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Palmer CV, Graham E, Baird AH. Immunity through early development of coral larvae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:395-399. [PMID: 22885633 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As a determinant of survival, immunity is likely to be significant in enabling coral larvae to disperse and successfully recruit, however, whether reef-building coral larvae have immune defenses is unknown. We investigated the potential presence and variation in immunity in the lecithotrophic larvae of Acropora tenuis through larval development. Enzymes indicative of tyrosinase and laccase-type melanin-synthesis were quantified, and the concentration of three coral fluorescent proteins was measured over six developmental stages; egg, embryo, motile planula, planula post-exposure to crustose coralline algae (CCA; settlement cue), settled, settled post-exposure to Symbiodinium (endosymbiont). Both types of melanin-synthesis pathways and the three fluorescent proteins were present in A. tenuis throughout development. Laccase-type activity and red fluorescence increased following exposure of planula to CCA, whereas tyrosinase-type activity and cyan fluorescence increased following settlement. No change was detected in the measured parameters following exposure to Symbiodinium. This study is the first to document coral larval immune responses and suggests the melanin-synthesis pathways have disparate roles-the laccase-type potentially non-immunological and the tyrosinase-type in cytotoxic defense. Our results indicate that corals have the potential to resist infection from the earliest life history phase.
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Graham E, Johnsen R, Biondi MA. The O++ NO → O + NO+reaction rate from 300°K to 0.55-eV ion mean energy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja080i016p02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Judges D, Knight A, Graham E, Goff LM. Estimating energy requirements in hospitalised underweight and obese patients requiring nutritional support: a survey of dietetic practice in the United Kingdom. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 66:394-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Judges D, Graham E, Knight A, Goff L. Estimating energy requirements in obese and non-obese patients: a survey of dietetic practice in the United Kingdom. J Hum Nutr Diet 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277x.2011.01177_25.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Graham E, Pendergast DM, Jones GD. On the fringes of conquest: maya-spanish contact in colonial belize. Science 2010; 246:1254-9. [PMID: 17832220 DOI: 10.1126/science.246.4935.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The defeat of the Aztecs of Mexico by Hernán Cortés in 1521 was but the beginning of a long and torturous conquest of Central America that did not always result in the mastery of people and production for which the Spanish had hoped. The Maya of the resource-poor Yucatán peninsula were spared the heavy colonial hand that held fast to central Mexico and its riches. In addition, the dense forests of the peninsula served as a haven for refugees fleeing oppressive conditions in colonial towns. Despite the paucity of documentary information on Maya communities of the frontier, knowledge of Maya-Spanish relations in the 16th and 17th centuries has advanced in recent years through archeological and ethnohistorical research. Work in one region of the Maya lowlands has brought us closer to an understanding of the early interaction of the rulers and the ruled.
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Mellanby RJ, Broadhurst C, Wondafrash M, Ewnetu M, Watt S, Critchlow R, Dadesa A, Deas T, Enawgaw C, Gebremedhin B, Graham E, Maclean S, Ross B. Perceptions of habitat changes in the Yabelo Sanctuary and surrounding areas. Afr J Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Logan S, Rajan M, Graham E, Johnson E, Klein J. A case of aspergillus endophthalmitis in an immuncompetent woman: intra-ocular penetration of oral voriconazole: a case report. CASES JOURNAL 2010; 3:31. [PMID: 20205770 PMCID: PMC2822822 DOI: 10.1186/1757-1626-3-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background There are very few reports of Aspergillus fumigatus causing endogenous endophthalmitis (EAE) in immunocompetent individuals although it is well recognised in the immunocompromised. Treatment can be with intravitreal, intravenous and oral antifungal agents. The benefit of an oral agent is clear however the concentration of voriconazole in the inflamed eye after oral administration has not previously been documented. Case presentation We present a case of EAE in an immunocompetent 78-year-old Caucasian female who was subsequently managed with oral voriconazole. Using a bioassay, we show an appropriate voriconazole concentration in serum and vitreous samples. Conclusion This case adds to the limited literature on the prevalence of endogenous endophthalmitis in immunocompetent patients and supports the use of voriconazole in such cases.
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Piper K, Chia M, Graham E. Correcting rotational deformity following femoral nailing. Injury 2009; 40:660-2. [PMID: 19324358 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of rotational malalignment after femoral nailing has been reported to be at least 20%. If the deformity is recognised early, it can be corrected by changing the distal locking screw and rotating the bone prior to fracture union. It is common practice to use the same distal locking screw of the nail if this surgery is performed, however, there is a risk of the new drill hole "cutting out" into the old screw hole. The degree of rotational deformity that needs to be corrected to use the same distal locking hole without cut out of the screw has not been defined. METHOD Ten femora, five from cadavera and five synthetic ("Synbone"), were stabilised in a vice and then fitted with one distal transverse screw. The screw was then removed and a second distal transverse screw was inserted at the same level after variable amounts of rotation. The bone bridge between the drill holes was then measured and any cut out was noted. RESULTS Both of the femora cut out when rotated 10 degrees, and one when rotated 15 degrees. The size of the bone bridge between drill holes in femora rotated by 20 degrees was 3 mm. This bone bridge was increased to 4mm when the femora were rotated by 25 degrees, and 8 and 9 mm when rotated by 30 degrees. CONCLUSION The amount of rotational deformity that needs to be corrected in order to use the same distal locking hole in a femoral nail is significant. In our study, this equates to a correction of at least 25 degrees, but this is not a definitive value in practice. Particular attention must be paid to the location and size of the distal locking screw when correcting malrotation after femoral nailing, to ensure an adequate bone bridge between the two holes.
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Nelli RK, Graham E, Dunham SP, Taylor DJ. Real-time PCR identification of Mycobacterium avium
subspecies paratuberculosis
in ovine and bovine tissues. Vet Rec 2008; 163:422-3. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.14.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Graham E, Ahmed A, Kane L, Cooke S, Longman C, Stewart W, Petty R. G.P.12.02 Asymmetric hypertrophy and contractures in an adult male due to somatic mosaicism for a DMD stop mutation. Neuromuscul Disord 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2008.06.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pillemer K, Meador R, Henderson C, Robison J, Hegeman C, Graham E, Schultz L. A Facility Specialist Model for Improving Retention of Nursing Home Staff: Results From a Randomized, Controlled Study. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2008; 48 Spec No 1:80-9. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/48.supplement_1.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Drakakis-smith D, Graham E, Teo P, Ling OG. Singapore: Reversing the demographic transition to meet labour needs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 109:152-63. [PMID: 12289817 DOI: 10.1080/00369229318736895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Song J, Hanniford D, Doucette C, Graham E, Poole MF, Ting A, Sherf B, Harrington J, Brunden K, Stricker-Krongrad A. Development of homogeneous high-affinity agonist binding assays for 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2006; 3:649-59. [PMID: 16438660 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2005.3.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 5-HT2 receptor subfamily consists of three members, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C. These receptors share high homology in their amino acid sequence, have similar signaling pathways, and have been indicated to play important roles in feeding, anxiety, aggression, sexual behavior, mood, and pain. Subtype-selective agonists and antagonists have been explored as drugs for hypertension, Parkinson's disease, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and obesity. In this study, we report the development of homogeneous agonist binding assays in a scintillation proximity assay (SPA) format to determine the high-affinity binding state of agonist compounds for the human 5-HT2C, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2B receptors. The 5-HT2 agonist 1-(4- [125I]iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane ([125I]DOI) was used to label the high-affinity sites for the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. The high-affinity sites for the 5-HT2B receptor were labeled with [3H]lysergic acid diethylamide. Total receptor expression was determined with the 5-HT2 antagonist [3H]mesulergine for the 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors, and [3H]ketanserin for the 5-HT2A receptor. The agonist high-affinity binding sites accounted for 2.3% (5-HT(2C) receptor), 4.0% (5-HT2A receptor), and 22% (5-HT2B receptor) of the total receptor population. Competition binding studies using known agonists indicated high Z' values of the agonist binding assays in SPA format (Z' > 0.70). The Ki values of 5-HT, (R)(-)DOI, and VER-3323 for the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors by SPA format were equivalent to published data determined by filtration binding assays. These results indicate that agonist binding assays in SPA format can be easily adapted to a high throughput assay to screen for selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists, as well as for selectivity profiling of the compounds.
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MESH Headings
- Amphetamines/pharmacology
- Binding, Competitive
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Ergolines/metabolism
- Humans
- Ketanserin/metabolism
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/analysis
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B/analysis
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/analysis
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Serotonin/pharmacology
- Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists
- Serotonin Antagonists/metabolism
- Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Transfection
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Khan NL, Scherfler C, Graham E, Bhatia KP, Quinn N, Lees AJ, Brooks DJ, Wood NW, Piccini P. Dopaminergic dysfunction in unrelated, asymptomatic carriers of a single parkin mutation. Neurology 2005; 64:134-6. [PMID: 15642918 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000148725.48740.6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin disease is usually autosomal recessive; however, two studies have shown that asymptomatic heterozygotes have nigrostriatal dysfunction and even manifest subtle extrapyramidal signs. The authors used 18F-dopa PET to study 13 asymptomatic parkin heterozygotes and found a significant reduction of (18)F-dopa uptake in caudate, putamen, ventral, and dorsal midbrain compared with control subjects. Four had subtle extrapyramidal signs. Parkin heterozygosity is a risk factor for nigrostriatal dysfunction and in some may contribute to late-onset Parkinson disease.
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Minasian M, Stanford M, Graham E, Denton CP, Black C. Bilateral ischaemic retinal vasculopathy in scleroderma. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:1064-5. [PMID: 16024867 PMCID: PMC1772768 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2004.061499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sumner AT, Ross AR, Graham E. Preparation of chromosomes for scanning electron microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2003; 29:41-50. [PMID: 8032419 DOI: 10.1385/0-89603-289-2:41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Edwards A, Clarke L, Piessens S, Graham E, Shekleton P. Acoustic streaming: a new technique for assessing adnexal cysts. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2003; 22:74-78. [PMID: 12858308 DOI: 10.1002/uog.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether acoustic streaming has clinical value in the differentiation between various ovarian and adnexal cysts. METHODS We assessed 29 adnexal cysts, for which pathological diagnosis was available, for the presence of acoustic streaming during B-mode and color sonographic evaluation. RESULTS Acoustic streaming was detected in 15 (52%) of the cysts. The most common cyst, endometrioma (n = 7), did not exhibit acoustic streaming in any case, while of the remaining 22 cysts, 15 exhibited acoustic streaming (P = 0.0017). Dermoid cysts exhibited acoustic streaming in two of six (33%) cases. In addition acoustic streaming was noted in two of two (100%) hemorrhagic cysts, eight of ten (80%) cystadenomas, two of three (67%) malignant cysts and in the one abscess. CONCLUSIONS Acoustic streaming is the first sonographic feature that may be able to completely exclude endometrioma as a possible diagnosis for an adnexal cyst.
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Berry PA, Dart JK, Graham E, Matheson M, MacMahon EME. Permanent visual loss in a child with a rash. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87:515. [PMID: 12642335 PMCID: PMC1771578 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.4.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Graham E, Jelenić G, Crisfield MA. A note on the equivalence of two recent time-integration schemes for N-body problems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/cnm.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Graham E, Davies M, Holmes J, Muir IFK, Wheatley D. Inhibition of fibroblast growth by dermal extracts: re-examination of the extraction protocol (poster). Clin Exp Dermatol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2230.2002.104168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Graham E, Lenke LG, Hannallah D, Lauryssen C. Myelopathy induced by a thoracic intraspinal synovial cyst: case report and review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001; 26:E392-4. [PMID: 11568715 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-200109010-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A follow-up study of a patient with myelopathy resulting from a thoracic intraspinal synovial cyst was conducted. OBJECTIVE To present this unusual form of myelopathy, and to highlight this unique condition by a literature review. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Intraspinal synovial cysts are quite common in the lumbar spine, but much rarer in the thoracic spine, where they may produce myelopathy from spinal cord compression. The reported patient presented with a lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis, but actually was symptomatic from a thoracic synovial cyst. METHODS Clinical and radiographic details of a patient with a thoracic intraspinal synovial cyst are presented. A complete literature review also summarizes previously published material on this topic. RESULTS The thoracic intraspinal synovial cyst was appropriately identified on a magnetic resonance image examination. The patient underwent successful thoracic spinal cord decompression with stabilization and fusion. The myelopathy resolved postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS The possibility of a thoracic synovial cyst should be considered in the evaluation of pain associated with myelopathy.
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Graham E, Duhl A, Ural S, Allen M, Blakemore K, Witter F. The degree of antenatal ventriculomegaly is related to pediatric neurological morbidity. THE JOURNAL OF MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE 2001; 10:258-63. [PMID: 11531152 DOI: 10.1080/714052753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our hypothesis was that the degree of antenatally diagnosed cerebral ventriculomegaly is related to aneuploidy, perinatal mortality and long-term neurological morbidity. METHODS Ninety-one cases of ventriculomegaly identified from 1 June 1994 to 1 July 1999 were examined for prenatal, intrapartum and neonatal complications. Pediatric follow-up was reviewed for infants with ventriculomegaly from birth up to as long as 4 years. Minor neurological morbidity was defined as a score of 70-80 on the clinical adaptive test/clinical linguistic and auditory milestone scale and included mild motor or language delay. Major morbidity included a score of < 70, evidence of cerebral palsy, or seizure disorder. The incidence of neurological complications was compared, on the basis of the degree of ventriculomegaly, with group 1 being > 10-15 mm and group 2 being > 15 mm. RESULTS Twenty-seven cases (18 with neural tube defects and nine with holoprosencephaly) were excluded. Among the remaining 64 patients, 39 had a ventricular diameter of > 10-15 mm and comprised group 1. Five of the 39 cases (12.8%), all with other ultrasound anomalies, elected to terminate. The incidence of aneuploidy in group 1 was 14.2%. Among the 19 cases with isolated ventriculomegaly, 17 (89%) were normal and two (11%) had minor neurological morbidity. In group 1 there were two cases associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Of the 25 cases in group 2, eight (32%), all with other ultrasound anomalies, elected to terminate. The incidence of aneuploidy in group 2 was 17.4%. For the nine cases with isolated ventriculomegaly of > 15 mm, one (11%) was normal (p < 0.001), five (56%) had minor neurological morbidity requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (p = 0.035), and three (33%) had major neurological morbidity (p = 0.045) when compared to cases of isolated ventriculomegaly in group 1. There was one case of CMV infection in group 2. All perinatal deaths in both groups were associated with other anomalies. CONCLUSIONS Amniocentesis to determine karyotype and the presence of CMV is warranted for all cases of ventriculomegaly of > 10 mm. The degree of antenatal ventriculomegaly is related to pediatric neurological morbidity and, when it is > 15 mm, it is associated with an increase in abnormal neurological development.
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Bandopadhyay R, de Silva R, Khan N, Graham E, Vaughan J, Engelender S, Ross C, Morris H, Morris C, Wood NW, Daniel S, Lees A. No pathogenic mutations in the synphilin-1 gene in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2001; 307:125-7. [PMID: 11427316 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Synuclein is mutated in rare autosomal dominant forms of Parkinson's disease and is a major component of Lewy bodies and neurites. Synphilin-1, a novel protein interacts in vivo and co-localises with alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. We analysed the synphilin-1 gene in familial Parkinson's disease by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and automated sequencing but found no coding mutations. However, we identified two novel intronic polymorphisms; an A/T polymorphism in intron 2, resulting in the introduction of an Alu1 site and a second G/T polymorphism in intron 4. We analysed the intron 2 polymorphism for allelic association as it was conducive to rapid screening but observed no changes in frequency between Parkinson's disease cases and controls.
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Khan N, Graham E, Dixon P, Morris C, Mander A, Clayton D, Vaughan J, Quinn N, Lees A, Daniel S, Wood N, de Silva R. Parkinson's disease is not associated with the combined alpha-synuclein/apolipoprotein E susceptibility genotype. Ann Neurol 2001; 49:665-8. [PMID: 11357958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A recent study showed significant association of sporadic Parkinson's disease with a polymorphism within the alpha-synuclein gene and closely linked DNA markers on chromosome 4q and the APOE epsilon4 allele. A combined alpha-synuclein/APOE-epsilon4 genotype increased the relative risk of developing Parkinson's disease 12-fold. We failed to confirm this association in a much larger sample of histopathologically proven cases of Parkinson's disease and controls.
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Sension MG, Farthing C, Shaffer AG, Graham E, Siemon-Hryczyk P, Pilson RS. Challenges of antiretroviral treatment in transient and drug-using populations: the SUN study. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2001; 15:129-36. [PMID: 11313025 DOI: 10.1089/108729101750123580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This is an open-label, single-arm, phase 3b study (part of phase 3 development) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Fortovase-soft gelatin formulation (saquinavir-SGC), combined with zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC), human immune deficiency virus type 1 in (HIV-1)-positive, antiretroviral-naive individuals. Forty-two HIV-1-positive adults with plasma HIV RNA >10,000 copies per milliliter (Roche Amplicor HIV Monitor assay) and CD4 cell count >100 cells/mm(3) were treated with SQV-SGC, 1200 mg three times per day; ZDV, 300 mg; and 3TC, 150 mg each twice per day for 48 weeks. High proportions were drug users (26%), demonstrated psychiatric disorders (alcohol abuse [14%]/depression [14%]), or were inadequately housed (5%). At 48 weeks, 50% of patients achieved viral suppression <400 copies per milliliter with 43% <20 copies per milliliter using an intent-to-treat analysis (missing values counted as virological failures). Corresponding proportions for patients remaining on therapy at 48 weeks were 91% <400 copies per milliliter and 78% <20 copies per milliliter. Most adverse events were mild. Saquinavir-SGC combined with ZDV and 3TC, achieved potent and durable HIV RNA suppression and was well tolerated over 48 weeks in an antiretroviral-naive population including high proportions of individuals considered difficult to treat, such as drug users, people with psychiatric problems and homeless individuals.
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