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Chemoselective Copper-Catalyzed Ullmann-Type Coupling of Oxazolidinones with Bromoiodoarenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:3021-3024. [PMID: 28530104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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53
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Highly Regioselective and Practical Synthesis of 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-nitro-7-azaindole. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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54
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55
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Development of an Efficient, Safe, and Environmentally Friendly Process for the Manufacture of GDC-0084. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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56
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Process Development of the Synthesis and Purification of a Reactive Immuno-PET Conjugate Intermediate. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The face as a visual stimulus is a reliable source of information for judging the pain experienced by others. Until now, most studies investigating the facial expression of pain have used a descriptive method (i.e. Facial Action Coding System). However, the facial features that are relevant for the observer in the identification of the expression of pain remain largely unknown despite the strong medical impact that misjudging pain can have on patients' well-being. METHODS Here, we investigated this question by applying the Bubbles method. Fifty healthy volunteers were asked to categorize facial expressions (the six basic emotions, pain and neutrality) displayed in stimuli obtained from a previously validated set and presented for 500 ms each. To determine the critical areas of the face used in this categorization task, the faces were partly masked based on random sampling of regions of the stimuli at different spatial frequency ranges. RESULTS Results show that accurate pain discrimination relies mostly on the frown lines and the mouth. Finally, an ideal observer analysis indicated that the use of the frown lines in human observers could not be attributed to the objective 'informativeness' of this area. CONCLUSIONS Based on a recent study suggesting that this area codes for the affective dimension of pain, we propose that the visual system has evolved to focus primarily on the facial cues that signal the aversiveness of pain, consistent with the social role of facial expressions in the communication of potential threats.
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59
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High-throughput chemical modification of oligonucleotides for systematic structure-activity relationship evaluation. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:2222-32. [PMID: 25398098 DOI: 10.1021/bc500453q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of siRNA is achieved in a high-throughput manner (96-well plate format) by copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions. This transformation can be performed in one synthetic operation at up to four positions with complete specificity, good yield, and acceptable purity. As demonstrated here, this approach extends the current synthetic options for oligonucleotide modifications and simultaneously facilitates the systematic, rapid biological evaluation of modified siRNA.
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60
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61
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Frequency coding of facial parts. J Vis 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/14.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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62
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63
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Greater usage of the left eye causes better facial gender discrimination. J Vis 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/14.10.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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64
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Does a set-aside conservation strategy help the restoration of old-growth forest attributes and recolonization by saproxylic beetles? Anim Conserv 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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65
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Drinking water and biofilm disinfection by Fenton-like reaction. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:5631-5638. [PMID: 23866142 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A Fenton-like disinfection process was conducted with Fenton's reagent (H2O2) at pH 3 or 5 on autochthonous drinking water biofilms grown on corroded or non-corroded pipe material. The biofilm disinfection by Fenton-like oxidation was limited by the low content of iron and copper in the biomass grown on non-corroded plumbing. It was slightly improved by spiking the distribution system with some additional iron source (soluble iron II or ferrihydrite particles appeared as interesting candidates). However successful in situ disinfection of biofilms was only achieved in fully corroded cast iron pipes using H2O2 and adjusting the pH to 5. These new results provide additional support for the use of Fenton's processes for cleaning drinking water distribution systems contaminated with biological agents or organics.
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66
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Subjectively homogeneous noise over written text as a tool to investigate the perceptual mechanisms involved in reading. J Vis 2013; 13:13.11.14. [DOI: 10.1167/13.11.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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67
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Units of word recognition. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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68
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Fear recognition in four patients with focal bilateral amygdala damage. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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69
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Gender differences in the visual strategies underlying facial expression categorization. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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70
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The time course of chromatic and achromatic information extraction in a face-gender discrimination task. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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71
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Contrasting the use of interattribute distances with that of all other face-gender discrimination cues. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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72
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A Practical Synthesis of a PI3K Inhibitor under Noncryogenic Conditions via Functionalization of a Lithium Triarylmagnesiate Intermediate. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op3002992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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73
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Caucasian and Asian observers used the same visual features for race categorisation. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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74
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75
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76
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Judging faces on trustworthiness and emotions. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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77
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Low sensitivities but surprisingly high efficiencies for face-gender discrimination from interattribute distances. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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78
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Individual differences in the visual strategies underlying facial expression categorization. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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79
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Clouds are not normal occluders, and other oddities: More interactions between textures and lightness illusions. J Vis 2012; 12:12.1.21. [DOI: 10.1167/12.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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81
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Abstract
We report a practical global deprotection of RNA 2'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) ethers using commercially available aqueous NH(4)F. The procedure is applicable to both 96-well plate format and large-scale production of RNA. This improved procedure provides a safe, mild, and cost-effective alternative to highly hazardous Et(3)N x 3 HF, a reagent commonly used in the routine synthesis of RNA.
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Abstract
Practical, chromatography-free syntheses of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor MK-0633 p-toluenesulfonate (1) are described. The first route used an asymmetric zincate addition to ethyl 2,2,2-trifluoropyruvate followed by 1,3,4-oxadiazole formation and reductive amination as key steps. An improved second route features an inexpensive diastereomeric salt resolution of vinyl hydroxy-acid 22 followed by a robust end-game featuring a through-process hydrazide acylation/1,3,4-oxadiazole ring closure/salt formation sequence to afford MK-0633 p-toluenesulfonate (1).
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Impact of the virulence-associated MAb3/1 epitope on the physicochemical surface properties of Legionella pneumophila sg1: An issue to explain infection potential? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 82:283-90. [PMID: 20889314 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the presence/absence of the virulence-associated MAb3/1 epitope of sixteen Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains and their respective surface physicochemical properties is evidenced from electrokinetic measurements (microelectrophoresis) performed as a function of KNO(3) electrolyte concentration (range 1-100mM, pH∼6.5). Among the bacteria selected, nine original strains constitute the Dresden reference panel and differ according to the presence/absence of the virulence-associated monoclonal antibody MAb3/1 of the O-specific chain of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Five isogenic Lens strains, also investigated in the current study, present the epitope MAb3/1 of their LPS and were involved to some extent in the outbreak that stroke the Nord Pas-de-Calais region (France) in 2004. All bacteria exhibit the typical electrokinetic features of soft (permeable) particles. On the basis of Ohshima's model, analysis of the electrophoretic mobility data allows evaluating the intraparticular flow penetration length 1/λ(0) and the (negative) volume charge density ρ(0) that both reflect the structure and chemical composition of the soft bacterial component. Our results show that the virulent MAb3/1 positive strains are characterized on average by 1/λ(0) and ǀρ(0)ǀ values that are about 1.5 times larger and 5 times lower, respectively, than those derived for lesser virulent (MAb3/1 negative) strains. In other words, on average the soft surface layer of MAb3/1 positive strains is significantly less charged and more permeable than those of MAb3/1 negative strains. The intimate correlation between virulence-associated MAb3/1 epitope and charge density carried by the bacterial envelop was further confirmed by lower 1/λ(0) and greater ǀρ(0)ǀ values for lag-1 mutant CS332 strain, lacking the MAb3/1 epitope, compared to the parental strain AM511. A closer inspection of the dispersion in 1/λ(0) and ǀρ(0)ǀ data over the ensemble of analysed bacteria together with the reported number of Legionnaires' disease cases they are responsible for, points out the charge density ǀρ(0)ǀ as the parameter that is most suitable for discriminating highly virulent (MAb3/1 positive) from less virulent (MAb3/1 negative) strains. Although short-range interaction determines infection process, our results suggest that the infection potential of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 may be also controlled significantly by non-specific long-range electrostatic repulsion the bacteria undergo when approaching negatively charged host cells to be infected.
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84
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A Medium spatial frequency trough causes letter-by-letter dyslexia in normal readers. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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85
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Timing the sound-induced flash illusion. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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86
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The use of spatial frequencies for visual word recognition in each cerebral hemisphere. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.1324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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87
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The temporal profile of visual information sampling and integration. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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88
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89
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The time course of face-gender discrimination: Disentangling the use of color and luminance cues. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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90
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The role of contour information in the spatial frequency tuning of upright and inverted faces. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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91
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Visual information extraction for static and dynamic facial expression of emotions: an eye-tracking experiment. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/10.7.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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92
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What does the activity in the amygdala and the insula correlate with in fearful and disgusted faces. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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93
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94
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95
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Recognizing static and dynamic facial expressions of pain : Gaze-tracking and Bubbles experiments. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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96
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Visual spread reading: Noisy letters in their natural context. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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97
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Visual processing oscillation fossils. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/8.6.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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98
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Are the face inversion effect and the composite face effect mediated by different spatial frequencies? J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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99
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Stimulus control in categorization: An application of the bubbles procedure. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/6.6.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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100
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The Information subtending the other-race effect. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/9.8.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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