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Alañón E, Escudero V, Ramírez E, Trovato N, Bellin MJ, Morell A, Sanjurjo M. DGI-011 Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Real-World Doses: Four-Year Retrospective Study in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Two Hospitals in Spain: Abstract DGI-011 Table 1. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2013-000276.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Ramírez E, Abraira V, Guerra P, Borobia AM, Duque B, López JL, Mosquera B, Lubomirov R, Carcas AJ, Frías J. A preliminary model to avoid the overestimation of sample size in bioequivalence studies. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2013; 63:98-103. [PMID: 23427051 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1333296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Often the only available data in literature for sample size estimations in bioequivalence studies is intersubject variability, which tends to result in overestimation of sample size. In this paper, we proposed a preliminary model of intrasubject variability based on intersubject variability for Cmax and AUC data from randomized, crossovers, bioequivalence (BE) studies. From 93 Cmax and 121 AUC data from test-reference comparisons that fulfilled BE criteria, we calculated intersubject variability for the reference formulation and intrasubject variability from ANOVA. Lineal and exponential models (y=a(1-e-bx)) were fitted weighted by the inverse of the variance, to predict the intrasubject variability based on intersubject variability. To validate the model we calculated the coefficient of cross-validation of data from 30 new BE studies. The models fit very well (R2=0.997 and 0.990 for Cmax and AUC respectively) and the cross-validation correlation were 0.847 for Cmax and 0.572 for AUC. A preliminary model analyses allow us to estimate the intrasubject variability based on intersubject variability for sample size calculation purposes in BE studies. This approximation provides an opportunity for sample size reduction avoiding unnecessary exposure of healthy volunteers. Further modelling studies are desirable to confirm these results especially suggestions of the higher intersubject variability range.
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Millán J, Casáis R, Delibes-Mateos M, Calvete C, Rouco C, Castro F, Colomar V, Casas-Díaz E, Ramírez E, Moreno S, Prieto JM, Villafuerte R. Widespread exposure to Sarcoptes scabiei in wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Spain. Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:323-9. [PMID: 21852039 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoptic mange was recently described in the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in north-eastern Mediterranean Spain, the first such infection reported in this species anywhere in the world. This finding has created concern in conservationists and game managers given that an outbreak of mange after a translocation would have catastrophic consequences for naïve rabbit populations in other parts of Spain. A retrospective serosurvey using an 'in house' ELISA test based on the use of a recombinant antigen aimed at determining the rates of contact with Sarcoptes scabiei was carried out on sera from 966 rabbits collected between 1993 and 2010 in Spain. Antibodies were found in 13% of wild rabbits in 60% of the 53 areas surveyed, as well as in 16 of the 17 Spanish provinces and islands studied. Seropositive rabbits were found amongst the oldest samples analyzed and in all studied years. Antibodies were also detected in 36% of rabbits from the protected island of Dragonera, where rabbits have probably not been released since the 1970s. On Mallorca, where 89 rabbits were inspected for both lesions and antibodies, the prevalence of lesions (5.6%) was much lower than the seroprevalence (22.5%), indicating that rabbits often survive infection or that ELISA detects infected rabbits before they develop visible lesions. Seroprevalence was higher in areas with medium levels of rabbit abundance, no restocking and high rainfall. The results show that mange is widespread in rabbits and that the mite is not a recent introduction. Thus, sarcoptic mange could be considered as an enzootic disease in the wild rabbit and so prophylactic measures implemented during rabbit translocations are to be encouraged to avoid local outbreaks in naïve populations.
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Ramírez E, García-Rodríguez J, Borobia AM, Ortega JM, Lei S, Barrios-Fernández A, Sánchez M, Carcas AJ, Herrero A, Puente JM, Frías J. Use of antifungal agents in pediatric and adult high-risk areas. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:337-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ramírez E, Mayorga M, Cuevas D, Recasens F. Fatty oil hydrogenation in supercritical solvents: Process design and safety issues. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alfaro F, Checa A, Ramírez E, Cevey M, Meneu J, Abradelo M, Moreno E, Paz-Artal E, Mellado M, Serrano A. In Vitro Evaluation of New Possible Cell Engraftment Enhancers for Cell Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:671-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Piñana E, Lei SH, Merino R, Melgosa M, De La Vega R, Gonzales-Obeso E, Ramírez E, Borobia A, Carcas A. DRESS-syndrome on sulfasalazine and naproxen treatment for juvenile idiopathic arthritis and reactivation of human herpevirus 6 in an 11-year-old caucasian boy. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 35:365-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ramírez E, Serrano A, García F, Alfaro FJ, Pérez V, Paz-Artal E, Morales JM. Prospective study on autoantibodies against apolipoprotein H (beta2GPI) in several clinical parameters from patients with terminal renal failure and functioning renal transplants. Transplant Proc 2010; 41:2370-2. [PMID: 19715922 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Renal transplantation is the best therapeutic option for patients with end-stage renal disease. However, long-term results have not been very encouraging because of patient deaths due to cardiovascular disease and chronic transplant nephropathy (CTN), which includes vascular damage similar to arteriosclerosis injury. Several autoantibodies have been related to vasculopathy in the transplant such as anti-beta2GPI IgA, IgG, and IgM autoantibodies. We analyzed the levels of these autoantibodies among a cohort of 176 transplant recipients and a control group of 80 healthy subjects using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We collected data concerning the cardiovascular status of the patients, such as age, sex, diabetes mellitus, biopsy-confirmed CTN, schemic cardiopathy, cholesterol, triglycerides, and renal status by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) clearance and proteinuria. We also selected other characteristics, including hepatitis C virus infection and systolic/diastolic arterial pressures. The proportion of patients with high levels of IgG and IgM anti-beta2GPI autoantibodies did not differ from that observed in the control group, whereas the difference became significant in the case of anti-beta2GPI IgA autoantibodies (19.88% vs 1%). These results for the presence of anti-beta2GPI IgA autoantibodies were related to clinical data through a multivariate analysis, where the only parameter influenced by the presence of these autoantibodies seemed to be proteinuria, which in most cases was due to CTN.
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Ramírez E, Pacho A, Morales J, De Castro I, Paz-Artal E, Morales P. Frequency and Influence of Hemochromatosis Gene Mutations in Kidney Transplant Recipients With or Without Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:2422-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ramírez E, Morales J, Lora D, Mellado M, Cevey M, Alfaro F, De Pablos P, Andrés A, Paz-Artal E, Serrano A. Peripheral Blood Regulatory T Cells in Long-Term Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:2360-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Alfaro F, Grau M, Ramírez E, Cevey M, Mellado M, Castro M, Meneu J, Abradelo M, Camañas C, Moreno E, Morales P, Paz-Artal E, Serrano A. An In Vitro Model of Cell Transplantation for Evaluation of Cell Engraftment Enhancers. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:2487-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Cruz-Magallanes HM, Esquivel-Cruz R, Estrada-Martínez S, Rivas-González M, Liesenfeld O, Martínez-García SA, Ramírez E, Torres-Castorena A, Castañeda A, Dubey JP. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in human adults from three rural communities in Durango State, Mexico. J Parasitol 2008; 94:811-6. [PMID: 18576838 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1524.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There is scarce information concerning the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in people of rural Mexico. Anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM antibodies were sought in 462 adult inhabitants from 3 rural communities of Durango, Mexico, using enzyme-linked immunoassays. In total, 110 (23.8%) of 463 persons had IgG anti-T. gondii antibodies. Ten (2.2%) of them also had IgM anti-T. gondii antibodies. Prevalences of T. gondii IgG antibodies in the 3 communities varied from 14.8 to 35.8%. The highest prevalence of infection was observed in participants older than 70 yr and in those with good housing conditions. Toxoplasma gondii infection was significantly associated with consumption of squirrel (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 4.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-16.05) and turkey meat (adjusted OR = 4.58; 95% CI = 1.14-18.44). This is the first epidemiological study of T. gondii prevalence in rural Mexico.
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Cabeza M, Heuze I, Sánchez M, Bratoeff E, Ramírez E, Rojas A, Orozco A, Mungía A, Agustín G, Cuatepotzo L, Gonzalez C, Palma S, Padilla D, Perez V, Jimenez G. Relative binding affinity of novel steroids to androgen receptors in hamster prostate. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 20:357-64. [PMID: 16206830 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500148924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo and in vitro antiandrogenic activity of four aromatic esters 10a-10d, one aliphatic ester 10e based on the pregna-4,16-diene-6, 20-dione structure and two aromatic 17c, 17d and two aliphatic valeroyloxy esters 17a, 17b based on the more saturated 4-pregnene-6,20-dione skeleton was examined. The biological activity of steroids 9, 10a-10e and 17a-17d, was determined using prostate glands from gonadectomized adult male golden hamsters. In the in vitro studies, the relative binding affinity of these steroids to cytoplasmic androgen receptor (AR) of hamster prostate was determined from, the corresponding IC50 values obtained from the competitive binding plots. The standards dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and cyproterone (CA) acetate used have displaced [3H]DHT from the AR with an IC50 value of 3.2 and 4.4 nM respectively. All steroidal compounds synthesized in this study showed a binding affinity for the androgen receptor, present in the cytosol from prostate hamster; compounds 10a-10c showed the highest affinities for this receptor. The in vivo experiments showed that all steroidal derivatives were subcutaneously active, since they decreased the weight of the prostate gland in gonadectomized hamsters treated with DHT, and are antagonists for the androgen receptor since they block the DHT-induced prostate weight gain. The derivatives having the more conjugated 4,16-pregnadiene-6, 20-dione system (10a-10c) exhibited a higher antiandrogenic activity than the corresponding steroids (17a-17d) based on the more saturated 4-pregnene-6,20-dione system.
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Fernández-Dueñas D, Mariscal G, Ramírez E, Cuarón J. Vitamin C and β-carotene in diets for pigs at weaning. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Martín-Morales A, Meyer G, Ramírez E. Prevalencia de disfunción eyaculatoria secundaria al tratamiento con alfa-bloqueantes en pacientes con hiperplasia benigna de próstata. Actas Urol Esp 2008. [DOI: 10.4321/s0210-48062008000700006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ramírez E, Moreno V, Díaz N, Osorio F, Ruiz A, Neira V, Quezada M. Evaluation of the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a chilean isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2008; 55:115-24. [PMID: 18397499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2007.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine clinical features, shedding and transmission of a Chilean Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) strain upon experimental inoculation of 4-week-old pigs. Six groups of five animals each were used. The G1 (donor) group was inoculated with PRRSV, maintained in an isolation unit for 35 days, and sampled daily to determine shedding in mucosal secretions and faeces, viraemia and seroconversion. An uninfected control group (G6) was equally maintained and sampled under strict isolation. Four other groups (G2 to G5) were exposed to PRRSV via direct contact with G1 for 5-day periods in a staggered manner, throughout the 35-day period, and were later placed in an independent isolation unit to monitor infection status for 7 days. All the animals in G1 and G6 were killed at 35 days post-inoculation (dpi) and the contact groups at 12 days post-contact (dpc). Samples were obtained from diverse organs for histopathological, immunohistochemical (IHC) and virological analysis. No clinical symptoms were evident in any group, except for a transient fever observed in G1. Histopathologically, all the animals of G1 had interstitial pneumonia, although scarce PRRSV-positive cells were detected in the lung using IHC. PRRSV-positive cells (IHC) were detected in the lymphoid tissue of all animals in infected groups, but especially in G3 and G4. Viraemia was detected in G1 (3-35 dpi) and in the all contact groups (5-12 dpc). Likewise, ranging from 3 to 19 dpi, PRRSV was detected in at least one animal from the tonsils and lungs in all infected groups, in nasal and ocular secretions, saliva or faeces. These results indicate that the donor group excreted infectious PRRSV and was able to transmit the infection to susceptible pigs. The critical shedding period was 7-19 dpi, during which, most likely, transmission took place.
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Ramírez E, Santana A, Cruz A, López GE. Phase equilibria in model surfactants forming Langmuir monolayers. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:224703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2802505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Ruiz A, Gutiérrez C, Ramírez E, Quezada M, Lecocq C, Segalés J. Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Chile. Vet Rec 2007; 161:496. [PMID: 17921446 DOI: 10.1136/vr.161.14.496-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ramírez E, López GE. Isotopic effect in the solid–liquid phase diagram of quantum clusters. Mol Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970701678915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Guardo A, Casanovas M, Ramírez E, Recasens F, Magaña I, Martínez D, Larrayoz M. CFD modeling on external mass transfer and intra-particle diffusional effects on the supercritical hydrogenation of sunflower oil. Chem Eng Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2007.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Santana A, Larrayoz M, Ramírez E, Nistal J, Recasens F. Sunflower oil hydrogenation on Pd in supercritical solvents: Kinetics and selectivities. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ramírez E, Larrayoz MA, Recasens F. Intraparticle diffusion mechanisms in SC sunflower oil hydrogenation on Pd. AIChE J 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ramírez E, Ruiz A, Islas A, Lecocq C, Carrasco L, Quezada M. Características hematológicas y patológicas de cerdos inoculados experimentalmente con el aislado chileno del virus síndrome respiratorio y reproductivo porcino. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.4067/s0301-732x2006000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rodríguez-Baño J, Ramírez E, Muniain MA, Santos J, Joyanes P, González F, García-Sánchez M, Martínez-Martínez L. Colonization by high-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci in intensive care unit patients: epidemiology and clinical relevance. J Hosp Infect 2005; 60:353-9. [PMID: 15893852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A cohort study was performed to investigate the risk factors for colonization with high-level aminoglycoside-resistant enterococci (HLARE) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Colonization was investigated by performing surveillance samples during ICU stay. Clonal relatedness of the isolates was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Eighty-six patients with an ICU stay of >48 h were included; two were colonized with HLARE at admission, and 24 (28.5%) acquired HLARE during their stay in the ICU. HLARE were initially isolated from rectal swabs alone. Thirty-five percent of Enterococcus faecalis and 57% of E. faecium showed high-level resistance to gentamicin or streptomycin. Most isolates were clonally unrelated. Using multi-variate analysis, the only variable associated with HLARE colonization was previous antimicrobial use. Five patients had HLARE isolated from clinical samples, three of them with infection; in all of these, colonization with the same clone had been detected previously by surveillance samples. We conclude that most infections due to HLARE in the ICU are preceded by previous colonization, and that antimicrobial use is the main risk factor for colonization.
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Salinas G, Velásquez C, Saavedra L, Ramírez E, Angulo H, Tamayo JC, Orellana A, Huivin Z, Valdivia C, Rodríguez W. Prevalence and risk factors for gallstone disease. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2005; 14:250-3. [PMID: 15492651 DOI: 10.1097/00129689-200410000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gallstone disease is a main public health problem. The overall prevalence data range from 3.9% in the pre-echographic era to 13.7% when ultrasonography was used as a diagnostic tool. This study is aimed to determine the prevalence of gallstone disease in a medium income level population in Lima, as well as the relationship with some risk factors: age, sex, familiar history and obesity. A total of 534 adult men and women from a medium economic level underwent ultrasonographic examination of abdomen for detection of gallstone disease (July 2003). The echographic evaluation was performed by 10 general surgeons trained in ultrasonography. Likewise, 4 risk factors--age, gender, familial history, and obesity--were analyzed. Pearson chi2 test (2-sided) was used with a probability of <0.05 for statistical significance and logistic regression analyses for assessment of confounding factors. The prevalence founded was 15%. Eighty-one of 534 participants had lithiasis. Compared to the age group under 30, the odds ratio for the 31 to 50 years and >50 years of age group was 0.9 and 1.1, respectively. The female-male ratio was 1.07 and the odds ratio 0.8. The prevalence of gallstone disease in people reporting a first-degree relative with lithiasis was 21%, whereas in participants without such a condition, it was 13%. On the other hand, a familial history was present in 38% of the lithiasis group and in 25% of the nonlithiasis group. The odds ratio for familial history was 1.8 (P = 0.01, 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.9). The prevalence of the disease for body mass index <24, 25 to 29, and higher than 30 was 17%, 14% and 13%, respectively. Compared to the reference group (body mass index <24), the other 2 groups (body mass index 25-29 and >30) both had a similar odds ratio, 0.8. Logistic regression analyses showed an odds ratio of 1.9 for familiar history (95% confidence interval 1.1-3.2), whereas the odds ratio of the overweight (body mass index 25-29) and obese group (body mass index >30) when compared to the normal group, BMI <24, was 0.7 and 0.9, respectively. The prevalence data for gallstone disease remain slightly higher than those previously reported. Although the familiar history was the only characteristic with a statistically significant positive relationship with lithiasis, additional studies are needed because few biases could not be completely avoided and some confounding factors were not controlled.
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