capsule defects and other perturbations to grow and degrade implosion performance in ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Here, we show the first experimental demonstration that a strong unsupported first shock in indirect drive implosions at the NIF reduces ablation front instability growth leading to a 3 to 10 times higher yield with fuel ρR>1 g/cm(2). This work shows the importance of ablation front instability growth during the National Ignition Campaign and may provide a path to improved performance at the high compression necessary for ignition.
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Döppner T, Callahan DA, Hurricane OA, Hinkel DE, Ma T, Park HS, Berzak Hopkins LF, Casey DT, Celliers P, Dewald EL, Dittrich TR, Haan SW, Kritcher AL, MacPhee A, Le Pape S, Pak A, Patel PK, Springer PT, Salmonson JD, Tommasini R, Benedetti LR, Bond E, Bradley DK, Caggiano J, Church J, Dixit S, Edgell D, Edwards MJ, Fittinghoff DN, Frenje J, Gatu Johnson M, Grim G, Hatarik R, Havre M, Herrmann H, Izumi N, Khan SF, Kline JL, Knauer J, Kyrala GA, Landen OL, Merrill FE, Moody J, Moore AS, Nikroo A, Ralph JE, Remington BA, Robey HF, Sayre D, Schneider M, Streckert H, Town R, Turnbull D, Volegov PL, Wan A, Widmann K, Wilde CH, Yeamans C. Demonstration of High Performance in Layered Deuterium-Tritium Capsule Implosions in Uranium Hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:055001. [PMID: 26274424 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.055001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first layered deuterium-tritium (DT) capsule implosions indirectly driven by a "high-foot" laser pulse that were fielded in depleted uranium hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility. Recently, high-foot implosions have demonstrated improved resistance to ablation-front Rayleigh-Taylor instability induced mixing of ablator material into the DT hot spot [Hurricane et al., Nature (London) 506, 343 (2014)]. Uranium hohlraums provide a higher albedo and thus an increased drive equivalent to an additional 25 TW laser power at the peak of the drive compared to standard gold hohlraums leading to higher implosion velocity. Additionally, we observe an improved hot-spot shape closer to round which indicates enhanced drive from the waist. In contrast to findings in the National Ignition Campaign, now all of our highest performing experiments have been done in uranium hohlraums and achieved total yields approaching 10^{16} neutrons where more than 50% of the yield was due to additional heating of alpha particles stopping in the DT fuel.
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Casey DT, Woods DT, Smalyuk VA, Hurricane OA, Glebov VY, Stoeckl C, Theobald W, Wallace R, Nikroo A, Schoff M, Shuldberg C, Wu KJ, Frenje JA, Landen OL, Remington BA, Glendinning G. Performance and Mix Measurements of Indirect Drive Cu-Doped Be Implosions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:205002. [PMID: 26047234 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.205002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ablator couples energy between the driver and fusion fuel in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Because of its low opacity, high solid density, and material properties, beryllium has long been considered an ideal ablator for ICF ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility. We report here the first indirect drive Be implosions driven with shaped laser pulses and diagnosed with fusion yield at the OMEGA laser. The results show good performance with an average DD neutron yield of ∼2×10^{9} at a convergence ratio of R_{0}/R∼10 and little impact due to the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities and mix. In addition, the effect of adding an inner liner of W between the Be and DD is demonstrated.
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Ma T, Hurricane OA, Callahan DA, Barrios MA, Casey DT, Dewald EL, Dittrich TR, Döppner T, Haan SW, Hinkel DE, Berzak Hopkins LF, Le Pape S, MacPhee AG, Pak A, Park HS, Patel PK, Remington BA, Robey HF, Salmonson JD, Springer PT, Tommasini R, Benedetti LR, Bionta R, Bond E, Bradley DK, Caggiano J, Celliers P, Cerjan CJ, Church JA, Dixit S, Dylla-Spears R, Edgell D, Edwards MJ, Field J, Fittinghoff DN, Frenje JA, Gatu Johnson M, Grim G, Guler N, Hatarik R, Herrmann HW, Hsing WW, Izumi N, Jones OS, Khan SF, Kilkenny JD, Knauer J, Kohut T, Kozioziemski B, Kritcher A, Kyrala G, Landen OL, MacGowan BJ, Mackinnon AJ, Meezan NB, Merrill FE, Moody JD, Nagel SR, Nikroo A, Parham T, Ralph JE, Rosen MD, Rygg JR, Sater J, Sayre D, Schneider MB, Shaughnessy D, Spears BK, Town RPJ, Volegov PL, Wan A, Widmann K, Wilde CH, Yeamans C. Thin shell, high velocity inertial confinement fusion implosions on the national ignition facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:145004. [PMID: 25910132 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.145004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Experiments have recently been conducted at the National Ignition Facility utilizing inertial confinement fusion capsule ablators that are 175 and 165 μm in thickness, 10% and 15% thinner, respectively, than the nominal thickness capsule used throughout the high foot and most of the National Ignition Campaign. These three-shock, high-adiabat, high-foot implosions have demonstrated good performance, with higher velocity and better symmetry control at lower laser powers and energies than their nominal thickness ablator counterparts. Little to no hydrodynamic mix into the DT hot spot has been observed despite the higher velocities and reduced depth for possible instability feedthrough. Early results have shown good repeatability, with up to 1/2 the neutron yield coming from α-particle self-heating.
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Gatu Johnson M, Frenje JA, Li CK, Séguin FH, Petrasso RD, Bionta RM, Casey DT, Caggiano JA, Hatarik R, Khater HY, Sayre DB, Knauer JP, Sangster TC, Herrmann HW, Kilkenny JD. Measurements of fuel and ablator ρR in Symmetry-Capsule implosions with the Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:11E104. [PMID: 25430283 DOI: 10.1063/1.4886418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Magnetic Recoil neutron Spectrometer (MRS) on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) measures the neutron spectrum in the energy range of 4-20 MeV. This paper describes MRS measurements of DT-fuel and CH-ablator ρR in DT gas-filled symmetry-capsule implosions at the NIF. DT-fuel ρR's of 80-140 mg/cm(2) and CH-ablator ρR's of 400-680 mg/cm(2) are inferred from MRS data. The measurements were facilitated by an improved correction of neutron-induced background in the low-energy part of the MRS spectrum. This work demonstrates the accurate utilization of the complete MRS-measured neutron spectrum for diagnosing NIF DT implosions.
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Rosenberg MJ, Zylstra AB, Frenje JA, Rinderknecht HG, Johnson MG, Waugh CJ, Séguin FH, Sio H, Sinenian N, Li CK, Petrasso RD, Glebov VY, Hohenberger M, Stoeckl C, Sangster TC, Yeamans CB, LePape S, Mackinnon AJ, Bionta RM, Talison B, Casey DT, Landen OL, Moran MJ, Zacharias RA, Kilkenny JD, Nikroo A. A compact proton spectrometer for measurement of the absolute DD proton spectrum from which yield and ρR are determined in thin-shell inertial-confinement-fusion implosions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:103504. [PMID: 25362390 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A compact, step range filter proton spectrometer has been developed for the measurement of the absolute DD proton spectrum, from which yield and areal density (ρR) are inferred for deuterium-filled thin-shell inertial confinement fusion implosions. This spectrometer, which is based on tantalum step-range filters, is sensitive to protons in the energy range 1-9 MeV and can be used to measure proton spectra at mean energies of ∼1-3 MeV. It has been developed and implemented using a linear accelerator and applied to experiments at the OMEGA laser facility and the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Modeling of the proton slowing in the filters is necessary to construct the spectrum, and the yield and energy uncertainties are ±<10% in yield and ±120 keV, respectively. This spectrometer can be used for in situ calibration of DD-neutron yield diagnostics at the NIF.
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Casey DT, Smalyuk VA, Raman KS, Peterson JL, Berzak Hopkins L, Callahan DA, Clark DS, Dewald EL, Dittrich TR, Haan SW, Hinkel DE, Hoover D, Hurricane OA, Kroll JJ, Landen OL, Moore AS, Nikroo A, Park HS, Remington BA, Robey HF, Rygg JR, Salmonson JD, Tommasini R, Widmann K. Reduced instability growth with high-adiabat high-foot implosions at the National Ignition Facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:011102. [PMID: 25122242 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.011102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic instabilities are a major obstacle in the quest to achieve ignition as they cause preexisting capsule defects to grow and ultimately quench the fusion burn in experiments at the National Ignition Facility. Unstable growth at the ablation front has been dramatically reduced in implosions with "high-foot" drives as measured using x-ray radiography of modulations at the most dangerous wavelengths (Legendre mode numbers of 30-90). These growth reductions have helped to improve the performance of layered DT implosions reported by O. A. Hurricane et al. [Nature (London) 506, 343 (2014)], when compared to previous "low-foot" experiments, demonstrating the value of stabilizing ablation-front growth and providing directions for future ignition designs.
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Smalyuk VA, Casey DT, Clark DS, Edwards MJ, Haan SW, Hamza A, Hoover DE, Hsing WW, Hurricane O, Kilkenny JD, Kroll J, Landen OL, Moore A, Nikroo A, Peterson L, Raman K, Remington BA, Robey HF, Weber SV, Widmann K. First measurements of hydrodynamic instability growth in indirectly driven implosions at ignition-relevant conditions on the National Ignition Facility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:185003. [PMID: 24856703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.185003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ignition experiments have shown an anomalous susceptibility to hydrodynamic instability growth. To help understand these results, the first hydrodynamic instability growth measurements in indirectly driven implosions on the National Ignition Facility were performed at ignition conditions with peak radiation temperatures up to ∼300 eV. Plastic capsules with two-dimensional preimposed, sinusoidal outer surface modulations of initial wavelengths of 240 (corresponding to a Legendre mode number of 30), 120 (mode 60), and 80 μm (mode 90) were imploded by using actual low-adiabat ignition laser pulses. The measured growth was in excellent agreement, validating 2D hydra simulations for the most dangerous modes in the acceleration phase. These results reinforce confidence in the predictive capability of calculations that are paramount to illuminating the path toward ignition.
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