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O’Dea R, Nandi M, Kroll G, Arnold JR, Korley LTJ, Epps TH. Toward Circular Recycling of Polyurethanes: Depolymerization and Recovery of Isocyanates. JACS Au 2024; 4:1471-1479. [PMID: 38665666 PMCID: PMC11040557 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
We report a depolymerization strategy to nearly quantitatively regenerate isocyanates from thermoplastic and thermoset polyurethanes (PUs) and then resynthesize PUs using the recovered isocyanates. To date, chemical/advanced recycling of PUs has focused primarily on the recovery of polyols and diamines under comparatively harsh conditions (e.g., high pressure and temperature), and the recovery of isocyanates has been difficult. Our approach leverages an organoboron Lewis acid to depolymerize PUs directly to isocyanates under mild conditions (e.g., ∼80 °C in toluene) without the need for phosgene or other harsh reagents, and we show that both laboratory-synthesized and commercially sourced PUs can be depolymerized. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of the recovered isocyanate in the production of second-generation PUs with thermal properties and molecular weights similar to those of the virgin PUs. Overall, this route uniquely provides an opportunity for circularity in PU materials and can add significant value to end-of-life PU products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
M. O’Dea
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Mridula Nandi
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Genevieve Kroll
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jackie R. Arnold
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - LaShanda T. J. Korley
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center
for Plastics Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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2
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Liu J, Xin K, Zhang T, Wen Y, Li D, Wei R, Zhou J, Cui Z, Dong W, Jiang M. Identification and characterization of a fungal cutinase-like enzyme CpCut1 from Cladosporium sp. P7 for polyurethane degradation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0147723. [PMID: 38445906 PMCID: PMC11022569 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01477-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic degradation by biological systems emerges as a prospective avenue for addressing the pressing global concern of plastic waste accumulation. The intricate chemical compositions and diverse structural facets inherent to polyurethanes (PU) substantially increase the complexity associated with PU waste management. Despite the extensive research endeavors spanning over decades, most known enzymes exhibit a propensity for hydrolyzing waterborne PU dispersion (i.e., the commercial Impranil DLN-SD), with only a limited capacity for the degradation of bulky PU materials. Here, we report a novel cutinase (CpCut1) derived from Cladosporium sp. P7, which demonstrates remarkable efficiency in the degrading of various polyester-PU materials. After 12-h incubation at 55°C, CpCut1 was capable of degrading 40.5% and 20.6% of thermoplastic PU film and post-consumer foam, respectively, while achieving complete depolymerization of Impranil DLN-SD. Further analysis of the degradation intermediates suggested that the activity of CpCut1 primarily targeted the ester bonds within the PU soft segments. The versatile performance of CpCut1 against a spectrum of polyester-PU materials positions it as a promising candidate for the bio-recycling of waste plastics.IMPORTANCEPolyurethane (PU) has a complex chemical composition that frequently incorporates a variety of additives, which poses significant obstacles to biodegradability and recyclability. Recent advances have unveiled microbial degradation and enzymatic depolymerization as promising waste PU disposal strategies. In this study, we identified a gene encoding a cutinase from the PU-degrading fungus Cladosporium sp. P7, which allowed the expression, purification, and characterization of the recombinant enzyme CpCut1. Furthermore, this study identified the products derived from the CpCut1 catalyzed PU degradation and proposed its underlying mechanism. These findings highlight the potential of this newly discovered fungal cutinase as a remarkably efficient tool in the degradation of PU materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaiyuan Xin
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Wen
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ding Li
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ren Wei
- Junior Research Group Plastic Biodegradation, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Chudinov V, Shardakov I, Kondyurina I, Kondyurin A. Attachment of Fibrinogen on Ion Beam Treated Polyurethane. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:234. [PMID: 38667245 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-stable coverage of the artificial implant is a key problem for biocompatibility. In the present study, a protein layer was attached covalently to a polyurethane surface treated by an ion beam. A plasma system consisting of a vacuum chamber (0.8 Pa pressure) with a high voltage electrode powered by a short pulse (20 μS pulse duration and 200 Hz pulse repetition) generator was designed. Polyurethane with a formulation certified as a material for medical implants was treated by nitrogen ions with an energy of 20 keV and 5 × 1014-1016 ions/cm2 fluence range. Wettability measurements, X-ray photoelectron, Raman, Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection, and ellipsometry spectra showed a significant change in the structure of the surface layer of the treated polyurethane. The surface of the treated polyurethane contained a carbonised layer containing condensed aromatic clusters with terminal free radicals. The surface energy of polyurethane surface increased from 33 to 65 mJ/m2. The treated polyurethane surface became capable of adsorbing and chemically binding protein (fibrinogen). The designed system for ion beam treatment can be used for surface activation of biomedical polymer devices, where a total protein coverage is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Chudinov
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm 614013, Russia
| | - Igor Shardakov
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm 614013, Russia
| | - Irina Kondyurina
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Ewingar Scientific, Ewingar, NSW 2469, Australia
| | - Alexey Kondyurin
- Ewingar Scientific, Ewingar, NSW 2469, Australia
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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4
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Bhardwaj S, Singh S, Dev K, Chhajed M, Maji PK. Harnessing the Flexibility of Lightweight Cellulose Nanofiber Composite Aerogels for Superior Thermal Insulation and Fire Protection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:18075-18089. [PMID: 38560888 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Thermally insulating materials from renewable and readily available resources are in high demand for ecologically beneficial applications. Cellulose aerogels made from lignocellulosic waste have various advantages. However, they are fragile and breakable when bent or compressed. In addition, cellulose aerogels are flammable and weather-sensitive. Hence, to overcome these problems, this work included the preparation of polyurethane (PU)-based cellulose nanofiber (CNF) aerogels that had flexibility, flame retardancy, and thermal insulation. Methyl trimethoxysilane (MTMS) and water-soluble ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were added to improve the cross-linking, hydrophobicity, and flame-retardant properties of aerogels. The flexibility of chemically cross-linked CNF aerogels is enhanced through the incorporation of polyurethane via the wet coagulating process. The aerogels obtained during this study have exhibited low weight (density: 35.3-91.96 kg/m3) together with enhanced hydrophobic properties, flame retardancy, and decreased thermal conductivity (26.7-36.7 mW/m K at 25 °C). Additionally, the flame-retardant properties were comprehensively examined and the underlying mechanism was deduced. The aerogels prepared in this study are considered unique in the nanocellulose aerogel category due to their integrated structural and performance benefits. The invention is considered to substantially contribute to the large-scale manufacture and use of insulation in construction, automobiles, and aerospace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakshi Bhardwaj
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Shiva Singh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Keshav Dev
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Monika Chhajed
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
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5
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Jung YJ, Jang SH. Crack Detection of Reinforced Concrete Structure Using Smart Skin. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:632. [PMID: 38607166 PMCID: PMC11013725 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The availability of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based polymer composites allows the development of surface-attached self-sensing crack sensors for the structural health monitoring of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. These sensors are fabricated by integrating CNTs as conductive fillers into polymer matrices such as polyurethane (PU) and can be applied by coating on RC structures before the composite hardens. The principle of crack detection is based on the electrical change characteristics of the CNT-based polymer composites when subjected to a tensile load. In this study, the electrical conductivity and electro-mechanical/environmental characterization of smart skin fabricated with various CNT concentrations were investigated. This was performed to derive the tensile strain sensitivity of the smart skin according to different CNT contents and to verify their environmental impact. The optimal CNT concentration for the crack detection sensor was determined to be 5 wt% CNT. The smart skin was applied to an RC structure to validate its effectiveness as a crack detection sensor. It successfully detected and monitored crack formation and growth in the structure. During repeated cycles of crack width variations, the smart skin also demonstrated excellent reproducibility and electrical stability in response to the progressive occurrence of cracks, thereby reinforcing the reliability of the crack detection sensor. Overall, the presented results describe the crack detection characteristics of smart skin and demonstrate its potential as a structural health monitoring (SHM) sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Jung
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Hwan Jang
- Department of Smart City Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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6
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Guo X, Wang A, Sheng N, He Y, Liu W, Li Z, Luo F, Li J, Tan H. Janus Polyurethane Adhesive Patch with Antibacterial Properties for Wound Healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:15970-15980. [PMID: 38501704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite the rapid development of tissue adhesives, flaws including allergies, poor stability, and indiscriminate double-sided adhesive properties limit their application in the medical field. In this work, Janus polyurethane patches were spontaneously prepared by adjusting the difference in the functional group distribution between the top and bottom sides of the patch during emulsion drying. Consequently, poor adhesion was exhibited on the bottom surface, while the top surface can easily adhere to metals, polymers, glasses, and tissues. The difference in adhesive strength to pork skin between the two surfaces is more than 5 times. The quaternary ammonium salt and hydrophilic components on the surface of the polyurethane patch enable the rapid removal and absorption of water from the tissue surface to achieve wet adhesion. Animal experiments have demonstrated that this multifunctional Janus polyurethane patch can promote skin wound closure and healing of infected wounds. This facile and effective strategy to construct Janus polyurethane patch provides a promising method for the development of functional tissue-adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Guo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ao Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wenkai Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Feng Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiehua Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hong Tan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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7
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Li D, Yu L, Lu Z, Kang H, Li L, Zhao S, Shi N, You S. Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications of Fluorinated Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:959. [PMID: 38611217 PMCID: PMC11013766 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated polyurethane (FPU) is a new kind of polyurethane (PU) material with great applicational potential, which is attributed to its high bond energy C-F bonds. Its unique low surface energy, excellent thermal stability, and chemical stability have attracted considerable research attention. FPU with targeted performance can be precisely synthesized through designing fluorochemicals as hard segments, soft segments, or additives and changes to the production process to satisfy the needs of coatings, clothing textiles, and the aerospace and biomedical industries for materials that are hydrophobic and that are resistant to weathering, heat, and flames and that have good biocompatibility. Here, the synthesis, structure, properties, and applications of FPU are comprehensively reviewed. The aims of this research are to shed light on the design scheme, synthesis method, structure, and properties of FPU synthesized from different kinds of fluorochemicals and their applications in different fields and the prospects for the future development of FPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Zhan Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Hailan Kang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Shufa Zhao
- Shenyang Guide Rubber Products Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110141, China
| | - Ning Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Shibo You
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
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8
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Guo X, Zhao X, Yuan L, Ming H, Li Z, Li J, Luo F, Tan H. Bioinspired Injectable Polyurethane Underwater Adhesive with Fast Bonding and Hemostatic Properties. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2308538. [PMID: 38350723 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Underwater adhesives with injectable, organic solvent-free, strong, fast adhesion, and hemostatic properties have become an urgent need in biomedical field. Herein, a novel polyurethane underwater adhesive (PUWA) inspired by mussels is developed utilizing the rapid post-cure reaction of isocyanate esterification without organic solvents. The PUWA is created through the injectable two component curing process of component A (biocompatible polyurethane prepolymer) and component B (dopamine modified lysine derivatives: chain extender-LDA and crosslinker-L3DA). The two-component adhesive cures quickly and firmly underwater, with an impressive bonding strength of 40 kPa on pork skin and excellent burst pressure of 394 mmHg. Moreover, the PUWA exhibits robust adhesion strength in hostile environments with acid, alkali and saline solutions. Combined with excellent biocompatibility and hemostatic performance, the PUWA demonstrates effectively sealing wounds and promoting healing. With the ability to bond diverse substrates rapidly and strongly, the PUWA holds significant potential for application in both biomedical and industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Guo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hao Ming
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiehua Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Feng Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hong Tan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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9
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Berglin M, Cavanagh JP, Caous JS, Thakkar BS, Vasquez JM, Stensen W, Lyvén B, Svendsen JS, Svenson J. Flexible and Biocompatible Antifouling Polyurethane Surfaces Incorporating Tethered Antimicrobial Peptides through Click Reactions. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300425. [PMID: 38009664 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Efficient, simple antibacterial materials to combat implant-associated infections are much in demand. Herein, the development of polyurethanes, both cross-linked thermoset and flexible and versatile thermoplastic, suitable for "click on demand" attachment of antibacterial compounds enabled via incorporation of an alkyne-containing diol monomer in the polymer backbone, is described. By employing different polyolic polytetrahydrofurans, isocyanates, and chain extenders, a robust and flexible material comparable to commercial thermoplastic polyurethane is prepared. A series of short synthetic antimicrobial peptides are designed, synthesized, and covalently attached in a single coupling step to generate a homogenous coating. The lead material is shown to be biocompatible and does not display any toxicity against either mouse fibroblasts or reconstructed human epidermis according to ISO and OECD guidelines. The repelling performance of the peptide-coated materials is illustrated against colonization and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis on coated plastic films and finally, on coated commercial central venous catheters employing LIVE/DEAD staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and bacterial counts. This study presents the successful development of a versatile and scalable polyurethane with the potential for use in the medical field to reduce the impact of bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Berglin
- Department of Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, 413 46, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, 413 90, Sweden
| | - Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh
- Amicoat A/S, Oslo Science Park, Oslo, 1386, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9019, Norway
| | - Josefin Seth Caous
- Department of Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, 413 46, Sweden
| | | | - Jeddah Marie Vasquez
- Department of Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, 413 46, Sweden
| | - Wenche Stensen
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9019, Norway
| | - Benny Lyvén
- Department of Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, 413 46, Sweden
| | - John-Sigurd Svendsen
- Amicoat A/S, Oslo Science Park, Oslo, 1386, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9019, Norway
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, 413 46, Sweden
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10
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Li C, Zhang C, Xiang M, Chen Q, Luo Z, Luo Y. Numerical Simulation of Flow Characteristics for Supercritical CO 2-Sprayed Polyurethane Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:940. [PMID: 38611196 PMCID: PMC11013771 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional paint spraying processes often use small molecule organic solvents and emit a large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are highly toxic, flammable, and explosive. Alternatively, the spraying technology using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) as a solvent has attracted attention because of its ability to reduce VOC emissions, but the flow characteristics of coatings have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, we numerically simulate the spraying process based on the actual process of scCO2 spraying polyurethane coatings by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The effects of inlet pressure and volume fraction of scCO2 on the fluid motion parameters inside the nozzle as well as the atomization effect of droplets outside the nozzle are investigated. The simulated results show that a fluid with a large volume fraction of scCO2 will obtain a smaller density, resulting in a larger velocity and a larger distance for the spray to effectively spray. Higher coating content and bigger inlet pressures will result in higher discrete phase model (DPM) concentrations, and thus a bigger inlet pressure should be used to make the droplets more uniform across the 30° spray range. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the process of scCO2-sprayed polyurethane resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chichao Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chengrui Zhang
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Minghua Xiang
- Shaoxing Huachuang Polyurethane Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312037, China;
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Zhenyang Luo
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yanlong Luo
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.L.); (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
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11
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Liu W, Yang X, Yan G, Wang L, Lai J, Li Z, Zhao C, Xiang D, Li H, Wu Y. Super-Flexible Water-Proof Actuators. Small 2024:e2400482. [PMID: 38534165 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Humidity-responsive materials hold broad application prospects in sensing, energy production, and other fields. Particularly, humidity-sensitive, flexibility, and water resistance are pivotal factors in the development of optimized humidity-responsive materials. In this study, hydrophobic linear polyurethane and hydrophilic 4-vinylphenylboronic acid (4-VPBA) form a semi-intercross cross-linking network. This copolymer of polyurethane exhibits excellent humidity-sensitive, mechanical properties, and water resistance. Its maximum tensile strength and maximum elongation can reach 40.56 MPa and 543.47%, respectively. After being immersed in water at various temperatures for 15 days, it exhibited a swelling ratio of only 3.28% in water at 5 °C and 9.58% in water at 70 °C. While the presence of 4-VPBA network imparts humidity-sensitive, reversible, and multidirectional bending abilities, under the stimulus of water vapor, it can bend 43° within 1.4 s. The demonstrated material surpasses current bidirectional humidity actuators in actuating ability. Based on these characteristics, automatically opening waterproof umbrellas and windows, as well as bionic-arms, crawling robots, and self-propelled boats, are successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Xi Yang
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Guilong Yan
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Li Wang
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Jingjuan Lai
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Hui Li
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
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12
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Paez-Amieva Y, Martín-Martínez JM. Dynamic Non-Covalent Exchange Intrinsic Self-Healing at 20 °C Mechanism of Polyurethane Induced by Interactions among Polycarbonate Soft Segments. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:924. [PMID: 38611182 PMCID: PMC11013852 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Two polyurethanes (PUs) were similarly synthesized by reacting a cycloaliphatic isocyanate with 1,4-butanediol and two polyols of different nature (polyester, polycarbonate diol) with molecular weights of 1000 Da. Only the PU synthesized with polycarbonate diol polyol (YCD) showed intrinsic self-healing at 20 °C. For assessing the mechanism of intrinsic self-healing of YCD, a structural characterization by molecular weights determination, infrared and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was carried out. The experimental evidence concluded that the self-healing at 20 °C of YCD was due to dynamic non-covalent exchange interactions among the polycarbonate soft segments. Therefore, the chemical nature of the polyol played a key role in developing PUs with intrinsic self-healing at 20 °C.
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13
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Wang R, Chen X, Cheng Y, Ding Z, Ming X, Zhang Y. An Intrinsic Photothermal Supramolecular Hydrogel with Robust Mechanical Strength and NIR-Responsive Shape Memory. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2300737. [PMID: 38521991 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Near Infrared (NIR)-triggered shape memory hydrogels with promising mechanical strength hold immense potential in the field of biomedical applications and soft actuators. However, the optical and mechanical properties of currently reported hydrogels usually suffer from limited solubility and dispersion of commonly used photothermal additives in hydrogels, thus restricting their practical implementations. In this study, we report a set of NIR-responsive shape memory hydrogels synthesized by polyaddition of diisocyanate-terminated poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), imidazolidinyl urea (IU) and p-benzoquinone dioxime (BQDO). The introduction of IU, a hydrogen bond reinforcing factor, significantly enhances the mechanical properties of the hydrogels, allowing for their tunable ranges of the ultimate tensile strength (0.4-2.5 MPa), elongation at break (210-450%), and Young's modulus (190-850 kPa). The unique hydrogels exhibit an intrinsic photothermal effect because of the covalently incorporated photothermal moiety (BQDO), and the photothermal supramolecular hydrogel shows controllable shape memory capabilities characterized by rapid recovery speed and high recovery ratio (> 90%). Our design would provide new possibilities for applying shape memory hydrogels in the field of soft actuators. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyue Wang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yilong Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zicheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ming
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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14
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Stern T. Single-Step Synthesis and Characterization of Non-Linear Tough and Strong Segmented Polyurethane Elastomer Consisting of Very Short Hard and Soft Segments and Hierarchical Side-Reacted Networks and Single-Step Synthesis of Hierarchical Hyper-Branched Polyurethane. Molecules 2024; 29:1420. [PMID: 38611700 PMCID: PMC11013183 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane elastomers are among the most versatile classes of industrial polymers-typically achieved through a two-step synthesis of segmented block copolymers, comprising very long and soft segments that provide elasticity and significantly long and hard segments that provide strength. The present research focused on the design of a single-step synthesis of a new segmented polyurethane consisting of very short soft and hard segments, crosslinked by preferentially side-reacted hierarchical tertiary oligo-uret network structures, thus exhibiting significant strength, elasticity, and toughness. Despite the theoretically linear structure, both FTIR and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy analyses indicated the quasi-equal presence of urethane groups and tertiary oligo-uret structures in the resulting polymer, indicating a preferential consecutive side reaction mechanism. Thermal analysis indicated the significant crystallization of soft segments consisting of only four ethylene oxide units, which was, hereby, demonstrated to occur via an extended chain mechanism. Tensile mechanical properties included significant strength, elasticity, and toughness. Increasing the soft segment length led to a decreased tertiary oligo-uret secondary crosslinking efficacy. The preferential hierarchical side reaction mechanism was, hereby, further confirmed through the synthesis of a completely new type of hyper-branched polymer via diisocyanate and a mono-hydroxy-terminated reagent. The structure-property relations and reaction mechanisms demonstrated in the present research can facilitate the design of new polyurethanes of enhanced performance and processing efficacy for a variety of novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Stern
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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15
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Liu B, Westman Z, Richardson K, Lim D, Stottlemyer AL, Farmer T, Gillis P, Hooshyar N, Vlcek V, Christopher P, Abu-Omar MM. Polyurethane Foam Chemical Recycling: Fast Acidolysis with Maleic Acid and Full Recovery of Polyol. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2024; 12:4435-4443. [PMID: 38516400 PMCID: PMC10952008 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c07040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of polyurethane (PU) waste is essential to displace the need for virgin polyol production and enable sustainable PU production. Currently, less than 20% of PU waste is downcycled through rebinding to lower value products than the original PU. Chemical recycling of PU waste often requires significant input of materials like solvents and slow reaction rates. Here, we report the fast (<10 min) and solvent-free acidolysis of a model toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-based flexible polyurethane foam (PUF) at <200 °C using maleic acid (MA) with a recovery of recycled polyol (repolyol) in 95% isolated yield. After workup (hydrolysis of repolyl ester and separations), the repolyol exhibits favorable physical properties that are comparable to the virgin polyol; these include 54.1 mg KOH/g OH number and 624 cSt viscosity. Overall, 80% by weight of the input PUF is isolated into two clean-cut fractions containing the repolyol and toluene diamine (TDA). Finally, end-of-life (EOL) mattress PUF waste is recycled successfully with high recovery of repolyol using MA acidolysis. The solvent-free and fast acidolysis with MA demonstrated in this work with both model and EOL PUF provides a potential pathway for sustainable and closed-loop PU production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyuan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zach Westman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kelsey Richardson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dingyuan Lim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | - Thomas Farmer
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Paul Gillis
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48640, United States
| | - Nasim Hooshyar
- The
Dow Chemical Company, Herbert H Dowweg 5, Hoek 4542 NH,The Netherlands
| | - Vojtech Vlcek
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Mahdi M. Abu-Omar
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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16
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Albergamo V, Wohlleben W, Plata DL. Tracking Dynamic Chemical Reactivity Networks with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: A Case of Microplastic-Derived Dissolved Organic Carbon. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:4314-4325. [PMID: 38373233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Chemical degradation testing often involves monitoring the loss of a chemical or the evolution of a single diagnostic product through time. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach to tracing complex degradation networks using mass-spectrometry-based methods and open cheminformatics tools. Ester- and ether-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU_Ester and TPU_Ether) microplastics (350 μm) and microplastics-derived dissolved organic carbon (MP-DOC) were photoweathered in a simulated marine environment and subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. We formula-annotated 1342 and 2344 unique features in the MP-DOC of TPU_Ester and TPU_Ether, respectively. From these, we extracted 199 and 568 plausible parent-transformation product pairs via matching of features (a) with complementary increasing and decreasing trends (Spearman's correlation coefficient between normalized intensity and time), (b) spectral similarities of at least three accurate mass MS2 fragments, and (c) at least 3 ppm agreement between the theoretical and measured change in m/z between the parent-transformation product formula. Molecular network analysis revealed that both chain scission and cross-linking reactions occur dynamically rather than degradation proceeding in a monotonic progression to smaller or more oxygenated structures. Network nodes with the highest degree of centrality were tentatively identified using in silico fragmentation and can be prioritized for toxicity screening or other physicochemical properties of interest. This work has important implications for chemical transformation tracking in complex mixtures and may someday enable improved elucidation of environmental transformation rules (i.e., structure-reactivity relationships) and fate modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Albergamo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Analytical and Material Science, BASF SE, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Desirée L Plata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Jain A, Abraham S, Krishnamurthy S, Desai K, Basappa Veerabhadraiah B. Development of PU foam dressings loaded with extract of Plectranthus amboinicus for burn wound healing. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2024; 50:248-261. [PMID: 38317433 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2024.2315494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop Plectranthus amboinicus extract loaded Polyurethane foam dressing for burn wound healing. SIGNIFICANCE Plectranthus amboinicus is traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing agent. Its incorporation in a PU foam dressing will offer the dual benefits of foam dressing as well as the healing potential of P. amboinicus. METHODS PU foam dressings were prepared and loaded with P. ambionicus leaf extract (PAE). The dressings were prepared with varying concentrations (0.5-2%) of extract along with Toluene diisocyanate, polypropylene glycol (PPG), and liquid paraffin. The dressings were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy and evaluated for Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate, absorption rate, porosity, and mechanical strength followed by in vivo burn wound-healing studies in comparison to a marketed dressing. RESULTS The MVTR was found to be optimum in formulations FD2-FD4 with values ranging from 2068.06 ± 0.99 to 2095.00 ± 0.25 g/m2/day. Absorption rate was found to be between 1.27 ± 0.01, 1.31 ± 0.00, and 1.30 ± 0.02 g/cm2 for formulations FD2-FD4. Formulations FD1, FD2, FD3, FD4 showed better porosity when compared to other formulations. Formulation FD4 was further characterized by micro-CT and a porosity of 46.32% was obtained. Tensile strength measurement indicated that the selected formulations were flexible enough to withstand regular handling during dressing changes. Acute dermal irritation performed on rabbits showed no irritation, erythema, eschar, and edema. In vivo wound-healing studies performed on albino wistar rats showed that the FD4 formulation has better wound healing property. CONCLUSION Plectranthus ambionicus-loaded PU foam dressing demonstrated promising burn wound-healing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sindhu Abraham
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shwetha Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kesha Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, M S Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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18
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Wang D, Feng Z, Zeng J, Wang Q, Zheng Y, Liu X, Jiang H. Low-temperature Extrusion of Waterborne Polyurethane - Polycaprolactone Composites For Multi-Material Bio-Printing of Engineered Elastic Cartilage. Macromol Biosci 2024:e2300557. [PMID: 38409648 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bio-printing of elastic cartilage tissues that are mechanically and structurally comparable to their native counterparts, while exhibiting favorable cellular behavior, is an unmet challenge. A practical solution for this problem is the multi-material bio-printing of thermoplastic polymers and cell-laden hydrogels using multiple nozzles. However, the processing of thermoplastic polymers requires high temperatures, which can damage hydrogel-encapsulated cells. In this study, we developed waterborne polyurethane (WPU) - polycaprolactone (PCL) composites to allow multi-material co-printing with cell-laden gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. These composites could be extruded at low temperatures (50-60°C) and high speeds, thereby reducing heat/shear damage to the printed hydrogel-capsulated cells. Furthermore, their hydrophilic nature improved the cell behavior in vitro. More importantly, the bio-printed structures exhibited good stiffness and viscoelasticity compared to native elastic cartilage. In summary, our study demonstrated low-temperature multi-material bio-printing of WPU-PCL-based constructs with good mechanical properties, degradation time-frames, and cell viability, showcasing their potential in elastic cartilage bio-fabrication and regeneration to serve broad biomedical applications in the future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxuan Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jinshi Zeng
- Plastic Surgery Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xia Liu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R. China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R. China
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19
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D'Ovidio AJ, Knarr B, Blanchard AJ, Bennett GW, Leiva W, Duan B, Zuniga JM. Characterization of Antimicrobial Poly(Lactic Acid)- and Polyurethane-Based Materials Enduring Closed-Loop Recycling with Applications in Space. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:626. [PMID: 38475308 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that astronauts experience altered immune response behavior during spaceflight, resulting in heightened susceptibility to illness. Resources and resupply shuttles will become scarcer with longer duration spaceflight, limiting access to potentially necessary medical treatment and facilities. Thus, there is a need for preventative health countermeasures that can exploit in situ resource utilization technologies during spaceflight, such as additive manufacturing (i.e., 3D printing). The purpose of the current study was to test and validate recyclable antimicrobial materials compatible with additive manufacturing. Antimicrobial poly(lactic acid)- and polyurethane-based materials compatible with 3D printing were assessed for antimicrobial, mechanical, and chemical characteristics before and after one closed-loop recycling cycle. Our results show high biocidal efficacy (>90%) of both poly(lactic acid) and polyurethane materials while retaining efficacy post recycling, except for recycled-state polyurethane which dropped from 98.91% to 0% efficacy post 1-year accelerated aging. Significant differences in tensile and compression characteristics were observed post recycling, although no significant changes to functional chemical groups were found. Proof-of-concept medical devices developed show the potential for the on-demand manufacturing and recyclability of typically single-use medical devices using antimicrobial materials that could serve as preventative health countermeasures for immunocompromised populations, such as astronauts during spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J D'Ovidio
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO), Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Brian Knarr
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO), Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | | | - Gregory W Bennett
- Department of Adult Restorative Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - William Leiva
- Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bin Duan
- Department of Adult Restorative Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jorge M Zuniga
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO), Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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20
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Puszka A, Sikora JW, Nurzyńska A. Influence of the Type of Soft Segment on the Selected Properties of Polyurethane Materials for Biomedical Applications. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:840. [PMID: 38399091 PMCID: PMC10890063 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis and characterization of new TPUs obtained by melt polyaddition using 1,1'-methanediylbis(4-isocyanatocyclohexane) (HMDI, Desmodur W®), a new unconventional chain extender, i.e., (methanediyldibenze-ne-4,1-diyl)dimethanediol, and five types of soft segments differing in structure and molar masses. The structure of the obtained polymers was determined (by using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction methods), and the physicochemical (reduced viscosity, density), optical (UV-VIS), processing (MFR) and thermal (DSC and TGA-FTIR) as well as surface, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties were determined. Based on the results obtained, it can be stated that the type of soft segment used significantly affects the properties of the obtained polymers. The most favorable properties for use in medicine were demonstrated by materials based on a polycarbonate soft segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Puszka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, Gliniana Street 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz W. Sikora
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka Street 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Nurzyńska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki Street 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
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21
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Türel T, Eling B, Cristadoro AM, Mathieu T, Linnenbrink M, Tomović Ž. Novel Furfural-Derived Polyaldimines as Latent Hardeners for Polyurethane Adhesives. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:6414-6423. [PMID: 38282385 PMCID: PMC10859888 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Moisture-curing one-component polyurethane systems in adhesive, sealant, and coating applications may show blister formation upon cure. Blisters can be formed when carbon dioxide, generated in the reaction with isocyanate and water, is trapped in the film. This problem can be mitigated by employing latent hardeners such as blocked polyamines, which are activated upon moisture exposure. The hydrolysis of the latent hardener yields the polyamine that quickly reacts with the isocyanate, forming urea linkages, and then chain extends the polymer. The hydrolysis also releases the blocking agent, which can potentially create an unpleasant odor. In this work, a series of di- and trifunctional aldimines were synthesized from commercially available polyamines, biobased hydroxymethyl furfural, and lauroyl chloride. Hydroxymethyl furfural was first esterified with lauroyl chloride and subsequently condensed with the polyamines to form the aldimines. The application of these novel aldimines in a model moisture-curing system allowed the preparation of blister- and odor-free castings. Based on our results, the mechanical performance of the different aldimines in casting and adhesive applications could be related to the polymer network density. This was dependent on the rate of the aldimine hydrolysis reaction to produce the polyamine. In particular, the use of aldimines prepared from polyether amines and 1,5-diamino-2-methylpentane showed excellent adhesive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tankut Türel
- Polymer
Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and
Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Eling
- Institute
of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Mathieu
- BASF
Polyurethanes, Elastogranstrasse 60, 49448 Lemfoerde, Germany
| | | | - Željko Tomović
- Polymer
Performance Materials Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and
Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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22
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Dudek M, Stryszewska T. Self-Healing of Cracks in Cementitious Materials as a Method of Improving the Durability of Pre-Stressed Concrete Railway Sleepers. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:760. [PMID: 38591624 PMCID: PMC10856432 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The article presents research results regarding the possibility of modifying pre-stressed concrete railway sleepers to improve their durability. The cracks that appear in these elements are one of the reasons for shortening the period of safe use. They do not have a significant impact on the load-bearing capacity of these elements, but on their durability. The resulting scratches become an easy way for the external environment to migrate inside the element, including the reinforcement area. Despite efforts to eliminate the possibility of cracking, this phenomenon still occurs in railway sleepers. In order to reduce the negative effects of cracking the cement matrix, a technology for modifying a prefabricated concrete element with resin-filled tubes towards its autonomous self-healing was developed and tested. The tests were divided into three stages, including laboratory tests carried out on cement mortar beams, semi-technical tests carried out on reinforced concrete beams, and industrial tests carried out on pre-stressed concrete and prefabricated railway sleepers. All research conducted on a laboratory and semi-technical scale, preceding the target stage, was intended to ultimately enable the development of tube application technology on an industrial scale while verifying the effectiveness of self-healing at the laboratory level. The use of self-healing cementitious materials potentially reduces the negative effects of cracking railway sleepers, as shown by observations conducted during the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Dudek
- Chair of Building Materials Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Teresa Stryszewska
- Chair of Building Materials Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Szeptyński P, Pochopień JG, Jasińska D, Kwiecień A. The Influence of the Flexibility of a Polymeric Adhesive Layer on the Mechanical Response of a Composite Reinforced Concrete Slab and a Reinforced Concrete Beam Girder. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:444. [PMID: 38337333 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the challenges of modeling flexible connections in composite structures employing a polymeric adhesive layer. These types of connections provide a more uniform stress distribution compared to conventional rigid connectors. However, they lack standardized design rules and still require much research to sufficiently comprehend their properties. The novelty of this research lies in proposing an analytical solution to address these issues. Its aim is to investigate the influence of the stiffness of the polymer adhesive on the girder's deflection and on the maximum stresses in both the adhesive and concrete. The analyzed composite structure consists of a reinforced concrete (RC) slab and an RC beam connected with a layer of flexible polyurethane (FPU) adhesive. Analytical and numerical approaches for the description of the mechanical response of a composite bridge girder are presented. Another objective is to validate the analytical design formulas using 3D nonlinear numerical analysis, both in the case of uncracked and cracked concrete. Seven types of FPUs are tested in the uniaxial tension test, each examined at five strain rates. The obtained data is used to predict the mechanical response of the considered girder using finite element analysis (FEA) as well as with a simplified one-dimensional composite beam theory. Fair agreement is found between the FEA results and theoretical predictions. A comparison of the results obtained for these two models is performed, and the similarities and discrepancies are highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Szeptyński
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Jasińska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kwiecień
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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24
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Salih A, Goswami T. Mechanical Behavior of Polyurethane Insulation of CRT Leads in Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: A Comparative Analysis of In Vivo Exposure and Residual Properties. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:156. [PMID: 38391642 PMCID: PMC10885934 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Left ventricle leads are designed for the purpose of long-term pacing in the left ventricle. This study investigated the leads that use polyurethane as an outer insulator and SI-polyimide as an inner insulator. Polyurethane is commonly used for the outer insulation of cardiac leads due to its flexibility and biocompatibility. SI-polyimide (SI-PI) is a high-performance material known for its electrical insulation properties and is used for the inner insulation to maintain the integrity of the electrical pathways within the lead. Ten leads were received from the Wright State University Anatomical Gift Program. The duration of in vivo implantation varied for each lead, from less than a month to 108 months, with an average in vivo duration of 41 ± 31 months. We used the Test Resources Q series system for conducting our tests, as well as samples prepared to ensure compliance with the ASTM Standard D 1708-02a and the ASTM Standard D 412-06a. During the test, the load was applied to the intact lead. Before conducting individual tests, each lead was carefully inspected for surface defects. After conducting the tests, the load to failure, percentage of elongation, percentage of elongation at 5 N, ultimate tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity were calculated. There was no significant difference in load to failure, the percentage of elongation to failure, ultimate tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity (p-value = 0.82, p-value = 0.62, p-value = 0.82, and p-value = 0.12), respectively, when compared to in vivo exposure time. On the other hand, the percentage of elongation at 5 N force showed a significant difference (p-value = 0.0066) after 60 months in an in vivo environment. As the duration of in vivo exposure increased, the load to failure, percentage of elongation, ultimate tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity decreased insignificantly. The residual properties of these left ventricle leads remained relatively stable after 108 months of in vivo exposure duration, with no statistically significant degradation or changes in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmar Salih
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Tarun Goswami
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, OH 45409, USA
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25
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Li Q, Tang B, Liu X, Chen B, Wang X, Xiao H, Zheng Z. Overcoming the Dilemma of In Vivo Stable Adhesion and Sustained Degradation by the Molecular Design of Polyurethane Adhesives for Bone Fracture Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301870. [PMID: 38145973 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Bone adhesive is a promising candidate to revolutionize the clinical treatment of bone repairs. However, several drawbacks have limited its further clinical application, such as unreliable wet adhesive performance leading to fixation failure and poor biodegradability inhibiting bone tissue growth. By incorporating catechol groups and disulfide bonds into polyurethane (PU) molecules, an injectable and porous PU adhesive is developed with both superior wet adhesion and biodegradability to facilitate the reduction and fixation of comminuted fractures and the subsequent regeneration of bone tissue. The bone adhesive can be cured within a reasonable time acceptable to a surgeon, and then the wet bone adhesive strength is near 1.30 MPa in 1 h. Finally, the wet adhesive strength to the cortical bone will achieve about 1.70 MPa, which is also five times more than nonresorbable poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement. Besides, the cell culture experiments also indicate that the adhesives show excellent biocompatibility and osteogenic ability in vitro. Especially, it can degrade in vivo gradually and promote fracture healing in the rabbit iliac fracture model. These results demonstrate that this ingenious bone adhesive exhibits great potential in the treatment of comminuted fractures, providing fresh insights into the development of clinically applicable bone adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Hospital of Fengxian District, Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, 201400, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xinchang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Buyun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Hospital of Fengxian District, Sixth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, 201400, China
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Tochigi K, Ebihara T, Omura K, Aoki S, Takeda T, Otori N, Tanaka Y. Nasal Packing Materials and Placement Duration on Wound Healing in Nasal Mucosa: An Animal Study. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:562-568. [PMID: 37409795 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The histological findings of wound healing depending on different nasal packing materials and replacement periods were lacking. METHODS Mucosal defects were created in the nasal septum of rabbits and covered with Spongel®, Algoderm®, or Nasopore®, which were cleaned on Day 14. To investigate the effect of replacement durations, Spongel® was removed on Days 3 and 7. All nasal septal specimens were collected on Day 28. Samples without packing material were prepared as controls. Depending on residual packing materials in the regenerated tissue, specimens were classified into the remnant and non-remnant groups, and morphology was compared using epithelium grade score and subepithelial thickness. RESULTS The epithelium grade score in the Spongel-14d group was lower than that in the other groups (p < 0.05). Subepithelial thickness was higher in the Algoderm-14d and Spongel-14d groups (p < 0.05). Epithelium grade scores were higher and subepithelial thicknesses were lower in the Spongel-3d and -7d groups than in the Spongel-14d group. Epithelium grade score was lower and subepithelial thickness was higher in the remnant group (n = 10) than in the non-remnant group (n = 15; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Differences in packing materials and placement durations affected wound healing of nasal mucosa. The selection of appropriate packing materials and replacement duration was considered essential for ideal wound healing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 134:562-568, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Tochigi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Teru Ebihara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Omura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Aoki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Teppei Takeda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Otori
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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27
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Hong SM, Kwon HJ, Sun JM, Lee CW. Synthesis and Characteristic Valuation of a Thermoplastic Polyurethane Electrode Binder for In-Mold Coating. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:375. [PMID: 38337264 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A polyurethane series (PHEI-PU) was prepared via a one-shot bulk polymerization method using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), polycarbonate diol (PCD), and isosorbide derivatives (ISBD) as chain extenders. The mechanical properties were evaluated using a universal testing machine (UTM), and the thermal properties were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PHEI-PU series exhibited excellent mechanical properties with an average tensile strength of 44.71 MPa and an elongation at break of 190%. To verify the applicability of different proportions of PU as an electrode binder, PU and Ag flakes were mixed (30/70 wt%) and coated on PCT substrates, the electrodes were evaluated by four-point probe before and after 50% elongation, and the dispersion was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrical resistance change rate of PHEI-PU series was less than 20%, and a coating layer with well-dispersed silver flakes was confirmed even after stretching. Therefore, it exhibited excellent physical properties, heat resistance, and electrical resistance change rate, confirming its applicability as an electrode binder for in-mold coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Min Hong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck-Jin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Sun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Chil Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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28
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Wang Z, Gao Q, Luo H, Zhao J, Fan H, Chen Y, Xiang J. Visible Light-Driven SnIn 4S 8 Photocatalyst Decorated on Polyurethane-Impregnated Microfiber Non-Woven Fabric for Pollutant Degradation. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:369. [PMID: 38337258 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, polyurethane has drawn great attention because of its many advantages in physical and chemical performance. In this work, firstly, polyurethane was impregnated in a non-woven fabric (NWF). Then, polyurethane-impregnated NWF was coagulated utilizing a wet phase inversion. Finally, after alkali treatment, microfiber non-woven fabrics with a porous polyurethane matrix (PNWF) were fabricated and used as substrates. SnIn4S8 (SIS) prepared by a microwave-assisted method was used as a photocatalyst and a novel SIS/PNWF substrate with multiple uses and highly efficient catalytic degradation ability under visible light was successfully fabricated. The surface morphology, chemical and crystal structures, optical performance, and wettability of SIS/PNWF substrates were observed. Subsequently, the photocatalytic performance of SIS/PNWF substrates was investigated by the decomposition of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation. Compared with SIS/PNWF-2% (2%, the weight ratio of SIS and PNWF, same below), SIS/PNWF-5% as well as SIS/PNWF-15%, SIS/PNWF-10% substrates exhibited superior photocatalytic efficiency of 97% in 2 h. This may be due to the superior photocatalytic performance of SIS and the inherent hierarchical porous structure of PNWF substrates. Additionally, the hydrophobicity of SIS/PNWF substrates can enable them to float on the solution and further be applied on an open-water surface. Furthermore, tensile strength and recycle experiments demonstrated that SIS/PNWF substrates possessed superior mechanical strength and excellent recycle stability. This work provides a facile and efficient pathway to prepare SIS/PNWF substrates for the degradation of organic pollutants with enhanced catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haihang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jianming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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29
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Yuan Y, Tyson C, Szyniec A, Agro S, Tavakol TN, Harmon A, Lampkins D, Pearson L, Dumas JE, Taite LJ. Bioactive Polyurethane-Poly(ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate Hydrogels for Applications in Tissue Engineering. Gels 2024; 10:108. [PMID: 38391438 PMCID: PMC10887679 DOI: 10.3390/gels10020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) are a highly adaptable class of biomaterials that are among some of the most researched materials for various biomedical applications. However, engineered tissue scaffolds composed of PU have not found their way into clinical application, mainly due to the difficulty of balancing the control of material properties with the desired cellular response. A simple method for the synthesis of tunable bioactive poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels containing photocurable PU is described. These hydrogels may be modified with PEGylated peptides or proteins to impart variable biological functions, and the mechanical properties of the hydrogels can be tuned based on the ratios of PU and PEGDA. Studies with human cells revealed that PU-PEG blended hydrogels support cell adhesion and viability when cell adhesion peptides are crosslinked within the hydrogel matrix. These hydrogels represent a unique and highly tailorable system for synthesizing PU-based synthetic extracellular matrices for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Caleb Tyson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Annika Szyniec
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Samuel Agro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Tara N Tavakol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Alexander Harmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - DessaRae Lampkins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Lauran Pearson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Jerald E Dumas
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Lakeshia J Taite
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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30
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Iz M, Lee J, Choi M, Yun Y, Bae J. The Effect of Polyamide 11 on the Thermal Stability and Light Transmittance of Silicone-Based Thermoplastic Vulcanizates. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:324. [PMID: 38337213 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of polyamide 11 (PA11) on the thermal stability and light transmittance properties of silicone-based thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) has been investigated. The blends were prepared through a dynamic vulcanization process by adding 15, 30, and 45 wt% PA11 to the silicon-based TPVs, respectively. The effect of PA11 on the dispersion of silicone rubber in the TPVs after dynamic vulcanization was characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), the thermal stability of the compounds was evaluated through the changes in mechanical performance in the thermo-oxidative aging process, and the light transmittance of TPVs was measured by a haze meter. The results showed that adding PA11 to silicone-based TPVs caused a decrease in the size of the silicone rubber particles after dynamic vulcanization, resulting in improved dispersion. Due to this, by increasing the compatibility between the segments through silicone's effective dispersion, the amount of light absorption was reduced, and the amount of light transmittance was increased. Finally, according to the results of the thermal aging test, it was found that TPVs with 30 and 45 wt% PA11, respectively, showed outstanding thermal resistance after aging at 160 °C and 168 h and did not melt down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Iz
- Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyok Lee
- Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungchan Choi
- Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Yun
- Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwoo Bae
- Korea Institute of Footwear & Leather Technology, Busan 47154, Republic of Korea
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31
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Jiang Z, Li L, Fu L, Xiong G, Wu H, Guo S. Efficient Regulation of the Cross-Linking Structure in Polyurethane: Achieving Outstanding Processing and Mechanical Properties for a Wind Turbine Blade. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:235. [PMID: 38257034 PMCID: PMC10818733 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Although epoxy resin has been extensively used in the field of wind turbine blades, polyurethane has attracted much attention in recent years, due to its potential value of better fatigue resistance, lower processing viscosity and higher strength than epoxy resin blades. Herein, we construct a dense cross-linking structure in polyurethane (PU) based on different amounts of hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) with low processing viscosity and excellent mechanical properties. By increasing the content of HPMA, the thermal stability of PU is enhanced, but the micro-morphology does not change significantly. When the content of HPMA is 50 g (in 200 g copolymer), the PU sample PH-50 exhibits a viscosity of 70 MPa·s and a gelation time of 120 min at 25 °C, which is sufficient to complete processes like pouring and filling. By post-curing the PH-50 at 80 °C for 2 h, the heat distortion temperature can reach 72 °C, indicating the increase of temperature resistance. The PU copolymers also have excellent mechanical and dynamic thermo-mechanical properties due to the cross-linking structure between PU chains and poly-HPMA chains. Additionally, the PU copolymer has excellent compatibility with various glass fiber fabrics (GFF), showing a good match in the vacuum infusion experiment and great properties in the mechanical test. By compounding PH-50 with GFF, the composite with high strength is easily prepared for a wind turbine blade in various positions. The tensile strengths of the composites are all over 1000 MPa in the 0° direction. Such composites are promising for the future development of wind turbine blades that meet the stringent requirements for outstanding processing and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Z.J.); (L.L.); (S.G.)
- Sichuan Dongshu New Materials Co., Ltd., Deyang 618000, China; (L.F.); (G.X.)
| | - Lingtong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Z.J.); (L.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Luoping Fu
- Sichuan Dongshu New Materials Co., Ltd., Deyang 618000, China; (L.F.); (G.X.)
| | - Gaohu Xiong
- Sichuan Dongshu New Materials Co., Ltd., Deyang 618000, China; (L.F.); (G.X.)
| | - Hong Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Z.J.); (L.L.); (S.G.)
| | - Shaoyun Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Z.J.); (L.L.); (S.G.)
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32
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Bose N, Danagody B, Rajappan K, Ramanujam GM, Anilkumar AK. Sustainable Routed Mxene-Based Aminolyzed PU/PCL Film for Increased Oxidative Stress and a pH-Sensitive Drug Delivery System for Anticancer Therapy. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2024; 7:379-393. [PMID: 38141040 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A remarkable challenge in the anticancer drug delivery system is developing an implantable system that can improve the chemotherapeutic effect. Polyurethane is an excellent implantable substrate, with flaws in hydrophobicity. We modified polyurethane via the chemical aminolysis technique to enhance the wettability and protein interaction. The created pores can release the rutin complex incorporated in the polyurethane matrix. In this work, the hybrid polymer matrix consists of Mxene synthesized via a sustainable and simple method by introducing a toxic-free MAX phase and etchants. The incorporation of Mxene and PCL can enhance physicochemical and biological compatibility. Sustainable Mxene increases oxidative stress, cell death, and antibacterial activity, which also resulted in the Mxene@APU/PCL film. Meanwhile, the drug release with respect to pH sensitivity was demonstrated in which Mxene and Mxene@APU/PCL films showed the highest release at pH 5.2; this indicates that the prepared Mxene and aminolyzed polyurethane can function according to the biological system and release the drug from the polymer matrix on slow degradation and swellability. The Mxene and Mxene@APU/PCL films showed 93.2% drug release with oxidative stress on THP-1 cells, which causes rupturing and apoptosis of cancerous cells. The Mxene@APU/PCL film can show great potential in future implantable anticancer drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Bose
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaganesh Danagody
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalaivizhi Rajappan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Munuswamy Ramanujam
- Molecular biology and Immunobiology Division, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aswathy Karanath Anilkumar
- Molecular biology and Immunobiology Division, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Burelo M, Martínez A, Hernández-Varela JD, Stringer T, Ramírez-Melgarejo M, Yau AY, Luna-Bárcenas G, Treviño-Quintanilla CD. Recent Developments in Synthesis, Properties, Applications and Recycling of Bio-Based Elastomers. Molecules 2024; 29:387. [PMID: 38257300 PMCID: PMC10819226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In 2021, global plastics production was 390.7 Mt; in 2022, it was 400.3 Mt, showing an increase of 2.4%, and this rising tendency will increase yearly. Of this data, less than 2% correspond to bio-based plastics. Currently, polymers, including elastomers, are non-recyclable and come from non-renewable sources. Additionally, most elastomers are thermosets, making them complex to recycle and reuse. It takes hundreds to thousands of years to decompose or biodegrade, contributing to plastic waste accumulation, nano and microplastic formation, and environmental pollution. Due to this, the synthesis of elastomers from natural and renewable resources has attracted the attention of researchers and industries. In this review paper, new methods and strategies are proposed for the preparation of bio-based elastomers. The main goals are the advances and improvements in the synthesis, properties, and applications of bio-based elastomers from natural and industrial rubbers, polyurethanes, polyesters, and polyethers, and an approach to their circular economy and sustainability. Olefin metathesis is proposed as a novel and sustainable method for the synthesis of bio-based elastomers, which allows for the depolymerization or degradation of rubbers with the use of essential oils, terpenes, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols from natural resources such as chain transfer agents (CTA) or donors of the terminal groups in the main chain, which allow for control of the molecular weights and functional groups, obtaining new compounds, oligomers, and bio-based elastomers with an added value for the application of new polymers and materials. This tendency contributes to the development of bio-based elastomers that can reduce carbon emissions, avoid cross-contamination from fossil fuels, and obtain a greener material with biodegradable and/or compostable behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Burelo
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico;
| | - Araceli Martínez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex. Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia 58190, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | | | - Thomas Stringer
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico; (T.S.); (M.R.-M.)
| | | | - Alice Y. Yau
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA;
| | - Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Queretaro 76130, Mexico;
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Alshabebi AS, Alrashed MM, El Blidi L, Haider S. Preparation of Bio-Based Polyurethane Coating from Citrullus colocynthis Seed Oil: Characterization and Corrosion Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:214. [PMID: 38257013 PMCID: PMC10818284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new epoxidized oil from Citrullus colocynthis seed oil (CCSO) was obtained for a potential application in the formulation of polyurethane coatings. Initially, the fatty acid composition of CCSO was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, the epoxidation of CCSO was performed with in situ generated peracetic acid, which was formed with hydrogen peroxide (30 wt.%) and glacial acetic acid and catalyzed with sulfuric acid. The reaction was continued at a molar ratio of 1.50:1.0 of hydrogen peroxide to double bond (H2O2:DB) for 6 h at a controlled temperature of 60 °C. The resulting epoxidized oil was then used to produce a bio-based polyol by hydroxylation. The molar ratio of epoxy groups to methanol and distilled water was maintained at 1:11:2, and the reaction was carried out for 2 h at a controlled temperature of 65 °C. The major functional groups of the epoxidized oil and its polyol were validated by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopies. A polyurethane (PU) coating was produced from the synthesized polyol and 3HDI isocyanurate, keeping the molar ratio of NCO:OH at 1:1. The resulting PU coating was then applied to glass and aluminum panels (Al 1001). After the film was cured, the properties of the PU coating were evaluated using various techniques including pencil hardness, pendulum hardness, adhesion, gloss, chemical resistance, and EIS tests. The results show that the PU coating obtained from CCSO is a promising new raw material for coating applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lahssen El Blidi
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (M.M.A.); (S.H.)
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Sârbu FA, Arnăuţ F, Deaconescu A, Deaconescu T. Theoretical and Experimental Research Concerning the Friction Forces Developed in Hydraulic Cylinder Coaxial Sealing Systems Made from Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:157. [PMID: 38201821 PMCID: PMC10780491 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Optimizing the energy efficiency of hydraulic cylinder modern sealing systems requires, among other things, minimizing the developed friction forces. This can be achieved by manufacturing seals from polymer-based polytetrafluoroethylene-type materials (Virgin PTFE and filled PTFE) or from thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers. This paper presents a procedure for calculating and experimentally determining the friction forces developed in the coaxial sealing systems of hydraulic cylinders pistons. Three sealing systems made from different materials were tested under varying conditions of pressure and velocity on an experimental test stand set up by the authors. The paper concludes with data and recommendations for the selection of the optimum seal material in order to maximize energy efficiency. Our comparative research conducted on the seal materials led to the conclusion that for reducing friction forces in hydraulic cylinders, Virgin PTFE is the most adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tudor Deaconescu
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (F.A.S.); (F.A.); (A.D.)
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Cao J, Jiang Y, Li X, Yuan X, Zhang J, He Q, Ye F, Luo G, Guo S, Zhang Y, Wang Q. A Flexible and Stretchable MXene/Waterborne Polyurethane Composite-Coated Fiber Strain Sensor for Wearable Motion and Healthcare Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:271. [PMID: 38203135 PMCID: PMC10781211 DOI: 10.3390/s24010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Fiber-based flexible sensors have promising application potential in human motion and healthcare monitoring, owing to their merits of being lightweight, flexible, and easy to process. Now, high-performance elastic fiber-based strain sensors with high sensitivity, a large working range, and excellent durability are in great demand. Herein, we have easily and quickly prepared a highly sensitive and durable fiber-based strain sensor by dip coating a highly stretchable polyurethane (PU) elastic fiber in an MXene/waterborne polyurethane (WPU) dispersion solution. Benefiting from the electrostatic repulsion force between the negatively charged WPU and MXene sheets in the mixed solution, very homogeneous and stable MXene/WPU dispersion was successfully obtained, and the interconnected conducting networks were correspondingly formed in a coated MXene/WPU shell layer, which makes the as-prepared strain sensor exhibit a gauge factor of over 960, a large sensing range of over 90%, and a detection limit as low as 0.5% strain. As elastic fiber and mixed solution have the same polymer constitute, and tight bonding of the MXene/WPU conductive composite on PU fibers was achieved, enabling the as-prepared strain sensor to endure over 2500 stretching-releasing cycles and thus show good durability. Full-scale human motion detection was also performed by the strain sensor, and a body posture monitoring, analysis, and correction prototype system were developed via embedding the fiber-based strain sensors into sweaters, strongly indicating great application prospects in exercise, sports, and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Yuanqing Jiang
- No. 208 Research Institute of China Ordnance Industries, Beijing 102202, China; (Y.J.)
| | - Xiaoming Li
- No. 208 Research Institute of China Ordnance Industries, Beijing 102202, China; (Y.J.)
| | - Xueguang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Jinnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Qi He
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Geng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Shaohua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Yangan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
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Almousa R, Xie D, Chen Y, Li J, Anderson GG. Thermoplastic polyurethane surface coated with polymer brushes for reduced protein and cell attachment. J Biomater Appl 2024; 38:758-771. [PMID: 37963494 DOI: 10.1177/08853282231213937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to coat negatively charged polymer brushes covalently onto the surface of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using a simple conventional surface free-radical polymerization technique. The coated surfaces were assessed with contact angle, protein adsorption, cell adhesion and bacterial adhesion. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and bovine fibrinogen (BFG) were used for protein adsorption evaluation. Mouse fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were used to assess surface adhesion. Results show that the TPU surface modified with the attached polymer brushes exhibited significantly reduced contact angle, protein adsorption, and cell as well as bacterial adhesion, among which the negatively charged polymers showed the extremely low values in all the tests. Its contact angle is 5°, as compared to 70° for original TPU. Its BSA, BFG, 3T3 adhesion and P. aeruginosa adhesion were 93%, 84%, 92%, and 93% lower than original TPU. Furthermore, the TPU surface coated with negatively charged polymer brushes exhibited a hydrogel-like property. The results indicate that placing acrylic acids using a simple surface-initiated free-radical polymerization onto a TPU surface and then converting those to negative charges can be an effective and efficient route for fouling resistant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Almousa
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, USA
- Department of Medical Equipment Technology, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dong Xie
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gregory G Anderson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Tessmann V, Klepetko J, Brochhausen C, Gleißner S, Prantl L, Kempa S. Biocompatibility of polyurethane-coated breast implants: A histological comparison of implant capsules. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2024; 86:195-203. [PMID: 37718793 DOI: 10.3233/ch-238113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biocompatibility describes the influence of materials on their biological environment. Implant material in the human body can cause a foreign body reaction and the formation of a capsule around the foreign material. Since capsular formation is the most frequent issue after breast-implant insertion, knowledge and awareness of biocompatibility is crucial, especially since worldwide, breast augmentation continues to be the most popular plastic surgery, with over 1.6 million procedures performed in 2020, according to surveys by the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS). MATERIAL AND METHODS This study includes 80 capsular samples of female patients who underwent revision surgery after breast-implant insertion at the University Hospital Regensburg. Capsules of breast implants with different surface structures (smooth, textured and polyurethane-coated) and shapes (round-shaped, anatomically-shaped) were analyzed histologically after hematoxylin-eosin-staining in respect to capsular thickness and layer formation. RESULTS Capsular thickness and layering showed a statistically significant difference between polyurethane-coated and smooth as well as polyurethane-coated and textured implants. Capsules around polyurethane-coated implants presented greater thickness. However, the difference between smooth and textured implants was not statistically significant. Furthermore, the shape of the implants also indicated a statistically significant difference in capsular thickness. Implants of anatomical shape resulted in a thinner capsule than round-shaped breast-implants. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study demonstrated a thicker capsule around polyurethane-coated breast implants and no difference in capsular thickness between smooth and textured breast implants. Anatomically shaped breast-implants presented a thinner capsule than round shaped breast-implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tessmann
- Center of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J Klepetko
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Brochhausen
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Gleißner
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - L Prantl
- Center of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Kempa
- Center of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Fernandes RA, Ferreira N, Lopes S, Santos J, Bento Pereira N, Ferreira NO, Nunes L, Martins JM, Carvalho LH. Development of an Innovative Lightweight Composite Material with Thermal Insulation Properties Based on Cardoon and Polyurethane. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:137. [PMID: 38201802 PMCID: PMC10780395 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for innovative and sustainable solutions to improve the energy efficiency of the construction industry has been a hot topic for researchers due to the tremendous impact of insulator materials in the thermal comfort of buildings. In the present work, an innovative lightweight composite material with thermal insulation properties was developed, for the first time, by using cardoon particles and polyurethane. The formulation of the composite material was optimized in terms of cardoon fraction and the polyol/isocyanate ratio, to achieve the best compromise between internal bond (IB) strength and thickness swelling (TS). The best performing composite was PU75-CP45, with 45 wt% of cardoon particles and 75% of isocyanate, achieving an IB of 0.41 MPa and a TS of 5.3%. Regarding insulation properties, the PU75-CP45 composite material exhibits a promising performance when compared to conventional construction industry materials by tuning its thickness. Additionally, the composite material presented very low emissions of volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde (bellow to legislation levels) and high resistance to biological degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A. Fernandes
- ARCP Colab—Rede de Competências em Polímeros, Rua Júlio de Matos, 828/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.F.); (N.F.); (S.L.); (J.S.)
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Ferreira
- ARCP Colab—Rede de Competências em Polímeros, Rua Júlio de Matos, 828/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.F.); (N.F.); (S.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Sandro Lopes
- ARCP Colab—Rede de Competências em Polímeros, Rua Júlio de Matos, 828/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.F.); (N.F.); (S.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jorge Santos
- ARCP Colab—Rede de Competências em Polímeros, Rua Júlio de Matos, 828/882, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal; (R.A.F.); (N.F.); (S.L.); (J.S.)
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nelson Bento Pereira
- CICon—Center for Innovation in Construction, Zona Industrial de Sabroso de Aguiar-Lote 2B, 5450-371 Vila Pouca de Aguiar, Portugal;
- CEPAT—Center for Heritage Studies, Avenida do Conde 5643, 4465-097 São Mamede de Infesta, Portugal;
| | - Nuno Oliveira Ferreira
- CEPAT—Center for Heritage Studies, Avenida do Conde 5643, 4465-097 São Mamede de Infesta, Portugal;
- Secundino Queirós Construction, Avenida Lopes de Oliveira 29, 5450-140 Pedras Salgadas, Portugal
| | - Lina Nunes
- LNEC—Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Structures Department, Av. do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Jorge M. Martins
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- DEMad—Department of Wood Engineering, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Luisa H. Carvalho
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- AliCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- DEMad—Department of Wood Engineering, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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Malewska E, Kurańska M, Tenczyńska M, Prociak A. Application of Modified Seed Oils of Selected Fruits in the Synthesis of Polyurethane Thermal Insulating Materials. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:158. [PMID: 38204012 PMCID: PMC10780111 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of alternative raw material sources in polyurethane chemistry is necessary given the limited supply of fossil fuels, their rising prices and the concern for sustainability. The production of biopolyols from edible vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, soybean oil or sunflower oil is often proposed. In order to avoid conflict with the global food economy, non-edible or waste oils are hoped to find application in chemical synthesis. The possibility of using oils from selected fruit seeds to obtain biopolyols is analyzed in this manuscript. Five biopolyols were obtained from watermelon, cherry, black currant, grape and pomegranate fruit seeds using the transesterification reaction of the oils with triethanolamine. Thermal insulating polyurethane foams were then obtained by replacing 75% of petrochemical polyol with the biopolyols in polyurethane systems. Based on an analysis of the foaming process, it was found that the incorporation of triethanolamine molecules into the biopolyols causes a catalytic effect. The use of such biopolyols allows eliminating the catalyst from a polyurethane foam formulation. The polyurethane biofoams obtained with the pomegranate-seed-based biopolyol were characterized by the highest content of closed cells (45 vol.%). The lowest content was found for the foams containing the currant-seed-based biopolyol (9%). The foams were characterized by thermal conductivity coefficients between 32 and 35 kW/m·K and densities of approximately 40 kg/m3. Good dimensional stability and compressive strength between 100 and 250 kPa make them suitable for use in construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Malewska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Kurańska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.T.); (A.P.)
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Chudinov VS, Shardakov IN, Ivanov YN, Morozov IA, Belyaev AY, Glot IO. Mechanical Properties of the Carbonized Layer Formed by Ion Flow Orientated at Different Angles to the Polyurethane Surface. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:78. [PMID: 38201743 PMCID: PMC10780679 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer materials are widely used in medicine due to their mechanical properties and biological inertness. When ion-plasma treatment is used on a polymer material, a carbonization process occurs in the surface nanolayer of the polymer sample. As a result, a surface carbonized nanolayer is formed, which has mechanical properties different from those of the substrate. This layer has good biocompatibility. The formation of a carbonized nanolayer on the surface of polymer implants makes it possible to reduce the body's reaction to a foreign body. Typically, to study the properties of a carbonized layer, flat polymer samples are used, which are treated with an ion flow perpendicular to the surface. But medical endoprostheses often have a curved surface, so ion-plasma treatment can occur at different angles to the surface. This paper presents the results of a study of the morphological and mechanical properties of a carbonized layer formed on a polyurethane surface. The dependence of these properties on the directional angle of the ion flow and its fluence has been established. To study the surface morphology and elastic properties, methods of atomic force microscopy and methods of elasticity theory were used. The strength properties of the carbonized layer were studied using a stretching device combined with a digital optical microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav S. Chudinov
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Academician Korolev Street 1, 614013 Perm, Russia; (I.N.S.); (I.A.M.); (A.Y.B.); (I.O.G.)
| | - Igor N. Shardakov
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Academician Korolev Street 1, 614013 Perm, Russia; (I.N.S.); (I.A.M.); (A.Y.B.); (I.O.G.)
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Mechanics and Biomechanics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Prospect 29, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Yaroslav N. Ivanov
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Perm State University, Bukireva Street 15, 614990 Perm, Russia;
| | - Ilya A. Morozov
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Academician Korolev Street 1, 614013 Perm, Russia; (I.N.S.); (I.A.M.); (A.Y.B.); (I.O.G.)
- Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, Perm State University, Bukireva Street 15, 614990 Perm, Russia;
| | - Anton Y. Belyaev
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Academician Korolev Street 1, 614013 Perm, Russia; (I.N.S.); (I.A.M.); (A.Y.B.); (I.O.G.)
| | - Irina O. Glot
- Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Academician Korolev Street 1, 614013 Perm, Russia; (I.N.S.); (I.A.M.); (A.Y.B.); (I.O.G.)
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Šimunović L, Jurela A, Sudarević K, Bačić I, Haramina T, Meštrović S. Influence of Post-Processing on the Degree of Conversion and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Polyurethane Aligners. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:17. [PMID: 38201683 PMCID: PMC10780983 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores how different post-processing methods affect the mechanical properties and degree of conversion of 3d-printed polyurethane aligners made from Tera Harz TC-85 resin. METHODS Using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, the degree of conversion of liquid resin and post-processed materials was analyzed. This investigation focused on the effects of various post-curing environments (nitrogen vs. air) and rinsing protocols (centrifuge, ethanol, isopropanol, and isopropanol + water). The assessed mechanical properties were flexural modulus and hardness. RESULTS The degree of conversion showed no significant variance across different groups, though the polymerization environment influenced the results, accounting for 24.0% of the variance. The flexural modulus varied considerably, depending on both the rinsing protocol and the polymerization environment. The standard protocol (centrifugation followed by nitrogen polymerization) exhibited the highest flexural modulus of 1881.22 MPa. Hardness testing revealed significant differences, with isopropanol treatments showing increased resistance to wear in comparison to the centrifuge and ethanol rinse treatments. CONCLUSIONS This study conclusively demonstrates the adverse effects of oxygen on the polymerization process, underscoring the critical need for an oxygen-free environment to optimize material properties. Notably, the ethanol rinse followed by nitrogen polymerization protocol emerged as a viable alternative to the conventional centrifuge plus nitrogen method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Šimunović
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Antonija Jurela
- Dental Clinic Fiziodent, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.J.); (K.S.)
| | - Karlo Sudarević
- Dental Clinic Fiziodent, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.J.); (K.S.)
| | - Ivana Bačić
- Forensic Science Centre “Ivan Vučetić”, Ministry of the Interior, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Tatjana Haramina
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Senka Meštrović
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Carbonell-Blasco MP, Moyano MA, Hernández-Fernández C, Sierra-Molero FJ, Pastor IM, Alonso DA, Arán-Aís F, Orgilés-Calpena E. Polyurethane Adhesives with Chemically Debondable Properties via Diels-Alder Bonds. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:21. [PMID: 38201686 PMCID: PMC10780649 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) represent a pioneering advance in polymer science, offering unprecedented versatility in materials design. Unlike conventional adhesives with irreversible bonds, CAN-based polyurethane adhesives have the unique ability to undergo chemical restructuring through reversible bonds. One of the strategies for incorporating these types of reactions in polyurethanes is by functionalisation with Diels-Alder (DA) adducts. By taking advantage of the reversible nature of the DA chemistry, the adhesive undergoes controlled crosslinking and decrosslinking processes, allowing for precise modulation of bond strength. This adaptability is critical in applications requiring reworkability or recyclability, as it allows for easy disassembly and reassembly of bonded components without compromising the integrity of the material. This study focuses on the sustainable synthesis and characterisation of a solvent-based polyurethane adhesive, obtained by functionalising a polyurethane prepolymer with DA diene and dienophiles. The characterisation of the adhesives was carried out using different experimental techniques: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Brookfield viscosity, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and T-peel strength testing of leather/adhesive/rubber joints to determine the adhesive properties, both before and after the application of external stimuli. The conversion of both the DA and retro-Diels-Alder (r-DA) reactions was confirmed by 1H-NMR. The adhesive properties were not altered by the functionalisation of the adhesive prepolymer, showing similar thermal resistance and good rheological and adhesive properties, even exceeding the most demanding technical requirements for upper-to-sole joints in footwear. After the application of an external thermal stimuli, the bonded materials separated without difficulty and without damage, thus facilitating their separation, recovery and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar Carbonell-Blasco
- Footwear Technology Centre, Campo Alto Campo, Elda, 03600 Alicante, Spain; (M.A.M.); (C.H.-F.); (F.A.-A.); (E.O.-C.)
| | - María Alejandra Moyano
- Footwear Technology Centre, Campo Alto Campo, Elda, 03600 Alicante, Spain; (M.A.M.); (C.H.-F.); (F.A.-A.); (E.O.-C.)
| | - Carlota Hernández-Fernández
- Footwear Technology Centre, Campo Alto Campo, Elda, 03600 Alicante, Spain; (M.A.M.); (C.H.-F.); (F.A.-A.); (E.O.-C.)
| | - Francisco J. Sierra-Molero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (F.J.S.-M.); (I.M.P.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Isidro M. Pastor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (F.J.S.-M.); (I.M.P.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Diego A. Alonso
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic Synthesis (ISO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (F.J.S.-M.); (I.M.P.); (D.A.A.)
| | - Francisca Arán-Aís
- Footwear Technology Centre, Campo Alto Campo, Elda, 03600 Alicante, Spain; (M.A.M.); (C.H.-F.); (F.A.-A.); (E.O.-C.)
| | - Elena Orgilés-Calpena
- Footwear Technology Centre, Campo Alto Campo, Elda, 03600 Alicante, Spain; (M.A.M.); (C.H.-F.); (F.A.-A.); (E.O.-C.)
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Cui YY, Sheng MQ, Liu Y, Feng Y, Li HJ, Wu YC. Antifouling and Self-Healing Performance of Marine Coatings Based on Hydrogen-Bond Interactions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:58967-58975. [PMID: 38055890 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is an urgent problem that has to be solved in marine industries. As the traditional antifouling coating loses its antifouling ability after being damaged, the introduction of self-healing performance into the antifouling coating becomes a high priority. Accordingly, we report here a self-healing and antifouling polyurethane composite coating (PCL/MPU-Si/M) with the use of its carbonyl groups as multiple hydrogen bond acceptors. Its fabrication is carried out under mild and solvent-free conditions, forming a "cross-linking" network structure composed of alternately strong and weak bonds based on multiple carbonyl groups. The self-healing efficiency of PCL/MPU-Si/M in tensile strength is 85% after 48 h at room temperature, and higher temperatures can accelerate this self-healing process. Lubricant polydimethylsiloxane and antifoulant medetomidine endow the material with antifouling properties. The maximum antibacterial ability and algae inhibition coverage ability are 91.7 and 90.9%, respectively. This work provides a possible perspective for the design of antifouling and self-healing marine coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yin Cui
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, College of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Miao-Qing Sheng
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, College of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, College of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, College of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jing Li
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, College of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Chao Wu
- Weihai Marine Organism & Medical Technology Research Institute, College of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
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Cheng BX, Zhang JL, Jiang Y, Wang S, Zhao H. High Toughness, Multi-dynamic Self-Healing Polyurethane for Outstanding Energy Harvesting and Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:58806-58814. [PMID: 38055035 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are an emerging class of energy harvesting devices with considerable potential across diverse applications, including wearable electronic devices and self-powered sensors. However, sustained contact, friction, and incidental scratches during operation can lead to a deterioration in the electrical output performance of the TENG, thereby reducing its overall service life. To address this issue, we developed a self-healing elastomer by incorporating disulfide bonds and metal coordination bonds into the polyurethane (PU) chain. The resulting elastomer demonstrated exceptional toughness, with a high value of 85 kJ m-3 and an impressive self-healing efficiency of 85.5%. Specifically, the TENG based on that self-healing PU elastomer generated a short circuit current of 12 μA, an open circuit voltage of 120 V, and a transfer charge of 38.5 nC within a 2 cm × 2 cm area, operating in contact-separation mode. With an external resistance of 20 MΩ, the TENG achieved a power density of 2.1 W m-2. Notably, even after self-healing, the electrical output performance of the TENG was maintained at 95% of the undamaged device. Finally, the self-healing TENG was employed to construct a self-powered noncontact sensing system that can be applied to monitor human motion accurately. This research may expand the application prospects of PU materials in future human-computer interaction and self-powered sensing fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Xu Cheng
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jia-Le Zhang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
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Chen H, Sun Z, Lu K, Liu J, He C, Mao D. Negative Enthalpy Variation Drives Rapid Recovery in Thermoplastic Elastomer. Adv Mater 2023:e2311332. [PMID: 38108494 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism behind the resilience of polymeric materials, typically attributed to the well-established entropy elasticity, often ignores the contribution of enthalpy variation (ΔH), because it is based on the assumption of an ideal chain. However, this model does not fully account for the reduced resilience of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) during long-range deformation, which is mainly caused by the dynamics of physical crosslink networks. Such reduction is undesirable for long-range stretchable TPU considering its wide application range. Therefore, a negative ΔH effect is established in this work to facilitate instant recovery in long-range stretchable TPU, achieved by constructing a reversible interim interface via strain-induced phase separation. Consequently, the newly constructed dual soft segmental TPU shows resilience efficiency exceeding 95%, surpassing many synthetic high-performance TPUs with typical efficiencies below 80%, and comparable to biomaterials. Moreover, a remarkable hysteresis loop with a ratio exceeding 50%, makes it a viable candidate for applications such as artificial ligaments or buffer belts. The research also clarifies structural factors influencing resilience, including the symmetry of the dual soft segments and the content of hard segments, offering valuable insights for the design of highly resilient long-range stretchable elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Zaizheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chaobin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Dongsheng Mao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
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Ersoy A, Atalar F, Aydoğan A. Investigation of Novel Solid Dielectric Material for Transformer Windings. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4671. [PMID: 38139923 PMCID: PMC10747763 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvement techniques aimed at enhancing the dielectric strength and minimizing the dielectric loss of insulation materials have piqued the interest of many researchers. It is worth noting that the electrical breakdown traits of insulation material are determined by their electrochemical and mechanical performance. Possible good mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties of new materials are considered during the generation process. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is often used as a high-voltage insulator due to its favorable mechanical properties, high insulation resistance, lightweight qualities, recovery, large actuation strain, and cost-effectiveness. The elastomer structure of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) enables its application in a broad range of high-voltage (HV) insulation systems. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using TPU on transformer windings as a solid insulator instead of pressboards. The investigation conducted through experiments sheds light on the potential of TPU in expanding the range of insulating materials for HV transformers. Transformers play a crucial role in HV systems, hence the selection of suitable materials like cellulose and polyurethane is of utmost importance. This study involved the preparation of an experimental setup in the laboratory. Breakdown tests were conducted by generating a non-uniform electric field using a needle-plane electrode configuration in a test chamber filled with mineral oil. Various voltages ranging from 14.4 kV to 25.2 kV were applied to induce electric field stress with a step rise of 3.6 kV. The partial discharges and peak numbers were measured based on the predetermined threshold values. The study investigated and compared the behaviors of two solid insulating materials under differing non-electric field stress conditions. Harmonic component analysis was utilized to observe the differences between the two materials. Notably, at 21.6 kV and 25.2 kV, polyurethane demonstrated superior performance compared to pressboard with regards to the threshold value of leakage current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Ersoy
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Bağlariçi St. No. 7, Avcılar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Fatih Atalar
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Bağlariçi St. No. 7, Avcılar, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Alper Aydoğan
- Computing & Information Services Office, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Kötekli Campus, 48000 Muğla, Turkey;
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de Carvalho CES, Reis FDS, Silva ERDDFS, Bezerra DDO, Pacheco IKC, Fialho ACV, de Matos JME, de Melo WGG, Leite YKPDC, Argôlo NM, de Carvalho MAM. Characterization of Brazilian Buriti oil biomaterial: the influence on the physical, chemical properties and behaviour of Goat Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells. Anim Reprod 2023; 20:e20230071. [PMID: 38148927 PMCID: PMC10750812 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2023-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Brazilian Buriti oil presents low extraction costs and relevant antioxidant properties. Thus, this work aimed to analyze Buriti oil biomaterial (BB), within its physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and cellular integration, with the purpose to the use as a growth matrix for Goat Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials were produced from Buriti oil polymer (Mauritia flexuosa), for it's characterization were performed Infrared Region Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG and DTG). The biointegration was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and histological techniques. In order to investigate biocompatibility, MTT (3-(4,5-dimetil-2-tiazolil)-2,5-difenil-2H-tetrazólio) test and hemolytic activity tests were performed. The activation capacity of immune system cellswas measured by phagocytic capacity assay and nitric oxide synthesis . The BB presented an amorphous composition, with high thermal stability and high water expansion capacity, a surface with micro and macropores, and good adhesion of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCWJ). We verified the absence of cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity, in addition, BB did not stimulate the activation of macrophages. Proving to be a safe material for direct cultivation and also for manufacturing of compounds used for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ernanda Sousa de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia Tropical, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - Fernando da Silva Reis
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências dos Materiais, Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | | | - Dayseanny de Oliveira Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Tecnologias Aplicadas a Animais de Interesse Regional, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | | | | | - José Milton Elias de Matos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências dos Materiais, Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - Wanderson Gabriel Gomes de Melo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Tecnologias Aplicadas a Animais de Interesse Regional, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | | | - Napoleão Martins Argôlo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Tecnologias Aplicadas a Animais de Interesse Regional, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brasil
| | - Maria Acelina Martins de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Tecnologias Aplicadas a Animais de Interesse Regional, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brasil
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Ramezani M, Labour EE, Ji J, Vakil AU, Du C, Orado TK, Nangia S, Monroe MBB. Self-Defensive Antimicrobial Shape Memory Polyurethanes with Honey-Based Compounds. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15. [PMID: 38047583 PMCID: PMC10726308 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection treatment plays a crucial role in aiding the body in wound healing. To that end, we developed a library of antimicrobial polymers based on segmented shape memory polyurethanes with nondrug-based antimicrobials (i.e., honey-based phenolic acids (PAs)) using both chemical and physical incorporation approaches. The antimicrobial shape memory polymers (SMPs) have high transition temperatures (>55 °C) to enable maintenance of temporary, programmed shapes in physiological conditions unless a specific external stimulus is present. Polymers showed tunable mechanical and shape memory properties by changing the ratio, chemistry, and incorporation method of PAs. Cytocompatible (∼100% cell viability) synthesized polymers inhibited growth rates of Staphylococcus aureus (∼100% with physically incorporated PAs and >80% with chemically incorporated PAs) and Escherichia coli (∼100% for samples with cinnamic acid (physical and chemical)). Crystal violet assays showed that all formulations inhibit biofilm formation in surrounding solutions, and chemically incorporated samples showed surface antibiofilm properties with S. aureus. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that PAs have higher levels of interactions with S. aureus cell membranes than E. coli. Long-term antimicrobial properties were measured after storage of the sample in aqueous conditions; the polymers retained their antimicrobial properties against E. coli after up to 20 days. As a proof of concept, magnetic particles were incorporated into the polymer to trigger user-defined shape recovery by applying an external magnetic field. Shape recovery disrupted preformed S. aureus biofilms on polymer surfaces. This antimicrobial biomaterial platform could enable user- or environmentally controlled shape change and/or antimicrobial release to enhance infection treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ramezani
- Department of Biomedical
and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired
Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Emily Elizabeth Labour
- Department of Biomedical
and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired
Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Jingjing Ji
- Department of Biomedical
and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired
Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Anand Utpal Vakil
- Department of Biomedical
and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired
Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Changling Du
- Department of Biomedical
and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired
Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Thalma Kabeyi Orado
- Department of Biomedical
and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired
Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Shikha Nangia
- Department of Biomedical
and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired
Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Mary Beth Browning Monroe
- Department of Biomedical
and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, and BioInspired
Syracuse: Institute for Material and Living Systems, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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Huang HG, Xiang T, Chen YX. Current Strategies of Surface Modifications to Polyurethane Biomaterials for Vascular Grafts. Chin Med Sci J 2023; 38:279-285. [PMID: 37503722 DOI: 10.24920/004178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
As the number of patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases rises, the constraints of autologous transplantation remain unavoidable. As a result, artificial vascular grafts must be developed. Adhesion of proteins, platelets and bacteria on implants can result in stenosis, thrombus formation, and postoperative infection, which can be fatal for an implantation. Polyurethane, as a commonly used biomaterial, has been modified in various ways to deal with the adhesions of proteins, platelets, and bacteria and to stimulate endothelium adhesion. In this review, we briefly summarize the mechanisms behind adhesions, overview the current strategies of surface modifications of polyurethane biomaterials used in vascular grafts, and highlight the challenges that need to be addressed in future studies, aiming to gain a more profound understanding of how to develop artificial polyurethane vascular grafts with an enhanced implantation success rate and reduced side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Gu Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Tao Xiang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Yue-Xin Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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