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Yeo YY, Buchholz DW, Gamble A, Jager M, Aguilar HC. Headless Henipaviral Receptor Binding Glycoproteins Reveal Fusion Modulation by the Head/Stalk Interface and Post-receptor Binding Contributions of the Head Domain. J Virol 2021; 95:e0066621. [PMID: 34288734 PMCID: PMC8475510 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00666-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cedar virus (CedV) is a nonpathogenic member of the Henipavirus (HNV) genus of emerging viruses, which includes the deadly Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses. CedV forms syncytia, a hallmark of henipaviral and paramyxoviral infections and pathogenicity. However, the intrinsic fusogenic capacity of CedV relative to NiV or HeV remains unquantified. HNV entry is mediated by concerted interactions between the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. Upon receptor binding by the HNV G head domain, a fusion-activating G stalk region is exposed and triggers F to undergo a conformational cascade that leads to viral entry or cell-cell fusion. Here, we demonstrate quantitatively that CedV is inherently significantly less fusogenic than NiV at equivalent G and F cell surface expression levels. We then generated and tested six headless CedV G mutants of distinct C-terminal stalk lengths, surprisingly revealing highly hyperfusogenic cell-cell fusion phenotypes 3- to 4-fold greater than wild-type CedV levels. Additionally, similarly to NiV, a headless HeV G mutant yielded a less pronounced hyperfusogenic phenotype compared to wild-type HeV. Further, coimmunoprecipitation and cell-cell fusion assays revealed heterotypic NiV/CedV functional G/F bidentate interactions, as well as evidence of HNV G head domain involvement beyond receptor binding or G stalk exposure. All evidence points to the G head/stalk junction being key to modulating HNV fusogenicity, supporting the notion that head domains play several distinct and central roles in modulating stalk domain fusion promotion. Further, this study exemplifies how CedV may help elucidate important mechanistic underpinnings of HNV entry and pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE The Henipavirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family includes the zoonotic Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses. NiV and HeV infections often cause fatal encephalitis and pneumonia, but no vaccines or therapeutics are currently approved for human use. Upon viral entry, Henipavirus infections yield the formation of multinucleated cells (syncytia). Viral entry and cell-cell fusion are mediated by the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins. Cedar virus (CedV), a nonpathogenic henipavirus, may be a useful tool to gain knowledge on henipaviral pathogenicity. Here, using homotypic and heterotypic full-length and headless CedV, NiV, and HeV G/F combinations, we discovered that CedV G/F are significantly less fusogenic than NiV or HeV G/F, and that the G head/stalk junction is key to modulating cell-cell fusion, refining the mechanism of henipaviral membrane fusion events. Our study exemplifies how CedV may be a useful tool to elucidate broader mechanistic understanding for the important henipaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu Yeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David W. Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Amandine Gamble
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mason Jager
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Tit-Oon P, Tharakaraman K, Artpradit C, Godavarthi A, Sungkeeree P, Sasisekharan V, Kerdwong J, Miller NL, Mahajan B, Khongmanee A, Ruchirawat M, Sasisekharan R, Fuangthong M. Prediction of the binding interface between monoclonal antibody m102.4 and Nipah attachment glycoprotein using structure-guided alanine scanning and computational docking. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18256. [PMID: 33106487 PMCID: PMC7588459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah Virus (NiV) has been designated as a priority disease with an urgent need for therapeutic development by World Health Organization. The monoclonal antibody m102.4 binds to the immunodominant NiV receptor-binding glycoprotein (GP), and potently neutralizes NiV, indicating its potential as a therapeutic agent. Although the co-crystal structure of m102.3, an m102.4 derivative, in complex with the GP of the related Hendra Virus (HeV) has been solved, the structural interaction between m102.4 and NiV is uncharacterized. Herein, we used structure-guided alanine-scanning mutagenesis to map the functional epitope and paratope residues that govern the antigen-antibody interaction. Our results revealed that the binding of m102.4 is mediated predominantly by two residues in the HCDR3 region, which is unusually small for an antibody-antigen interaction. We performed computational docking to generate a structural model of m102.4-NiV interaction. Our model indicates that m102.4 targets the common hydrophobic central cavity and a hydrophilic rim on the GP, as observed for the m102.3-HeV co-crystal, albeit with Fv orientation differences. In summary, our study provides insight into the m102.4-NiV interaction, demonstrating that structure-guided alanine-scanning and computational modeling can serve as the starting point for additional antibody reengineering (e.g. affinity maturation) to generate potential therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phanthakarn Tit-Oon
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Kannan Tharakaraman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Abhinav Godavarthi
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Pareenart Sungkeeree
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Varun Sasisekharan
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Kerdwong
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Nathaniel Loren Miller
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bhuvna Mahajan
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Amnart Khongmanee
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Mayuree Fuangthong
- Translational Research Unit, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
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Edwards MR, Hoad M, Tsimbalyuk S, Menicucci AR, Messaoudi I, Forwood JK, Basler CF. Henipavirus W Proteins Interact with 14-3-3 To Modulate Host Gene Expression. J Virol 2020; 94:e00373-20. [PMID: 32321809 PMCID: PMC7343215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00373-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), members of the Henipavirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family, are recently emerged, highly lethal zoonotic pathogens. The NiV and HeV nonsegmented, negative-sense RNA genomes encode nine proteins, including the W protein. Expressed from the P gene through mRNA editing, W shares a common N-terminus with P and V but has a unique C-terminus. Expressed alone, W modulates innate immune responses by several mechanisms, and elimination of W from NiV alters the course of infection in experimentally infected ferrets. However, the specific host interactions that allow W to modulate innate immunity are incompletely understood. This study demonstrates that the NiV and HeV W proteins interact with all seven isoforms of the 14-3-3 family, regulatory molecules that preferentially bind phosphorylated target proteins to regulate a wide range of cellular functions. The interaction is dependent on the penultimate amino acid residue in the W sequence, a conserved, phosphorylated serine. The cocrystal structure of the W C-terminal binding motif with 14-3-3 provides only the second structure of a complex containing a mode III interactor, which is defined as a 14-3-3 interaction with a phosphoserine/phosphothreonine at the C-termini of the target protein. Transcriptomic analysis of inducible cell lines infected with an RNA virus and expressing either wild-type W or W lacking 14-3-3 binding, identifies new functions for W. These include the regulation of cellular metabolic processes, extracellular matrix organization, and apoptosis.IMPORTANCE Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), members of the Henipavirus genus, are recently emerged, highly lethal zoonotic pathogens that cause yearly outbreaks. NiV and HeV each encode a W protein that has roles in regulating host signaling pathways, including antagonism of the innate immune response. However, the mechanisms used by W to regulate these host responses are not clear. Here, characterization of the interaction of NiV and HeV W with 14-3-3 identifies modulation of 14-3-3-regulated host signaling pathways not previously associated with W, suggesting new avenues of research. The cocrystal structure of the NiV W:14-3-3 complex, as only the second structure of a 14-3-3 mode III interactor, provides further insight into this less-well-understood 14-3-3 binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Edwards
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mikayla Hoad
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Sofiya Tsimbalyuk
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrea R Menicucci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Pryce R, Azarm K, Rissanen I, Harlos K, Bowden TA, Lee B. A key region of molecular specificity orchestrates unique ephrin-B1 utilization by Cedar virus. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e201900578. [PMID: 31862858 PMCID: PMC6925387 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergent zoonotic henipaviruses, Hendra, and Nipah are responsible for frequent and fatal disease outbreaks in domestic animals and humans. Specificity of henipavirus attachment glycoproteins (G) for highly species-conserved ephrin ligands underpins their broad host range and is associated with systemic and neurological disease pathologies. Here, we demonstrate that Cedar virus (CedV)-a related henipavirus that is ostensibly nonpathogenic-possesses an idiosyncratic entry receptor repertoire that includes the common henipaviral receptor, ephrin-B2, but, distinct from pathogenic henipaviruses, does not include ephrin-B3. Uniquely among known henipaviruses, CedV can use ephrin-B1 for cellular entry. Structural analyses of CedV-G reveal a key region of molecular specificity that directs ephrin-B1 utilization, while preserving a universal mode of ephrin-B2 recognition. The structural and functional insights presented uncover diversity within the known henipavirus receptor repertoire and suggest that only modest structural changes may be required to modulate receptor specificities within this group of lethal human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Pryce
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ilona Rissanen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
- Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Virus Network Center of Excellence, Center for Virology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Satterfield BA, Borisevich V, Foster SL, Rodriguez SE, Cross RW, Fenton KA, Agans KN, Basler CF, Geisbert TW, Mire CE. Antagonism of STAT1 by Nipah virus P gene products modulates disease course but not lethal outcome in the ferret model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16710. [PMID: 31723221 PMCID: PMC6853903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a pathogenic paramyxovirus and zoononis with very high human fatality rates. Previous protein over-expression studies have shown that various mutations to the common N-terminal STAT1-binding motif of the NiV P, V, and W proteins affected the STAT1-binding ability of these proteins thus interfering with he JAK/STAT pathway and reducing their ability to inhibit type-I IFN signaling, but due to differing techniques it was unclear which amino acids were most important in this interaction or what impact this had on pathogenesis in vivo. We compared all previously described mutations in parallel and found the amino acid mutation Y116E demonstrated the greatest reduction in binding to STAT1 and the greatest reduction in interferon antagonism. A similar reduction in binding and activity was seen for a deletion of twenty amino acids constituting the described STAT1-binding domain. To investigate the contribution of this STAT1-binding motif in NiV-mediated disease, we produced rNiVs with complete deletion of the STAT1-binding motif or the Y116E mutation for ferret challenge studies (rNiVM-STAT1blind). Despite the reduced IFN inhibitory function, ferrets challenged with these rNiVM-STAT1blind mutants had a lethal, albeit altered, NiV-mediated disease course. These data, together with our previously published data, suggest that the major role of NiV P, V, and W in NiV-mediated disease in the ferret model are likely to be in the inhibition of viral recognition/innate immune signaling induction with a minor role for inhibition of IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Satterfield
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie L Foster
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sergio E Rodriguez
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Ringel M, Heiner A, Behner L, Halwe S, Sauerhering L, Becker N, Dietzel E, Sawatsky B, Kolesnikova L, Maisner A. Nipah virus induces two inclusion body populations: Identification of novel inclusions at the plasma membrane. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007733. [PMID: 31034506 PMCID: PMC6488097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) is a hallmark of infections with non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (order Mononegavirales). We show here that Nipah virus (NiV), a bat-derived highly pathogenic member of the Paramyxoviridae family, differs from mononegaviruses of the Rhabdo-, Filo- and Pneumoviridae families by forming two types of IBs with distinct localizations, formation kinetics, and protein compositions. IBs in the perinuclear region form rapidly upon expression of the nucleocapsid proteins. These IBperi are highly mobile and associate with the aggresome marker y-tubulin. IBperi can recruit unrelated overexpressed cytosolic proteins but do not contain the viral matrix (M) protein. Additionally, NiV forms an as yet undescribed IB population at the plasma membrane (IBPM) that is y-tubulin-negative but contains the M protein. Infection studies with recombinant NiV revealed that IBPM require the M protein for their formation, and most likely represent sites of NiV assembly and budding. The identification of this novel type of plasma membrane-associated IBs not only provides new insights into NiV biology and may open new avenues to develop novel antiviral approaches to treat these highly pathogenic viruses, it also provides a basis for a more detailed characterization of IBs and their role in virus assembly and replication in infections with other Mononegavirales. Inclusion bodies (IBs) induced by non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (Mononegavirales) are described as mobile cytosolic compartments that concentrate viral proteins and represent the main viral replication sites in infected cells. This general concept is mainly based on studies with mononegaviruses from the Rhabdo-, Filo- and Pneumoviridae families. IBs induced by members of the Paramyxoviridae family are much less well characterized, and this study provides evidence that paramyxoviral IBs may have different compositions and functions. The main finding of this study is that Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic member of the genus Henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, forms a novel type of IB whose formation at plasma membrane assembly sites depends on the viral matrix protein, and suggests a role for IBs not yet described for other Mononegavirales. This discovery clearly extents the current concept of IB functions and illustrates the need to further investigate IBs formed by other paramyxoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ringel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anja Heiner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura Behner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Halwe
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lucie Sauerhering
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nico Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Erik Dietzel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bevan Sawatsky
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Maisner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kasloff SB, Leung A, Pickering BS, Smith G, Moffat E, Collignon B, Embury-Hyatt C, Kobasa D, Weingartl HM. Pathogenicity of Nipah henipavirus Bangladesh in a swine host. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5230. [PMID: 30914663 PMCID: PMC6435791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40476-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1998 an outbreak of fatal encephalitis among pig farm workers in Malaysia and Singapore led to the discovery of Nipah henipavirus (NiV), a novel paramyxovirus closely related to Hendra henipavirus with case fatality rates of nearly 40%. Following its initial emergence nearly annual outbreaks of NiV have occurred in Bangladesh with a different, NiV Bangladesh, genotype, where the role of pigs in its transmission remains unknown. The present study provides the first report on susceptibility of domestic pigs to NiV Bangladesh following experimental infection, characterizing acute and long-term phases of disease and pathogenesis. All pigs were successfully infected with NiV Bangladesh following oronasal inoculation, with viral shedding confirmed by a novel genotype-specific qRT-PCR in oral, nasal and rectal excretions and dissemination from the upper respiratory tract to the brain, lungs, and associated lymphatic tissues. Unlike previous NiV Malaysia findings in pigs, clinical signs were absent, viremia was undetectable throughout the study, and only low level neutralizing antibody titers were measured by 28/29 days post-NiV-B infection. Results obtained highlight the need for continued and enhanced NiV surveillance in pigs in endemic and at-risk regions, and raise questions regarding applicability of current serological assays to detect animals with previous NiV-B exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Kasloff
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - A Leung
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - B S Pickering
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - G Smith
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - E Moffat
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - B Collignon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - C Embury-Hyatt
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - D Kobasa
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - H M Weingartl
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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8
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Laing ED, Amaya M, Navaratnarajah CK, Feng YR, Cattaneo R, Wang LF, Broder CC. Rescue and characterization of recombinant cedar virus, a non-pathogenic Henipavirus species. Virol J 2018; 15:56. [PMID: 29587789 PMCID: PMC5869790 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hendra virus and Nipah virus are zoonotic viruses that have caused severe to fatal disease in livestock and human populations. The isolation of Cedar virus, a non-pathogenic virus species in the genus Henipavirus, closely-related to the highly pathogenic Hendra virus and Nipah virus offers an opportunity to investigate differences in pathogenesis and receptor tropism among these viruses. METHODS We constructed full-length cDNA clones of Cedar virus from synthetic oligonucleotides and rescued two replication-competent, recombinant Cedar virus variants: a recombinant wild-type Cedar virus and a recombinant Cedar virus that expresses a green fluorescent protein from an open reading frame inserted between the phosphoprotein and matrix genes. Replication kinetics of both viruses and stimulation of the interferon pathway were characterized in vitro. Cellular tropism for ephrin-B type ligands was qualitatively investigated by microscopy and quantitatively by a split-luciferase fusion assay. RESULTS Successful rescue of recombinant Cedar virus expressing a green fluorescent protein did not significantly affect virus replication compared to the recombinant wild-type Cedar virus. We demonstrated that recombinant Cedar virus stimulated the interferon pathway and utilized the established Hendra virus and Nipah virus receptor, ephrin-B2, but not ephrin-B3 to mediate virus entry. We further characterized virus-mediated membrane fusion kinetics of Cedar virus with the known henipavirus receptors ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3. CONCLUSIONS The recombinant Cedar virus platform may be utilized to characterize the determinants of pathogenesis across the henipaviruses, investigate their receptor tropisms, and identify novel pan-henipavirus antivirals. Moreover, these experiments can be conducted safely under BSL-2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | | | - Yan-Ru Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Atkinson SC, Audsley MD, Lieu KG, Marsh GA, Thomas DR, Heaton SM, Paxman JJ, Wagstaff KM, Buckle AM, Moseley GW, Jans DA, Borg NA. Recognition by host nuclear transport proteins drives disorder-to-order transition in Hendra virus V. Sci Rep 2018; 8:358. [PMID: 29321677 PMCID: PMC5762688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) is a paramyxovirus that causes lethal disease in humans, for which no vaccine or antiviral agent is available. HeV V protein is central to pathogenesis through its ability to interact with cytoplasmic host proteins, playing key antiviral roles. Here we use immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown and confocal laser scanning microscopy to show that HeV V shuttles to and from the nucleus through specific host nuclear transporters. Spectroscopic and small angle X-ray scattering studies reveal HeV V undergoes a disorder-to-order transition upon binding to either importin α/β1 or exportin-1/Ran-GTP, dependent on the V N-terminus. Importantly, we show that specific inhibitors of nuclear transport prevent interaction with host transporters, and reduce HeV infection. These findings emphasize the critical role of host-virus interactions in HeV infection, and potential use of compounds targeting nuclear transport, such as the FDA-approved agent ivermectin, as anti-HeV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Atkinson
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle D Audsley
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim G Lieu
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R Thomas
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven M Heaton
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason J Paxman
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie M Wagstaff
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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10
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Bloyet LM, Welsch J, Enchery F, Mathieu C, de Breyne S, Horvat B, Grigorov B, Gerlier D. HSP90 Chaperoning in Addition to Phosphoprotein Required for Folding but Not for Supporting Enzymatic Activities of Measles and Nipah Virus L Polymerases. J Virol 2016; 90:6642-6656. [PMID: 27170753 PMCID: PMC4944277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00602-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA viruses, or members of the order Mononegavirales, share a conserved gene order and the use of elaborate transcription and replication machinery made up of at least four molecular partners. These partners have coevolved with the acquisition of the permanent encapsidation of the entire genome by the nucleoprotein (N) and the use of this N-RNA complex as a template for the viral polymerase composed of the phosphoprotein (P) and the large enzymatic protein (L). Not only is P required for polymerase function, but it also stabilizes the L protein through an unknown underlying molecular mechanism. By using NVP-AUY922 and/or 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin as specific inhibitors of cellular heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), we found that efficient chaperoning of L by HSP90 requires P in the measles, Nipah, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. While the production of P remains unchanged in the presence of HSP90 inhibitors, the production of soluble and functional L requires both P and HSP90 activity. Measles virus P can bind the N terminus of L in the absence of HSP90 activity. Both HSP90 and P are required for the folding of L, as evidenced by a luciferase reporter insert fused within measles virus L. HSP90 acts as a true chaperon; its activity is transient and dispensable for the activity of measles and Nipah virus polymerases of virion origin. That the cellular chaperoning of a viral polymerase into a soluble functional enzyme requires the assistance of another viral protein constitutes a new paradigm that seems to be conserved within the Mononegavirales order. IMPORTANCE Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that require a cellular environment for their replication. Some viruses particularly depend on the cellular chaperoning apparatus. We report here that for measles virus, successful chaperoning of the viral L polymerase mediated by heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) requires the presence of the viral phosphoprotein (P). Indeed, while P protein binds to the N terminus of L independently of HSP90 activity, both HSP90 and P are required to produce stable, soluble, folded, and functional L proteins. Once formed, the mature P+L complex no longer requires HSP90 to exert its polymerase functions. Such a new paradigm for the maturation of a viral polymerase appears to be conserved in several members of the Mononegavirales order, including the Nipah and vesicular stomatitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Marie Bloyet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jérémy Welsch
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - François Enchery
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain de Breyne
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Boyan Grigorov
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, U1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- INSERM, U1111, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Ecofect, Lyon, France
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11
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Park A, Yun T, Vigant F, Pernet O, Won ST, Dawes BE, Bartkowski W, Freiberg AN, Lee B. Nipah Virus C Protein Recruits Tsg101 to Promote the Efficient Release of Virus in an ESCRT-Dependent Pathway. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005659. [PMID: 27203423 PMCID: PMC4874542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding of Nipah virus, a deadly member of the Henipavirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae, has been thought to be independent of the host ESCRT pathway, which is critical for the budding of many enveloped viruses. This conclusion was based on the budding properties of the virus matrix protein in the absence of other virus components. Here, we find that the virus C protein, which was previously investigated for its role in antagonism of innate immunity, recruits the ESCRT pathway to promote efficient virus release. Inhibition of ESCRT or depletion of the ESCRT factor Tsg101 abrogates the C enhancement of matrix budding and impairs live Nipah virus release. Further, despite the low sequence homology of the C proteins of known henipaviruses, they all enhance the budding of their cognate matrix proteins, suggesting a conserved and previously unknown function for the henipavirus C proteins. Nipah virus is a deadly pathogen (40–100% mortality) that has yearly outbreaks in Southeast Asia, resulting from spillover from its natural fruit bat reservoir. The viral C protein is one of only nine virus proteins, but its role in promoting virus replication is not fully understood. Here, we found that the C protein promotes the efficient release of budding Nipah virus from infected cells. It does so by recruiting an essential factor in the host ESCRT complex, Tsg101. The ESCRT complex has well-characterized functions in mediating membrane pinching off events that resemble virus budding. Further, we found that the C proteins of related viruses within the same genus (Henipavirus) also promote virus budding, suggesting that this previously unknown function of the henipavirus C proteins is conserved. This work illuminates the basic biology of henipaviruses with significant outbreak and public health concern, and opens the door to further lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Tatyana Yun
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frederic Vigant
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Olivier Pernet
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sohui T. Won
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Dawes
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wojciech Bartkowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Yan D, Wang Z. [Research Progress in Enveloped Glycoproteins and the Membrane-fusion Mechanism of Nipah Virus]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2016; 32:361-368. [PMID: 29963835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is the pathogen of an emerging zoonotic disease that is highly lethal and infectious. NiV seriously impacts human lives and the property in the epidemic areas and poses a great threat to the global public health security. This paper provides a brief introduction to the morphological structure, and physiological function of the attachment protein G and the fusion protein F, which are both crucial glycoproteins located on the surface of the virus envelope. Moreover, recent advances in domestic and international research are reviewed. We will consider tissue tropism to elaborate the interactive mechanism between the attachment protein and its protein receptors ephrin-B2/B3,as well as the interactions between the two glycoproteins in detail. Avenues of future research are also discussed.
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13
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Xu K, Chan YP, Bradel-Tretheway B, Akyol-Ataman Z, Zhu Y, Dutta S, Yan L, Feng Y, Wang LF, Skiniotis G, Lee B, Zhou ZH, Broder CC, Aguilar HC, Nikolov DB. Crystal Structure of the Pre-fusion Nipah Virus Fusion Glycoprotein Reveals a Novel Hexamer-of-Trimers Assembly. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005322. [PMID: 26646856 PMCID: PMC4672880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a paramyxovirus that infects host cells through the coordinated efforts of two envelope glycoproteins. The G glycoprotein attaches to cell receptors, triggering the fusion (F) glycoprotein to execute membrane fusion. Here we report the first crystal structure of the pre-fusion form of the NiV-F glycoprotein ectodomain. Interestingly this structure also revealed a hexamer-of-trimers encircling a central axis. Electron tomography of Nipah virus-like particles supported the hexameric pre-fusion model, and biochemical analyses supported the hexamer-of-trimers F assembly in solution. Importantly, structure-assisted site-directed mutagenesis of the interfaces between F trimers highlighted the functional relevance of the hexameric assembly. Shown here, in both cell-cell fusion and virus-cell fusion systems, our results suggested that this hexamer-of-trimers assembly was important during fusion pore formation. We propose that this assembly would stabilize the pre-fusion F conformation prior to cell attachment and facilitate the coordinated transition to a post-fusion conformation of all six F trimers upon triggering of a single trimer. Together, our data reveal a novel and functional pre-fusion architecture of a paramyxoviral fusion glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yee-Peng Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Birgit Bradel-Tretheway
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zeynep Akyol-Ataman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yongqun Zhu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Somnath Dutta
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - YanRu Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Dimitar B. Nikolov
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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14
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Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a member of the genus Henipavirus (family Paramyxoviridae) that causes severe and often lethal respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans with high mortality rates (up to 92%). NiV can cause Acute Lung Injury (ALI) in humans, and human-to-human transmission has been observed in recent outbreaks of NiV. While the exact route of transmission to humans is not known, we have previously shown that NiV can efficiently infect human respiratory epithelial cells. The molecular mechanisms of NiV-associated ALI in the human respiratory tract are unknown. Thus, there is an urgent need for models of henipavirus infection of the human respiratory tract to study the pathogenesis and understand the host responses. Here, we describe a novel human lung xenograft model in mice to study the pathogenesis of NiV. Following transplantation, human fetal lung xenografts rapidly graft and develop mature structures of adult lungs including cartilage, vascular vessels, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and primitive “air” spaces filled with mucus and lined by cuboidal to flat epithelium. Following infection, NiV grows to high titers (107 TCID50/gram lung tissue) as early as 3 days post infection (pi). NiV targets both the endothelium as well as respiratory epithelium in the human lung tissues, and results in syncytia formation. NiV infection in the human lung results in the production of several cytokines and chemokines including IL-6, IP-10, eotaxin, G-CSF and GM-CSF on days 5 and 7 pi. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that NiV can replicate to high titers in a novel in vivo model of the human respiratory tract, resulting in a robust inflammatory response, which is known to be associated with ALI. This model will facilitate progress in the fundamental understanding of henipavirus pathogenesis and virus-host interactions; it will also provide biologically relevant models for other respiratory viruses. Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus that causes fatal disease in humans and a variety of other mammalian hosts including pigs. Given the lack of effective therapeutics and vaccines, this virus is considered a public health and agricultural concern, and listed as category C priority pathogen for biodefense research by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Both animal-to-human and human-to-human transmission has been observed. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of NiV-mediated pathogenesis have been hampered by the lack of biologically relevant in vivo models for studying the initial host responses to NiV infection in the human lung. We show here a new small animal model in which we transplant human lung tissue for studying the pathogenesis of NiV. We showed that NiV can replicate to high levels in the human lung. NiV causes extensive damage to the lung tissue and induces important regulators of the inflammatory response. This study is the first to use a human lung transplant for studying infectious diseases, a powerful model for studying the pathogenesis of NiV infection, and will open up new possibilities for studying virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Valbuena
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hailey Halliday
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yenny Goez
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Liu Q, Stone JA, Bradel-Tretheway B, Dabundo J, Benavides Montano JA, Santos-Montanez J, Biering SB, Nicola AV, Iorio RM, Lu X, Aguilar HC. Unraveling a three-step spatiotemporal mechanism of triggering of receptor-induced Nipah virus fusion and cell entry. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003770. [PMID: 24278018 PMCID: PMC3837712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion is essential for entry of the biomedically-important paramyxoviruses into their host cells (viral-cell fusion), and for syncytia formation (cell-cell fusion), often induced by paramyxoviral infections [e.g. those of the deadly Nipah virus (NiV)]. For most paramyxoviruses, membrane fusion requires two viral glycoproteins. Upon receptor binding, the attachment glycoprotein (HN/H/G) triggers the fusion glycoprotein (F) to undergo conformational changes that merge viral and/or cell membranes. However, a significant knowledge gap remains on how HN/H/G couples cell receptor binding to F-triggering. Via interdisciplinary approaches we report the first comprehensive mechanism of NiV membrane fusion triggering, involving three spatiotemporally sequential cell receptor-induced conformational steps in NiV-G: two in the head and one in the stalk. Interestingly, a headless NiV-G mutant was able to trigger NiV-F, and the two head conformational steps were required for the exposure of the stalk domain. Moreover, the headless NiV-G prematurely triggered NiV-F on virions, indicating that the NiV-G head prevents premature triggering of NiV-F on virions by concealing a F-triggering stalk domain until the correct time and place: receptor-binding. Based on these and recent paramyxovirus findings, we present a comprehensive and fundamentally conserved mechanistic model of paramyxovirus membrane fusion triggering and cell entry. The medically-important Paramyxovirus family includes the deadly Nipah virus (NiV). After paramyxoviruses attach to a receptor at a cell surface, fusion between viral and cellular membranes must occur before the virus genetic material can enter the cell and replication of the virus inside the cell can begin. For most paramyxoviruses, viral/cell membrane fusion requires the concerted actions of two viral glycoproteins. After binding to a cell surface receptor, the viral attachment glycoprotein triggers the viral fusion glycoprotein to execute viral/cell membrane fusion so the genetic material of the virus can enter the cell. However, the mechanism of this receptor-induced triggering of membrane fusion is not well understood. We identified several sequential receptor-induced structural changes in the attachment glycoprotein of NiV that are part of the viral/cell membrane fusion-triggering cascade. Importantly, we propose a mechanism of cell receptor-induced paramyxovirus entry into cells, based on the findings described here, similarities between NiV and other paramyxoviruses, and other recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn A. Stone
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Birgit Bradel-Tretheway
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Dabundo
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Javier A. Benavides Montano
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Departamento Ciencia Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira Valle, Colombia
| | - Jennifer Santos-Montanez
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott B. Biering
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anthony V. Nicola
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ronald M. Iorio
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hector C. Aguilar
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Kong WS, Irie T, Yoshida A, Kawabata R, Kadoi T, Sakaguchi T. Inhibition of virus-like particle release of Sendai virus and Nipah virus, but not that of mumps virus, by tetherin/CD317/BST-2. Hiroshima J Med Sci 2012; 61:59-67. [PMID: 23077864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetherin (also known as BST-2 or CD317) has recently been identified as a potent IFN-induced anti-viral protein that inhibits the release of diverse enveloped virus particles from infected cells. The anti-viral activity of tetherin on a number of enveloped viruses, including retroviruses, filoviruses and arenaviruses, has been examined. Here, we show that tetherin is also capable of blocking the release of virus-like particles (VLPs) driven by the matrix protein of Sendai virus. Together with inhibition of Nipah virus VLP release by tetherin, these results indicate that paramyxoviruses are to be added to the list of viruses that are susceptible to tetherin inhibition. Tetherin co-localized with Nipah virus matrix proteins and accumulated in cells, indicating that it is present at, or recruited to, sites of particle assembly. It should be noted, however, that tetherin was not effective against the release of paramyxovirus mumps VLPs, indicating that certain enveloped viruses may not be sensitive to tetherin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weng-Sheng Kong
- Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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17
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Mathieu C, Guillaume V, Sabine A, Ong KC, Wong KT, Legras-Lachuer C, Horvat B. Lethal Nipah virus infection induces rapid overexpression of CXCL10. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32157. [PMID: 22393386 PMCID: PMC3290546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a recently emerged zoonotic Paramyxovirus that causes regular outbreaks in East Asia with mortality rate exceeding 75%. Major cellular targets of NiV infection are endothelial cells and neurons. To better understand virus-host interaction, we analyzed the transcriptome profile of NiV infection in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We further assessed some of the obtained results by in vitro and in vivo methods in a hamster model and in brain samples from NiV-infected patients. We found that NiV infection strongly induces genes involved in interferon response in endothelial cells. Among the top ten upregulated genes, we identified the chemokine CXCL10 (interferon-induced protein 10, IP-10), an important chemoattractant involved in the generation of inflammatory immune response and neurotoxicity. In NiV-infected hamsters, which develop pathology similar to what is seen in humans, expression of CXCL10 mRNA was induced in different organs with kinetics that followed NiV replication. Finally, we showed intense staining for CXCL10 in the brain of patients who succumbed to lethal NiV infection during the outbreak in Malaysia, confirming induction of this chemokine in fatal human infections. This study sheds new light on NiV pathogenesis, indicating the role of CXCL10 during the course of infection and suggests that this chemokine may serve as a potential new marker for lethal NiV encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Mathieu
- Inserm U758, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland Lyon-Sud, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Vanessa Guillaume
- Inserm U758, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland Lyon-Sud, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Amélie Sabine
- Inserm U758, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland Lyon-Sud, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Branka Horvat
- Inserm U758, Human Virology, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland Lyon-Sud, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Wang YE, Park A, Lake M, Pentecost M, Torres B, Yun TE, Wolf MC, Holbrook MR, Freiberg AN, Lee B. Ubiquitin-regulated nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of the Nipah virus matrix protein is important for viral budding. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001186. [PMID: 21085610 PMCID: PMC2978725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are known to replicate in the cytoplasm and bud from the plasma membrane. Matrix is the major structural protein in paramyxoviruses that mediates viral assembly and budding. Curiously, the matrix proteins of a few paramyxoviruses have been found in the nucleus, although the biological function associated with this nuclear localization remains obscure. We report here that the nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of the Nipah virus matrix (NiV-M) protein and associated post-translational modification play a critical role in matrix-mediated virus budding. Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic emerging paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans, and is classified as a Biosafety Level 4 (BSL4) pathogen. During live NiV infection, NiV-M was first detected in the nucleus at early stages of infection before subsequent localization to the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane. Mutations in the putative bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) and the leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) found in NiV-M impaired its nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking and also abolished NiV-M budding. A highly conserved lysine residue in the NLS served dual functions: its positive charge was important for mediating nuclear import, and it was also a potential site for monoubiquitination which regulates nuclear export of the protein. Concordantly, overexpression of ubiquitin enhanced NiV-M budding whereas depletion of free ubiquitin in the cell (via proteasome inhibitors) resulted in nuclear retention of NiV-M and blocked viral budding. Live Nipah virus budding was exquisitely sensitive to proteasome inhibitors: bortezomib, an FDA-approved proteasome inhibitor for treating multiple myeloma, reduced viral titers with an IC50 of 2.7 nM, which is 100-fold less than the peak plasma concentration that can be achieved in humans. This opens up the possibility of using an “off-the-shelf” therapeutic against acute NiV infection. Nipah virus (NiV) is a lethal, newly emerging virus that causes fatal inflammation of the brain and has a high death rate in infected humans. NiV and the closely related Hendra virus (HeV) can also infect agriculturally important livestock such as pigs and horses. The lack of effective vaccines and treatments, and the ongoing threat they pose to both agriculture and public health, have led to the classification of NiV and HeV as Biosafety Level 4 (BSL4) pathogens. Paramyxoviruses such as NiV are known to replicate in the cytoplasm and bud from the plasma membrane. Viral assembly and budding is mediated by the matrix structural protein. However, we found, quite unexpectedly, that the matrix protein of NiV needs to transit through the nucleus before gaining the functional ability to localize and bud from the plasma membrane. Although NiV-M has putative nuclear import and export signals, we also found that ubiquitination of a conserved lysine residue in NiV-M is critical for nuclear export, subsequent membrane localization and viral budding. Proteasome inhibitors, which deplete cellular pools of free ubiquitin, potently reduce viral titers during live NiV infection, opening up new possibilities for therapeutics against acute NiV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao E. Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arnold Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Lake
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mickey Pentecost
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Betsabe Torres
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tatyana E. Yun
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mike C. Wolf
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Holbrook
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), a paramyxovirus, was first discovered in Malaysia in 1998 in an outbreak of infection in pigs and humans and incurred a high fatality rate in humans. Fruit bats, living in vast areas extending from India to the western Pacific, were identified as the natural reservoir of the virus. However, the mechanisms that resulted in severe pathogenicity in humans (up to 70% mortality) and that enabled crossing the species barrier were not known. In this study, we established a system that enabled the rescue of replicating NiVs from a cloned DNA by cotransfection of a constructed full-length cDNA clone and supporting plasmids coding virus nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and polymerase with the infection of the recombinant vaccinia virus, MVAGKT7, expressing T7 RNA polymerase. The rescued NiV (rNiV), by using the newly developed reverse genetics system, showed properties in vitro that were similar to the parent virus and retained the severe pathogenicity in a previously established animal model by experimental infection. A recombinant NiV was also developed, expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (rNiV-EGFP). Using the virus, permissibility of NiV was compared with the presence of a known cellular receptor, ephrin B2, in a number of cell lines of different origins. Interestingly, two cell lines expressing ephrin B2 were not susceptible for rNiV-EGFP, indicating that additional factors are clearly required for full NiV replication. The reverse genetics for NiV will provide a powerful tool for the analysis of the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity and cross-species infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Guillaume
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U404 and
- IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69365 Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Hiroki Sato
- *Laboratory Animal Research Center and
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
| | - T. Fabian Wild
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U404 and
- IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69365 Lyon, France
| | - Chieko Kai
- *Laboratory Animal Research Center and
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
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