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Abstract
Many diseases are influenced by weather conditions or display strong seasonality, suggestive of a possible climatic contribution. Projections of future climate change have, therefore, compelled health scientists to re-examine weather/disease relationships. There are three projected physical consequences of climate change: temperature rise, sea level rise, and extremes in the hydrologic cycle. This century, the Earth has warmed by about 0.5 degrees centigrade, and the mid-range estimates of future temperature change and sea level rise are 2.0 degrees centigrade and 49 centimeters, respectively, by the year 2100. Extreme weather variability associated with climate change may especially add an important new stress to developing nations that are already vulnerable as a result of environmental degradation, resource depletion, overpopulation, or location (e.g. low-lying coastal deltas). The regional impacts of climate change will vary widely depending on existing population vulnerability. Health outcomes of climate change can be grouped into those of: (a) direct physical consequences, e.g. heat mortality or drowning; (b) physical/chemical sequelae, e.g. atmospheric transport and formation of air pollutants; (c) physical/biological consequences, e.g. response of vector- and waterborne diseases, and food production; and (d) sociodemographic impacts, e.g. climate or environmentally induced migration or population dislocation. Better understanding of the linkages between climate variability as a determinant of disease will be important, among other key factors, in constructing predictive models to guide public health prevention.
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Last J. Needed: tenable values or five to ten more earth-sized planets. Interview by Desmond Avery. Bull World Health Organ 2001; 79:896-7. [PMID: 11584743 PMCID: PMC2566638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
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Last J. Distress symptoms may be easy to miss. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 2000; 320:717. [PMID: 10710599 PMCID: PMC1117728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Last J, Logan H. Monitoring, surveillance and research needs. Public health planning priorities and policy options. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 1999; 90:SU 1-16. [PMID: 10702006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Goodman K, Prineas R, Feinleib M, Last J, Soskolne CL, Buck G. IRB review: necessary, nice or needless? Ann Epidemiol 1999; 9:68-70. [PMID: 9915611 DOI: 10.1016/s1047-2797(98)00056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Goldkorn T, Balaban N, Matsukuma K, Chea V, Gould R, Last J, Chan C, Chavez C. EGF-Receptor phosphorylation and signaling are targeted by H2O2 redox stress. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19:786-98. [PMID: 9806743 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.19.5.3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the respiratory tract is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2-), which contribute extensively to lung injury in diseases of the respiratory tract. The mechanisms and target molecules of these oxidants are mainly unknown but may involve modifications of growth-factor receptors. We have shown that H2O2 induces epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in intact cells as well as in membranes of A549 lung epithelial cells. On the whole, total phosphorylation of the EGF receptor induced by H2O2 was lower than that induced by the ligand EGF. Phosphorylation was confined to tyrosine residues and was inhibited by addition of genistein, indicating that it was due to the activation of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that although the ligand, EGF, enhanced the phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues, H2O2 preferentially enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor. Serine and threonine phosphorylation did not occur, and the turnover rate of the EGF receptor was slower after H2O2 exposure. Selective H2O2-mediated phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the EGF receptor was sufficient to activate phosphorylation of an SH2-group-bearing substrate, phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-gamma), but did not increase mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity. Moreover, H2O2 exposure decreased protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha activity by causing translocation of PKC-alpha from the membrane to the cytoplasm. These studies provide novel insights into the capacity of a reactive oxidant, such as H2O2, to modulate EGF-receptor function and its downstream signaling. The H2O2-induced increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGF receptor, and the receptor's slower rate of turnover and altered downstream phosphorylation signals may represent a mechanism by which EGF-receptor signaling can be modulated during inflammatory processes, thereby affecting cell proliferation and thus having implications in wound repair or tumor formation.
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Prineas RJ, Goodman K, Soskolne CL, Buck G, Feinleib M, Last J, Andrews JS. Findings from the American College of Epidemiology's survey on Ethics guidelines. The American College of Epidemiology Ethics and Standards of Practice Committee. Ann Epidemiol 1998; 8:482-9. [PMID: 9802592 DOI: 10.1016/s1047-2797(98)00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A survey to establish both the need and subject areas for a possible new set of ethics guidelines for epidemiologists was conducted among a random sample of 300 North American (Canada, Mexico, and United States) members of three major United States-based professional epidemiology organizations. METHODS An 88% response rate revealed wide agreement on topics to be included in any new set of guidelines, but uncertainty prevailed about the need for new guidelines; 41% agreed that there was a need to develop a new set, 43% had no opinion, and 16% disagreed. RESULTS There was almost no difference in preferences between men and women for topics to be included in a new set of guidelines, or between those aware or unaware of extant ethics guidelines in epidemiology. Fifty-four percent were aware of such guidelines and only 29% of these said they could describe the content of the guidelines. CONCLUSION More needs to be done to evaluate the utility of ethics codes in epidemiology.
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Last J. The cultural context of ethical problems. ANNALS (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS OF CANADA) 1997; 30:397-8. [PMID: 12408160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Reiser K, Summers P, Medrano JF, Rucker R, Last J, McDonald R. Effects of elevated circulating IGF-1 on the extracellular matrix in "high-growth" C57BL/6J mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 271:R696-703. [PMID: 8853393 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.3.r696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Collagen biosynthesis was analyzed in C57BL/6J mice homozygous for the high-growth locus. Plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were significantly elevated in high-growth mice at all ages studied (3 wk-6 mo); IGF-binding proteins were also elevated. Skin biopsies were obtained from mice aged 3, 6, and 9 wk under halothane anesthesia. Mice were killed at 6 mo of age. Collagen, expressed per weight of tissue, was significantly increased in all tissues from high-growth mice, as was collagen cross-linking, expressed as moles of cross-link per mole of collagen. Expression of types I and III collagen, lysyl oxidase, and lysyl hydroxylase was increased in all tissues analyzed. There was a preferential increase in type III expression relative to type I expression. Rate and extent of accumulation of collagen in granulation tissue were measured in polyvinyl alcohol sponges implanted subcutaneously; collagen accumulation was significantly greater in the high-growth mice. These results suggest that 1) elevated circulating IGF-1 may increase collagen deposition both in normal tissue as well as in granulation tissue by increasing collagen gene expression, 2) IGF-1 may increase collagen cross-linking by stimulating expression of lysyl oxidase, and 3) the preferential increase in dihydroxylated cross-links observed in high-growth mice may be due to the stimulation of lysyl hydroxylase expression by IGF-1. In summary, elevated levels of IGF-1 appear to affect collagen both quantitatively and qualitatively, primarily through their effects on gene expression of collagen and of those enzymes responsible for posttranslational modifications of collagen.
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Last J. Contemplating a one child world. Medical profession should give more decisive leadership. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1996; 312:907. [PMID: 8611889 PMCID: PMC2350574 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.312.7035.907a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ahmad I, Austin SM, Back BB, Betts RR, Calaprice FP, Chan KC, Chishti A, Chowdhury P, Conner C, Dunford RW, Fox JD, Freedman SJ, Freer M, Gazes SB, Hallin AL, Happ T, Henderson D, Kaloskamis NI, Kashy E, Kutschera W, Last J, Lister CJ, Liu M, Maier MR, Mercer DJ, Mikolas D, Perera PA, Rhein MD, Roa DE, Schiffer JP, Trainor TA, Wilt P, Winfield JS, Wolanski M, Wolfs FL, Wuosmaa AH, Xu G, Young A, Yurkon JE. Search for narrow sum-energy lines in electron-positron pair emission from heavy-ion collisions near the Coulomb barrier. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:2658-2661. [PMID: 10059372 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Last J. Human rights, doctors' rights, and patients' rights/Droits humains, droits des medicins et des malades. ANNALS (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS OF CANADA) 1995; 28:262-3. [PMID: 12199231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Last J. Medical records, 2: security and confidentiality. ANNALS (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS OF CANADA) 1994; 27:8-9. [PMID: 15362241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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Last J. Health and climate change. Lancet 1994; 343:304. [PMID: 7905135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Mondorf W, Ehrenforth S, Vigh Z, Last J, Tippmann G, Kreuz W, Scharrer I. Screening of F.VIII:C Antibodies by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Vox Sang 1994. [DOI: 10.1159/000462463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mondorf W, Ehrenforth S, Vigh Z, Last J, Tippmann G, Kreuz W, Scharrer I. Screening of F.VIII:C antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vox Sang 1994; 66:8-13. [PMID: 8146988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1994.tb00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) method was developed in order to examine prevalence and titer of antibodies directed against the factor VIII coagulant protein (F.VIII:C) in hemophilia A and nonhemophilia A patients. Highly purified F.VIII:C was used as immunosorbent on microtiter plates with a peroxidase-conjugated goat anti human IgG antibody for F.VIII:C antibody detection. Results determined by Elisa were compared with measurements according to the Bethesda method. Initially 24 plasma samples containing an F.VIII:C inhibitory activity ranging from 0 to 7,700 Bethesda units (BU) were analysed. At plasma dilutions of 1:128 the optical density determined by our Elisa measurement and the corresponding BU showed a logarithmic correlation. The coefficient of correlation was r = 0.92 with a standard deviation of 0.002 from the regression curve. Plasma samples were analysed from 53 hemophilia A patients, from 21 nonhemophilia patients with acquired F.VIII:C antibodies and from 460 randomly selected nonhemophilia patients presenting for routine preoperative coagulation examination. F.VIII:C antibody-positive Elisa results and positive BU were found in 7 hemophilia A patients and the 2 patients with a history of acquired F.VIII:C antibodies. Positive Elisa results and negative BU were found in 1 hemophilia A patient and 25 out of 460 nonhemophilia A patients (5.43%) suggesting F.VIII:C antibodies without inhibitory potency on F.VIII:C in these cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Last J, Angell M, Woolf P, Squires B, Kenny N. Professional integrity. ANNALS (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS OF CANADA) 1993; 26:301-2. [PMID: 15362242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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Last J. War and the health of children. Am J Prev Med 1991; 7:253. [PMID: 1756065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Dunford RW, Liu CJ, Last J, Berrah-Mansour N, Vondrasek R, Church DA, Curtis LJ. Direct observation of hyperfine quenching of the 2 (3)P0 level in heliumlike nickel. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 44:764-767. [PMID: 9905729 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Döhner J, Last J, Arnold M, Freedman SJ, Dubbers D. Pair decay of the 2.2-MeV excited state of the deuteron: Limits on light-particle emission. PHYSICAL REVIEW. D, PARTICLES AND FIELDS 1988; 38:2722-2728. [PMID: 9959441 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.38.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Last J, Arnold M, Döhner J, Dubbers D, Freedman SJ. Pulsed-beam neutron-lifetime measurement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1988; 60:995-998. [PMID: 10037914 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.60.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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