Immunohistochemical evaluation of tumor angiogenesis and the role of mast cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Background

Increased angiogenesis has been associated with neoplastic progression, metastasis and outcome in several studies and in a number of malignancies. Among the various host immune cells, mast cells have been implicated in tumor progression by promoting angiogenesis. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between angiogenesis, mast cells with that of the normal oral mucosa (NOM) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted using routine haematoxylin and eosin staining procedure and included immunohistochemical staining for microvessels and toluidine blue staining for mast cells.

Results

The microvessel density (MVD) and mast cell density (MCD) of two groups (NOM and OSCC). The MVD and MCD in OSCC ranged from 59.18 to 263.31 microvessel/mm ² and 41.65 to 193.28 cells/mm ² respectively with mean (±standard deviation) 161.73 ± 48.27 microvessel/mm ² and 83.59 ± 40.67 cells/mm ². In both NOM and OSCC, the mean MCD was comparatively lower as compared to respective MVD (MCD < MVD) and comparatively lower in NOM as compared to OSCC (normal < OSCC).

Conclusion

A significant correlation is present between MCD and MVD in OSCC and also that both these entities are significantly increased in the disease process when compared to that of the NOM.

Defect-Mediated Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Mg-Substituted ZnO Nanoparticles: Efficient Nanomaterials for Bacterial Inhibition and Cancer Therapy

Mg-substituted ZnO nanoparticles (MgZnO NPs) were synthesized by a soft chemical approach and were well-characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The absorption and photoluminescence spectra show that substitution of Mg ions results in the widening of the band gap and a significant enhancement in the concentration of defects in ZnO NPs. A systemic study of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under dark, daylight, and visible light conditions suggests that the aqueous suspension of MgZnO NPs generates a higher level of ROS because of the surface defects (oxygen vacancies). This capability of MgZnO NPs makes them a more promising candidate for the inhibition of bacterial growth and for killing of cancer cells as compared to pure ZnO NPs, possibly because of the enhanced interaction and accumulation of MgZnO NPs in the cytoplasm or cell membrane in the presence of both Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions. Further, MgZnO NPs exhibit excellent selective killing of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (KB) and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) with minimal toxicity to normal fibroblast cells (L929). The results suggest that the generation of ROS and Zn2+ ions are possibly responsible for the higher activity toward the depolarization of cell membrane potential, the lipid peroxidation in bacterial cells, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and cell cycle arrest in the S phase in cancer cells.

Vacancy-Driven Gelation Using Defect-Rich Nanoassemblies of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Polymeric Binder for Biomedical Applications

A new approach of vacancy-driven gelation to obtain chemically crosslinked hydrogels from defect-rich 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂ ) nanoassemblies and polymeric binder is reported. This approach utilizes the planar and edge atomic defects available on the surface of the 2D MoS₂ nanoassemblies to form mechanically resilient and elastomeric nanocomposite hydrogels. The atomic defects present on the lattice plane of 2D MoS₂ nanoassemblies are due to atomic vacancies and can act as an active center for vacancy-driven gelation with a thiol-activated terminal such as four-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-thiol (PEG-SH) via chemisorption. By modulating the number of vacancies on the 2D MoS₂ nanoassemblies, the physical and chemical properties of the hydrogel network can be controlled. This vacancy-driven gelation process does not require external stimuli such as UV exposure, chemical initiator, or thermal agitation for crosslinking and thus provides a nontoxic and facile approach to encapsulate cells and proteins. 2D MoS₂ nanoassemblies are cytocompatible, and encapsulated cells in the nanocomposite hydrogels show high viability. Overall, the nanoengineered hydrogel obtained from vacancy-driven gelation is mechanically resilient and can be used for a range of biomedical applications including tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cell and therapeutic delivery.

Visible light driven mesoporous Ag-embedded ZnO nanocomposites: reactive oxygen species enhanced photocatalysis, bacterial inhibition and photodynamic therapy

The systemic diagram shows the mechanism of photocatalysis, bacterial inhibition and photodynamic therapy through the generation of reactive oxygen species.

Correlation of mast cells in different stages of human periodontal diseases: Pilot study

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate the relationship between mast cells counts and different stages of human periodontal diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study sample comprised 50 patients, which were divided into three groups, consisting of 10 cases of clinically healthy gingival tissues (control group) 20 cases of dental plaque-induced gingivitis with no attachment loss and 20 cases of localized chronic periodontitis (LCP) characterized by the loss of periodontal support. The samples for control group were obtained during tooth extractions for orthodontic reasons. The specimens were immediately fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin.

CONCLUSION

In this study, LCP cases had higher mast cell counts compared to gingivitis sites or healthy tissues. Increased mast cell counts in the progressing sites of periodontal diseases may indicate the importance of these cells in the progression of chronic periodontitis.

What Factors Contribute to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Urban, Conflict-Affected Settings? Qualitative Findings from Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

Rapid urbanization is a key driver of the unique set of health risks facing urban populations. One of the most critical health hazards facing urban women is intimate partner violence (IPV). In post-conflict urban areas, women may face an even greater risk of IPV. Yet, few studies have examined the IPV experiences of urban-dwelling, conflict-affected women, including those who have been internally displaced. This study qualitatively examined the social and structural characteristics of the urban environment that contributed to the IPV experiences of women residing in post-conflict Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Ten focus groups were conducted with men and women, both internally displaced (IDPs) and non-displaced. Lack of support networks, changing gender roles, and tensions between traditional gender norms and those of the "modern" city were reported as key contributors to IPV. Urban poverty and with it unemployment, food insecurity, and housing instability also played a role. Finally, IDPs faced heightened vulnerability to IPV as a result of displacement and discrimination. The relationship between economic strains and IPV are similar to other conflict-affected settings, but Abidjan's urban environment presented other unique characteristics contributing to IPV. Understanding these factors is crucial to designing appropriate services for women and for implementing IPV reduction interventions in urban areas. Strengthening formal and informal mechanisms for help-seeking, utilizing multi-modal interventions that address economic stress and challenge inequitable gender norms, as well as tailoring programs specifically for IDPs, are some considerations for IPV program planning focused on conflict-affected women in urban areas.

Computer aided morphometric analysis of oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma

We compared the changes in the cells in the basal layer of normal mucosa, oral leukoplakia with dysplasia and different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using computer aided image analysis of tissue sections. We investigated three morphometric parameters: nuclear area (NA), cell area (CA) and their ratio (NA:CA). NA and NA:CA ratio showed a statistically significant increase from dysplasia to increasing grades of OSCC. Nuclear size was useful for differentiating normal tissue, potentially malignant leukoplakia and OSCC.

A pH-responsive folate conjugated magnetic nanoparticle for targeted chemo-thermal therapy and MRI diagnosis

Schematic representation of chemo and thermal therapy of folate conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (FA-MNPs) against cancer cells.

A descriptive study of tuberculosis case finding in private health care facilities in a South Indian district

SETTING

A South Indian district providing anti-tuberculosis services through the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) and private health care facilities.

OBJECTIVE

To ascertain the profile of tuberculosis (TB) patients diagnosed and/or treated in private health care facilities.

METHODS

Data on TB cases diagnosed and/or treated in all clinical departments of the medical college, 83 nursing homes and RNTCP health care facilities were collected prospectively.

RESULTS

About 83% of new TB cases recorded in the private medical college, 47% in nursing homes and 24.5% in RNTCP TB registers were extra-pulmonary. The proportion of retreatment cases was respectively 5.5%, 9.6% and 19.8%. The proportion of males and those in the economically productive age group were similar in the three data sources. About 94% of cases diagnosed in the medical college and 55% in nursing homes were registered for treatment under the RNTCP. About 11% of the smear-positive patients diagnosed in RNTCP were initial defaulters.

CONCLUSION

The proportion of extra-pulmonary cases was higher in the medical college and nursing homes and that of retreatment cases was lower than in the RNTCP.

Fluorescent ZnO for imaging and induction of DNA fragmentation and ROS-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells

Systemic diagram shows the cell death mechanism through the generation of reactive oxygen species.

Chitosan coated alginate micro particles for the oral delivery of antifilarial drugs and combinations for intervention in Brugia malayi induced lymphatic filariasis

Mechanism of targeting of MPs and absorption through Peyer’s patches, to lymphatics where an adult worm resides.

PEGylated FePt–Fe3O4 composite nanoassemblies (CNAs): in vitro hyperthermia, drug delivery and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Schematic representation of in vitro cancer therapy using DOX loaded PEGylated FePt/Fe₃O₄ composite nanoassemblies (CNAs) in the presence of ACMF or H₂O₂.

Enhancement of magnetic heating efficiency in size controlled MFe2O4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) nanoassemblies

The MFe₂O₄ magnetic nanoparticle nanoassemblies (MNNAs) have been synthesized via thermal decomposition of metal chloride in ethylene glycol (EG) in the presence of ethylenediamine (EDA).

Gender norms, poverty and armed conflict in Côte D'Ivoire: engaging men in women's social and economic empowerment programming

Engaging men is a critical component in efforts to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV). Little is known regarding men's perspectives of approaches that challenge inequitable gender norms, particularly in settings impacted by armed conflict. This article describes men's experiences with a women's empowerment program and highlights men's perceptions of gender norms, poverty and armed conflict, as they relate to achieving programmatic goals. Data are from 32 Ivorian men who participated in indepth interviews in 2012. Interviews were undertaken as part of an intervention that combined gender dialogue groups for both women and their male partners with women's only village savings and loans programs to reduce IPV against women. Findings suggested that in the context of armed conflict, traditional gender norms and economic stressors experienced by men challenged fulfillment of gender roles and threatened men's sense of masculinity. Men who participated in gender dialogue groups discussed their acceptance of programming and identified improvements in their relationships with their female partners. These men further discussed increased financial planning along with their partners, and attributed such increases to the intervention. Addressing men's perceptions of masculinity, poverty and armed conflict may be key components to reduce men's violence against women in conflict-affected settings.