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Cheng F, Luk AO, Shi M, Huang C, Jiang G, Yang A, Wu H, Lim CKP, Tam CHT, Fan B, Lau ESH, Ng ACW, Wong KK, Carroll L, Lee HM, Kong AP, Keech AC, Chow E, Joglekar MV, Tsui SKW, So WY, So HC, Hardikar AA, Jenkins AJ, Chan JCN, Ma RCW. Shortened Leukocyte Telomere Length Is Associated With Glycemic Progression in Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective and Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:701-709. [PMID: 35085380 PMCID: PMC8918237 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies support associations between relative leukocyte telomere length (rLTL), a biomarker of biological aging and type 2 diabetes. This study investigates the relationship between rLTL and the risk of glycemic progression in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this cohort study, consecutive Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (N = 5,506) from the Hong Kong Diabetes Register with stored baseline DNA and available follow-up data were studied. rLTL was measured using quantitative PCR. Glycemic progression was defined as the new need for exogenous insulin. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the 5,349 subjects was 57.0 (13.3) years, and mean (SD) follow-up was 8.8 (5.4) years. Baseline rLTL was significantly shorter in the 1,803 subjects who progressed to insulin requirement compared with the remaining subjects (4.43 ± 1.16 vs. 4.69 ± 1.20). Shorter rLTL was associated with a higher risk of glycemic progression (hazard ratio [95% CI] for each unit decrease [to ∼0.2 kilobases]: 1.10 [1.06-1.14]), which remained significant after adjusting for confounders. Baseline rLTL was independently associated with glycemic exposure during follow-up (β = -0.05 [-0.06 to -0.04]). Each 1-kilobase decrease in absolute LTL was on average associated with a 1.69-fold higher risk of diabetes progression (95% CI 1.35-2.11). Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis showed per 1-unit genetically decreased rLTL was associated with a 1.38-fold higher risk of diabetes progression (95% CI 1.12-1.70). CONCLUSIONS Shorter rLTL was significantly associated with an increased risk of glycemic progression in individuals with type 2 diabetes, independent of established risk factors. Telomere length may be a useful biomarker for glycemic progression in people with type 2 diabetes.
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Baterna JJ, Susanto A, Cheng F. Platinum chromium everolimus-eluting stent versus cobalt chromium zotarolimus-eluting stent in very late stent thrombosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab849.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Introduction
Very late stent thrombosis is a rare but potentially lethal outcome for drug-eluting stents used in percutaneous coronary intervention. There is limited research currently on the occurrence of very late stent thrombosis as a complication of two most used second-generation drug-eluting stents, i.e. platinum chromium everolimus-eluting stent (PtCR-EES) and cobalt chromium zotarolimus-eluting stent (CoCr-ZES).
Purpose
The study provides comparative information on the formation of very late stent thrombosis as a long-term outcome of PtCr-EES and CoCr-ZES. Results of this study may guide interventional cardiologists in decision-making regarding the choice of stent.
Methods
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compared stent thrombosis end point of PtCr-EES and CoCr-ZES were identified through Pubmed.
Results
Data from three RCTs analyzed a total of 7,911 participants, with 4,574 in the PtCr-EES and 3,324 in the CoCr-ZES. Treatment with either stent showed no significant difference in the incidence of very late stent thrombosis.
Conclusion
Both stents showed comparable incidence of very late stent thrombosis. Additional RCTs are recommended to further establish the results for very late stent thrombosis. Longer follow-up is also suggested to discover more long-term outcomes.
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Cheng F, Luk AO, Wu H, Tam CHT, Lim CKP, Fan B, Jiang G, Carroll L, Yang A, Lau ESH, Ng ACW, Lee HM, Chow E, Kong APS, Keech AC, Joglekar MV, So WY, Hardikar AA, Chan JCN, Jenkins AJ, Ma RCW. Relative leucocyte telomere length is associated with incident end-stage kidney disease and rapid decline of kidney function in type 2 diabetes: analysis from the Hong Kong Diabetes Register. Diabetologia 2022; 65:375-386. [PMID: 34807303 PMCID: PMC8741666 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Few large-scale prospective studies have investigated associations between relative leucocyte telomere length (rLTL) and kidney dysfunction in individuals with type 2 diabetes. We examined relationships between rLTL and incident end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and the slope of eGFR decline in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We studied 4085 Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes observed between 1995 and 2007 in the Hong Kong Diabetes Register with stored baseline DNA and available follow-up data. rLTL was measured using quantitative PCR. ESKD was diagnosed based on the ICD-9 code and eGFR. RESULTS In this cohort (mean ± SD age 54.3 ± 12.6 years) followed up for 14.1 ± 5.3 years, 564 individuals developed incident ESKD and had shorter rLTL at baseline (4.2 ± 1.2 vs 4.7 ± 1.2, p < 0.001) than the non-progressors (n = 3521). On Cox regression analysis, each ∆∆Ct decrease in rLTL was associated with an increased risk of incident ESKD (HR 1.21 [95% CI 1.13, 1.30], p < 0.001); the association remained significant after adjusting for baseline age, sex, HbA1c, lipids, renal function and other risk factors (HR 1.11 [95% CI 1.03, 1.19], p = 0.007). Shorter rLTL at baseline was associated with rapid decline in eGFR (>4% per year) during follow-up (unadjusted OR 1.22 [95% CI 1.15, 1.30], p < 0.001; adjusted OR 1.09 [95% CI 1.01, 1.17], p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION rLTL is independently associated with incident ESKD and rapid eGFR loss in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Telomere length may be a useful biomarker for the progression of kidney function and ESKD in type 2 diabetes.
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Zhang R, Cheng F, Cheng W, Wang X, Zhang B, Tian M, Li K, Liu D. The Relationships among Plasma Fetuin-B, Thyroid Autoimmunity, and Fertilization Rate In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. Int J Endocrinol 2022; 2022:9961253. [PMID: 35340679 PMCID: PMC8942698 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9961253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to investigate the relationships between fetuin-B, thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), and pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Design, Patients, and Measurements. In this prospective study, 180 women who were preparing for pregnancy with IVF-ET were included. There were 120 women with TAI positive and 60 negative controls matched with age and BMI. RESULTS The 180 women had mean ± SD age of 31.4 ± 4.0 years, with a mean ± SD BMI of 21.0 ± 1.6 kg/m2. There was a significant difference in the level of fetuin-B in women with TAI positive compared with TAI negative group (65.2 ± 18.5 vs. 76.4 ± 25.1, P=0.001). Fetuin-B had a negative relationship with thyroid antibodies even after adjusting for other variables (OR (95%CI) = 0.98 (0.96-0.99), P=0.002). Compared with women with TAI negative, those with TAI positive had a significantly higher risk of low fertilization (20.0% vs. 6.7%; P=0.035). And we found no difference in terms of pregnancy, abortion, implantation, and live birth rate between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that both fetuin-B and TAI were the independent factors to lead the low fertilization of IVF-ET (OR (95%CI) = 0.96 (0.94-0.99) and 4.084 (1.39-15.30), P=0.004 and 0.019, respectively). CONCLUSION Fetuin-B was significantly associated with TAI and low fertilization rate in women undergoing IVF-ET. Decreased fetuin-B in women with TAI may be the underlying reason for the lower IVF-ET success rate.
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Zhang Y, Xia J, Zhang C, Ling M, Cheng F. Characterization of the Stability of Vegetable Oil by Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1883644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cheng F, Ford N, Taylor M. Older Adults from NHANES 2011-2014 Who Consumed Avocado Have Better Global Cognition and Immediate and Delayed Memory Than Non-Consumers. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jin Q, Lau ESH, Luk AOY, Ozaki R, Chow EYK, Cheng F, So T, Yeung T, Loo KM, Lim CKP, Kong APS, Jenkins AJ, Chan JCN, Ma RCW. Skin autofluorescence is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular events in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study from the Hong Kong Diabetes Biobank. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:108015. [PMID: 34384706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.108015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate association between skin autofluorescence (SAF) and cardiovascular events (CVE) and assess its predictive value in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). MATERIALS AND METHODS SAF was measured non-invasively in 3806 Chinese adults with T2D between 2016 and 2019 with CVE as primary endpoint and individual components as secondary endpoints. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine associations between SAF and endpoints with adjustment for conventional risk factors. C-statistic, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were performed to evaluate SAF's predictive value. RESULTS During a median 1.8 (interquartile range, 1.2-3.1) years of follow-up, 172 individuals experienced CVE. Multivariate Cox model showed that SAF was independently associated with CVE (HR 1.18 per SD, 95% CI [1.02, 1.37]), coronary heart disease (HR 1.29 per SD, 95% CI [1.02, 1.63]), and congestive heart failure (HR 1.53 per SD, 95% CI [1.14, 2.05]). SAF yielded additional value on CVE risk stratification with enhanced IDI (95% CI) (0.023 [0.001, 0.057]) and continuous NRI (0.377 [0.002, 0.558]) over traditional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Higher SAF was independently associated with CVE in Chinese adults with T2D and yielded incremental predictive information for CVE. SAF has potential as a prognostic maker for CVE.
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Cheng F, Ng NYH, Tam CHT, Zhang Y, Lim CKP, Jiang G, Ng ACW, Yau TTL, Cheung LP, Xu A, Chan JCN, Ma RCW. Association between FGF19, FGF21 and lipocalin-2, and diabetes progression in PCOS. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:1243-1252. [PMID: 34473082 PMCID: PMC8494400 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. FGF19, FGF21 and lipocalin-2 have emerged as important markers of metabolic risk. This study aims to compare the levels of FGF19, FGF21 and lipocalin-2 between subjects with or without PCOS, and to investigate the relationship between proteins and diabetes progression. In this nested case-control cohort study, 128 Chinese PCOS women and 128 controls were recruited and followed-up. All subjects underwent the oral glucose tolerance test for the evaluation of glycaemic status. Baseline serum protein levels were measured using ELISA. Compared with controls, PCOS subjects had higher levels of FGF19 (P < 0.001) and FGF21 (P = 0.022), but had lower lipocalin-2 (P < 0.001). In total, 20.8% of PCOS and 9.2% of controls developed diabetes over a mean duration of 10.4 ± 1.2 and 11.3 ± 0.5 years, respectively. Logistic regression analyses suggested FGF19 was positively associated with diabetes progression in controls, after adjusting for age, follow-up duration, waist and fasting glucose (P = 0.026, odds ratio (OR) (95% CI): 7.4 (1.3-43.6)), and the positive relationship between FGF21 and diabetes progression in controls was attenuated by adjusting for age and follow-up duration (P = 0.183). Lipocalin-2 was positively correlated with diabetes progression in PCOS group (P = 0.026, OR (95% CI)): 2.5 (1.1-5.6)); however, this became attenuated after adjusting for waist and fasting glucose (P = 0.081). In conclusion, there is differential expression of FGF19, FGF21, and lipocalin-2 in PCOS. The serum level of FGF19, and FGF21 is associated with diabetes progression in women without PCOS, while lipocalin-2 was related to diabetes progression in PCOS women.
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Zhang X, Yu M, Li Y, Cheng F, Liu Y, Gao M, Liu G, Hu L, Liang Y. Effectiveness of discarded cigarette butts derived carbonaceous adsorbent for heavy metals removal from water. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Liu WL, Cheng F, Qian JL, Fang C, Liu X, Fan QW, Wu HJ, Yan JW. Geolocation Inference of Forensic Individual Origin by Soil Metagenomic Analysis. FA YI XUE ZA ZHI 2021; 37:366-371. [PMID: 34379906 DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.590502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objective To preliminarily discuss the feasibility of geolocation inference of forensic individual origin by soil metagenomic analysis. Methods The 33 soil samples from Heilongjiang, Qinghai and Tibet were collected, total bacterial DNA in the samples were extracted, and universal primers were used to amplify the V3 and V4 hypervariable region of bacterial 16S rDNA. The region was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) with the MiSeq sequencer. Bioinformatics analysis such as species composition and sample comparison was performed on sequencing data. The richness index and diversity index were calculated based on operational taxonomic unit (OTU) results. Results A total of 2 720 149 sequences were generated by sequencing. Those sequences were clustered into 114 848 OTUs. The Chao1 indexes of soil microorganisms in Heilongjiang, Qinghai, and Tibet were 797.45, 745.11 and 535.98, respectively, and Shannon indexes were 6.46, 6.36 and 6.25, respectively. The number of bacterial species and the community diversity in the soil from high to low were Heilongjiang > Qinghai > Tibet. The composition of soil bacteria in three provinces at various classification levels were obtained, the dominant genuses in Heilongjiang were Chthoniobacteraceae DA101 and an unannotated genus of Thermogemmatisporaceae; the dominant genuses in Qinghai were an unannotated genus of Cytophagaceae and an unannotated genus of Nocardioidaceae; the dominant genuses in Tibet were an unannotated genus of Comamonadaceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae Luteolibacter. The results of principal co-ordinates analysis demonstrated that, according to the weighted UniFrac analysis, the three principle components represented 56.36% of the total variable, and according to the unweighted UniFrac analysis, the three principle components represented 34.81% of the total variable. The samples from the same province could be clustered together, and the species and content of soil microorganisms from different provinces were significantly different. Conclusion Based on the metagenomic analysis method, soil samples from different regions can be effectively distinguished, which has potential application value in geolocation inference of forensic individual origin in the future.
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Tian L, Zheng H, Li YZ, Cheng F, Jia CQ. [Relationship between age at menarche and obesity in women]. ZHONGHUA LIU XING BING XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA LIUXINGBINGXUE ZAZHI 2021; 42:1231-1234. [PMID: 34814536 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20200914-01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the relationship between age at menarche and general obesity (based on BMI) and central obesity (based on WC or WHtR) in middle-aged and elderly women in China. Methods: A total of 6 363 women from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were included. Restricted cubic splines based on binary logistic regressions were used to analyze the relationship between age at menarche and the risk of obesity. Age at menarche was divided into four groups: ≤13, 14- (control group), 16- , and ≥18 years old. Binary logistic regressions were applied to analyze the relationship between the continuous or grouped variable of age at menarche and the risk of obesity. Results: After adjusting potential confounders, the age at menarche showed a negative linear relationship with the risk of general obesity and central obesity. The risk for obesity based on BMI, WC and WHtR significantly decreased by 6% (OR=0.94, 95%CI: 0.90-0.99), 4% (OR=0.96, 95%CI: 0.92-1.00), and 6% (OR=0.94, 95%CI: 0.90-0.99) for each 1 year increase in age at menarche. Compared with participants who had menarche at age 14- years old, the risk for obesity based on BMI (OR=0.71, 95%CI: 0.55-0.91), WC (OR=0.75, 95%CI: 0.62-0.92) and WHtR (OR=0.76, 95%CI: 0.61-0.96) significantly decreased by 29%, 25%, and 24% in participants who had menarche at age ≥18 years old. Conclusions: There was a negative linear relationship between age at menarche and the risk for general obesity and central obesity in middle-aged and elderly women in China. Older age at menarche might be negatively associated with risk for obesity in middle-aged and elderly women.
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Foster AD, Flynn LL, Cluning C, Cheng F, Davidson JM, Lee A, Polain N, Mejzini R, Farrawell N, Yerbury JJ, Layfield R, Akkari PA, Rea SL. p62 overexpression induces TDP-43 cytoplasmic mislocalisation, aggregation and cleavage and neuronal death. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11474. [PMID: 34075102 PMCID: PMC8169680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) that exist on a spectrum of neurodegenerative disease. A hallmark of pathology is cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates within neurons, observed in 97% of ALS cases and ~ 50% of FTLD cases. This mislocalisation from the nucleus into the cytoplasm and TDP-43 cleavage are associated with pathology, however, the drivers of these changes are unknown. p62 is invariably also present within these aggregates. We show that p62 overexpression causes TDP-43 mislocalisation into cytoplasmic aggregates, and aberrant TDP-43 cleavage that was dependent on both the PB1 and ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domains of p62. We further show that p62 overexpression induces neuron death. We found that stressors (proteasome inhibition and arsenic) increased p62 expression and that this shifted the nuclear:cytoplasmic TDP-43 ratio. Overall, our study suggests that environmental factors that increase p62 may thereby contribute to TDP-43 pathology in ALS and FTLD.
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Cheng F, Huang Z, Wei W, Li Z. Fecal microbiota transplantation for Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tech Coloproctol 2021; 25:495-504. [PMID: 33759066 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-020-02395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory intestinal disorder associated with fecal dysbiosis. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an emerging treatment approach for CD. But its efficacy and safety remain controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of FMT in CD patients. METHODS Electronic databases were searched for studies that reported efficacy and/or safety of FMT for CD. Clinical remission was established as the primary outcome. Secondary outcome was clinical response. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. RESULTS In all, 12 trials were included in our study. Pooled analysis showed that 0.62 (95% CI 0.48, 0.81) of CD patients achieved clinical remission and 0.79 (95% CI 0.71, 0.89) of CD patients achieved clinical response post-FMT. Sub-analyses suggested the rate of clinical remission with fresh stool FMT was higher than with frozen stool FMT (73% vs 43%; p < 0.05). Most adverse events were minor and self-resolving and no major FMT-related adverse event has been reported so far. CONCLUSIONS The evidence showed that FMT is an effective and safe therapy for CD. FMT may be successful because it increases the overall diversity of enteric microbiome. Additional randomized controlled studies are needed.
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Cheng F, Luk AO, Wu H, Lim CKP, Carroll L, Tam CHT, Fan B, Yang A, Lau ESH, Ng ACW, Lee HM, Chow E, Kong APS, Keech AC, Joglekar MV, So WY, Jenkins AJ, Chan JCN, Hardikar AA, Ma RCW. Shortened relative leukocyte telomere length is associated with all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes- analysis from the Hong Kong Diabetes Register. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 173:108649. [PMID: 33422583 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Few studies have investigated the relationship between rLTL and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes in a large prospective study, particularly in the Asian population. This study investigates the relationship between rLTL and the risk of death in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Consecutive Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (N = 5349) from the Hong Kong Diabetes Register with stored baseline DNA and available follow-up data were studied. rLTL was measured using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Mortality and clinical outcomes were obtained based on ICD-9 codes. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the subjects was 57.5 (13.3) years and mean (SD) follow-up duration was 13.4 (5.5) years. Baseline rLTL was significantly shorter in the 1925 subjects who subsequently died compared with the remaining subjects (4.3 ± 1.2 vs. 4.7 ± 1.2, P < 0.001). Shorter rLTL was associated with a higher risk of mortality (HR: 1.19 (1.14-1.23), P < 0.001), which remained significant after adjusting for traditional risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Shorter rLTL was significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes, independent of established risk factors. Telomere length may be a useful biomarker for mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Cheng F, Carroll L, Joglekar MV, Januszewski AS, Wong KK, Hardikar AA, Jenkins AJ, Ma RCW. Diabetes, metabolic disease, and telomere length. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9:117-126. [PMID: 33248477 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are regions of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes. Telomere length is a marker of DNA damage, which is often considered a biomarker for biological ageing, and has also been linked with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Emerging studies have highlighted the role of genetic and environmental factors, and explored the effect of modulating telomere length. We provide an overview of studies to date on diabetes and telomere length, and compare different methods and assays for evaluating telomere length and telomerase activity. We highlight the limitations of current studies and areas that warrant further research to unravel the link between diabetes and telomere length. The value of adding telomere length to clinical risk factors to improve risk prediction of diabetes and related complications also merits further investigation.
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Cheng F, Zhang QX, Chen CJ, Li WT, Zhang JR, Zhang GQ, Yan JW. Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy of Hair Shaft Using HID Ion GeneStudio TM S5 Sequencing System. FA YI XUE ZA ZHI 2021; 37:21-25. [PMID: 33780180 DOI: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2019.590905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective To study the heteroplasmy of the whole mitochondrial genome genotyping result of hair shaft samples using HID Ion GeneStudioTM S5 Sequencing System. Methods The buccal swabs and blood of 8 unrelated individuals, and hair shaft samples from different parts of the same individual were collected. Amplification of whole mitochondrial genome was performed using Precision ID mtDNA Whole Genome Panel. Analysis and detection of whole mitochondrial genome were carried out using the HID Ion GeneStudioTM S5 Sequencing System. Results The mitochondrial DNA sequences in temporal hair shaft samples from 2 individuals showed heteroplasmy, while whole mitochondrial genome genotyping results of buccal swabs, blood, and hair samples from the other 6 unrelated individuals were consistent. A total of 119 base variations were observed from the 8 unrelated individuals. The numbers of variable sites of the individuals were 29, 40, 38, 35, 13, 36, 40 and 35, respectively. Conclusion Sequence polymorphism can be fully understood using HID Ion GeneStudioTM S5 Sequencing system.
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Xia YX, Zhang F, Li XC, Kong LB, Zhang H, Li DH, Cheng F, Pu LY, Zhang CY, Qian XF, Wang P, Wang K, Wu ZS, Lyu L, Rao JH, Wu XF, Yao AH, Shao WY, Fan Y, You W, Dai XZ, Qin JJ, Li MY, Zhu Q, Wang XH. [Surgical treatment of primary liver cancer:a report of 10 966 cases]. ZHONGHUA WAI KE ZA ZHI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF SURGERY] 2021; 59:6-17. [PMID: 33412628 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20201110-00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To summarize the experience of surgical treatment of primary liver cancer. Methods: The clinical data of 10 966 surgically managed cases with primary liver cancer, from January 1986 to December 2019 at Hepatobiliary Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, were retrospectively analyzed. The life table method was used to calculate the survival rate and postoperative recurrence rate. Log-rank test was used to compare the survival process of different groups, and the Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis. In addition, 2 884 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) with more detailed follow-up data from 2009 to 2019 were selected for survival analysis. Among 2 549 patients treated with hepatectomy, there were 2 107 males and 442 females, with an age of (56.6±11.1) years (range: 20 to 86 years). Among 335 patients treated with liver transplantation, there were 292 males and 43 females, with an age of (51.0±9.7) years (range: 21 to 73 years). The outcomes of hepatectomy versus liver transplantation, anatomic versus non-anatomic hepatectomy were compared, respectively. Results: Of the 10 966 patients with primary liver cancer, 10 331 patients underwent hepatectomy and 635 patients underwent liver transplantation. Patients with liver resection were categorized into three groups: 1986-1995(712 cases), 1996-2008(3 988 cases), 2009‒2019(5 631 cases). The 5-year overall survival rate was 32.9% in the first group(1986-1995). The 5-year overall survival rate of resected primary liver cancer was 51.7% in the third group(2009-2019), among which the 5-year overal survival rates of hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and mixed liver cancer were 57.4%, 26.6% and 50.6%, respectively. Further analysis was performed on 2 549 HCC patients with primary hepatectomy. The 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival rates were 88.1%, 71.9%, 60.0%, and 41.0%, respectively, and the perioperative mortality rate was 1.0%. Two hundred and forty-seven HCC patients underwent primary liver transplantation, with 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival rates of 84.0%, 64.8%, 61.9%, and 57.6%, respectively. Eighty-eight HCC patients underwent salvage liver transplantation, with the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival rates of 86.8%, 65.2%, 52.5%, and 52.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival rates between the two groups with liver transplantation (P>0.05). Comparing the overall survival rates and recurrence rates of primary hepatectomy (2 549 cases) with primary liver transplantation (247 cases), the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival rates in patients within Milan criteria treated with hepatectomy and transplantation were 96.3%, 87.1%, 76.9%, 54.7%, and 95.4%, 79.4%, 77.4%, 71.7%, respectively (P=0.754). The 1-, 3-, 5-year recurrence rates were 16.3%, 35.9%, 47.6% and 8.1%, 11.7%, 13.9%, respectively(P<0.01). The 1-, 3-, 5-, 10-year overall survival rates in patients with no large vessels invasion beyond the Milan criteria treated with liver resection and transplantation were 87.2%, 65.9%, 53.0%, 33.0% and 87.6%, 71.8%, 71.8%, 69.3%, respectively(P=0.003); the 1-, 3-, 5-year recurrence rate were 39.2%, 57.8%, 69.7% and 29.7%, 36.7%, 36.7%, respectively (P<0.01). The 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival rates in patients with large vessels invasion treated with liver resection and transplantation were 62.1%, 36.1%, 22.2%, 15.0% and 62.9%, 31.8%,19.9%, 0, respectively (P=0.387); the 1-, 3-, 5-year recurrence rates were 61.5%, 74.7%, 80.8% and 59.7%, 82.9%, 87.2%, respectively(P=0.909). Independent prognostic factors for both overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates of HCC patients treated with liver resection included gender, neoadjuvant therapy, symptoms, AST, intraoperative or postoperative blood transfusion, tumor number, tumor size, cirrhosis, macrovascular invasion, microvascular invasion, and pathological differentiation. Propensity score matching analysis of 443 pairs further showed that there was no significant difference in overall survival rate between anatomical liver resection and non-anatomical liver resection(P=0.895), but the recurrence rate of non-anatomical liver resection was higher than that of anatomical liver resection(P=0.035). Conclusions: In the past decade, the overall survival rate of HCC undergoing surgical treatment is significantly higher than before. For HCC patients with good liver function reservation, surgical resection can be performed first, and salvage liver transplantation can be performed after recurrence. The effect of salvage liver transplantation is comparable to that of primary liver transplantation. As for the choice of liver resection approaches, non-anatomical resection can reserve more liver tissue and can be selected as long as the negative margin is guaranteed.
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Cheng F, Liu J, Zhang Y, You Q, Chen B, Cheng J, Deng C. Long Non-Coding RNA UBA6-AS1 Promotes the Malignant Properties of Glioblastoma by Competitively Binding to microRNA-760 and Enhancing Homeobox A2 Expression. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:379-392. [PMID: 33469379 PMCID: PMC7813458 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s287676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs is a frequent finding in glioblastoma (GBM) and is considered as a crucial mechanism contributing to GBM oncogenesis and progression. The biological roles and underlying mechanisms of action of UBA6 antisense RNA 1 (UBA6-AS1) in GBM have been rarely investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate in detail the role of UBA6-AS1 in the modulation of the malignant properties of GBM and explore the possible underlying mechanism(s). Methods The expression of UBA6-AS1 in GBM was determined via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometric analysis, Transwell migration and invasion assays, and in vivo tumorigenicity assay were applied to elucidate the biological effects of UBA6-AS1 on GBM cells. The possible biological events associated with UBA6-AS1 were investigated by luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and rescue assays. Results UBA6-AS1 was overexpressed in GBM, which was consistent with the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. In the case of UBA6-AS1 depletion, GBM cell proliferation, migration and invasion were notably decreased and cell apoptosis was enhanced in vitro. Additionally, knockdown of UBA6-AS1 suppressed the proliferation of GBM cells in vivo. Mechanistically, UBA6-AS1 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA by adsorbing miR-760 and, consequently, upregulating homeobox A2 (HOXA2) expression. Rescue experiments demonstrated that the UBA6-AS1 silencing-mediated regulatory effects on GBM cells were reversed by the decrease of miR-760 or restoration of HOXA2 expression. Conclusion Therefore, the results of the present study revealed that UBA6-AS1 promoted the malignant progression of GBM via targeting the miR-760/HOXA2 axis, thereby representing a promising effective target for the treatment of GBM.
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Wang H, Cheng F, Dong XT, Li XF, Wang YJ, Hao MJ. [Antibiotic analysis and whole genome sequencing of two nocardia farcinica strains causing joint infection]. ZHONGHUA YU FANG YI XUE ZA ZHI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE] 2020; 54:1441-1447. [PMID: 33333664 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20200922-01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the molecular characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility of two strains of Nocardia farcinica isolated from patients with joint infection using whole genome sequencing. Methods: Two strains of Nocardia farcinica causing knee-joint infections in two elderly patients were collected in January 2020. Whole genome sequencing was used to determine the nocardia species. Drug sensitivity test was performed using the micro-broth dilution and E-test method according to CLSI M24 guideline. ABRicate was used to analyze drug resistance and virulence genes. Snippy and other bioinformatic tools were used for genomic comparison, and to construct SNP homologous tree. Results: The clinical isolates in this study were both Nocardia farcinica. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed the isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefepime, cefotaxime and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Imipenem, linezolid and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid showed good activity. Four antibiotic resistance genes including class A β-lactamase gene far-1, RNA polymerase binding protein gene RbpA, multi-drug resistance efflux pump transcription activator gene MtrA and regulatory transcription factor gene vanR-O were identified in the Nocardia farcinica genomes, which conferred resistance to beta-lactams, rifampicin, macrolides and vancomycin respectively. No acquired TMP/SMX resistance genes were identified. There are multiple missense mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase family genes. Four virulence genes of icl, mbtH, phoP, and relA that are homologous to Mycobacterium tuberculosis were found. SNP homologous tree analysis showed the two Nocardia strains were closely related, and there were only ten SNP sites, six compound substitutions and one deletion mutation between them. Conclusions: Whole genome sequencing technology is helpful to explore the molecular characteristics and resistance mechanisms of Nocardia species. Nocardia farcinica has a trend of spreading in China. Resistance to TMP/SMX is worthy of attention. The mutation of genes involved in the metabolic pathway of dihydrofolate might be one of multiple TMP/SMX resistance mechanisms.
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Cheng F, Yang MM, Yang RH. MiRNA-365a-3p promotes the progression of osteoporosis by inhibiting osteogenic differentiation via targeting RUNX2. EUROPEAN REVIEW FOR MEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:7766-7774. [PMID: 31599402 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201909_18986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the exact role of miRNA-365a-3p in the progression of osteoporosis, as well as its function in regulating osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). PATIENTS AND METHODS The serum level of miRNA-365a-3p in osteoporosis patients and normal controls was determined by quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). After transfection of miRNA-365a-3p mimics, miRNA-365a-3p inhibitor or si-RUNX2 in hBMSCs, the relative expression levels of miRNA-365a-3p, osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN) and collagen I were determined by qRT-PCR. Western blot was conducted to examine the protein expression of RUNX2 influenced by miRNA-365a-3p. Subsequently, the regulatory effects of miRNA-365a-3p and RUNX2 on osteogenic differentiation and capability of mineralization were evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) determination and alizarin red staining, respectively. Furthermore, the binding relationship between miRNA-365a-3p and RUNX2 was predicted and verified by miRanda and Dual-Luciferase reporter gene assay, respectively. RESULTS MiRNA-365a-3p was highly expressed in osteoporosis patients. The expression of miRNA-365a-3p in hBMSCs decreased gradually with the prolongation of osteogenic differentiation. The subsequent results showed that RUNX2 could bind to miRNA-365a-3p, which was negatively regulated by miRNA-365a-3p in hBMSCs. Down-regulation of miRNA-365a-3p significantly decreased the expression levels of OCN, OPN and collagen I. Furthermore, overexpression of miRNA-365a-3p markedly weakened the capability of mineralization of hBMSCs, whereas was further reversed by transfection of si-RUNX2. CONCLUSIONS MiRNA-365a-3p negatively regulates osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs by targeting RUNX2, thus promoting the progression of osteoporosis.
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Cheng F, Luk AO, Tam CHT, Fan B, Wu H, Yang A, Lau ESH, Ng ACW, Lim CKP, Lee HM, Chow E, Kong AP, Keech AC, Joglekar MV, So WY, Jenkins AJ, Chan JCN, Hardikar AA, Ma RCW. Shortened Relative Leukocyte Telomere Length Is Associated With Prevalent and Incident Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: Analysis From the Hong Kong Diabetes Register. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:2257-2265. [PMID: 32661111 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies support potential links between relative leukocyte telomere length (rLTL), a biomarker of biological aging, and type 2 diabetes. This study investigates relationships between rLTL and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Consecutive Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (N = 5,349) from the Hong Kong Diabetes Register for whom DNA obtained at baseline was stored and follow-up data were available were studied. rLTL was measured by using quantitative PCR. CVD was diagnosed on the basis of ICD-9 code. RESULTS Mean follow-up was 13.4 years (SD 5.5 years). rLTL was correlated inversely with age, diabetes duration, blood pressure, HbA1c, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), and positively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (all P < 0.001). Subjects with CVD at baseline had a shorter rLTL (4.3 ± 1.2 ΔΔCt) than did subjects without CVD (4.6 ± 1.2 ΔΔCt) (P < 0.001). Of the 4,541 CVD-free subjects at baseline, the 1,140 who developed CVD during follow-up had a shorter rLTL (4.3 ± 1.2 ΔΔCt) than those who remained CVD-free after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and albuminuria status (4.7 ± 1.2 ΔΔCt) (P < 0.001). In Cox regression models, shorter rLTL was associated with higher risk of incident CVD (for each unit decrease, hazard ratio 1.252 [95% CI 1.195-1.311], P < 0.001), which remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, HbA1c, eGFR, and ACR (hazard ratio 1.141 [95% CI 1.084-1.200], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS rLTL is significantly shorter in patients with type 2 diabetes and CVD, is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, and is independently associated with incident CVD. Telomere length may be a useful biomarker for CVD risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Yang F, Li Y, Jin X, Xu Q, Cheng F, Wang X. Immunosensor-based rapid quantitative detection of Newcastle disease virus antibodies using innovative gold immunochromatographic assay. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1751-1757. [PMID: 32365426 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A novel quantitative method for rapid Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibody detection was developed based on an innovative gold immunochromatographic assay with a quantitative immunosensor. METHODS AND RESULTS NDV antibody-detecting test strips containing a two-reaction system and double-test lines (T1, T2) were prepared. The test results were judged according to the signal ratio between the test and control lines as measured by the quantitative immunosensor. The minimum detection limit of the test strips for NDV antibodies was 22 titres. In addition, the assay was highly specific because only NDV antibodies produced visible test lines on the strip. The clinical application of the strips was tested by detecting NDV antibodies in 506 serum samples collected from chickens. The results showed a coincidence of 92·49% with those of the haemagglutination inhibition assay. CONCLUSIONS The strips were successfully prepared and showed high specificity towards NDV, sensitivity and stability. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study describes a new method for detection of NDV antibody and provides a reference basis for rapid and quantitative monitoring of NDV antibodies. This new method overcomes the limitation of the existing colloidal gold immunochromatography, which only produces qualitative or semi-quantitative results.
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Tan F, Lu B, Liu Z, Chen G, Liu Y, Cheng F, Zhou Y. Identification and quantification of TBBPA and its metabolites in adult zebrafish by high resolution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Joglekar MV, Satoor SN, Wong WK, Cheng F, Ma RC, Hardikar AA. An Optimised Step-by-Step Protocol for Measuring Relative Telomere Length. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3020027. [PMID: 32260112 PMCID: PMC7359711 DOI: 10.3390/mps3020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres represent the nucleotide repeat sequences at the ends of chromosomes and are essential for chromosome stability. They can shorten at each round of DNA replication mainly because of incomplete DNA synthesis of the lagging strand. Reduced relative telomere length is associated with aging and a range of disease states. Different methods such as terminal restriction fragment analysis, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization are available to measure telomere length; however, the qPCR-based method is commonly used for large population-based studies. There are multiple variations across qPCR-based methods, including the choice of the single-copy gene, primer sequences, reagents, and data analysis methods in the different reported studies so far. Here, we provide a detailed step-by-step protocol that we have optimized and successfully tested in the hands of other users. This protocol will help researchers interested in measuring relative telomere lengths in cells or across larger clinical cohort/study samples to determine associations of telomere length with health and disease.
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Gao LM, Qi TF, Xue JF, Jing J, Zhang L, Cheng F. [Exploration on the new situation of HIV/ADIS epidemic and the necessity of interdisciplinary concern in Tanzania]. ZHONGHUA LIU XING BING XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA LIUXINGBINGXUE ZAZHI 2019; 40:1476-1480. [PMID: 31838824 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Through the effort in nearly 40 years of Tanzania, the total number of reported cases, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and the number of death have declined, while the number of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy has increased significantly in Tanzania. At the same time, however, there are new challenges that require more attention, such as the HIV spread to rural areas, middle and lower social classes, and female teenagers. Although the overall performance of the HIV/AIDS prevention and control response is great, there is still a need to survey the new trends of this disease at the micro-level in Tanzania. In addition, there is a necessity of interdisciplinary concern due to the prevalence of heterosexual anal sex in Tanzania.
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