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Lösslein AK, Lohrmann F, Scheuermann L, Gharun K, Neuber J, Kolter J, Forde AJ, Kleimeyer C, Poh YY, Mack M, Triantafyllopoulou A, Dunlap MD, Khader SA, Seidl M, Hölscher A, Hölscher C, Guan XL, Dorhoi A, Henneke P. Monocyte progenitors give rise to multinucleated giant cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2027. [PMID: 33795674 PMCID: PMC8016882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response to mycobacteria is characterized by granuloma formation, which features multinucleated giant cells as a unique macrophage type. We previously found that multinucleated giant cells result from Toll-like receptor-induced DNA damage and cell autonomous cell cycle modifications. However, the giant cell progenitor identity remained unclear. Here, we show that the giant cell-forming potential is a particular trait of monocyte progenitors. Common monocyte progenitors potently produce cytokines in response to mycobacteria and their immune-active molecules. In addition, common monocyte progenitors accumulate cholesterol and lipids, which are prerequisites for giant cell transformation. Inducible monocyte progenitors are so far undescribed circulating common monocyte progenitor descendants with high giant cell-forming potential. Monocyte progenitors are induced in mycobacterial infections and localize to granulomas. Accordingly, they exhibit important immunological functions in mycobacterial infections. Moreover, their signature trait of high cholesterol metabolism may be piggy-backed by mycobacteria to create a permissive niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kathrin Lösslein
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- MOTI-VATE Graduate School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florens Lohrmann
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine (SGBM) and IMM-PACT Clinician Scientist Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Kourosh Gharun
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Neuber
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron James Forde
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kleimeyer
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ying Yee Poh
- Nanyang Technological University, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias Mack
- University Hospital Regensburg, Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antigoni Triantafyllopoulou
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin, Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Micah D Dunlap
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency and Institute for Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany and Institute of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University and University Hospital of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Hölscher
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Lungenzentrum, Borstel, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Standort Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Xue Li Guan
- Nanyang Technological University, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Insel Riems, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Gharun K, Senges J, Seidl M, Lösslein A, Kolter J, Lohrmann F, Fliegauf M, Elgizouli M, Alber M, Vavra M, Schachtrup K, Illert AL, Gilleron M, Kirschning CJ, Triantafyllopoulou A, Henneke P. Mycobacteria exploit nitric oxide-induced transformation of macrophages into permissive giant cells. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:19/12/e47190. [PMID: 30518658 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Herrtwich L, Nanda I, Evangelou K, Nikolova T, Horn V, Erny D, Stefanowski J, Rogell L, Klein C, Gharun K, Follo M, Seidl M, Kremer B, Münke N, Senges J, Fliegauf M, Aschman T, Pfeifer D, Sarrazin S, Sieweke MH, Wagner D, Dierks C, Haaf T, Ness T, Zaiss MM, Voll RE, Deshmukh SD, Prinz M, Goldmann T, Hölscher C, Hauser AE, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Grün D, Gorgoulis V, Diefenbach A, Henneke P, Triantafyllopoulou A. DNA Damage Signaling Instructs Polyploid Macrophage Fate in Granulomas. Cell 2018; 174:1325-1326. [PMID: 30142346 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Gharun K, Senges J, Seidl M, Lösslein A, Kolter J, Lohrmann F, Fliegauf M, Elgizouli M, Alber M, Vavra M, Schachtrup K, Illert AL, Gilleron M, Kirschning CJ, Triantafyllopoulou A, Henneke P. Mycobacteria exploit nitric oxide-induced transformation of macrophages into permissive giant cells. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:2144-2159. [PMID: 29097394 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to mycobacteria involves the formation of granulomas, characterized by a unique macrophage (MΦ) species, so-called multinucleated giant cells (MGC). It remains unresolved whether MGC are beneficial to the host, that is, by prevention of bacterial spread, or whether they promote mycobacterial persistence. Here, we show that the prototypical antimycobacterial molecule nitric oxide (NO), which is produced by MGC in excessive amounts, is a double-edged sword. Next to its antibacterial capacity, NO propagates the transformation of MΦ into MGC, which are relatively permissive for mycobacterial persistence. The mechanism underlying MGC formation involves NO-induced DNA damage and impairment of p53 function. Moreover, MGC have an unsurpassed potential to engulf mycobacteria-infected apoptotic cells, which adds a further burden to their antimycobacterial capacity. Accordingly, mycobacteria take paradoxical advantage of antimicrobial cellular efforts by driving effector MΦ into a permissive MGC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Gharun
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Senges
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Lösslein
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florens Lohrmann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Fliegauf
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Magdeldin Elgizouli
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Martina Vavra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine 2, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schachtrup
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna L Illert
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carsten J Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Medical Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Antigoni Triantafyllopoulou
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany .,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Herrtwich L, Nanda I, Evangelou K, Nikolova T, Horn V, Sagar, Erny D, Stefanowski J, Rogell L, Klein C, Gharun K, Follo M, Seidl M, Kremer B, Münke N, Senges J, Fliegauf M, Aschman T, Pfeifer D, Sarrazin S, Sieweke MH, Wagner D, Dierks C, Haaf T, Ness T, Zaiss MM, Voll RE, Deshmukh SD, Prinz M, Goldmann T, Hölscher C, Hauser AE, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Grün D, Gorgoulis V, Diefenbach A, Henneke P, Triantafyllopoulou A. DNA Damage Signaling Instructs Polyploid Macrophage Fate in Granulomas. Cell 2016; 167:1264-1280.e18. [PMID: 28084216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Granulomas are immune cell aggregates formed in response to persistent inflammatory stimuli. Granuloma macrophage subsets are diverse and carry varying copy numbers of their genomic information. The molecular programs that control the differentiation of such macrophage populations in response to a chronic stimulus, though critical for disease outcome, have not been defined. Here, we delineate a macrophage differentiation pathway by which a persistent Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 signal instructs polyploid macrophage fate by inducing replication stress and activating the DNA damage response. Polyploid granuloma-resident macrophages formed via modified cell divisions and mitotic defects and not, as previously thought, by cell-to-cell fusion. TLR2 signaling promoted macrophage polyploidy and suppressed genomic instability by regulating Myc and ATR. We propose that, in the presence of persistent inflammatory stimuli, pathways previously linked to oncogene-initiated carcinogenesis instruct a long-lived granuloma-resident macrophage differentiation program that regulates granulomatous tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Herrtwich
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Veronika Horn
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sagar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Stefanowski
- Immune Dynamics, Charité Universitätsmedizin and Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Rogell
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudius Klein
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kourosh Gharun
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kremer
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolas Münke
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Senges
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Fliegauf
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tom Aschman
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael H Sieweke
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille, France; Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtzgemeinschaft (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Wagner
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine 2, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Dierks
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ness
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reinhard E Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sachin D Deshmukh
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Department of Pathology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Campus Lübeck and Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Division of Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Cluster of Excellence, Inflammation at Interfaces (Borstel-Kiel-Lübeck-Plön), 24118 Kiel, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Immune Dynamics, Charité Universitätsmedizin and Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andres J Lopez-Contreras
- Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Dominic Grün
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vassilis Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; Faculty Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4QL, UK; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; Department of Pathophysiology School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antigoni Triantafyllopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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6
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Kolter J, Feuerstein R, Spoeri E, Gharun K, Elling R, Trieu-Cuot P, Goldmann T, Waskow C, Chen ZJ, Kirschning CJ, Deshmukh SD, Henneke P. Streptococci Engage TLR13 on Myeloid Cells in a Site-Specific Fashion. J Immunol 2016; 196:2733-41. [PMID: 26873993 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Streptococci are common human colonizers with a species-specific mucocutaneous distribution. At the same time, they are among the most important and most virulent invasive bacterial pathogens. Thus, site-specific cellular innate immunity, which is predominantly executed by resident and invading myeloid cells, has to be adapted with respect to streptococcal sensing, handling, and response. In this article, we show that TLR13 is the critical mouse macrophage (MΦ) receptor in the response to group B Streptococcus, both in bone marrow-derived MΦs and in mature tissue MΦs, such as those residing in the lamina propria of the colon and the dermis, as well as in microglia. In contrast, TLR13 and its chaperone UNC-93B are dispensable for a potent cytokine response of blood monocytes to group B Streptococcus, although monocytes serve as the key progenitors of intestinal and dermal MΦs. Furthermore, a specific role for TLR13 with respect to MΦ function is supported by the response to staphylococci, where TLR13 and UNC-93B limit the cytokine response in bone marrow-derived MΦs and microglia, but not in dermal MΦs. In summary, TLR13 is a critical and site-specific receptor in the single MΦ response to β-hemolytic streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kolter
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhild Feuerstein
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evelyne Spoeri
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kourosh Gharun
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Elling
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Patrick Trieu-Cuot
- Institute Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram-Positif, CNRS ERL3526, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Tobias Goldmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models of Hematopoiesis, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Southwestern Medical School, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Carsten J Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Medical Center, University of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Sachin D Deshmukh
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Medical Center, University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; and
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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