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Zhang J, Kerr E, Usman KAS, Doeven EH, Francis PS, Henderson LC, Razal JM. Cathodic electrogenerated chemiluminescence of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) and peroxydisulfate at pure Ti 3C 2T x MXene electrodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10022-10025. [PMID: 32728680 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02993a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first use of pure films of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides (Ti3C2Tx MXene) as an electrode material for electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). The Ti3C2Tx MXene electrodes exhibited excellent electrochemical stability in the cathodic scan range and produced bright reductive-oxidation ECL using peroxydisulfate as a co-reactant with the tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) luminophore.
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Zhang J, Kong N, Hegh D, Usman KAS, Guan G, Qin S, Jurewicz I, Yang W, Razal JM. Freezing Titanium Carbide Aqueous Dispersions for Ultra-long-term Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34032-34040. [PMID: 32615749 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx), or MXene, is a new nanomaterial that has attracted increasing interest due to its metallic conductivity, good solution processability, and excellent energy storage performance. However, Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes suffer from degradation through oxidation due to prolonged exposure to oxygenated water. Preventing the occurrence of oxidation, i.e., the formation of TiO2 particles, was found to be crucial in maintaining MXene quality. In the present work, we found that freezing aqueous MXene dispersions at a low temperature can effectively prevent the formation of TiO2 nanoparticles at the flake edge, which is known as the early stage of oxidation. The Ti3C2Tx flakes in frozen dispersion remain consistent in morphology and elemental composition for over 650 days, compared with freshly synthesized MXene, which in contrast exhibits flake edge degradation within two days when stored at room temperature. This result suggests that freezing a MXene dispersion dramatically postpones the oxidation of MXene flakes and that the stored MXene dispersion can be treated as freshly prepared MXene. This work not only fundamentally fulfilled the study on temperature dependence of MXene oxidation but has also demonstrated a simple method to extend the shelf life of MXene aqueous dispersion to years, which will be a cornerstone for large-scale production of MXene and ultimately benefit the research on MXenes.
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Levitt A, Seyedin S, Zhang J, Wang X, Razal JM, Dion G, Gogotsi Y. Bath Electrospinning of Continuous and Scalable Multifunctional MXene-Infiltrated Nanoyarns. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002158. [PMID: 32500606 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Electroactive yarns that are stretchable are desired for many electronic textile applications, including energy storage, soft robotics, and sensing. However, using current methods to produce these yarns, achieving high loadings of electroactive materials and simultaneously demonstrating stretchability is a critical challenge. Here, a one-step bath electrospinning technique is developed to effectively capture Ti3 C2 Tx MXene flakes throughout continuous nylon and polyurethane (PU) nanofiber yarns (nanoyarns). With up to ≈90 wt% MXene loading, the resulting MXene/nylon nanoyarns demonstrate high electrical conductivity (up to 1195 S cm-1 ). By varying the flake size and MXene concentration, nanoyarns achieve stretchability of up to 43% (MXene/nylon) and 263% (MXene/PU). MXene/nylon nanoyarn electrodes offer high specific capacitance in saturated LiClO4 electrolyte (440 F cm-3 at 5 mV s-1 ), with a wide voltage window of 1.25 V and high rate capability (72% between 5 and 500 mV s-1 ). As strain sensors, MXene/PU yarns demonstrate a wide sensing range (60% under cyclic stretching), high sensitivity (gauge factor of ≈17 in the range of 20-50% strain), and low drift. Utilizing the stretchability of polymer nanofibers and the electrical and electrochemical properties of MXene, MXene-based nanoyarns demonstrate potential in a wide range of applications, including stretchable electronics and body movement monitoring.
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Zhang J, Kong N, Uzun S, Levitt A, Seyedin S, Lynch PA, Qin S, Han M, Yang W, Liu J, Wang X, Gogotsi Y, Razal JM. Scalable Manufacturing of Free-Standing, Strong Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Films with Outstanding Conductivity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001093. [PMID: 32309891 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing films that display high strength and high electrical conductivity are critical for flexible electronics, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding coatings and current collectors for batteries and supercapacitors. 2D Ti3 C2 Tx flakes are ideal candidates for making conductive films due to their high strength and metallic conductivity. It is, however, challenging to transfer those outstanding properties of single MXene flakes to macroscale films as a result of the small flake size and relatively poor flake alignment that occurs during solution-based processing. Here, a scalable method is shown for the fabrication of strong and highly conducting pure MXene films containing highly aligned large MXene flakes. These films demonstrate record tensile strength up to ≈570 MPa for a 940 nm thick film and electrical conductivity of ≈15 100 S cm-1 for a 214 nm thick film, which are both the highest values compared to previously reported pure Ti3 C2 Tx films. These films also exhibit outstanding EMI shielding performance (≈50 dB for a 940 nm thick film) that exceeds other synthetic materials with comparable thickness. MXene films with aligned flakes provide an effective route for producing large-area, high-strength, and high-electrical-conductivity MXene-based films for future electronic applications.
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Padinjakkara A, Scarinzi G, Santagata G, Malinconico M, Razal JM, Thomas S, Salim NV. Enhancement of Adhesive Strength of Epoxy/Carboxyl-Terminated Poly(butadiene- co-acrylonitrile) Nanocomposites Using Waste Hemp Fiber-Derived Cellulose Nanofibers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Yao Y, Allardyce BJ, Rajkhowa R, Hegh D, Sutti A, Subianto S, Gupta S, Rana S, Greenhill S, Venkatesh S, Wang X, Razal JM. Improving the Tensile Properties of Wet Spun Silk Fibers Using Rapid Bayesian Algorithm. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3197-3207. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Al Faruque MA, Remadevi R, Razal JM, Naebe M. Impact of the wet spinning parameters on the alpaca‐based polyacrylonitrile composite fibers: Morphology and enhanced mechanical properties study. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zhang J, Uzun S, Seyedin S, Lynch PA, Akuzum B, Wang Z, Qin S, Alhabeb M, Shuck CE, Lei W, Kumbur EC, Yang W, Wang X, Dion G, Razal JM, Gogotsi Y. Additive-Free MXene Liquid Crystals and Fibers. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:254-265. [PMID: 32123744 PMCID: PMC7047439 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of liquid crystalline (LC) phases in dispersions of two-dimensional (2D) materials has enabled the development of macroscopically aligned three-dimensional (3D) macrostructures. Here, we report the first experimental observation of self-assembled LC phases in aqueous Ti3C2T x MXene inks without using LC additives, binders, or stabilizing agents. We show that the transition concentration from the isotropic to nematic phase is influenced by the aspect ratio of MXene flakes. The formation of the nematic LC phase makes it possible to produce fibers from MXenes using a wet-spinning method. By changing the Ti3C2T x flake size in the ink formulation, coagulation bath, and spinning parameters, we control the morphology of the MXene fibers. The wet-spun Ti3C2T x fibers show a high electrical conductivity of ∼7750 S cm-1, surpassing existing nanomaterial-based fibers. A high volumetric capacitance of ∼1265 F cm-3 makes Ti3C2T x fibers promising for fiber-shaped supercapacitor devices. We also show that Ti3C2T x fibers can be used as heaters. Notably, the nematic LC phase can be achieved in other MXenes (Mo2Ti2C3T x and Ti2CT x ) and in various organic solvents, suggesting the widespread LC behavior of MXene inks.
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Quigley AF, Cornock R, Mysore T, Foroughi J, Kita M, Razal JM, Crook J, Moulton SE, Wallace GG, Kapsa RMI. Wet-Spun Trojan Horse Cell Constructs for Engineering Muscle. Front Chem 2020; 8:18. [PMID: 32154210 PMCID: PMC7044405 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineering of 3D regenerative skeletal muscle tissue constructs (skMTCs) using hydrogels containing muscle precursor cells (MPCs) is of potential benefit for repairing Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) arising from trauma (e.g., road/industrial accident, war injury) or for restoration of functional muscle mass in disease (e.g., Muscular Dystrophy, muscle atrophy). Additive Biofabrication (AdBiofab) technologies make possible fabrication of 3D regenerative skMTCs that can be tailored to specific delivery requirements of VML or functional muscle restoration. Whilst 3D printing is useful for printing constructs of many tissue types, the necessity of a balanced compromise between cell type, required construct size and material/fabrication process cyto-compatibility can make the choice of 3D printing a secondary alternative to other biofabrication methods such as wet-spinning. Alternatively, wet-spinning is more amenable to formation of fibers rather than (small) layered 3D-Printed constructs. This study describes the fabrication of biosynthetic alginate fibers containing MPCs and their use for delivery of dystrophin-expressing cells to dystrophic muscle in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) compared to poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLA:PLGA) topically-seeded with myoblasts. In addition, this study introduces a novel method by which to create 3D layered wet-spun alginate skMTCs for bulk mass delivery of MPCs to VML lesions. As such, this work introduces the concept of "Trojan Horse" Fiber MTCs (TH-fMTCs) and 3d Mesh-MTCs (TH-mMTCs) for delivery of regenerative MPCs to diseased and damaged muscle, respectively.
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Seyedin S, Zhang J, Usman KAS, Qin S, Glushenkov AM, Yanza ERS, Jones RT, Razal JM. Facile Solution Processing of Stable MXene Dispersions towards Conductive Composite Fibers. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2019; 3:1900037. [PMID: 31592335 PMCID: PMC6777206 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201900037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
2D transition metal carbides and nitrides called "MXene" are recent exciting additions to the 2D nanomaterials family. The high electrical conductivity, specific capacitance, and hydrophilic nature of MXenes rival many other 2D nanosheets and have made MXenes excellent candidates for diverse applications including energy storage, electromagnetic shielding, water purification, and photocatalysis. However, MXene nanosheets degrade relatively quickly in the presence of water and oxygen, imposing great processing challenges for various applications. Here, a facile solvent exchange (SE) processing route is introduced to produce nonoxidized and highly delaminated Ti3C2T x MXene dispersions. A wide range of organic solvents including methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, acetone, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, chloroform, dichloromethane, toluene, and n-hexane is used. Compared to known processing approaches, the SE approach is straightforward, sonication-free, and highly versatile as multiple solvent transfers can be carried out in sequence to yield MXene in a wide range of solvents. Conductive MXene polymer composite fibers are achieved by using MXene processed via the solvent exchange (SE) approach, while the traditional redispersion approach has proven ineffective for fiber processing. This study offers a new processing route for the development of novel MXene-based architectures, devices, and applications.
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Li Q, Zhong B, Zhang W, Jia Z, Jia D, Qin S, Wang J, Razal JM, Wang X. Ti 3C 2 MXene as a new nanofiller for robust and conductive elastomer composites. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14712-14719. [PMID: 31343651 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03661j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ti3C2 MXene with a layered 2D structure was applied as a novel functional filler in rubber for the first time. A facile and green method was proposed to fabricate rubber/Ti3C2 nanocomposites via a freeze-drying & mechanical mixing process. It was found that Ti3C2 with ∼1 nm thickness fabricated by etching Al from Ti3AlC2 phases can be dispersed in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) evenly in a single-layered state. Mechanical strength and electrical and thermal conductivities of the rubber nanocomposites were remarkably enhanced by the incorporation of Ti3C2, showing dramatic improvement compared with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) reinforced rubber composites. For example, the thermal conductivity of SBR nanocomposites with 3 wt% rGO was 0.265 W m-1 k-1, while that of SBR nanocomposites with only 1.96 wt% Ti3C2 reached 0.477 W m-1 k-1. Meanwhile, the resistance of rubber/Ti3C2 nanocomposites was stable under complex deformation and their sensitivity was well recovered during stretching/shrinking cycles under large strain. Moreover, it was discovered that incorporating Ti3C2 in rubber nanocomposites dramatically improved the wet skid resistance and thermal stability without increasing the rolling resistance. Ti3C2 MXene with a distinctive structure and properties as well as uniform dispersion will have more potential for the preparation of high-performance rubber nanocomposites, especially for green tires and flexible sensors.
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Zhang J, Seyedin S, Qin S, Wang Z, Moradi S, Yang F, Lynch PA, Yang W, Liu J, Wang X, Razal JM. Highly Conductive Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Hybrid Fibers for Flexible and Elastic Fiber-Shaped Supercapacitors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1804732. [PMID: 30653274 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-shaped supercapacitors (FSCs) are promising energy storage solutions for powering miniaturized or wearable electronics. However, the scalable fabrication of fiber electrodes with high electrical conductivity and excellent energy storage performance for use in FSCs remains a challenge. Here, an easily scalable one-step wet-spinning approach is reported to fabricate highly conductive fibers using hybrid formulations of Ti3 C2 Tx MXene nanosheets and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate. This approach produces fibers with a record conductivity of ≈1489 S cm-1 , which is about five times higher than other reported Ti3 C2 Tx MXene-based fibers (up to ≈290 S cm-1 ). The hybrid fiber at ≈70 wt% MXene shows a high volumetric capacitance (≈614.5 F cm-3 at 5 mV s-1 ) and an excellent rate performance (≈375.2 F cm-3 at 1000 mV s-1 ). When assembled into a free-standing FSC, the energy and power densities of the device reach ≈7.13 Wh cm-3 and ≈8249 mW cm-3 , respectively. The excellent strength and flexibility of the hybrid fibers allow them to be wrapped on a silicone elastomer fiber to achieve an elastic FSC with 96% capacitance retention when cyclically stretched to 100% strain. This work demonstrates the potential of MXene-based fiber electrodes and their scalable production for fiber-based energy storage applications.
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Pakdel E, Daoud WA, Seyedin S, Wang J, Razal JM, Sun L, Wang X. Tunable photocatalytic selectivity of TiO 2 /SiO 2 nanocomposites: Effect of silica and isolation approach. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wang Z, Qin S, Seyedin S, Zhang J, Wang J, Levitt A, Li N, Haines C, Ovalle-Robles R, Lei W, Gogotsi Y, Baughman RH, Razal JM. High-Performance Biscrolled MXene/Carbon Nanotube Yarn Supercapacitors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802225. [PMID: 30084530 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Yarn-shaped supercapacitors (YSCs) once integrated into fabrics provide promising energy storage solutions to the increasing demand of wearable and portable electronics. In such device format, however, it is a challenge to achieve outstanding electrochemical performance without compromising flexibility. Here, MXene-based YSCs that exhibit both flexibility and superior energy storage performance by employing a biscrolling approach to create flexible yarns from highly delaminated and pseudocapacitive MXene sheets that are trapped within helical yarn corridors are reported. With specific capacitance and energy and power densities values exceeding those reported for any YSCs, this work illustrates that biscrolled MXene yarns can potentially provide the conformal energy solution for powering electronics beyond just the form factor of flexible YSCs.
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Liu Z, Liu J, Wang Y, Razal JM, Francis PS, Biggs MJ, Barrow CJ, Yang W. Simultaneously 'pushing' and 'pulling' graphene oxide into low-polar solvents through a designed interface. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:315707. [PMID: 29757155 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dispersing graphene oxide (GO) in low-polar solvents can realize a perfect self-assembly with functional molecules and application in removal of organic impurities that only dissolve in low-polar solvents. The surface chemistry of GO plays an important role in its dispersity in these solvents. The direct transfer of hydrophilic GO into low-polar solvents, however, has remained an experimental challenge. In this study, we design an interface to transfer GO by simultaneously 'pushing and pulling' the nanosheets into low-polar solvents. Our approach is outstanding due to the ability to obtain monolayers of chemically reduced GO (CRGO) with designed surface properties in the organic phase. Using the transferred GO or CRGO dispersions, we have fabricated GO/fullerene nanocomposites and assessed the ability of CRGOs for dye adsorption. We hope our work can provide a universal approach for the phase transfer of other nanomaterials.
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Qin S, Seyedin S, Zhang J, Wang Z, Yang F, Liu Y, Chen J, Razal JM. Elastic Fiber Supercapacitors for Wearable Energy Storage. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800103. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Seyedin S, Moradi S, Singh C, Razal JM. Data on kilometer scale production of stretchable conductive multifilaments enables knitting wearable strain sensing textiles. Data Brief 2018; 18:1765-1772. [PMID: 29904677 PMCID: PMC5998204 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This data article contains analyzed data for the article “Continuous Production of Stretchable Conductive Multifilaments in Kilometer Scale Enables Facile Knitting of Wearable Strain Sensing Textiles” (Seyedin et al., 2018) [1]. Details of wet-spinning conditions to achieve scaled-up production of stretchable and conducting polyurethane/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PU/PEDOT:PSS) multifilaments are provided. The stress-strain curves for tensile and stretch-relaxation tests on the multifilament and different knitted textile structures (plain-knit, co-knit, co-knit-alternate, co-knit with conductive stitch, and plain with non-conductive stitch) are presented. It is shown that the PU/PEDOT:PSS multifilaments can also be knitted into fabrics that when worn on various body parts, such as knee, elbow, and finger, can monitor their various movements.
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Salim NV, Blight S, Creighton C, Nunna S, Atkiss S, Razal JM. The Role of Tension and Temperature for Efficient Carbonization of Polyacrylonitrile Fibers: Toward Low Cost Carbon Fibers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang J, Seyedin S, Gu Z, Yang W, Wang X, Razal JM. MXene: a potential candidate for yarn supercapacitors. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18604-18608. [PMID: 29168525 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06619h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing developments in wearable electronics demand compatible power sources such as yarn supercapacitors (YSCs) that can effectively perform in a limited footprint. MXene nanosheets, which have been recently shown in the literature to possess ultra-high volumetric capacitance, were used in this study for the fabrication of YSCs in order to identify their potential merit and performance in YSCs. With the aid of a conductive binder (PEDOT-PSS), YSCs with high mass loading of MXene are demonstrated. These MXene-based YSCs exhibit excellent device performance and stability even under bending and twisting. This study demonstrates that MXene is a promising candidate for YSCs and its further development can lead to flexible power sources with sufficient performance for powering miniaturized and/or wearable electronics.
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Garriga R, Jurewicz I, Seyedin S, Bardi N, Totti S, Matta-Domjan B, Velliou EG, Alkhorayef MA, Cebolla VL, Razal JM, Dalton AB, Muñoz E. Multifunctional, biocompatible and pH-responsive carbon nanotube- and graphene oxide/tectomer hybrid composites and coatings. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7791-7804. [PMID: 28186213 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a route for non-covalent functionalization of carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide with novel two-dimensional peptide assemblies. We show that self-assembled amino-terminated biantennary and tetraantennary oligoglycine peptides (referred to as tectomers) effectively coat carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes and also strongly interact with graphene oxide due to electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding as the driving force, respectively. The resulting hybrids can be made into free-standing conducting composites or applied in the form of thin, pH-switchable bioadhesive coatings onto graphene oxide fibers. Monitoring of cell viability of pancreatic cell lines, seeded on those CNT hybrids, show that they can be used as two- and three-dimensional scaffolds to tissue engineer tumour models for studying ex vivo the tumour development and response to treatment. This highly versatile method in producing pH-responsive hybrids and coatings offers an attractive platform for a variety of biomedical applications and for the development of functional materials such as smart textiles, sensors and bioelectronic devices.
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Zhang L, Kim T, Li N, Kang TJ, Chen J, Pringle JM, Zhang M, Kazim AH, Fang S, Haines C, Al-Masri D, Cola BA, Razal JM, Di J, Beirne S, MacFarlane DR, Gonzalez-Martin A, Mathew S, Kim YH, Wallace G, Baughman RH. High Power Density Electrochemical Thermocells for Inexpensively Harvesting Low-Grade Thermal Energy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605652. [PMID: 28121372 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Continuously operating thermo-electrochemical cells (thermocells) are of interest for harvesting low-grade waste thermal energy because of their potentially low cost compared with conventional thermoelectrics. Pt-free thermocells devised here provide an output power of 12 W m-2 for an interelectrode temperature difference (ΔT) of 81 °C, which is sixfold higher power than previously reported for planar thermocells operating at ambient pressure.
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Newman P, Galenano Niño JL, Graney P, Razal JM, Minett AI, Ribas J, Ovalle-Robles R, Biro M, Zreiqat H. Relationship between nanotopographical alignment and stem cell fate with live imaging and shape analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37909. [PMID: 27910868 PMCID: PMC5133629 DOI: 10.1038/srep37909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The topography of a biomaterial regulates cellular interactions and determine stem cell fate. A complete understanding of how topographical properties affect cell behavior will allow the rational design of material surfaces that elicit specified biological functions once placed in the body. To this end, we fabricate substrates with aligned or randomly organized fibrous nanostructured topographies. Culturing adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), we explore the dynamic relationship between the alignment of topography, cell shape and cell differentiation to osteogenic and myogenic lineages. We show aligned topographies differentiate cells towards a satellite cell muscle progenitor state - a distinct cell myogenic lineage responsible for postnatal growth and repair of muscle. We analyze cell shape between the different topographies, using fluorescent time-lapse imaging over 21 days. In contrast to previous work, this allows the direct measurement of cell shape at a given time rather than defining the morphology of the underlying topography and neglecting cell shape. We report quantitative metrics of the time-based morphological behaviors of cell shape in response to differing topographies. This analysis offers insights into the relationship between topography, cell shape and cell differentiation. Cells differentiating towards a myogenic fate on aligned topographies adopt a characteristic elongated shape as well as the alignment of cells.
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King AAK, Davies BR, Noorbehesht N, Newman P, Church TL, Harris AT, Razal JM, Minett AI. A New Raman Metric for the Characterisation of Graphene oxide and its Derivatives. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19491. [PMID: 26775647 PMCID: PMC4726011 DOI: 10.1038/srep19491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is among the primary techniques for the characterisation of graphene materials, as it provides insights into the quality of measured graphenes including their structure and conductivity as well as the presence of dopants. However, our ability to draw conclusions based on such spectra is limited by a lack of understanding regarding the origins of the peaks. Consequently, traditional characterisation techniques, which estimate the quality of the graphene material using the intensity ratio between the D and the G peaks, are unreliable for both GO and rGO. Herein we reanalyse the Raman spectra of graphenes and show that traditional methods rely upon an apparent G peak which is in fact a superposition of the G and D’ peaks. We use this understanding to develop a new Raman characterisation method for graphenes that considers the D’ peak by using its overtone the 2D’. We demonstrate the superiority and consistency of this method for calculating the oxygen content of graphenes, and use the relationship between the D’ peak and graphene quality to define three regimes. This has important implications for purification techniques because, once GO is reduced beyond a critical threshold, further reduction offers limited gain in conductivity.
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Esrafilzadeh D, Jalili R, Liu X, Gilmore KJ, Razal JM, Moulton SE, Wallace GG. A novel and facile approach to fabricate a conductive and biomimetic fibrous platform with sub-micron and micron features. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:1056-1063. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel and facile method to fabricate a core–shell structure consisting of a conducting fiber core and an electrospun fiber shell is presented.
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Liu Y, Weng B, Razal JM, Xu Q, Zhao C, Hou Y, Seyedin S, Jalili R, Wallace GG, Chen J. High-Performance Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitor from Large Free-Standing Graphene-PEDOT/PSS Films. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17045. [PMID: 26586106 PMCID: PMC4653634 DOI: 10.1038/srep17045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although great attention has been paid to wearable electronic devices in recent
years, flexible lightweight batteries or supercapacitors with high performance are
still not readily available due to the limitations of the flexible electrode
inventory. In this work, highly flexible, bendable and conductive rGO-PEDOT/PSS
films were prepared using a simple bar-coating method. The assembled device using
rGO-PEDOT/PSS electrode could be bent and rolled up without any decrease in
electrochemical performance. A relatively high areal capacitance of
448 mF cm−2 was achieved at a
scan rate of 10 mV s−1 using the
composite electrode with a high mass loading
(8.49 mg cm−2), indicating
the potential to be used in practical applications. To demonstrate this
applicability, a roll-up supercapacitor device was constructed, which illustrated
the operation of a green LED light for 20 seconds when fully
charged.
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