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La Torre R, Bevilacqua E, D'Ambrosio V, Pasquali G, Aliberti C, Ventriglia F, Giancotti A. Matrix array transducer for the examination of fetal heart. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 2014; 41:581-582. [PMID: 25864265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The X6-1 xmatrix array transducer allows a completely new approach to the diagnostic ultrasound: it permits visualization of fetal heart in real time, without the need for gating, and it is unaffected by motion artefacts. It is obtained in real time, without any spatial reconstruction. The authors compared this technology with the traditional one in two case reports: a diagnostic doubt of small muscular ventricular septal defect was solved using this new technique; a diagnosis of complete atrioventricular septal defect was confirmed. Three-dimensional real-time imaging would seem very precise in the study of fetal heart: the defects were fully visualized from any angulations. This new technology is promising but from the authors' limited experience, there is no evidence to use it in routine practice. It should be very useful to commence a prospective study on fetuses at risk while testing the superiority of this technique.
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Bevilacqua E, Paulesu L, Ferro EAV, Ietta F, Faria MR, Lorenzon AR, Costa AF, Martucci M. Review: putative roles for the macrophage migratory inhibitory factor at the maternal fetal interface. Placenta 2013; 35 Suppl:S51-6. [PMID: 24215782 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex and dynamic networks of molecules participate in the essential interactions between maternal organism, placenta and fetus in a healthy and successful pregnancy. Macrophage migratory inhibitory factor (MIF) is one of several molecules produced at implantation sites; MIF is mostly expressed by trophoblast cells. This has led to expectations of MIF's relevance as a partner in the maternal/fetal dialog. MIF is known by its biological interactions and functional roles as an activator of innate immunity, regulating subsequent adaptive responses, which include inhibition of migration of mononuclear cells in vitro, antagonism of glucocorticoids, and regulation of expression of Toll-like receptor 4. Beyond roles in the inflammatory response, MIF can interfere with proliferative activities in different cell types, as well as with cell death pathways. This intriguing factor found at the human, porcine, ovine, bovine and rodent maternal-fetal interfaces is present in a time- and spatially-dependent manner, indicating regulatory roles in the process of embryo implantation, placental development, maintenance of pregnancy and birth. Here, we will review MIF participation in placental physiology, including new evidence for a dialog with uterine cells, and a potential role in protection of uterine decidual cells.
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Giancotti A, Muto B, Diambrosio V, Bevilacqua E, Pasquali G, Squarcella A, La Torre R. Ultrasound management and clinical outcome of twin pregnancies. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2013; 33:675-7. [DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2013.813915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Corrêa-Silva S, Moreli J, De Rosa L, Damasceno D, Rudge M, Bevilacqua E, Calderon I. Influence of hyperglicemia in pro-inflamatory cytokine levels in serum and placenta. Placenta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.06.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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De Rosa L, Ruocco A, Moreli J, Corrêa-Silva S, Bevilacqua E, Rudge M, Calderon I. W189 PLACENTAL VASCULARIZATION IN DIABETIC AND MILD HYPERGLYCEMIC PREGNANCIES. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(12)61914-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Calderon I, Moreli J, Damasceno D, Morceli G, Corrêa-Silva S, De Rosa L, Bevilacqua E, Rudge M. W260 IL-1β AND IL-6 PLASMA LEVELS IN PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY DIABETES OR MILD GESTATIONAL HYPERGLYCEMIA. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(12)61984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Corrêa-Silva S, Paixão-Alencar A, Moreli J, Damasceno D, De Rosa L, Rudge M, Bevilacqua E, Calderon I. O150 DETECTION OF PLACENTAL INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (iNOS) IN DIABETIC AND MILD GESTATIONAL HYPERGLYCEMIC PREGNANCIES. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7292(12)60580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lorenzon A, Farah S, Fisher S, Bevilacqua E. Expression of the presumptive chemokine Stromal Cell Derived Factor-2 (SDF-2) by different cell types in human placenta: function insights. J Reprod Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.03.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Correa-Silva S, Prado K, Oliveira L, Ono E, Camara N, Bevilacqua E. Comparison between cytokines in peripheral and placental compartment in renal-transplanted pregnant women. J Reprod Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2012.03.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Giancotti A, Bevilacqua E, D'Ambrosio V, Pasquali G, Gasbarri A. A new technology in the diagnosis of small ventricular septal defects. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2012; 32:394-5. [PMID: 22519490 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2012.664585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Giancotti A, La Torre R, Bevilacqua E, D'Ambrosio V, Pasquali G, Panici PB. Mediastinal masses: a case of fetal teratoma and literature review. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 2012; 39:384-387. [PMID: 23157052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fetal mediastinal masses are rare congenital formations that could complicate pregnancy. They are usually discovered as space occupying lesions in the fetal chest during routine ultrasound scan. The most important prognostic factors of mediastinal masses are mass location, compressing effect causing pulmonary hypoplasia and/or heart failure, and the presence or absence of hydrops. We report a case of fetal mediastinal teratoma and a review of the literature. A 32-year-old woman carrying a fetus with hydrops due to a mediastinal mass underwent cesarean section at 32 1/7 weeks' gestation. A well encapsulated tumor was excised by surgery at one day of life. The baby is now eight months old without respiratory difficulty. To our knowledge, this is the fourth case report of a mediastinal teratoma associated with nonimmune hydrops in a fetus that survived the neonatal period. Fetal mediastinal teratoma requires close surveillance and multidisciplinary management by obstetricians, neonatologists, and pediatric surgeons.
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Amarante-Paffaro A, Hoshida M, Yokota S, Gonçalves C, Joazeiro P, Bevilacqua E, Yamada A. Localization of Cathepsins D and B at the Maternal-Fetal Interface and the Invasiveness of the Trophoblast during the Postimplantation Period in the Mouse. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 193:417-25. [DOI: 10.1159/000320546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Fernández C, Bevilacqua E, Fernández N, Gajate P, de la Cámara AG, Garcimartín M, Vives R, Rodríguez J. Asthma related to Alternaria sensitization: an analysis of skin-test and serum-specific IgE efficiency based on the bronchial provocation test. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 41:649-56. [PMID: 21105919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03645.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is difficult to find a causal relationship between exposure to Alternaria spores and the development of asthma symptoms in sensitized individuals due to the complexity of clinical situations in which positive diagnostic tests are often found. OBJECTIVE To analyse the diagnostic efficiency of skin testing (ST) and serum-specific IgE to Alternaria, based on the results of a bronchial specific challenge with Alternaria extracts. METHODS Seventy-four asthmatic patients sensitized to Alternaria underwent a specific bronchial challenge with this mould. Skin-testing weal sizes, serum-specific IgE values (CAP-system) and bronchial challenge results were analysed by receiver operating characteristics curves (ROC curves) and logistic regression. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for different cut-off points. RESULTS Bronchial challenges to Alternaria elicited a positive result in 45 patients (61%). Skin prick testing almost perfectly predicted the outcome of bronchoprovocation tests (area under the ROC curve of 0.957), whereas intradermal skin testing had moderate efficacy. A negative result for skin prick test (SPT) showed a 4% probability of a positive bronchial challenge in the logistic regression analysis. However, weals around 5.5 mm in diameter had 90% probability of a positive challenge. Quantification of serum-specific IgE correctly classified 86% of the cases. In the logistic regression analysis, a CAP value 16 kU(A)/L predicted a positive bronchial challenge result with 99% accuracy, whereas for a CAP value <0.35 kU(A)/L, this probability was 33%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Most asthmatic patients with positive SPT results to Alternaria would have a positive bronchial challenge. As atmospheric mould levels may vary significantly with the weather conditions, sensitized patients should be instructed on the risk situations, environmental control measures and the importance of correct medication compliance. Immunotherapy with Alternaria could also be taken into account as a valid therapeutic option.
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Pietro L, Daher S, Rudge MVC, Calderon IMP, Damasceno DC, Sinzato YK, Bandeira C, Bevilacqua E. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-receptor expression in placenta of hyperglycemic pregnant women. Placenta 2010; 31:770-80. [PMID: 20674013 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia occurs in a variety of conditions such as overt diabetes, gestational diabetes and mild hyperglycemia, all of which are generally defined based on the oral glucose tolerance test and glucose profiles. Whereas diabetes has received considerable attention in recent decades, few studies have examined the mechanisms of mild hyperglycemia and its associated disturbances. Mild gestational hyperglycemia is associated with macrosomia and a high risk of perinatal mortality. Morphologically, the placenta of these women is characterized by an increase in the number of terminal villi and capillaries, presumably as part of a compensatory mechanism to maintain homeostasis at the maternal-fetal interface. In this study, we analised the expression of VEGF and its receptors VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR) in placentas from mildly hyperglycemic women. This expression was compared with that of normoglycemic women and women with gestational and overt diabetes. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong staining for VEGF and VEGFR-2 in vascular and trophoblastic cells of mildly hyperglycemic women, whereas the staining for VEGFR-1 was discrete and limited to the trophoblast. The pattern of VEGF and VEGF-receptor reactivity in placentas from women with overt diabetes was similar to that of normoglycemic women. In women with gestational diabetes, strong staining for VEGFR-1 was observed in vascular and trophoblastic cells whereas VEGF and VEGFR-2 were detected only in the trophoblast. The expression of these proteins was confirmed by western blotting, which revealed the presence of an additional band of 75 kDa. In the decidual compartment, only extravillous trophoblast reacted with all antibodies. Morphological analysis revealed collagen deposition around large arteries in all groups with altered glycemia. These findings indicate a placental response to altered glycemia that could have important consequences for the fetus. The change in the placental VEGF/VEGFR expression ratio in mild hyperglycemia may favor angiogenesis in placental tissue and could explain the hypercapillarization of villi seen in this gestational disturbance.
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Correa-Silva S, Oliveira L, Sass N, Camara N, Bevilacqua E. Immunophenotype of dendritic cells in renal transplanted pregnant women at first, second and third trimester. J Reprod Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.06.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Daher S, Guimarães A, Mattar R, Zenclussen A, Paulesu L, Bevilacqua E. Immunolocalization of pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules in early human placentas in abortion and healthy pregnancies. J Reprod Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.06.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Perrone G, Capri O, Galoppi P, Brunelli R, Bevilacqua E, Ceci F, Ciarla M, Strom R. Effects of either Tibolone or Continuous Combined Transdermal Estradiol with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Coagulatory Factors and Lipoprotein(a) in Menopause. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2009; 68:33-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000211676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Minazaki CK, Gagioti S, Zago D, Terra W, Araujo VC, Oliveira RA, Bevilacqua E. Acid phosphatase and cathepsin D are active expressed enzymes in the placenta of the cat. Res Vet Sci 2007; 84:326-34. [PMID: 17881018 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are crucial for the metabolism of macromolecular substrates. In the great majority of cells, most enzymes are constitutive. Nevertheless, inducible enzymes can predominate, determining specialized cell functions. Within this context, histochemistry/immunohistochemistry and biochemistry were used to investigate expression of peroxidase and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, as well as the expression and activity of cathepsin D and acid phosphatase, in trophoblast cells within the endotheliochorial labyrinth and marginal hematoma of the term cat placenta. In the marginal hematoma, elevated Cathepsin D expression and activity was accompanied by erythrophagocytosis. In contrast, acid phosphatase activity was much more intense in the labyrinth, where metabolic exchanges occur. Peroxidase and NAD(P)H-oxidase were predominantly active in trophoblast cells within endosomal vesicles of different placental compartments, indicating that, although reactive oxygen species might participate in endosomal/lysosomal processes, they are not territorially specific or functional markers. These findings highlight differential characteristics of cathepsin D and acid phosphatase activity within each placental compartment, thereby contributing to the comprehension of the territorial role played by the placenta and facilitating future metabolic studies.
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Hoshida MS, Gorjão R, Daher S, Curi R, Bevilacqua E. Expression Profiling of IFN-gamma-treated Post Implanting Trophoblast Cells Using cDNA Macroarray. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00519_10.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Hoshida MS, Gorjão R, Lima C, Daher S, Curi R, Bevilacqua E. Regulation of gene expression in mouse trophoblast cells by interferon-gamma. Placenta 2007; 28:1059-72. [PMID: 17544503 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) activates phagocytosis and induces nitric oxide production in cultured mouse trophoblast cells. In the present study we examined the effect of this cytokine on ectoplacental cone and gene expression in trophoblast cells. Ectoplacental cones were obtained during the postimplantation period on gestational day 7.5 from CD-1 mice and exposed to 100U/mL IFN-gamma. Ectoplacental cone morphology, cell proliferation and death were also determined upon IFN-gamma treatment. Complementary DNA macroarray and semiquantitative RT-PCR were used to analyze gene expression. IFN-gamma treatment did not alter ectoplacental cone morphology, trophoblast cell proliferation or death. However, using gene array technology, we observed that IFN-gamma affected the developing trophoblast, altering the level of mRNA expression, which resulted in upregulation of 35 genes and downregulation of seven others. The upregulation of transcription factors and immune response-associated genes suggests that IFN-gamma is involved in processes beyond immunological homeostasis and plays an important role in placental development and function.
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Ferro E, Mineo J, Ietta F, Romagnoli R, Sorda G, Bevilacqua E, Paulesu L. Potential role of macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) in first trimester chorionic villous explants stimulated by antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. J Reprod Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2006.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Daher S, Moreira J, Dalboni M, Guimarães A, Bevilacqua E, Mattar R. Soluble Fas antigen in term labour. J Reprod Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2006.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Franchi-Gazzola R, Dall'Asta V, Sala R, Visigalli R, Bevilacqua E, Gaccioli F, Gazzola GC, Bussolati O. The role of the neutral amino acid transporter SNAT2 in cell volume regulation. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2006; 187:273-83. [PMID: 16734764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2006.01552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter-2 (SNAT2), the ubiquitous member of SLC38 family, accounts for the activity of transport system A for neutral amino acids in most mammalian tissues. As the transport process performed by SNAT2 is highly energized, system A substrates, such as glutamine, glycine, proline and alanine, reach high transmembrane gradients and constitute major components of the intracellular amino acid pool. Moreover, through a complex array of exchange fluxes, involving other amino acid transporters, and of metabolic reactions, such as the synthesis of glutamate from glutamine, SNAT2 activity influences the cell content of most amino acids, thus determining the overall size and the composition of the intracellular amino acid pool. As amino acids represent a large fraction of cell organic osmolytes, changes of SNAT2 activity are followed by modifications in both cell amino acids and cell volume. This mechanism is utilized by many cell types to perform an effective regulatory volume increase (RVI) upon hypertonic exposure. Under these conditions, the expression of SNAT2 gene is induced and newly synthesized SNAT2 proteins are preferentially targeted to the cell membrane, leading to a significant increase of system A transport Vmax. In cultured human fibroblasts incubated under hypertonic conditions, the specific silencing of SNAT2 expression, obtained with anti-SNAT2 siRNAs, prevents the increase in system A transport activity, hinders the expansion of intracellular amino acid pool, and significantly delays cell volume recovery. These results demonstrate the pivotal role played by SNAT2 induction in the short-term hypertonic RVI and suggest that neutral amino acids behave as compatible osmolytes in hypertonically stressed cells.
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Klisch K, Bevilacqua E, Olivera LVM. Mitotic polyploidization in trophoblast giant cells of the alpaca. Cells Tissues Organs 2006; 181:103-8. [PMID: 16534204 DOI: 10.1159/000091099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome multiplication is a typical feature of trophoblast giant cell (TGC) development in many species. Elevated nuclear DNA contents can be achieved by modified cell cycles with a complete lack of mitosis (endoreduplication) or with incomplete mitoses. The aim of this study is to characterize genome multiplication in the alpaca TGC. Placental tissues of gestation days 150, 264 and 347 (near term) and term placentae were processed for light microscopy and for transmission electron microscopy. Each TGC showed many nuclear profiles. Observation of serial sections revealed that TGCs are truly multinucleate with several highly lobulated nuclei. Feulgen staining showed that TGC nuclei have a higher DNA content than nuclei of other trophoblast cells. The number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in nuclear profiles of TGC was between 15 and 100, while other trophoblast cells showed 1 or 2 AgNORs. Large multipolar mitotic figures with maximal diameters of 80 mum were observed in the alpaca placentas on gestation days 264 and 347. No cytokinesis was seen in TGC. The results show that the mode of genome multiplication in the alpaca TGC is mitotic polyploidization. Subsequent acytokinetic mitoses may lead to an accumulation of chromosomes and centrioles in TGC. With increasing ploidy levels, the shape of these polyploidizing mitoses becomes more irregular. The restitution of nuclei after these complex multipolar mitoses is likely to result in the irregular nuclear shape in TGC.
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Bevilacqua E, Fernández N, Fernández C, Garcimartin M, Romero S, Gomez A, Vives R. ROC Curve Analysis of Skin Testing and Specific IgE Antibodies Values to Predict Clinical Allergy to Alternaria in Asthmatic Subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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