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Dareh MTB, Andisheh‐Tadbir A, Aghakouchakzadeh A. Evaluation of the relationship between the expression of AgNOR and Ki67 with the recurrence rate in central granulomatous giant cell lesions: A case-control. Clin Exp Dent Res 2024; 10:e870. [PMID: 38506305 PMCID: PMC10952119 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Giant cell granuloma is a local nonneoplastic lesion that is divided into two categories, based on its site of occurrence: Central and peripheral giant cell granuloma. Central giant cell granuloma is an intraosseous lesion that has a tendency to recure even in surgically treated cases. Several studies have proven that there is an association between different lesions clinical behavior and their histological features. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of AgNOR and Ki67 in lesions with and without recurrency. MATERIAL AND METHODS Files and records of 35 patients who had been histologically diagnosed with central giant cell granuloma were investigated. Histological features were studied after performing AgNOR staining and Ki67 marker. The data were analyzed by chi-square, Fisher, and T-test. RESULTS Acquired data indicated that the count of AgNOR staining and Ki67 marker was significantly higher in lesions with recurrency than the lesions with no recurrency. The same results were attained from Ki67 intensity. CONCLUSION The current study indicated that AgNOR staining and Ki67 marker have prognostic value in predicting recurrency of central giant cell granuloma lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina T. B. Dareh
- Student Research Committee, School of DentistryAlborz University of Medical SciencesKarajIran
| | - Azadeh Andisheh‐Tadbir
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Oral and Dental Disease Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Arezoo Aghakouchakzadeh
- Department of oral and maxillofacial pathology, School of DentistryAlborz University of Medical ScienceKarajIran
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White-Gilbertson S, Lu P, Saatci O, Sahin O, Delaney JR, Ogretmen B, Voelkel-Johnson C. Transcriptome analysis of polyploid giant cancer cells and their progeny reveals a functional role for p21 in polyploidization and depolyploidization. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107136. [PMID: 38447798 PMCID: PMC10979113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCC) are frequently detected in tumors and are increasingly recognized for their roles in chromosomal instability and associated genome evolution that leads to cancer recurrence. We previously reported that therapy stress promotes polyploidy, and that acid ceramidase plays a role in depolyploidization. In this study, we used an RNA-seq approach to gain a better understanding of the underlying transcriptomic changes that occur as cancer cells progress through polyploidization and depolyploidization. Our results revealed gene signatures that are associated with disease-free and/or overall survival in several cancers and identified the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN1A/p21 as the major hub in PGCC and early progeny. Increased expression of p21 in PGCC was limited to the cytoplasm. We previously demonstrated that the sphingolipid enzyme acid ceramidase is dispensable for polyploidization upon therapy stress but plays a crucial role in depolyploidization. The current study demonstrates that treatment of cells with ceramide is not sufficient for p53-independent induction of p21 and that knockdown of acid ceramidase, which hydrolyzes ceramide, does not interfere with upregulation of p21. In contrast, blocking the expression of p21 with UC2288 prevented the induction of acid ceramidase and inhibited both the formation of PGCC from parental cells as well as the generation of progeny from PGCC. Taken together, our data suggest that p21 functions upstream of acid ceramidase and plays an important role in polyploidization and depolyploidization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai White-Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ozge Saatci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ozgur Sahin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joe R Delaney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christina Voelkel-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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3
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Chan CWF, Wang B, Nan L, Huang X, Mao T, Chu HY, Luo C, Chu H, Choi GCG, Shum HC, Wong ASL. High-throughput screening of genetic and cellular drivers of syncytium formation induced by the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:291-309. [PMID: 37996617 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Mapping mutations and discovering cellular determinants that cause the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to induce infected cells to form syncytia would facilitate the development of strategies for blocking the formation of such cell-cell fusion. Here we describe high-throughput screening methods based on droplet microfluidics and the size-exclusion selection of syncytia, coupled with large-scale mutagenesis and genome-wide knockout screening via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), for the large-scale identification of determinants of cell-cell fusion. We used the methods to perform deep mutational scans in spike-presenting cells to pinpoint mutable syncytium-enhancing substitutions in two regions of the spike protein (the fusion peptide proximal region and the furin-cleavage site). We also used a genome-wide CRISPR screen in cells expressing the receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to identify inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis that impede syncytium formation, which we validated in hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2. Finding genetic and cellular determinants of the formation of syncytia may reveal insights into the physiological and pathological consequences of cell-cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W F Chan
- Laboratory of Combinatorial Genetics and Synthetic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Laboratory of Combinatorial Genetics and Synthetic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lang Nan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiner Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tianjiao Mao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Yee Chu
- Laboratory of Combinatorial Genetics and Synthetic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cuiting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gigi C G Choi
- Laboratory of Combinatorial Genetics and Synthetic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Alan S L Wong
- Laboratory of Combinatorial Genetics and Synthetic Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Diep DTH, Vong LB, Tungpradabkul S. Function of Burkholderia pseudomallei RpoS and RpoN2 in bacterial invasion, intracellular survival, and multinucleated giant cell formation in mouse macrophage cell line. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2024; 117:39. [PMID: 38388985 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-024-01944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Melioidosis, a human infectious disease with a high mortality rate in many tropical countries, is caused by the pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei). The function of the B. pseudomallei sigma S (RpoS) transcription factor in survival during the stationary growth phase and conditions of oxidative stress is well documented. Besides the rpoS, bioinformatics analysis of B. pseudomallei genome showed the existence of two rpoN genes, named rpoN1 and rpoN2. In this study, by using the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 as a model of infection, the involvement of B. pseudomallei RpoS and RpoN2 in the invasion, intracellular survival leading to the reduction in multinucleated giant cell (MNGC) formation of RAW264.7 cell line were illustrated. We have demonstrated that the MNGC formation of RAW264.7 cell was dependent on a certain number of intracellular bacteria (at least 5 × 104). In addition, the same MNGC formation (15%) observed in RAW264.7 cells infected with either B. pseudomallei wild type with multiplicity of infection (MOI) 2 or RpoN2 mutant (∆rpoN2) with MOI 10 or RpoS mutant (∆rpoS) with MOI 100. The role of B. pseudomallei RpoS and RpoN2 in the regulation of type III secretion system on bipB-bipC gene expression was also illustrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Thi Hong Diep
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Laboratory Department, University Medical Center HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Long Binh Vong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sumalee Tungpradabkul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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5
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Jiao Y, Yu Y, Zheng M, Yan M, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Dormant cancer cells and polyploid giant cancer cells: The roots of cancer recurrence and metastasis. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1567. [PMID: 38362620 PMCID: PMC10870057 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour cell dormancy is critical for metastasis and resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) with giant or multiple nuclei and high DNA content have the properties of cancer stem cell and single PGCCs can individually generate tumours in immunodeficient mice. PGCCs represent a dormant form of cancer cells that survive harsh tumour conditions and contribute to tumour recurrence. Hypoxic mimics, chemotherapeutics, radiation and cytotoxic traditional Chinese medicines can induce PGCCs formation through endoreduplication and/or cell fusion. After incubation, dormant PGCCs can recover from the treatment and produce daughter cells with strong proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities via asymmetric cell division. Additionally, PGCCs can resist hypoxia or chemical stress and have a distinct protein signature that involves chromatin remodelling and cell cycle regulation. Dormant PGCCs form the cellular basis for therapeutic resistance, metastatic cascade and disease recurrence. This review summarises regulatory mechanisms governing dormant cancer cells entry and exit of dormancy, which may be used by PGCCs, and potential therapeutic strategies for targeting PGCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Jiao
- School of Integrative MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Yongjun Yu
- Department of PathologyTianjin Union Medical CenterTianjinChina
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of PathologyTianjin Union Medical CenterNankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Man Yan
- School of Integrative MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Jiangping Wang
- School of Integrative MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Integrative MedicineTianjin University of Traditional Chinese MedicineTianjinChina
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of PathologyTianjin Union Medical CenterTianjinChina
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Pan L, Zhu F, Yu A, Jiang Y, Wang D, Zhou M, Jia C, Cui Y, Tang L, Tang H, Li J. The Prl3d1-Cre mouse line selectively induces the expression of Cre recombinase in parietal trophoblast giant cells. Genesis 2024; 62:e23585. [PMID: 38124435 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The placenta plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of normal pregnancy, but how it forms, matures, and performs its function remains poorly understood. Here, we describe a novel mouse line (Prl3d1-iCre) that expresses iCre recombinase under the control of the endogenous prl3d1 promoter. Prl3d1 has been proposed as a marker for distinguishing trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) from other trophoblast cells in the placenta. The in vivo efficiency and specificity of the Cre line were analyzed by interbreeding Prl3d1-iCre mice with B6-G/R reporter mice. Through anatomical studies of the placenta and other tissues of Prl3d1-iCre/+; B6-G/R mouse mice, we found that the tdTomato signal was expressed in parietal trophoblast giant cells (P-TGCs). Thus, we report a mouse line with ectopic Cre expression in P-TGCs, which provides a valuable tool for studying human pathological pregnancies caused by implantation failure or abnormal trophoblast secretion due to aberrant gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqing Pan
- Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fuquan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aochen Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dayu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minglian Zhou
- Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Chao Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yugui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine Center of Clinical Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lisha Tang
- Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Huaiyun Tang
- Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Wu Z, Wang Q, Yang F, Wang J, Zhao Y, Perrino BA, Chen J. Functional and Transcriptomic Characterization of Postnatal Maturation of ENS and SIP Syncytium in Mice Colon. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1688. [PMID: 38136560 PMCID: PMC10741935 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and SIP syncytium (smooth muscle cells-interstitial cells of Cajal-PDGFRα+ cells) plays an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic regulatory mechanisms of the ENS-SIP system on colon motility during postnatal development. Colonic samples of postnatal 1-week-old (PW1), 3-week-old (PW3), and 5-week-old (PW5) mice were characterized by RNA sequencing, qPCR, Western blotting, isometric force recordings (IFR), and colonic motor complex (CMC) force measurements. Our study showed that the transcriptional expression of Pdgfrα, c-Kit, P2ry1, Nos1, and Slc18a3, and the protein expression of nNOS, c-Kit, and ANO1 significantly increased with age from PW1 to PW5. In PW1 and PW3 mice, colonic migrating movement was not fully developed. In PW5 mice, rhythmic CMCs were recorded, similar to the CMC pattern described previously in adult mice. The inhibition of nNOS revealed excitatory and non-propulsive responses which are normally suppressed due to ongoing nitrergic inhibition. During postnatal development, molecular data demonstrated the establishment and expansion of ICC and PDGFRα+ cells, along with nitrergic and cholinergic nerves and purinergic receptors. Our findings are important for understanding the role of the SIP syncytium in generating and establishing CMCs in postnatal, developing murine colons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Brian A. Perrino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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Khor JM, Guerrero-Santoro J, Ettensohn CA. Molecular compartmentalization in a syncytium: restricted mobility of proteins within the sea urchin skeletogenic mesenchyme. Development 2023; 150:dev201804. [PMID: 37902109 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Multinucleated cells, or syncytia, are found in diverse taxa. Their biological function is often associated with the compartmentalization of biochemical or cellular activities within the syncytium. How such compartments are generated and maintained is poorly understood. The sea urchin embryonic skeleton is secreted by a syncytium, and local patterns of skeletal growth are associated with distinct sub-domains of gene expression within the syncytium. For such molecular compartments to be maintained and to control local patterns of skeletal growth: (1) the mobility of TFs must be restricted to produce stable differences in the transcriptional states of nuclei within the syncytium; and (2) the mobility of biomineralization proteins must also be restricted to produce regional differences in skeletal growth. To test these predictions, we expressed fluorescently tagged forms of transcription factors and biomineralization proteins in sub-domains of the skeletogenic syncytium. We found that both classes of proteins have restricted mobility within the syncytium and identified motifs that limit their mobility. Our findings have general implications for understanding the functional and molecular compartmentalization of syncytia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ming Khor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Jennifer Guerrero-Santoro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
| | - Charles A Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15218, USA
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Fan L, Zheng M, Zhou X, Yu Y, Ning Y, Fu W, Xu J, Zhang S. Molecular mechanism of vimentin nuclear localization associated with the migration and invasion of daughter cells derived from polyploid giant cancer cells. J Transl Med 2023; 21:719. [PMID: 37833712 PMCID: PMC10576317 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs), a specific type of cancer stem cells (CSCs), can be induced by hypoxic microenvironments, chemical reagents, radiotherapy, and Chinese herbal medicine. Moreover, PGCCs can produce daughter cells that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which leads to cancer recurrence and disseminated metastasis. Vimentin, a mesenchymal cell marker, is highly expressed in PGCCs and their daughter cells (PDCs) and drives migratory persistence. This study explored the molecular mechanisms by which vimentin synergistically regulates PGCCs to generate daughter cells with enhanced invasive and metastatic properties. METHODS Arsenic trioxide (ATO) was used to induce the formation of PGCCs in Hct116 and LoVo cells. Immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical assays were performed to determine the subcellular localization of vimentin. Cell function assays were performed to compare the invasive metastatic abilities of the PDCs and control cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying vimentin expression and nuclear translocation were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, cell function assays, cell transfection, co-immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, followed by sequencing. Finally, animal xenograft experiments and clinical colorectal cancer samples were used to study vimentin expression in tumor tissues. RESULTS Daughter cells derived from PGCCs showed strong proliferative, migratory, and invasive abilities, in which vimentin was highly expressed and located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Vimentin undergoes small ubiquitin-like modification (SUMOylation) by interacting with SUMO1 and SUMO2/3, which are associated with nuclear translocation. P62 regulates nuclear translocation of vimentin by controlling SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 expression. In the nucleus, vimentin acts as a transcription factor that regulates CDC42, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D to promote PDC invasion and migration. Furthermore, animal experiments and human colorectal cancer specimens have confirmed the nuclear translocation of vimentin. CONCLUSION P62-dependent SUMOylation of vimentin plays an important role in PDC migration and invasion. Vimentin nuclear translocation and overexpressed P62 of cancer cells may be used to predict patient prognosis, and targeting vimentin nuclear translocation may be a promising therapeutic strategy for metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Fan
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Zhou
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yongjun Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yidi Ning
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenzheng Fu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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Mela AP, Glass NL. Permissiveness and competition within and between Neurospora crassa syncytia. Genetics 2023; 224:iyad112. [PMID: 37313736 PMCID: PMC10411585 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A multinucleate syncytium is a common growth form in filamentous fungi. Comprehensive functions of the syncytial state remain unknown, but it likely allows for a wide range of adaptations to enable filamentous fungi to coordinate growth, reproduction, responses to the environment, and to distribute nuclear and cytoplasmic elements across a colony. Indeed, the underlying mechanistic details of how syncytia regulate cellular and molecular processes spatiotemporally across a colony are largely unexplored. Here, we implemented a strategy to analyze the relative fitness of different nuclear populations in syncytia of Neurospora crassa, including nuclei with loss-of-function mutations in essential genes, based on production of multinucleate asexual spores using flow cytometry of pairings between strains with differentially fluorescently tagged nuclear histones. The distribution of homokaryotic and heterokaryotic asexual spores in pairings was assessed between different auxotrophic and morphological mutants, as well as with strains that were defective in somatic cell fusion or were heterokaryon incompatible. Mutant nuclei were compartmentalized into both homokaryotic and heterokaryotic asexual spores, a type of bet hedging for maintenance and evolution of mutational events, despite disadvantages to the syncytium. However, in pairings between strains that were blocked in somatic cell fusion or were heterokaryon incompatible, we observed a "winner-takes-all" phenotype, where asexual spores originating from paired strains were predominantly one genotype. These data indicate that syncytial fungal cells are permissive and tolerate a wide array of nuclear functionality, but that cells/colonies that are unable to cooperate via syncytia formation actively compete for resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Mela
- The Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - N Louise Glass
- The Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Zhao S, Xing S, Wang L, Ouyang M, Liu S, Sun L, Yu H. IL-1β is involved in docetaxel chemoresistance by regulating the formation of polyploid giant cancer cells in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12763. [PMID: 37550397 PMCID: PMC10406903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Docetaxel (Doc) is a cornerstone of chemotherapy; however, treatment with Doc often and inevitably leads to drug resistance and the formation of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs). In this study, we investigated the effect of Doc on non-small cell lung cancer to explore the role of PGCCs in drug resistance and the molecular mechanisms that regulate this resistance. We found that Doc induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell death in A549 and NCI-H1299 cells. However, many cells remained alive and became PGCCs by decreasing the expression of key regulatory proteins related to the cell cycle and proliferation. Notably, the PGCCs showed typical features of senescence, especially upregulation of p21 and p-histone H2A.X expression. Moreover, the mRNA level of IL-1β in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype was increased significantly with the development of PGCCs. Inhibition of IL-1β reduced the expression of p-histone H2A.X and promoted polyploidy to enhance the proapoptotic effect of Doc. Taken together, our results suggested that IL-1β was involved in the formation of PGCCs and regulated the senescence of PGCCs, which contributed to drug resistance to Doc. Therefore, targeting IL-1β in PGCCs may be a novel approach to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Sining Xing
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingyue Ouyang
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Lingyan Sun
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Huiying Yu
- Laboratory of Basic Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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12
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Hong L, Rusnak B, Ko CS, Xu S, He X, Qiu D, Kang SE, Pruneda-Paz JL, Roeder AHK. Enhancer activation via TCP and HD-ZIP and repression by Dof transcription factors mediate giant cell-specific expression. Plant Cell 2023; 35:2349-2368. [PMID: 36814410 PMCID: PMC10226562 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Proper cell-type identity relies on highly coordinated regulation of gene expression. Regulatory elements such as enhancers can produce cell type-specific expression patterns, but the mechanisms underlying specificity are not well understood. We previously identified an enhancer region capable of driving specific expression in giant cells, which are large, highly endoreduplicated cells in the Arabidopsis thaliana sepal epidermis. In this study, we use the giant cell enhancer as a model to understand the regulatory logic that promotes cell type-specific expression. Our dissection of the enhancer revealed that giant cell specificity is mediated primarily through the combination of two activators and one repressor. HD-ZIP and TCP transcription factors are involved in the activation of expression throughout the epidermis. High expression of HD-ZIP transcription factor genes in giant cells promoted higher expression driven by the enhancer in giant cells. Dof transcription factors repressed the activity of the enhancer such that only giant cells maintained enhancer activity. Thus, our data are consistent with a conceptual model whereby cell type-specific expression emerges from the combined activities of three transcription factor families activating and repressing expression in epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Hong
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Byron Rusnak
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Clint S Ko
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shouling Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi He
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dengying Qiu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - S Earl Kang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jose L Pruneda-Paz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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13
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Li X, Zhong Y, Zhang X, Sood AK, Liu J. Spatiotemporal view of malignant histogenesis and macroevolution via formation of polyploid giant cancer cells. Oncogene 2023; 42:665-678. [PMID: 36596845 PMCID: PMC9957731 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To understand how malignant tumors develop, we tracked cell membrane, nuclear membrane, spindle, and cell cycle dynamics in polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) during the formation of high-grade serous carcinoma organoids using long-term time-lapse imaging. Single cells underwent traditional mitosis to generate tissue with uniform nuclear size, while others formed PGCCs via asymmetric mitosis, endoreplication, multipolar endomitosis, nuclear fusion, and karyokinesis without cytokinesis. PGCCs underwent restitution multipolar endomitosis, nuclear fragmentation, and micronuclei formation to increase nuclear contents and heterogeneity. At the cellular level, the development of PGCCs was associated with forming transient intracellular cells, termed fecundity cells. The fecundity cells can be decellularized to facilitate nuclear fusion and synchronized with other nuclei for subsequent nuclear replication. PGCCs can undergo several rounds of entosis to form complex tissue structures, termed fecundity structures. The formation of PGCCs via multiple modes of nuclear replication in the absence of cytokinesis leads to an increase in the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and intracellular cell reproduction, which is remarkably similar to the mode of nuclear division during pre-embryogenesis. Our data support that PGCCs may represent a central regulator in malignant histogenesis, intratumoral heterogeneity, immune escape, and macroevolution via the de-repression of suppressed pre-embryogenic program in somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Li
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanping Zhong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4095, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Giant cell arteritis is an autoimmune disease of medium and large arteries, characterized by granulomatous inflammation of the three-layered vessel wall that results in vaso-occlusion, wall dissection, and aneurysm formation. The immunopathogenesis of giant cell arteritis is an accumulative process in which a prolonged asymptomatic period is followed by uncontrolled innate immunity, a breakdown in self-tolerance, the transition of autoimmunity from the periphery into the vessel wall and, eventually, the progressive evolution of vessel wall inflammation. Each of the steps in pathogenesis corresponds to specific immuno-phenotypes that provide mechanistic insights into how the immune system attacks and damages blood vessels. Clinically evident disease begins with inappropriate activation of myeloid cells triggering the release of hepatic acute phase proteins and inducing extravascular manifestations, such as muscle pains and stiffness diagnosed as polymyalgia rheumatica. Loss of self-tolerance in the adaptive immune system is linked to aberrant signaling in the NOTCH pathway, leading to expansion of NOTCH1+CD4+ T cells and the functional decline of NOTCH4+ T regulatory cells (Checkpoint 1). A defect in the endothelial cell barrier of adventitial vasa vasorum networks marks Checkpoint 2; the invasion of monocytes, macrophages and T cells into the arterial wall. Due to the failure of the immuno-inhibitory PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1)/PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1) pathway, wall-infiltrating immune cells arrive in a permissive tissues microenvironment, where multiple T cell effector lineages thrive, shift toward high glycolytic activity, and support the development of tissue-damaging macrophages, including multinucleated giant cells (Checkpoint 3). Eventually, the vascular lesions are occupied by self-renewing T cells that provide autonomy to the disease process and limit the therapeutic effectiveness of currently used immunosuppressants. The multi-step process deviating protective to pathogenic immunity offers an array of interception points that provide opportunities for the prevention and therapeutic management of this devastating autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M. Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94306
| | - Jörg J. Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94306
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15
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Cheng T, Zhang S, Xia T, Zhang Y, Ji Y, Pan S, Xie H, Ren Q, You Y, You B. EBV promotes vascular mimicry of dormant cancer cells by potentiating stemness and EMT. Exp Cell Res 2022; 421:113403. [PMID: 36336028 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vascular mimicry (VM) is defined as a vascular channel-like structure composed of tumor cells that correlates with the growth of cancer cells by providing blood circulation. However, whether VM can be formed in dormant cancer cells remains unclear. Our previous research revealed that polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) are specific dormant cells related to the poor prognosis of head and neck cancer. Here, we demonstrated that EBV could promote VM formation by PGCCs in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we revealed that the activation of the ERK pathway partly mediated by LMP2A is responsible for stemness, and the acquisition of the stemness phenotype is crucial to the malignant biological behavior of PGCCs. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process plays a considerable role in PGCCs, and EMT progression is vital for EBV-positive PGCCs to form VM. This is the first study to reveal that EBV creates plasticity in PGCC-VM and provide a new strategy for targeted anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanshu Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haijing Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qianqian Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiwen You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bo You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China.
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16
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Bai S, Taylor S, Jamalruddin MA, McGonigal S, Grimley E, Yang D, Bernstein KA, Buckanovich RJ. Targeting Therapeutic Resistance and Multinucleate Giant Cells in CCNE1-Amplified HR-Proficient Ovarian Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1473-1484. [PMID: 35732503 PMCID: PMC9452459 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 20% of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) have CCNE1 amplification. CCNE1-amplified tumors are homologous recombination (HR) proficient and resistant to standard therapies. Therapy resistance is associated with increased numbers of polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCC). We sought to identify new therapeutic approaches for patients with CCNE1-amplified tumors. Using TCGA data, we find that the mTOR, HR, and DNA checkpoint pathways are enriched in CCNE1-amplified ovarian cancers. Furthermore, Interactome Mapping Analysis linked the mTOR activity with upregulation of HR and DNA checkpoint pathways. Indeed, we find that mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) downregulate HR/checkpoint genes in CCNE1-amplified tumors. As CCNE1-amplified tumors are dependent on the HR pathway for viability, mTORi proved selectively effective in CCNE1-amplified tumors. Similarly, via downregulation of HR genes, mTORi increased CCNE1-amplifed HGSOC response to PARPi. In contrast, overexpression of HR/checkpoint proteins (RAD51 or ATR), induced resistance to mTORi. In vivo, mTORi alone potently reduced CCNE1-amplified tumor growth and the combination of mTORi and PARPi increased response and tumor eradication. Tumors treated with mTORi demonstrated a significant reduction in ALDH+ PGCCs. Finally, as a proof of principle, we identified three patients with CCNE1 amplified tumors who were treated with an mTORi. All three obtained clinical benefits from the therapy. Our studies and clinical experience indicate mTORi are a potential therapeutic approach for patients with CCNE1-amplified tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoumei Bai
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Taylor
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohd Azrin Jamalruddin
- Dept of Microbiology and Molecular. Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy McGonigal
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Edward Grimley
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dongli Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kara A. Bernstein
- Dept of Microbiology and Molecular. Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ronald J. Buckanovich
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Shao H, Lu B, Sun X, Liu F. Clinical and pathological features of undifferentiated pancreatic carcinoma with osteoclastic giant cells: a rare case. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2022; 114:395-399. [PMID: 34663075 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2021.8135/2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION undifferentiated pancreatic carcinoma with osteoclastic giant cells (UOC) is a rare pancreatic malignancy composed of three unique cell types. Currently, the histopathologic origin of UOCs remains unclear. Some studies considered that it was differentiated from epithelial tissues, while others favored a mesenchymal derivation. METHODS we present the case of a 59-year-old UOC patient with a tumor (3.0 cm × 3.0 cm × 2.5 cm) in the pancreatic neck. He underwent an en bloc resection of the distal pancreas associated with the spleen. RESULTS light microscopic examination revealed two typical types of UOC cells, with one type absent. The immunohistochemical staining was positive for pancytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin and cluster of differentiation 68, which indicated different derivations for these two kinds of cells. DISCUSSION UOC is a rare condition with unique imaging and pathological features. Endoscopic ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration are dispensable preoperatively. Radical resection should be tried for UOC treatments. In our opinion, osteoclastic giant cells are reactive cells derived from histocytes. The case presented here will be of interest to the whole UOC cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijiang Shao
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital
| | - Baochun Lu
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital
| | - Xuezheng Sun
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital
| | - Fang Liu
- Pathology, Shaoxing People's Hospital. Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, China
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18
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Wang X, Miao J, Wang S, Shen R, Zhang S, Tian Y, Li M, Zhu D, Yao A, Bao W, Zhang Q, Tang X, Wang X, Li J. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals the genesis and heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment in pancreatic undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant-cells. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:133. [PMID: 35733218 PMCID: PMC9214989 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells (OGCs) of pancreas (UCOGCP) is a rare subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which had poorly described histopathological and clinical features. METHODS In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to profile the distinct tumor microenvironment of UCOGCP using samples obtained from one UCOGCP patient and three PDAC patients. Bioinformatic analysis was carried out and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was used to support the findings of bioinformatic analysis. After quality control of the raw data, a total of 18,376 cells were obtained from these four samples for subsequent analysis. These cells were divided into ten main cell types following the Seurat analysis pipeline. Among them, the UCOGCP sample displayed distinct distribution patterns from the rest samples in the epithelial cell, myeloid cell, fibroblast, and endothelial cell clusters. Further analysis supported that the OGCs were generated from stem-cell-like mesenchymal epithelial cells (SMECs). RESULTS Functional analysis showed that the OGCs cluster was enriched in antigen presentation, immune response, and stem cell differentiation. Gene markers such as LOX, SPERINE1, CD44, and TGFBI were highly expressed in this SMECs cluster which signified poor prognosis. Interestingly, in myeloid cell, fibroblasts, and endothelial cell clusters, UCOGCP contained higher percentage of these cells and unique subclusters, compared with the rest of PDAC samples. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of cell communication depicted that CD74 plays important roles in the formation of the microenvironment of UCOGCP. Our findings illustrated the genesis and function of OGCs, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) of UCOGCP, providing insights for prognosis and treatment strategy for this rare type of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Wang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaying Miao
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 Jiangsu China
| | - Sizhen Wang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongxi Shen
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210046 Jiangsu China
| | - Yurao Tian
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Li
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Daojun Zhu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Anlong Yao
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Pathology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Xingming Tang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieshou Li
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
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19
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Cho E, Cheon S, Ding M, Lim K, Park SW, Park C, Lee TH. Identification of Novel Genes for Cell Fusion during Osteoclast Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126421. [PMID: 35742859 PMCID: PMC9224196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are derived from hematopoietic stem cells. Monocyte preosteoclasts obtain resorbing activity via cell–cell fusion to generate multinucleated cells. However, the mechanisms and molecules involved in the fusion process are poorly understood. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing with single nucleated cells (SNCs) and multinucleated cells (MNCs) to identify the fusion-specific genes. The SNCs and MNCs were isolated under the same conditions during osteoclastogenesis with the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) administration. Based on this analysis, the expression of seven genes was found to be significantly increased in MNCs but decreased in SNCs, compared to that in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). We then generated knockout macrophage cell lines using a CRISPR-Cas9 genome-editing tool to examine their function during osteoclastogenesis. Calcrl-, Marco-, or Ube3a-deficient cells could not develop multinucleated giant osteoclasts upon RANKL stimulation. However, Tmem26-deficient cells fused more efficiently than control cells. Our findings demonstrate that Calcrl, Marco, and Ube3a are novel determinants of osteoclastogenesis, especially with respect to cell fusion, and highlight potential targets for osteoporosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Cho
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (E.C.); (S.-W.P.)
| | - Seongmin Cheon
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.C.); (C.P.)
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Mina Ding
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medical, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Kayeong Lim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Korea;
| | - Sang-Wook Park
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (E.C.); (S.-W.P.)
| | - Chungoo Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Tae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (E.C.); (S.-W.P.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Wiśniewska A, Wojszko K, Różańska E, Lenarczyk K, Sobczak M. Arabidopsis thaliana AtHRS1 gene is involved in the response to Heterodera schachtii infection and its overexpression hampers development of syncytia and involves a jasmonic acid-dependent mechanism. J Plant Physiol 2022; 272:153680. [PMID: 35338957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary plant parasitic nematodes have developed competences to reprogram host plant cell metabolism via sophisticated manipulation of gene expression, leading to the formation of permanent feeding sites for an unlimited source of food. Arabidopsis thaliana and the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii is a good model for studying the mechanisms of compatible plant-nematode interactions and basic plant responses to nematode infection. Transcription factors are proteins that modulate plant reactions during regular development and under different biotic and abiotic stresses via direct binding to promoter regions of genes. Here, we report on the AtHRS1 gene encoding a MYB-related transcription factor belonging to the GARP family, whose expression is downregulated in syncytia, as confirmed by gene expression analysis. Constitutive overexpression of AtHRS1 disturbed the development of nematode-induced syncytia and led to a reduction in the number of developed females in transgenic A. thaliana roots. In contrast, the hrs1 mutant with decreased expression of AtHRS1 was more susceptible to cyst nematode infection. The influence of AtHRS1 on selected elements of the JA-dependent defence pathway suggests its mode of action in plant response to nematode attack. Based on these results, we suggest that the downregulation of AtHRS1 expression by nematode is important for its successful development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Pustovalova M, Blokhina T, Alhaddad L, Chigasova A, Chuprov-Netochin R, Veviorskiy A, Filkov G, Osipov AN, Leonov S. CD44+ and CD133+ Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Exhibit DNA Damage Response Pathways and Dormant Polyploid Giant Cancer Cell Enrichment Relating to Their p53 Status. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094922. [PMID: 35563313 PMCID: PMC9101266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a critical role in the initiation, progression and therapy relapse of many cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we aimed to address the question of whether the FACS-sorted CSC-like (CD44 + &CD133 +) vs. non-CSC (CD44-/CD133- isogenic subpopulations of p53wt A549 and p53null H1299 cells differ in terms of DNA-damage signaling and the appearance of "dormant" features, including polyploidy, which are early markers (predictors) of their sensitivity to genotoxic stress. X-ray irradiation (IR) at 5 Gy provoked significantly higher levels of the ATR-Chk1/Chk2-pathway activity in CD44-/CD133- and CD133+ subpopulations of H1299 cells compared to the respective subpopulations of A549 cells, which only excited ATR-Chk2 activation as demonstrated by the Multiplex DNA-Damage/Genotoxicity profiling. The CD44+ subpopulations did not demonstrate IR-induced activation of ATR, while significantly augmenting only Chk2 and Chk1/2 in the A549- and H1299-derived cells, respectively. Compared to the A549 cells, all the subpopulations of H1299 cells established an increased IR-induced expression of the γH2AX DNA-repair protein. The CD44-/CD133- and CD133+ subpopulations of the A549 cells revealed IR-induced activation of ATR-p53-p21 cell dormancy signaling-mediated pathway, while none of the CD44+ subpopulations of either cell line possessed any signs of such activity. Our data indicated, for the first time, the transcription factor MITF-FAM3C axis operative in p53-deficient H1299 cells, specifically their CD44+ and CD133+ populations, in response to IR, which warrants further investigation. The p21-mediated quiescence is likely the predominant surviving pathway in CD44-/CD133- and CD133+ populations of A549 cells as indicated by single-cell high-content imaging and analysis of Ki67- and EdU-coupled fluorescence after IR stress. SA-beta-galhistology revealed that cellular-stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) likely has a significant influence on the temporary dormant state of H1299 cells. For the first time, we demonstrated polyploid giant and/or multinucleated cancer-cell (PGCC/MGCC) fractions mainly featuring the progressively augmenting Ki67low phenotype in CD44+ and CD133+ A549 cells at 24-48 h after IR. In contrast, the Ki67high phenotype enrichment in the same fractions of all the sorted H1299 cells suggested an increase in their cycling/heterochromatin reorganization activity after IR stress. Our results proposed that entering the "quiescence" state rather than p21-mediated SIPS may play a significant role in the survival of p53wt CSC-like NSCLC cells after IR. The results obtained are important for the selection of therapeutic schemes for the treatment of patients with NSCLC, depending on the functioning of the p53 system in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Pustovalova
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (T.B.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (R.C.-N.); (G.F.); (A.N.O.)
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC-FMBC), 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Taisia Blokhina
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (T.B.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (R.C.-N.); (G.F.); (A.N.O.)
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC-FMBC), 123098 Moscow, Russia
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Lina Alhaddad
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (T.B.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (R.C.-N.); (G.F.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Anna Chigasova
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (T.B.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (R.C.-N.); (G.F.); (A.N.O.)
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Roman Chuprov-Netochin
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (T.B.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (R.C.-N.); (G.F.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Alexander Veviorskiy
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Gleb Filkov
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (T.B.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (R.C.-N.); (G.F.); (A.N.O.)
- Laboratory of Medical Informatics, Novgorod Technical School, Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University, 173003 Veliky Novgorod, Russia
| | - Andreyan N. Osipov
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (T.B.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (R.C.-N.); (G.F.); (A.N.O.)
- State Research Center—Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency (SRC-FMBC), 123098 Moscow, Russia
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey Leonov
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (T.B.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (R.C.-N.); (G.F.); (A.N.O.)
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (S.L.)
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22
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Filipecki M, Żurczak M, Matuszkiewicz M, Święcicka M, Kurek W, Olszewski J, Koter MD, Lamont D, Sobczak M. Profiling the Proteome of Cyst Nematode-Induced Syncytia on Tomato Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212147. [PMID: 34830029 PMCID: PMC8625192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyst nematodes are important herbivorous pests in agriculture that obtain nutrients through specialized root structures termed syncytia. Syncytium initiation, development, and functioning are a research focus because syncytia are the primary interface for molecular interactions between the host plant and parasite. The small size and complex development (over approximately two weeks) of syncytia hinder precise analyses, therefore most studies have analyzed the transcriptome of infested whole-root systems or syncytia-containing root segments. Here, we describe an effective procedure to microdissect syncytia induced by Globodera rostochiensis from tomato roots and to analyze the syncytial proteome using mass spectrometry. As little as 15 mm2 of 10-µm-thick sections dissected from 30 syncytia enabled the identification of 100–200 proteins in each sample, indicating that mass-spectrometric methods currently in use achieved acceptable sensitivity for proteome profiling of microscopic samples of plant tissues (approximately 100 µg). Among the identified proteins, 48 were specifically detected in syncytia and 7 in uninfected roots. The occurrence of approximately 50% of these proteins in syncytia was not correlated with transcript abundance estimated by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis. The functional categories of these proteins confirmed that protein turnover, stress responses, and intracellular trafficking are important components of the proteome dynamics of developing syncytia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Filipecki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-5932171
| | - Marek Żurczak
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Mateusz Matuszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Magdalena Święcicka
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ś.); (W.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Wojciech Kurek
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ś.); (W.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Jarosław Olszewski
- Veterinary Research Centre, Centre for Biomedicine Research, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute for Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Daniel Koter
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Douglas Lamont
- ‘FingerPrints’ Proteomics Facility, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ś.); (W.K.); (M.S.)
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23
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Ren H, Ma C, Peng H, Zhang B, Zhou L, Su Y, Gao X, Huang H. Micronucleus production, activation of DNA damage response and cGAS-STING signaling in syncytia induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biol Direct 2021; 16:20. [PMID: 34674770 PMCID: PMC8530504 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-021-00305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection could cause severe acute respiratory syndrome, largely attributed to dysregulated immune activation and extensive lung tissue damage. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we reported that viral infection could induce syncytia formation within cells expressing ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, leading to the production of micronuclei with an average rate of about 4 per syncytium (> 93%). Remarkably, these micronuclei were manifested with a high level of activation of both DNA damage response and cGAS-STING signaling, as indicated by micronucleus translocation of γH2Ax and cGAS, and upregulation of their respective downstream target genes. Since activation of these signaling pathways were known to be associated with cellular catastrophe and aberrant immune activation, these findings help explain the pathological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection at cellular and molecular levels, and provide novel potential targets for COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ren
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Chaobing Ma
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Haoran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Lulin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital of Capital Medical University, 10 TIEYI Road, Beijing, 100038, China.
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24
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Sornsuwan K, Thongkhum W, Pamonsupornwichit T, Carraway TS, Soponpong S, Sakkhachornphop S, Tayapiwatana C, Yasamut U. Performance of Affinity-Improved DARPin Targeting HIV Capsid Domain in Interference of Viral Progeny Production. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101437. [PMID: 34680070 PMCID: PMC8533564 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, a designed ankyrin repeat protein, AnkGAG1D4, was generated for intracellular targeting of the HIV-1 capsid domain. The efficiency was satisfactory in interfering with the HIV assembly process. Consequently, improved AnkGAG1D4 binding affinity was introduced by substituting tyrosine (Y) for serine (S) at position 45. However, the intracellular anti-HIV-1 activity of AnkGAG1D4-S45Y has not yet been validated. In this study, the performance of AnkGAG1D4 and AnkGAG1D4-S45Y in inhibiting wild-type HIV-1 and HIV-1 maturation inhibitor-resistant replication in SupT1 cells was evaluated. HIV-1 p24 and viral load assays were used to verify the biological activity of AnkGAG1D4 and AnkGAG1D4-S45Y as assembly inhibitors. In addition, retardation of syncytium formation in infected SupT1 cells was observed. Of note, the defense mechanism of both ankyrins did not induce the mutation of target amino acids in the capsid domain. The present data show that the potency of AnkGAG1D4-S45Y was superior to AnkGAG1D4 in interrupting either HIV-1 wild-type or the HIV maturation inhibitor-resistant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokporn Sornsuwan
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Weeraya Thongkhum
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thanathat Pamonsupornwichit
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tanawan Samleerat Carraway
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Suthinee Soponpong
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Umpa Yasamut
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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25
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Yeo YY, Buchholz DW, Gamble A, Jager M, Aguilar HC. Headless Henipaviral Receptor Binding Glycoproteins Reveal Fusion Modulation by the Head/Stalk Interface and Post-receptor Binding Contributions of the Head Domain. J Virol 2021; 95:e0066621. [PMID: 34288734 PMCID: PMC8475510 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00666-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cedar virus (CedV) is a nonpathogenic member of the Henipavirus (HNV) genus of emerging viruses, which includes the deadly Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses. CedV forms syncytia, a hallmark of henipaviral and paramyxoviral infections and pathogenicity. However, the intrinsic fusogenic capacity of CedV relative to NiV or HeV remains unquantified. HNV entry is mediated by concerted interactions between the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. Upon receptor binding by the HNV G head domain, a fusion-activating G stalk region is exposed and triggers F to undergo a conformational cascade that leads to viral entry or cell-cell fusion. Here, we demonstrate quantitatively that CedV is inherently significantly less fusogenic than NiV at equivalent G and F cell surface expression levels. We then generated and tested six headless CedV G mutants of distinct C-terminal stalk lengths, surprisingly revealing highly hyperfusogenic cell-cell fusion phenotypes 3- to 4-fold greater than wild-type CedV levels. Additionally, similarly to NiV, a headless HeV G mutant yielded a less pronounced hyperfusogenic phenotype compared to wild-type HeV. Further, coimmunoprecipitation and cell-cell fusion assays revealed heterotypic NiV/CedV functional G/F bidentate interactions, as well as evidence of HNV G head domain involvement beyond receptor binding or G stalk exposure. All evidence points to the G head/stalk junction being key to modulating HNV fusogenicity, supporting the notion that head domains play several distinct and central roles in modulating stalk domain fusion promotion. Further, this study exemplifies how CedV may help elucidate important mechanistic underpinnings of HNV entry and pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE The Henipavirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family includes the zoonotic Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses. NiV and HeV infections often cause fatal encephalitis and pneumonia, but no vaccines or therapeutics are currently approved for human use. Upon viral entry, Henipavirus infections yield the formation of multinucleated cells (syncytia). Viral entry and cell-cell fusion are mediated by the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. Cedar virus (CedV), a nonpathogenic henipavirus, may be a useful tool to gain knowledge on henipaviral pathogenicity. Here, using homotypic and heterotypic full-length and headless CedV, NiV, and HeV G/F combinations, we discovered that CedV G/F are significantly less fusogenic than NiV or HeV G/F, and that the G head/stalk junction is key to modulating cell-cell fusion, refining the mechanism of henipaviral membrane fusion events. Our study exemplifies how CedV may be a useful tool to elucidate broader mechanistic understanding for the important henipaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu Yeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David W. Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Amandine Gamble
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mason Jager
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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26
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Zinn-Brooks L, Roper ML. Circadian rhythm shows potential for mRNA efficiency and self-organized division of labor in multinucleate cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008828. [PMID: 34339411 PMCID: PMC8360590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multinucleate cells occur in every biosphere and across the kingdoms of life, including in the human body as muscle cells and bone-forming cells. Data from filamentous fungi suggest that, even when bathed in a common cytoplasm, nuclei are capable of autonomous behaviors, including division. How does this potential for autonomy affect the organization of cellular processes between nuclei? Here we analyze a simplified model of circadian rhythm, a form of cellular oscillator, in a mathematical model of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Our results highlight a potential role played by mRNA-protein phase separation to keep mRNAs close to the nuclei from which they originate, while allowing proteins to diffuse freely between nuclei. Our modeling shows that syncytism allows for extreme mRNA efficiency-we demonstrate assembly of a robust oscillator with a transcription rate a thousand-fold less than in comparable uninucleate cells. We also show self-organized division of the labor of mRNA production, with one nucleus in a two-nucleus syncytium producing at least twice as many mRNAs as the other in 30% of cycles. This division can occur spontaneously, but division of labor can also be controlled by regulating the amount of cytoplasmic volume available to each nucleus. Taken together, our results show the intriguing richness and potential for emergent organization among nuclei in multinucleate cells. They also highlight the role of previously studied mechanisms of cellular organization, including nuclear space control and localization of mRNAs through RNA-protein phase separation, in regulating nuclear coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Zinn-Brooks
- Department of Mathematics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus L. Roper
- Department of Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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27
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Brito A, Merle C, Lagarde P, Faustin B, Devin A, Lartigue L, Chibon F. Cell fusion enhances energy metabolism of mesenchymal tumor hybrid cells to sustain their proliferation and invasion. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:863. [PMID: 34320948 PMCID: PMC8317390 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-to-cell fusion is emerging as a key element of the metastatic process in various cancer types. We recently showed that hybrids made from the spontaneous merging of pre-malignant (IMR90 E6E7, i.e. E6E7) and malignant (IMR90 E6E7 RST, i.e. RST) mesenchymal cells recapitulate the main features of human undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), with a highly rearranged genome and increased spreading capacities. To better characterize the intrinsic properties of these hybrids, we investigated here their metabolic energy profile compared to their parents. RESULTS Our results unveiled that hybrids harbored a Warburg-like metabolism, like their RST counterparts. However, hybrids displayed a much greater metabolic activity, enhancing glycolysis to proliferate. Interestingly, modifying the metabolic environmental conditions through the use of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), an activator of the 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), specifically reduced the growth of hybrids, and also abrogated the invasive capacity of hybrids displaying enhanced glycolysis. Furthermore, AICAR efficiently blocked the tumoral features related to the aggressiveness of human UPS cell lines. CONCLUSION Altogether, our findings strongly suggest that hybrids rely on higher energy flux to proliferate and that a drug altering this metabolic equilibrium could impair their survival and be potentially considered as a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Brito
- Cancer Research Center in Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, 31037, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse 3, Paul Sabatier, 118 route Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 9, Toulouse, France
| | - Candice Merle
- Cancer Research Center in Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, 31037, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse 3, Paul Sabatier, 118 route Narbonne, 31062 Cedex 9, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Lagarde
- INSERM U1218, 299 cours de l'Argonne, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Biopathology, Bergonie Institute, 229 cours de l'Argonne, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Faustin
- CNRS UMR 5164, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Immunology Discovery, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anne Devin
- CNRS UMR 5095, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, F-33077, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Lydia Lartigue
- INSERM U1218, 299 cours de l'Argonne, F-33076, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frederic Chibon
- Cancer Research Center in Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, 31037, Toulouse, France.
- INSERM U1218, 299 cours de l'Argonne, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.
- Department of Biopathology, Bergonie Institute, 229 cours de l'Argonne, F-33076, Bordeaux, France.
- Department of Pathology, Institut Claudius Régaud, IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse, France.
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28
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Dufrançais O, Mascarau R, Poincloux R, Maridonneau-Parini I, Raynaud-Messina B, Vérollet C. Cellular and molecular actors of myeloid cell fusion: podosomes and tunneling nanotubes call the tune. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6087-6104. [PMID: 34296319 PMCID: PMC8429379 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Different types of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) of myeloid origin have been described; osteoclasts are the most extensively studied because of their importance in bone homeostasis. MGCs are formed by cell-to-cell fusion, and most types have been observed in pathological conditions, especially in infectious and non-infectious chronic inflammatory contexts. The precise role of the different MGCs and the mechanisms that govern their formation remain poorly understood, likely due to their heterogeneity. First, we will introduce the main populations of MGCs derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage. We will then discuss the known molecular actors mediating the early stages of fusion, focusing on cell-surface receptors involved in the cell-to-cell adhesion steps that ultimately lead to multinucleation. Given that cell-to-cell fusion is a complex and well-coordinated process, we will also describe what is currently known about the evolution of F-actin-based structures involved in macrophage fusion, i.e., podosomes, zipper-like structures, and tunneling nanotubes (TNT). Finally, the localization and potential role of the key fusion mediators related to the formation of these F-actin structures will be discussed. This review intends to present the current status of knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms supporting multinucleation of myeloid cells, highlighting the gaps still existing, and contributing to the proposition of potential disease-specific MGC markers and/or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Dufrançais
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Mascarau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France
| | - Brigitte Raynaud-Messina
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France.
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Toulouse, France.
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV" (1167), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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29
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Asarnow D, Wang B, Lee WH, Hu Y, Huang CW, Faust B, Ng PML, Ngoh EZX, Bohn M, Bulkley D, Pizzorno A, Ary B, Tan HC, Lee CY, Minhat RA, Terrier O, Soh MK, Teo FJ, Yeap YYC, Seah SGK, Chan CEZ, Connelly E, Young NJ, Maurer-Stroh S, Renia L, Hanson BJ, Rosa-Calatrava M, Manglik A, Cheng Y, Craik CS, Wang CI. Structural insight into SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and modulation of syncytia. Cell 2021; 184:3192-3204.e16. [PMID: 33974910 PMCID: PMC8064868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is initiated by binding of the viral Spike protein to host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), followed by fusion of viral and host membranes. Although antibodies that block this interaction are in emergency use as early coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) therapies, the precise determinants of neutralization potency remain unknown. We discovered a series of antibodies that potently block ACE2 binding but exhibit divergent neutralization efficacy against the live virus. Strikingly, these neutralizing antibodies can inhibit or enhance Spike-mediated membrane fusion and formation of syncytia, which are associated with chronic tissue damage in individuals with COVID-19. As revealed by cryoelectron microscopy, multiple structures of Spike-antibody complexes have distinct binding modes that not only block ACE2 binding but also alter the Spike protein conformational cycle triggered by ACE2 binding. We show that stabilization of different Spike conformations leads to modulation of Spike-mediated membrane fusion with profound implications for COVID-19 pathology and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Asarnow
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA; QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bei Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Yuanyu Hu
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Bryan Faust
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA; QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Miang Lon Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Eve Zi Xian Ngoh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Markus Bohn
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Bulkley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA; QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team VirPath), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Beatrice Ary
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hwee Ching Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Chia Yin Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Rabiatul Adawiyah Minhat
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team VirPath), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mun Kuen Soh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Frannie Jiuyi Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Yvonne Yee Chin Yeap
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shirley Gek Kheng Seah
- Biological Defence Program, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Conrad En Zuo Chan
- Biological Defence Program, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Emily Connelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Young
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore; Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Laurent Renia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Brendon John Hanson
- Biological Defence Program, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (Team VirPath), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aashish Manglik
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA; QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Charles S Craik
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Cheng-I Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
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30
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Braga L, Ali H, Secco I, Chiavacci E, Neves G, Goldhill D, Penn R, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Ortega-Prieto AM, Bussani R, Cannatà A, Rizzari G, Collesi C, Schneider E, Arosio D, Shah AM, Barclay WS, Malim MH, Burrone J, Giacca M. Drugs that inhibit TMEM16 proteins block SARS-CoV-2 spike-induced syncytia. Nature 2021; 594:88-93. [PMID: 33827113 PMCID: PMC7611055 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a disease with unique characteristics that include lung thrombosis1, frequent diarrhoea2, abnormal activation of the inflammatory response3 and rapid deterioration of lung function consistent with alveolar oedema4. The pathological substrate for these findings remains unknown. Here we show that the lungs of patients with COVID-19 contain infected pneumocytes with abnormal morphology and frequent multinucleation. The generation of these syncytia results from activation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at the cell plasma membrane level. On the basis of these observations, we performed two high-content microscopy-based screenings with more than 3,000 approved drugs to search for inhibitors of spike-driven syncytia. We converged on the identification of 83 drugs that inhibited spike-mediated cell fusion, several of which belonged to defined pharmacological classes. We focused our attention on effective drugs that also protected against virus replication and associated cytopathicity. One of the most effective molecules was the antihelminthic drug niclosamide, which markedly blunted calcium oscillations and membrane conductance in spike-expressing cells by suppressing the activity of TMEM16F (also known as anoctamin 6), a calcium-activated ion channel and scramblase that is responsible for exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface. These findings suggest a potential mechanism for COVID-19 disease pathogenesis and support the repurposing of niclosamide for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Braga
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Hashim Ali
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Ilaria Secco
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Elena Chiavacci
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Guilherme Neves
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Goldhill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Penn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jose M Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana M Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rossana Bussani
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio Cannatà
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Rizzari
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Chiara Collesi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Edoardo Schneider
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniele Arosio
- Istituto di Biofisica (IBF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Trento, Italy
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Juan Burrone
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mauro Giacca
- King's College London, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, London, UK.
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.
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31
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Liu J, Cvirkaite-Krupovic V, Baquero DP, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Shen Y, Krupovic M. Virus-induced cell gigantism and asymmetric cell division in archaea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022578118. [PMID: 33782110 PMCID: PMC8054024 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022578118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeal viruses represent one of the most mysterious parts of the global virosphere, with many virus groups sharing no evolutionary relationship to viruses of bacteria or eukaryotes. How these viruses interact with their hosts remains largely unexplored. Here we show that nonlytic lemon-shaped virus STSV2 interferes with the cell cycle control of its host, hyperthermophilic and acidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus islandicus, arresting the cell cycle in the S phase. STSV2 infection leads to transcriptional repression of the cell division machinery, which is homologous to the eukaryotic endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) system. The infected cells grow up to 20-fold larger in size, have 8,000-fold larger volume compared to noninfected cells, and accumulate massive amounts of viral and cellular DNA. Whereas noninfected Sulfolobus cells divide symmetrically by binary fission, the STSV2-infected cells undergo asymmetric division, whereby giant cells release normal-sized cells by budding, resembling the division of budding yeast. Reinfection of the normal-sized cells produces a new generation of giant cells. If the CRISPR-Cas system is present, the giant cells acquire virus-derived spacers and terminate the virus spread, whereas in its absence, the cycle continues, suggesting that CRISPR-Cas is the primary defense system in Sulfolobus against STSV2. Collectively, our results show how an archaeal virus manipulates the cell cycle, transforming the cell into a giant virion-producing factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Liu
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- CRISPR and Archaea Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | | | - Diana P Baquero
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- CRISPR and Archaea Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Yulong Shen
- CRISPR and Archaea Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, China;
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
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32
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Lösslein AK, Lohrmann F, Scheuermann L, Gharun K, Neuber J, Kolter J, Forde AJ, Kleimeyer C, Poh YY, Mack M, Triantafyllopoulou A, Dunlap MD, Khader SA, Seidl M, Hölscher A, Hölscher C, Guan XL, Dorhoi A, Henneke P. Monocyte progenitors give rise to multinucleated giant cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2027. [PMID: 33795674 PMCID: PMC8016882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to mycobacteria is characterized by granuloma formation, which features multinucleated giant cells as a unique macrophage type. We previously found that multinucleated giant cells result from Toll-like receptor-induced DNA damage and cell autonomous cell cycle modifications. However, the giant cell progenitor identity remained unclear. Here, we show that the giant cell-forming potential is a particular trait of monocyte progenitors. Common monocyte progenitors potently produce cytokines in response to mycobacteria and their immune-active molecules. In addition, common monocyte progenitors accumulate cholesterol and lipids, which are prerequisites for giant cell transformation. Inducible monocyte progenitors are so far undescribed circulating common monocyte progenitor descendants with high giant cell-forming potential. Monocyte progenitors are induced in mycobacterial infections and localize to granulomas. Accordingly, they exhibit important immunological functions in mycobacterial infections. Moreover, their signature trait of high cholesterol metabolism may be piggy-backed by mycobacteria to create a permissive niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kathrin Lösslein
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- MOTI-VATE Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florens Lohrmann
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine (SGBM) and IMM-PACT Clinician Scientist Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Kourosh Gharun
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Neuber
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron James Forde
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kleimeyer
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ying Yee Poh
- Nanyang Technological University, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias Mack
- University Hospital Regensburg, Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antigoni Triantafyllopoulou
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Micah D Dunlap
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency and Institute for Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany and Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Hölscher
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Standort Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Xue Li Guan
- Nanyang Technological University, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Insel Riems, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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33
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Osteoclast-like giant cells (OLGCs) resemble osteoclasts with their abundant cytoplasm and well-developed organelles. OLGCs are characteristic features of giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath and giant cell tumor of soft tissue but they have also been described in numerous other cutaneous conditions. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of the presence of OLGCs is unknown. Here, we summarize the clinical entities that can exhibit these cells to avoid a histological overlap, affecting diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa Hamie
- Dermatology Resident, Dermatology Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ossama Abbas
- Professor, Dermatology Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Associate Professor, Dermatology Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon ; and
| | - Jag Bhawan
- Professor, Dermatopathology Section, Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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34
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Braune J, Lindhorst A, Fröba J, Hobusch C, Kovacs P, Blüher M, Eilers J, Bechmann I, Gericke M. Multinucleated Giant Cells in Adipose Tissue Are Specialized in Adipocyte Degradation. Diabetes 2021; 70:538-548. [PMID: 33158932 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation of visceral adipose tissue (AT) characterized by an increasing number of AT macrophages (ATMs) and linked to type 2 diabetes. AT inflammation is histologically indicated by the formation of so-called crown-like structures, as ATMs accumulate around dying adipocytes, and the occurrence of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). However, to date, the function of MGCs in obesity is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize MGCs in AT and unravel the function of these cells. We demonstrated that MGCs occurred in obese patients and after 24 weeks of a high-fat diet in mice, accompanying signs of AT inflammation and then representing ∼3% of ATMs in mice. Mechanistically, we found evidence that adipocyte death triggered MGC formation. Most importantly, MGCs in obese AT had a higher capacity to phagocytize oversized particles, such as adipocytes, as shown by live imaging of AT, 45-µm bead uptake ex vivo, and higher lipid content in vivo. Finally, we showed that interleukin-4 treatment was sufficient to increase the number of MGCs in AT, whereas other factors may be more important for endogenous MGC formation in vivo. Most importantly, our data suggest that MGCs are specialized for clearance of dead adipocytes in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Braune
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Lindhorst
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janine Fröba
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Eilers
- Carl-Ludwig Institute of Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Arya RK, Goswami R, Rahaman SO. Mechanotransduction via a TRPV4-Rac1 signaling axis plays a role in multinucleated giant cell formation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100129. [PMID: 33262217 PMCID: PMC7948992 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multinucleated giant cells are formed by the fusion of macrophages and are a characteristic feature in numerous pathophysiological conditions including the foreign body response (FBR). Foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) are inflammatory and destructive multinucleated macrophages and may cause damage and/or rejection of implants. However, while these features of FBGCs are well established, the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation remain elusive. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of FBGCs may permit the development of novel implants that eliminate or reduce the FBR. Our previous study showed that transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a mechanosensitive ion channel/receptor, is required for FBGC formation and FBR to biomaterials. Here, we have determined that (a) TRPV4 is directly involved in fusogenic cytokine (interleukin-4 plus granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor)-induced activation of Rac1, in bone marrow-derived macrophages; (b) TRPV4 directly interacts with Rac1, and their interaction is further augmented in the presence of fusogenic cytokines; (c) TRPV4-dependent activation of Rac1 is essential for the augmentation of intracellular stiffness and regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling; and (d) TRPV4-Rac1 signaling axis is critical in fusogenic cytokine-induced FBGC formation. Together, these data suggest a novel mechanism whereby a functional interaction between TRPV4 and Rac1 leads to cytoskeletal remodeling and intracellular stiffness generation to modulate FBGC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Arya
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rishov Goswami
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Shaik O Rahaman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
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Azar C, Valentine MC, Trausch‐Azar J, Rois L, Mahjoub M, Nelson DM, Schwartz AL. RNA-Seq identifies genes whose proteins are upregulated during syncytia development in murine C2C12 myoblasts and human BeWo trophoblasts. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14671. [PMID: 33403800 PMCID: PMC7786548 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fusion of villous cytotrophoblasts into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast is critical for the essential functions of the mammalian placenta. Using RNA-Seq gene expression, quantitative protein expression, and siRNA knockdown we identified genes and their cognate proteins which are similarly upregulated in two cellular models of mammalian syncytia development (human BeWo cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast and murine C2C12 myoblast to myotube). These include DYSF, PDE4DIP, SPIRE2, NDRG1, PLEC, GPR146, HSPB8, DHCR7, and HDAC5. These findings provide avenues for further understanding of the mechanisms underlying mammalian placental syncytiotrophoblast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Azar
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Mark C. Valentine
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Julie Trausch‐Azar
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Lisa Rois
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Moe Mahjoub
- Department of MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - D. Michael Nelson
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Alan L. Schwartz
- Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
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Buchrieser J, Dufloo J, Hubert M, Monel B, Planas D, Rajah MM, Planchais C, Porrot F, Guivel‐Benhassine F, Van der Werf S, Casartelli N, Mouquet H, Bruel T, Schwartz O. Syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. EMBO J 2020; 39:e106267. [PMID: 33051876 PMCID: PMC7646020 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe cases of COVID-19 are associated with extensive lung damage and the presence of infected multinucleated syncytial pneumocytes. The viral and cellular mechanisms regulating the formation of these syncytia are not well understood. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2-infected cells express the Spike protein (S) at their surface and fuse with ACE2-positive neighboring cells. Expression of S without any other viral proteins triggers syncytia formation. Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs), a family of restriction factors that block the entry of many viruses, inhibit S-mediated fusion, with IFITM1 being more active than IFITM2 and IFITM3. On the contrary, the TMPRSS2 serine protease, which is known to enhance infectivity of cell-free virions, processes both S and ACE2 and increases syncytia formation by accelerating the fusion process. TMPRSS2 thwarts the antiviral effect of IFITMs. Our results show that SARS-CoV-2 pathological effects are modulated by cellular proteins that either inhibit or facilitate syncytia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
- Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité (BioSPC)Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Mathieu Hubert
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | - Blandine Monel
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
- Vaccine Research InstituteCréteilFrance
| | - Maaran Michael Rajah
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
- Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité (BioSPC)Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral ImmunologyDepartment of ImmunologyInstitut PasteurINSERM U1222ParisFrance
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | | | - Sylvie Van der Werf
- Molecular Genetics of RNA VirusesDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurCNRS UMR 3569Université de ParisParisFrance
- National Reference Center for Respiratory VirusesInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Nicoletta Casartelli
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral ImmunologyDepartment of ImmunologyInstitut PasteurINSERM U1222ParisFrance
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity UnitDepartment of VirologyInstitut PasteurParisFrance
- CNRS‐UMR3569ParisFrance
- Vaccine Research InstituteCréteilFrance
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Weng CH, Wu CS, Wu JC, Kung ML, Wu MH, Tai MH. Cisplatin-Induced Giant Cells Formation Is Involved in Chemoresistance of Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217892. [PMID: 33114317 PMCID: PMC7660656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is notoriously resistant to current cancer therapy. However, the chemoresistance mechanism of melanoma remains unclear. The present study unveiled that chemotherapy drug cisplatin induced the formation of giant cells, which exhibited enlargement in cell diameter and nucleus in mice and human melanoma cells. Giant cells were positive with melanoma maker S100 and cancer stem cell markers including ABCB5 and CD133 in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, giant cells retained the mitotic ability with expression of proliferation marker Ki-67 and exhibited multiple drug resistance to doxorubicin and actinomycin D. The mitochondria genesis/activities and cellular ATP level were significantly elevated in giant cells, implicating the demand for energy supply. Application of metabolic blockers such as sodium azide or 2-deoxy glucose abolished the cisplatin-induced giant cells formation and expression of cancer stemness markers. The present study unveils a novel chemoresistance mechanism of melanoma cells via size alteration and the anti-neoplastic strategy by targeting giant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Weng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Chieh-Shan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ching Wu
- Biobank and Tissue Bank, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Lang Kung
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Hsiu Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (M.-H.T.)
| | - Ming-Hong Tai
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (M.-H.T.)
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Quell KM, Dutta K, Korkmaz ÜR, Nogueira de Almeida L, Vollbrandt T, König P, Lewkowich I, Deepe GS, Verschoor A, Köhl J, Laumonnier Y. GM-CSF and IL-33 Orchestrate Polynucleation and Polyploidy of Resident Murine Alveolar Macrophages in a Murine Model of Allergic Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207487. [PMID: 33050608 PMCID: PMC7589978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronical pulmonary disease with high prevalence. It manifests as a maladaptive immune response to common airborne allergens and is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia, type 2 cytokine-associated inflammation, and mucus overproduction. Alveolar macrophages (AMs), although contributing to lung homeostasis and tolerance to allergens at steady state, have attracted less attention compared to professional antigen-presenting and adaptive immune cells in their contributions. Using an acute model of house dust mite-driven allergic asthma in mice, we showed that a fraction of resident tissue-associated AMs, while polarizing to the alternatively activated M2 phenotype, exhibited signs of polynucleation and polyploidy. Mechanistically, in vitro assays showed that only Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor and interleukins IL-13 and IL-33, but not IL-4 or IL-5, participate in the establishment of this phenotype, which resulted from division defects and not cell-cell fusion as shown by microscopy. Intriguingly, mRNA analysis of AMs isolated from allergic asthmatic lungs failed to show changes in the expression of genes involved in DNA damage control except for MafB. Altogether, our data support the idea that upon allergic inflammation, AMs undergo DNA damage-induced stresses, which may provide new unconventional therapeutical approaches to treat allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M. Quell
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.M.Q.); (K.D.); (Ü.R.K.); (L.N.d.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Kuheli Dutta
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.M.Q.); (K.D.); (Ü.R.K.); (L.N.d.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Ülkü R. Korkmaz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.M.Q.); (K.D.); (Ü.R.K.); (L.N.d.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Larissa Nogueira de Almeida
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.M.Q.); (K.D.); (Ü.R.K.); (L.N.d.A.); (J.K.)
| | - Tillman Vollbrandt
- Cell Analysis Core Facility, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Peter König
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;
- Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ian Lewkowich
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - George S. Deepe
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Admar Verschoor
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.M.Q.); (K.D.); (Ü.R.K.); (L.N.d.A.); (J.K.)
- Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Yves Laumonnier
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany; (K.M.Q.); (K.D.); (Ü.R.K.); (L.N.d.A.); (J.K.)
- Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-451-31018940; Fax: +49-451-31018904
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40
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi typically grow as interconnected multinucleate syncytia that can be microscopic to many hectares in size. Mechanistic details and rules that govern the formation and function of these multinucleate syncytia are largely unexplored, including details on syncytial morphology and the regulatory controls of cellular and molecular processes. Recent discoveries have revealed various adaptations that enable fungal syncytia to accomplish coordinated behaviors, including cell growth, nuclear division, secretion, communication, and adaptation of the hyphal network for mixing nuclear and cytoplasmic organelles. In this review, we highlight recent studies using advanced technologies to define rules that govern organizing principles of hyphal and colony differentiation, including various aspects of nuclear and mitochondrial cooperation versus competition. We place these findings into context with previous foundational literature and present still unanswered questions on mechanistic aspects, function, and morphological diversity of fungal syncytia across the fungal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Mela
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.P.M.); (A.M.R.-R.)
| | - Adriana M. Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.P.M.); (A.M.R.-R.)
| | - N. Louise Glass
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (A.P.M.); (A.M.R.-R.)
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Correspondence:
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Gambari L, Grassi F, Roseti L, Grigolo B, Desando G. Learning from Monocyte-Macrophage Fusion and Multinucleation: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Osteoporosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176001. [PMID: 32825443 PMCID: PMC7504439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive bone resorption by osteoclasts (OCs) covers an essential role in developing bone diseases, such as osteoporosis (OP) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Monocytes or macrophages fusion and multinucleation (M-FM) are key processes for generating multinucleated mature cells with essential roles in bone remodelling. Depending on the phenotypic heterogeneity of monocyte/macrophage precursors and the extracellular milieu, two distinct morphological and functional cell types can arise mature OCs and giant cells (GCs). Despite their biological relevance in several physiological and pathological responses, many gaps exist in our understanding of their formation and role in bone, including the molecular determinants of cell fusion and multinucleation. Here, we outline fusogenic molecules during M-FM involved in OCs and GCs formation in healthy conditions and during OP and RA. Moreover, we discuss the impact of the inflammatory milieu on modulating macrophages phenotype and their differentiation towards mature cells. Methodological approach envisaged searches on Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and EMBASE databases to select relevant studies on M-FM, osteoclastogenesis, inflammation, OP, and RA. This review intends to give a state-of-the-art description of mechanisms beyond osteoclastogenesis and M-FM, with a focus on OP and RA, and to highlight potential biological therapeutic targets to prevent extreme bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Livia Roseti
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (B.G.); Tel.: +39-051-6366090 (B.G.)
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Barcala M, Fenoll C, Escobar C. Laser Microdissection of Cells and Isolation of High-Quality RNA After Cryosectioning. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2170:35-43. [PMID: 32797449 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0743-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Laser capture microdissection (LCM) has become a powerful technique that allows analyzing gene expression in specific target cells from complex tissues. Widely used in animal research, still few studies on plants have been carried out. We have applied this technique to the plant-nematode interaction by isolating feeding cells (giant cells; GCs) immersed inside complex swelled root structures (galls) induced by root-knot nematodes. For this purpose, a protocol that combines good morphology preservation with RNA integrity maintenance was developed, and successfully applied to Arabidopsis and tomato galls. Specifically, early developing GCs at 3 and 7 days post-infection (dpi) were analyzed; RNA from LCM GCs was amplified and used successfully for microarray assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barcala
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
- Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Elgawidi A, Mohsin MI, Ali F, Watts A, Monk PN, Thomas MS, Partridge LJ. A role for tetraspanin proteins in regulating fusion induced by Burkholderia thailandensis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:473-487. [PMID: 32253503 PMCID: PMC7395031 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease with high morbidity that is endemic in South East Asia and northern Australia. An unusual feature of the bacterium is its ability to induce multinucleated giant cell formation (MNGC), which appears to be related to bacterial pathogenicity. The mechanism of MNGC formation is not fully understood, but host cell factors as well as known bacterial virulence determinants are likely to contribute. Since members of the tetraspanin family of membrane proteins are involved in various types of cell:cell fusion, their role in MNGC formation induced by Burkholderia thailandensis, a mildly pathogenic species closely related to B. pseudomallei, was investigated. The effect of antibodies to tetraspanins CD9, CD81, and CD63 in MNGC formation induced by B. thailandensis in infected mouse J774.2 and RAW macrophage cell lines was assessed along with that of recombinant proteins corresponding to the large extracellular domain (EC2) of the tetraspanins. B. thailandensis-induced fusion was also examined in macrophages derived from CD9 null and corresponding WT mice, and in J774.2 macrophages over-expressing CD9. Antibodies to CD9 and CD81 promoted MNGC formation induced by B. thailandensis, whereas EC2 proteins of CD9, CD81, and CD63 inhibited MNGC formation. Enhanced MNGC formation was observed in CD9 null macrophages, whereas a decrease in MNGC formation was associated with overexpression of CD9. Overall our findings show that tetraspanins are involved in MNGC formation induced by B. thailandensis and by implication, B. pseudomallei, with CD9 and CD81 acting as negative regulators of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiga Elgawidi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Muslim Idan Mohsin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Pathological Analyses, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Fawwaz Ali
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Mosul Technical Institute, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Amyleigh Watts
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Peter N Monk
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Mark S Thomas
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Lynda J Partridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Hromowyk KJ, Talbot JC, Martin BL, Janssen PML, Amacher SL. Cell fusion is differentially regulated in zebrafish post-embryonic slow and fast muscle. Dev Biol 2020; 462:85-100. [PMID: 32165147 PMCID: PMC7225055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fusion occurs during development, growth, and regeneration. To investigate how muscle fusion compares among different muscle cell types and developmental stages, we studied muscle cell fusion over time in wild-type, myomaker (mymk), and jam2a mutant zebrafish. Using live imaging, we show that embryonic myoblast elongation and fusion correlate tightly with slow muscle cell migration. In wild-type embryos, only fast muscle fibers are multinucleate, consistent with previous work showing that the cell fusion regulator gene mymk is specifically expressed throughout the embryonic fast muscle domain. However, by 3 weeks post-fertilization, slow muscle fibers also become multinucleate. At this late-larval stage, mymk is not expressed in muscle fibers, but is expressed in small cells near muscle fibers. Although previous work showed that both mymk and jam2a are required for embryonic fast muscle cell fusion, we observe that muscle force and function is almost normal in mymk and jam2a mutant embryos, despite the lack of fast muscle multinucleation. We show that genetic requirements change post-embryonically, with jam2a becoming much less important by late-larval stages and mymk now required for muscle fusion and growth in both fast and slow muscle cell types. Correspondingly, adult mymk mutants perform poorly in sprint and endurance tests compared to wild-type and jam2a mutants. We show that adult mymk mutant muscle contains small mononucleate myofibers with average myonuclear domain size equivalent to that in wild type adults. The mymk mutant fibers have decreased Laminin expression and increased numbers of Pax7-positive cells, suggesting that impaired fiber growth and active regeneration contribute to the muscle phenotype. Our findings identify several aspects of muscle fusion that change with time in slow and fast fibers as zebrafish develop beyond embryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Hromowyk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jared C Talbot
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Brit L Martin
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for Muscle Health and Neuromuscular Disorders, The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Ren S, Ur Rehman Z, Gao B, Yang Z, Zhou J, Meng C, Song C, Nair V, Sun Y, Ding C. ATM-mediated DNA double-strand break response facilitated oncolytic Newcastle disease virus replication and promoted syncytium formation in tumor cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008514. [PMID: 32479542 PMCID: PMC7263568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage response (DDR) is the fundamental cellular response for maintaining genomic integrity and suppressing tumorigenesis. The activation of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase is central to DNA double-strand break (DSB) for maintaining host-genome integrity in mammalian cells. Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) can selectively replicate in tumor cells; however, its influence on the genome integrity of tumor cells is not well-elucidated. Here, we found that membrane fusion and NDV infection triggered DSBs in tumor cells. The late replication and membrane fusion of NDV mechanistically activated the ATM-mediated DSB pathway via the ATM-Chk2 axis, as evidenced by the hallmarks of DSBs, i.e., auto-phosphorylated ATM and phosphorylated H2AX and Chk2. Immunofluorescence data showed that multifaceted ATM-controlled phosphorylation markedly induced the formation of pan-nuclear punctum foci in response to NDV infection and F-HN co-expression. Specific drug-inhibitory experiments on ATM kinase activity further suggested that ATM-mediated DSBs facilitated NDV replication and membrane fusion. We confirmed that the Mre11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex sensed the DSB signal activation triggered by NDV infection and membrane fusion. The pharmacological inhibition of MRN activity also significantly inhibited intracellular and extracellular NDV replication and syncytia formation. Collectively, these data identified for the first time a direct link between the membrane fusion induced by virus infection and DDR pathways, thereby providing new insights into the efficient replication of oncolytic NDV in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Ren
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zaib Ur Rehman
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Avian Oncogenic viruses group, UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Ueo A, Kubota M, Shirogane Y, Ohno S, Hashiguchi T, Yanagi Y. Lysosome-Associated Membrane Proteins Support the Furin-Mediated Processing of the Mumps Virus Fusion Protein. J Virol 2020; 94:e00050-20. [PMID: 32295904 PMCID: PMC7307097 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00050-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV), an enveloped RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family and the causative agent of mumps, affects the salivary glands and other glandular tissues as well as the central nervous system. The virus enters the cell by inducing the fusion of its envelope with the plasma membrane of the target cell. Membrane fusion is mediated by MuV envelope proteins: the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion (F) protein. Cleavage of the MuV F protein (MuV-F) into two subunits by the cellular protease furin is a prerequisite for fusion and virus infectivity. Here, we show that 293T (a derivative of HEK293) cells do not produce syncytia upon expression of MuV envelope proteins or MuV infection. This failure is caused by the inefficient MuV-F cleavage despite the presence of functional furin in 293T cells. An expression cloning strategy revealed that overexpression of lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) confers on 293T cells the ability to produce syncytia upon expression of MuV envelope proteins. The LAMP family comprises the ubiquitously expressed LAMP1 and LAMP2, the interferon-stimulated gene product LAMP3, and the cell type-specific proteins. The expression level of the LAMP3 gene, but not of LAMP1 and LAMP2 genes, differed markedly between 293T and HEK293 cells. Overexpression of LAMP1, LAMP2, or LAMP3 allowed 293T cells to process MuV-F efficiently. Furthermore, these LAMPs were found to interact with both MuV-F and furin. Our results indicate that LAMPs support the furin-mediated cleavage of MuV-F and that, among them, LAMP3 may be critical for the process, at least in certain cells.IMPORTANCE The cellular protease furin mediates proteolytic cleavage of many host and pathogen proteins and plays an important role in viral envelope glycoprotein maturation. MuV, an enveloped RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family and an important human pathogen, enters the cell through the fusion of its envelope with the plasma membrane of the target cell. Membrane fusion is mediated by the viral attachment protein and the F protein. Cleavage of MuV-F into two subunits by furin is a prerequisite for fusion and virus infectivity. Here, we show that LAMPs support the furin-mediated cleavage of MuV-F. Expression levels of LAMPs affect the processing of MuV-F and MuV-mediated membrane fusion. Among LAMPs, the interferon-stimulated gene product LAMP3 is most critical in certain cells. Our study provides potential targets for anti-MuV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Ueo
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Marie Kubota
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuta Shirogane
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Ohno
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Mannan R, Wang X, Bawa PS, Spratt DE, Wilson A, Jentzen J, Chinnaiyan AM, Reichert ZR, Mehra R. Polypoidal giant cancer cells in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: observations from the Michigan Legacy Tissue Program. Med Oncol 2020; 37:16. [PMID: 32030484 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-020-1341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite early diagnosis and established protocols, a subset of prostate cancer patients will eventually be categorized as castration-resistant prostate cancer. Recently, it has been reported that these multi-modal therapy cases may harbor a special subset of cancer cells termed as polypoidal giant cancer cells (PGCC). These cells are phenotypically described either as possessing highly irregular polylobated nuclei or multiple pleomorphic nuclei. To identify and characterize the distribution of these cells, we created a cohort of 5 randomly selected cases of multi-modal therapy failure prostate cancer (16 selected non-osseous and osseous tumor sites) enrolled in Michigan Legacy Tissue Program. In all cases, specific "regions of interest" or "hot spots" within tumor areas showing an increased proportion of these multi-nucleated/polylobated cells under light microscopy were labeled as PGCC-rich area. On microscopic evaluation, overall mean count of PGCC was 42.4 ± 3.91 with case 2 in the study cohort with the highest number of average PGCC count of 17 ± 4.04. Site wise analysis showed retroperitoneal lymph node as the tissue with highest number of average PGCC number/site (5.0 ± 0.32). On correlating the average number of PGCC recorded with the time elapsed from last dose of chemotherapy administered to autopsy, the spearman correlation value (R) was 0.67, but the result was not statistically significant (p = 0.22). A systematic assessment of PGCC in a large stratified cohort of prostate cancer patients integrated with various histopathological and clinical parameters along with discovery of specific biomarkers for PGCC are the future studies suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mannan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pushpinder S Bawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allecia Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey Jentzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zachery R Reichert
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Polei M, Günther J, Koczan D, Fürbass R. Trophoblast cell differentiation in the bovine placenta: differentially expressed genes between uninucleate trophoblast cells and trophoblast giant cells are involved in the composition and remodeling of the extracellular matrix and O-glycan biosynthesis. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:1. [PMID: 31952476 PMCID: PMC6969411 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-0246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the bovine placenta, intimate fetomaternal contacts are restricted to discrete placentomes. Here, widely branched fetal chorionic villi interdigitate with corresponding maternal caruncular crypts. The fetal trophoblast epithelium covering the chorionic villi consists of approximately 80% uninucleate trophoblast cells (UTCs) and 20% binuclear trophoblast giant cells (TGCs). The weakly invasive TGCs migrate toward the caruncle epithelium and eventually fuse with individual epithelial cells to form short-lived fetomaternal hybrid cells. In this way, molecules of fetal origin are transported across the placental barrier and released into the maternal compartment. The UTC/TGC ratio in the trophoblast remains almost constant because approximately as many new TGCs are produced from UTCs as are consumed by the fusions. The process of developing TGCs from UTCs was insufficiently understood. Therefore, we aimed to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between UTCs and TGCs and identify molecular functions and biological processes regulated by DEGs. RESULTS We analyzed gene expression patterns in virtually pure UTC and TGC isolates using gene arrays and detected 3193 DEGs (p < 0.05; fold change values < - 1.5 or > 1.5). Of these DEGs, 1711 (53.6%) were upregulated in TGCs and 1482 (46.4%) downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) analyses revealed that molecular functions and biological processes regulated by DEGs are related to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its interactions with cellular receptors, cell migration and signal transduction. Furthermore, there was some evidence that O-glycan biosynthesis in TGCs may produce sialylated short-chain O-glycans (Tn antigen, core 1 O-glycans), while the synthesis of other O-glycan core structures required for the formation of complex (i.e., branched and long-chain) O-glycans appears to be decreased in TGCs. CONCLUSION The differentiation of UTCs into TGCs particularly regulates genes that enable trophoblast cells to interact with their environment. Significant differences between UTCs and TGCs in ECM composition indicate reduced anchoring of TGCs in the surrounding matrix, which might contribute to their migration and their weakly invasive interaction with the maternal endometrium. Furthermore, increased expression of sialylated short chain O-glycans by TGCs could facilitate the modulation of maternal immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Polei
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Juliane Günther
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Fürbass
- Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Agus V, Janovjak H. All-Optical Miniaturized Co-culture Assay of Voltage-Gated Ca 2+ Channels. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2173:247-260. [PMID: 32651923 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0755-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light-activated proteins enable the reversible and spatiotemporal control of cellular events in optogenetics. Optogenetics is also rapidly expanding into the field of drug discovery where it provides cost-effective and noninvasive approaches for cell manipulation in high-throughput screens. Here, we present a prototypical cell-based assay that applies Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) to recapitulate physiological membrane potential changes and test for voltage-gated ion channel (VGIC) blockade. ChR2 and the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel 1.2 (CaV1.2) are expressed in individual HEK293 cell lines that are then co-cultured for formation of gap junctions and an electrical syncytium. This co-culture allows identification of blockers using parallel fluorescence plate readers in the 384-well plate format in an all-optical mode of operation. The assay is transferable to other VGICs by modularly combining new and existing cell lines and potentially also to other drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Agus
- Department of Cell Biology, AXXAM S.p.A, Milan, Italy.
| | - Harald Janovjak
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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50
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Meidani C, Ntalli NG, Giannoutsou E, Adamakis IDS. Cell Wall Modifications in Giant Cells Induced by the Plant Parasitic Nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Wild-Type (Col-0) and the fra2 Arabidopsis thaliana Katanin Mutant. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5465. [PMID: 31684028 PMCID: PMC6862268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita is a root knot nematode (RKN) species which is among the most notoriously unmanageable crop pests with a wide host range. It inhabits plants and induces unique feeding site structures within host roots, known as giant cells (GCs). The cell walls of the GCs undergo the process of both thickening and loosening to allow expansion and finally support nutrient uptake by the nematode. In this study, a comparative in situ analysis of cell wall polysaccharides in the GCs of wild-type Col-0 and the microtubule-defective fra2 katanin mutant, both infected with M. incognita has been carried out. The fra2 mutant had an increased infection rate. Moreover, fra2 roots exhibited a differential pectin and hemicellulose distribution when compared to Col-0 probably mirroring the fra2 root developmental defects. Features of fra2 GC walls include the presence of high-esterified pectic homogalacturonan and pectic arabinan, possibly to compensate for the reduced levels of callose, which was omnipresent in GCs of Col-0. Katanin severing of microtubules seems important in plant defense against M. incognita, with the nematode, however, to be nonchalant about this "katanin deficiency" and eventually induce the necessary GC cell wall modifications to establish a feeding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianna Meidani
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 84 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikoletta G Ntalli
- Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 14561 Athens, Greece.
| | - Eleni Giannoutsou
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 84 Athens, Greece.
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